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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84_80286" title="إنتل 80286 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنتل 80286" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/80286" title="80286 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="80286" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/80286" title="80286 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="80286" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84_%DB%B8%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B8%DB%B6" title="اینتل ۸۰۲۸۶ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اینتل ۸۰۲۸۶" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%85%94_80286" title="인텔 80286 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인텔 80286" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_80286" title="ഇന്റൽ 80286 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റൽ 80286" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Intel 80286" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Intel 80286" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Intel 80286</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_Intel_i286.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KL_Intel_i286.jpg/220px-KL_Intel_i286.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KL_Intel_i286.jpg/330px-KL_Intel_i286.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KL_Intel_i286.jpg/440px-KL_Intel_i286.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="951" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An Intel A80286-8 processor with a gray ceramic heat spreader</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">1991<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harris_Corporation" title="Harris Corporation">Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intersil" title="Intersil">Intersil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Performance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> <a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">clock rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 MHz to 25 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Front-side_bus" title="Front-side bus">FSB</a> speeds</th><td class="infobox-data">4 MHz to 25 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Data width</th><td class="infobox-data">16 bits</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address width</th><td class="infobox-data">24 bits</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Architecture and classification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Technology_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology node">Technology node</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1.5_%CE%BCm_process" title="1.5 μm process">1.5 μm</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X86-16" class="mw-redirect" title="X86-16">x86-16</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMU</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Physical specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>120,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 134,000, 1.5<a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Co-processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-processor">Co-processor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel_80287" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80287">Intel 80287</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Packages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>68-pin <a href="/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic leaded chip carrier">PLCC</a></li><li>68-pin <a href="/wiki/Leadless_chip_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadless chip carrier">LCC</a></li><li>68-pin <a href="/wiki/Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">PGA</a></li><li>100-pin <a href="/wiki/PQFP" class="mw-redirect" title="PQFP">PQFP</a> (engineering sample only)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sockets</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>PGA68</li><li>PLCC-68</li><li>LCC-68</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/8086" class="mw-redirect" title="8086">8086</a>, <a href="/wiki/8088" class="mw-redirect" title="8088">8088</a> (while <a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a> was contemporary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Support status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Unsupported</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <b>80286</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also marketed as the <b>iAPX 286</b><sup id="cite_ref-i286_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i286-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often called <b>Intel 286</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> that was introduced on February 1, 1982. It was the first 8086-based CPU with separate, non-<a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)#Bus_multiplexing" title="Bus (computing)">multiplexed</a> <a href="/wiki/Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">address</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">data buses</a> and also the first with <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a> and wide protection abilities. The 80286 used approximately 134,000 transistors in its original <a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">nMOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">HMOS</a>) incarnation and, just like the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it can correctly execute most software written for the earlier <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">8088</a> processors.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 80286 was employed for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT" title="IBM Personal Computer AT">IBM PC/AT</a>, introduced in 1984, and then widely used in most PC/AT compatible computers until the early 1990s. In 1987, Intel shipped its five-millionth 80286 microprocessor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_performance">History and performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_80286&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_AMD_80286_CLCC_Bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/KL_AMD_80286_CLCC_Bottom.jpg/220px-KL_AMD_80286_CLCC_Bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/KL_AMD_80286_CLCC_Bottom.jpg/330px-KL_AMD_80286_CLCC_Bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/KL_AMD_80286_CLCC_Bottom.jpg/440px-KL_AMD_80286_CLCC_Bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>AMD 80286 (16 MHz version)</figcaption></figure> <p>Intel's first 80286 chips were specified for a maximum clockrate of 5, 6 or 8 