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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC)" title="ياك (برنامج) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ياك (برنامج)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DA%A9_(%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1)" title="یک (کامپایلر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یک (کامپایلر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc_(logiciel)" title="Yacc (logiciel) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yacc (logiciel)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Yacc" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Yacc</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Johnson" title="Stephen C. Johnson">Stephen C. Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V6/usr/source/yacc">www<wbr />.tuhs<wbr />.org<wbr />/cgi-bin<wbr />/utree<wbr />.pl?file=V6%2Fusr%2Fsource%2Fyacc</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q305932#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">Command</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Plan 9: <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yacc</b> (<b>Yet Another Compiler-Compiler</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system developed by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Johnson" title="Stephen C. Johnson">Stephen C. Johnson</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/LALR_parser_generator" title="LALR parser generator">lookahead left-to-right rightmost derivation (LALR) parser generator</a>, generating a <a href="/wiki/LALR_parser" title="LALR parser">LALR parser</a> (the part of a <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> that tries to make syntactic sense of the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>) based on a <a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">formal grammar</a>, written in a notation similar to <a href="/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Backus–Naur form">Backus–Naur form</a> (BNF).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yacc is supplied as a standard utility on BSD and AT&T Unix.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_1992_p.xx_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine_1992_p.xx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions include <a href="/wiki/GNU_bison" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU bison">Bison</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Forward-compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward-compatible">forward-compatible</a> Yacc replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_2009_p.xv_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine_2009_p.xv-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yacc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Johnson" title="Stephen C. Johnson">Stephen C. Johnson</a>, a computer scientist at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> / <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>, developed Yacc because he wanted to insert an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_or" title="Exclusive or">exclusive or</a> operator into a <a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B language</a> compiler<sup id="cite_ref-red_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-red-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (developed using <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">McIlroy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TMG_(language)" title="TMG (language)">TMG</a> compiler-compiler<sup id="cite_ref-Chistory_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chistory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but it turned out to be a hard task. As a result, he was directed by his colleague at Bell Labs <a href="/wiki/Al_Aho" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Aho">Al Aho</a> to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a>'s work on <a href="/wiki/LR_parser" title="LR parser">LR parsing</a>, which served as the basis for Yacc.<sup id="cite_ref-red_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-red-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yacc was influenced by<sup id="cite_ref-Yacc:_Yet_Another_Compiler-Compiler_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacc:_Yet_Another_Compiler-Compiler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received its name in reference to TMG compiler-compiler.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yacc was originally written in the <a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B programming language</a>, but was soon rewritten in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> by Alan Snyder.<sup id="cite_ref-Chistory_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chistory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appeared as part of <a href="/wiki/Version_3_Unix" class="mw-redirect" title="Version 3 Unix">Version 3 Unix</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-reader_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a full description of Yacc was published in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Yacc:_Yet_Another_Compiler-Compiler_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacc:_Yet_Another_Compiler-Compiler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson used Yacc to create the <a href="/wiki/Portable_C_Compiler" title="Portable C Compiler">Portable C Compiler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reader_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> also attempted to use Yacc to create a formal specification of <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, but "was defeated by C's syntax".<sup id="cite_ref-hopl2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopl2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While finding it unsuitable for a formal specification of the language, Stroustrup did proceed to use Yacc to implement <a href="/wiki/Cfront" title="Cfront">Cfront</a>, the first implementation of C++.<sup id="cite_ref-oldcfront_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldcfront-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2008 interview, Johnson reflected that "the contribution Yacc made to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> is what I'm proudest of".<sup id="cite_ref-cw_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yacc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The input to Yacc is a grammar with snippets of <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> code (called "actions") attached to its rules. Its output is a <a href="/wiki/Shift-reduce_parser" title="Shift-reduce parser">shift-reduce parser</a> in C that executes the C snippets associated with each rule as soon as the rule is recognized. Typical actions involve the construction of <a href="/wiki/Parse_tree" title="Parse tree">parse trees</a>. Using an example from Johnson, if the call <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">node(label, left, right)</span> constructs a binary parse tree node with the specified <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">label</span> and children, then the rule </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nl">expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">$$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">$1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">$3</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>recognizes summation expressions and constructs nodes for them. The special identifiers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$$</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$1</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">$3</span> refer to items on the parser's <a href="/wiki/Push-down_automaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Push-down automaton">stack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yacc:_Yet_Another_Compiler-Compiler_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacc:_Yet_Another_Compiler-Compiler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yacc produces only a parser (phrase analyzer) which can be used alone in the case of <a href="/wiki/Scannerless_parsing" title="Scannerless parsing">scannerless parsing</a> however, full syntactic analysis typically requires an external <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical analyzer">lexical analyzer</a> to perform a tokenization stage first (word analysis), which is then followed by the parsing stage proper.<sup id="cite_ref-Yacc:_Yet_Another_Compiler-Compiler_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacc:_Yet_Another_Compiler-Compiler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lexical analyzer generators, such as <a href="/wiki/Lex_(software)" title="Lex (software)">Lex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flex_(lexical_analyser_generator)" title="Flex (lexical analyser generator)">Flex</a>, are widely available for this purpose. The <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> P1003.2 standard defines the functionality and requirements for both Lex and Yacc.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some versions of AT&T Yacc have become <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> is available with the standard distributions of <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yacc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yacc and similar programs (largely reimplementations) have been very popular. Yacc itself used to be available as the default parser generator on most Unix systems, though it has since been supplanted by more recent, largely compatible, programs such as <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Yacc" title="Berkeley Yacc">Berkeley Yacc</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_bison" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU bison">GNU Bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/MKS_Inc." title="MKS Inc.">MKS</a> Yacc, and Abraxas PCYACC. An updated version of the original AT&T Yacc is included as part of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun's</a> <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> project. Each offers slight improvements and additional features over the original Yacc, but the concept and basic syntax have remained the same.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yacc was also one of several UNIX tools available for Charles River Data Systems' <a href="/wiki/UNOS_(operating_system)" title="UNOS (operating system)">UNOS</a> operating system under <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> license.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the languages that were first implemented with Yacc are <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-oldcfront_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldcfront-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eqn_(software)" title="Eqn (software)">eqn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pic language">Pic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yacc was also used on Unix to implement the <a href="/wiki/Portable_C_Compiler" title="Portable C Compiler">Portable C Compiler</a>, as well as parsers for such programming languages as <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN_77" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN 77">FORTRAN 77</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratfor" title="Ratfor">Ratfor</a>, <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bc_(programming_language)" title="Bc (programming language)">bc</a>, <a href="/wiki/M4_(computer_language)" title="M4 (computer language)">m4</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-reader_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yacc has also been rewritten for other languages, including <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ratfor" title="Ratfor">Ratfor</a>, <a href="/wiki/ML_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="ML programming language">ML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Yacc" title="Berkeley Yacc">Berkeley Yacc</a>: The Berkeley implementation of Yacc quickly became more popular than AT&T Yacc itself because of its performance and lack of reuse restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LALR_parser" title="LALR parser">LALR parser</a>: The underlying parsing algorithm in Yacc-generated parsers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_bison" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU bison">Bison</a>: The GNU version of Yacc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_programming_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex programming tool">Lex</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Flex_lexical_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Flex lexical analyser">Flex lexical analyser</a>), a token parser commonly used in conjunction with Yacc (and Bison).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backus-Naur_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Backus-Naur form">BNF</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Metasyntax" title="Metasyntax">metasyntax</a> used to express <a href="/wiki/Context-free_grammar" title="Context-free grammar">context-free grammars</a>: that is a formal way to describe context-free languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLY_(Python_Lex-Yacc)" class="mw-redirect" title="PLY (Python Lex-Yacc)">PLY (Python Lex-Yacc)</a> is an alternative implementation of Lex and Yacc in Python.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yacc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler-compiler" title="Compiler-compiler">Compiler-compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoc_(programming_language)" title="Hoc (programming language)">hoc (programming language)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yacc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131031011/http://www.techworld.com.au/article/252319/a-z_programming_languages_yacc/">"The A-Z of Programming Languages: YACC"</a>. 