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a> and later releases for 12.5 MHz. <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harris_Corporation" title="Harris Corporation">Harris</a> later produced 16 MHz, 20 MHz and 25 MHz parts, respectively. Intel, <a href="/wiki/Intersil" title="Intersil">Intersil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a> also designed fully static <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> versions of Intel's original <a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">depletion-load nMOS</a> implementation, largely aimed at battery-powered devices. Intel's CMOS version of the 80286 was the 80C286. </p><p>On average, the 80286 was said to have a speed of about 0.21 <a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">instructions per clock</a> on "typical" programs,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it could be significantly faster on optimized code and in tight loops, as many instructions could execute in <a href="/wiki/Clock_cycles_per_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock cycles per instruction">2 clock cycles</a> each. The 6 MHz, 10 MHz, and 12 MHz models were reportedly measured to operate at 0.9 MIPS, 1.5 MIPS, and 2.66 MIPS respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later E-<a href="/wiki/Stepping_level" title="Stepping level">stepping level</a> of the 80286 was free of the several significant <a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">errata</a> that caused problems for programmers and operating-system writers in the earlier B-step and C-step CPUs (common in the AT and AT clones). This E-2 stepping part may have been available in later 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Infoworld_1985_80286_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoworld_1985_80286-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intel <a href="/wiki/Second_source" title="Second source">second sourced</a> this microprocessor to <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu Limited</a> in about 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_80286&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Model number</th> <th>Frequency</th> <th>Technology</th> <th>Process</th> <th>Package</th> <th>Date of release</th> <th>Price <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>list 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>80286-10<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>10 MHz</td> <td>HMOS-III</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1.5_%CE%BCm_process" title="1.5 μm process">1.5 μm</a></td> <td></td> <td>July/August 1985</td> <td>$155 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80286-12<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>12.5 MHz</td> <td>HMOS-III</td> <td>1.5 μm</td> <td></td> <td>July/August 1985</td> <td>$260 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MG80286<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>September/October 1985</td> <td>$784 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80286<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>68 Pin PGA<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>list 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>January/February 1986</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>80286<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>68 Pin PLCC<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>list 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>January/February 1986</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In quantities of 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sampling Q3 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sampling Q2 1986</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_80286&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_i80286_arch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Intel_i80286_arch.svg/220px-Intel_i80286_arch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Intel_i80286_arch.svg/330px-Intel_i80286_arch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Intel_i80286_arch.svg/440px-Intel_i80286_arch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Simplified 80286 microarchitecture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_80286_die.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Intel_80286_die.JPG/220px-Intel_80286_die.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Intel_80286_die.JPG/330px-Intel_80286_die.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Intel_80286_die.JPG/440px-Intel_80286_die.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="3029" /></a><figcaption>Intel 80286 die</figcaption></figure> <p>Intel expected the 286 to be used primarily in industrial automation, transaction processing, and telecommunications, instead of in personal computers.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg19950305_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg19950305-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CPU was designed for <a href="/wiki/Multi-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-user">multi-user</a> systems with <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a> applications, including communications (such as automated <a href="/wiki/Private_branch_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Private branch exchange">PBXs</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">process control</a>. It had 134,000 <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> and consisted of four independent units: the address unit, bus unit, instruction unit, and execution unit, organized into a <a href="/wiki/Loosely_coupled" class="mw-redirect" title="Loosely coupled">loosely coupled</a> (buffered) <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipeline</a>, just as in the 8086. It was produced in a 68-pin package, including PLCC (<a href="/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic leaded chip carrier">plastic leaded chip carrier</a>), LCC (<a href="/wiki/Leadless_chip_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadless chip carrier">leadless chip carrier</a>) and PGA (<a href="/wiki/Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">pin grid array</a>) packages.