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Charles River Data Systems, Inc. 1983. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insider%27s+Guide+To+The+Universe&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Charles+River+Data+Systems%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1000bit.it%2Fad%2Fbro%2Fcharles%2FCharlesRiverSystem-Universe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYacc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vT_J6xc-Az0">"UNIX Special: Profs Kernighan & Brailsford"</a>. <i>Computerphile</i>. September 30, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/vT_J6xc-Az0">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerphile&rft.atitle=UNIX+Special%3A+Profs+Kernighan+%26+Brailsford&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvT_J6xc-Az0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYacc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKernighanPike1984" class="citation book cs1">Kernighan, Brian W.; Pike, Rob (1984). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unix_Programming_Environment" title="The Unix Programming Environment">The Unix Programming Environment</a></i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-937681-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-937681-X"><bdi>0-13-937681-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unix+Programming+Environment&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-13-937681-X&rft.aulast=Kernighan&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft.au=Pike%2C+Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYacc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caml.inria.fr/pub/docs/manual-ocaml-4.00/manual026.html">"OCaml User's Manual: Chapter 12 Lexer and parser generators (ocamllex, ocamlyacc)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 Nov</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OCaml+User%27s+Manual%3A+Chapter+12+Lexer+and+parser+generators+%28ocamllex%2C+ocamlyacc%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaml.inria.fr%2Fpub%2Fdocs%2Fmanual-ocaml-4.00%2Fmanual026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYacc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goyacc">"Yacc.go: A version of Yacc for the Go Programming Language"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yacc.go%3A+A+version+of+Yacc+for+the+Go+Programming+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgodoc.org%2Fgolang.org%2Fx%2Ftools%2Fcmd%2Fgoyacc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYacc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pps.univ-paris-diderot.fr/~jch/software/cl-yacc/">"CL-Yacc: A Common Lisp version of Yacc"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CL-Yacc%3A+A+Common+Lisp+version+of+Yacc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pps.univ-paris-diderot.fr%2F~jch%2Fsoftware%2Fcl-yacc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYacc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erlang.org/doc/man/yecc.html">"yecc: An Erlang implementation of Yacc"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=yecc%3A+An+Erlang+implementation+of+Yacc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferlang.org%2Fdoc%2Fman%2Fyecc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYacc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Levine2009" class="citation cs2">John Levine (August 2009), <i>flex & bison</i>, O'Reilly Media</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=flex+%26+bison&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2009-08&rft.au=John+Levine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYacc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yacc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacc.interitty.org">Playground</a> environment for learning and testing syntax</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Guide to Unix">Guide to Unix</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix/Commands" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Guide to Unix/Commands">Commands</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/yacc.html">yacc</a></code></span> – Shell and Utilities Reference, <a href="/wiki/Single_Unix_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Unix Specification">The Single UNIX Specification</a>, Version 4 from <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a></li> <li><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://9p.io/magic/man2html/1/yacc">yacc(1)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a> Programmer's Manual, Volume 1</li> <li><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man.cat-v.org/inferno/1/yacc">yacc(1)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a> General commands <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">Manual</a></li> <li><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mankier.com/1/yacc">yacc(1)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> General Commands <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man 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style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_(command)" title="At (command)">at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">bg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cron" title="Cron">crontab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">fg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_(Unix)" title="Nice (Unix)">nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ps_(Unix)" title="Ps (Unix)">ps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_(Unix)" title="Time (Unix)">time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Env" title="Env">env</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logname" title="Logname">logname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesg" title="Mesg">mesg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_(software)" title="Talk (software)">talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tput" title="Tput">tput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uname" title="Uname">uname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_(Unix)" title="Who (Unix)">who</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_(Unix)" title="Write (Unix)">write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">awk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basename" title="Basename">basename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comm" title="Comm">comm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csplit" title="Csplit">csplit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(Unix)" title="Cut (Unix)">cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff" title="Diff">diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirname" title="Dirname">dirname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_(text_editor)" title="Ex (text editor)">ex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_(Unix)" title="Fold (Unix)">fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(Unix)" title="Head (Unix)">head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconv" title="Iconv">iconv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Join_(Unix)" title="Join (Unix)">join</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_(computer_language)" title="M4 (computer language)">m4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nl_(Unix)" title="Nl (Unix)">nl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(Unix)" title="Paste (Unix)">paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_(Unix)" title="Patch (Unix)">patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printf_(Unix)" title="Printf (Unix)">printf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_(Unix)" title="Read (Unix)">read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">sed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(Unix)" title="Sort (Unix)">sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strings_(Unix)" title="Strings (Unix)">strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_(Unix)" title="Tail (Unix)">tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr_(Unix)" title="Tr (Unix)">tr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniq" title="Uniq">uniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wc_(Unix)" title="Wc (Unix)">wc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xargs" title="Xargs">xargs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">Shell builtins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(command)" title="Alias (command)">alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(Unix)" title="Test (Unix)">test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_variable#unset_command" title="Environment variable">unset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wait_(command)" title="Wait (command)">wait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">find</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar_(Unix)" title="Ar (Unix)">ar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctags" title="Ctags">ctags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_(software)" title="Lex (software)">lex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nm_(Unix)" title="Nm (Unix)">nm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_(Unix)" title="Strip (Unix)">strip</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">yacc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bc_(programming_language)" title="Bc (programming language)">bc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_(command)" title="Cal (command)">cal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expr" title="Expr">expr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_V_printing_system" title="System V printing system">lp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_(Unix)" title="Od (Unix)">od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_(command)" title="Sleep (command)">sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_and_false_(commands)" title="True and false (commands)">true and false</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Categories</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_Unix_programs" title="Category:Standard Unix programs">Standard Unix programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix_SUS2008_utilities" title="Category:Unix SUS2008 utilities">Unix SUS2008 utilities</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_POSIX_commands" title="List of POSIX commands">List</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plan_9_command-line_interface_programs_and_shell_builtins358" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plan_9_commands" title="Template:Plan 9 commands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plan_9_commands" title="Template talk:Plan 9 commands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plan_9_commands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plan 9 commands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plan_9_command-line_interface_programs_and_shell_builtins358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a> <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> programs and <a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">chmod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chgrp" title="Chgrp">chgrp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmp_(Unix)" title="Cmp (Unix)">cmp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_(Unix)" title="Du (Unix)">du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(command)" title="File (command)">file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwd" title="Pwd">pwd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rm_(Unix)" title="Rm (Unix)">rm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_(Unix)" title="Split (Unix)">split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_(command)" title="Tee (command)">tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(command)" title="Touch (command)">touch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ps_(Unix)" title="Ps (Unix)">ps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passwd" title="Passwd">passwd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_(Unix)" title="Who (Unix)">who</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">awk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basename" title="Basename">basename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comm" title="Comm">comm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff" title="Diff">diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eqn_(software)" title="Eqn (software)">eqn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Join_(Unix)" title="Join (Unix)">join</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">sed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(Unix)" title="Sort (Unix)">sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_(Unix)" title="Spell (Unix)">spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strings_(Unix)" title="Strings (Unix)">strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_(Unix)" title="Tail (Unix)">tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr_(Unix)" title="Tr (Unix)">tr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniq" title="Uniq">uniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wc_(Unix)" title="Wc (Unix)">wc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">Shell builtins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(Unix)" title="Test (Unix)">test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_utility" title="Network utility">Networking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipconfig" title="Ipconfig">ip/ipconfig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)" title="Ping (networking utility)">ip/ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netstat" title="Netstat">netstat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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