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The performance increase of the 80286 over the 8086 (or 8088) could be more than 100% per <a href="/wiki/Clock_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock cycle">clock cycle</a> in many programs (i.e., a doubled performance at the same clock speed). This was a large increase, fully comparable to the speed improvements seven years later when the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486">i486</a> (1989) or the original <a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> (1993) were introduced. This was partly due to the non-multiplexed address and data buses, but mainly to the fact that address calculations (such as <a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode#Base_plus_index" title="Addressing mode">base+index</a>) were less expensive. They were performed by a dedicated unit in the 80286, while the older 8086 had to do effective address computation using its general <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">ALU</a>, consuming several extra clock cycles in many cases. Also, the 80286 was more efficient in the prefetch of instructions, buffering, execution of jumps, and in complex <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcoded</a> numerical operations such as <a href="/wiki/Multiplication" title="Multiplication">MUL</a>/<a href="/wiki/Division_(mathematics)" title="Division (mathematics)">DIV</a> than its predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahadure2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadure2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 80286 included, in addition to all of the 8086 instructions, all of the new instructions of the 80186: ENTER, LEAVE, BOUND, INS, OUTS, PUSHA, POPA, PUSH immediate, IMUL immediate, and immediate shifts and rotates. The 80286 also added new instructions for protected mode: ARPL, CLTS, LAR, LGDT, LIDT, LLDT, LMSW, LSL, LTR, SGDT, SIDT, SLDT, SMSW, STR, VERR, and VERW. Some of the instructions for protected mode can (or must) be used in real mode to set up and switch to protected mode, and a few (such as SMSW and LMSW) are useful for real mode itself. </p><p>The Intel 80286 had a 24-bit address bus and as such had a 16 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> physical <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">address space</a>, compared to the 1 MB address space of prior x86 processors. It was the first x86 processor to support <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> supporting up to 1 GB via segmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, memory cost and the initial rarity of software using the memory above 1 MB meant that until late in its production, 80286 computers rarely shipped with more than 1 MB of RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahadure2010_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadure2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there was a performance penalty involved in accessing extended memory from real mode as noted below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_80286&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80286-processor-made-in-austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/80286-processor-made-in-austria.jpg/170px-80286-processor-made-in-austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/80286-processor-made-in-austria.jpg/255px-80286-processor-made-in-austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/80286-processor-made-in-austria.jpg/340px-80286-processor-made-in-austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Siemens 80286 (10 MHz version)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_IBM_80286.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/KL_IBM_80286.jpg/170px-KL_IBM_80286.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/KL_IBM_80286.jpg/255px-KL_IBM_80286.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/KL_IBM_80286.jpg/340px-KL_IBM_80286.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>IBM 80286 (8 MHz version)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intersil_MG80C286_10_883_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Intersil_MG80C286_10_883_1.jpg/170px-Intersil_MG80C286_10_883_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Intersil_MG80C286_10_883_1.jpg/255px-Intersil_MG80C286_10_883_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Intersil_MG80C286_10_883_1.jpg/340px-Intersil_MG80C286_10_883_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Intersil 80286 (10 MHz version)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_mode">Protected mode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_80286&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Protected mode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 286 was the first of the x86 CPU family to support <i>protected virtual-address mode</i>, commonly called "<a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a>". In addition, it was the first commercially available microprocessor with on-chip <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a> (MMU) capabilities (systems using the contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68010" title="Motorola 68010">Motorola 68010</a> and <a href="/wiki/NS320xx" class="mw-redirect" title="NS320xx">NS320xx</a> could be equipped with an optional MMU controller). This would allow IBM compatibles to have advanced multitasking OSes for the first time and compete in the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-dominated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Network_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Network server">server</a>/<a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> market. </p><p>Several additional instructions were introduced in the protected mode of 80286, which are helpful for multitasking operating systems. </p><p>Another important feature of 80286 is the prevention of unauthorized access. This is achieved by: </p> <ul><li>Forming different segments for data, code, and stack, and preventing their overlapping.</li> <li>Assigning privilege levels to each segment. Segments with lower privilege levels cannot access segments with higher privilege levels.</li></ul> <p>In 80286 (and in its co-processor <a href="/wiki/Intel_80287" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80287">Intel 80287</a>), arithmetic operations can be performed on the following different types of numbers: </p> <ul><li>unsigned <a href="/wiki/Packed_decimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Packed decimal">packed decimal</a>,</li> <li>unsigned binary,</li> <li>unsigned unpacked decimal,</li> <li>signed binary,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point number">floating-point numbers</a> (only with an <a href="/wiki/80287" class="mw-redirect" title="80287">80287</a>).</li></ul> <p>By design, the 286 could not revert from protected mode to the basic 8086-compatible <i>real address mode</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">real mode</a>") without a hardware-initiated reset. In the PC/AT introduced in 1984, IBM added external circuitry, as well as specialized code in the <a href="/wiki/ROM_BIOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM BIOS">ROM BIOS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/8042" class="mw-redirect" title="8042">8042</a> keyboard microcontroller to enable software to cause the reset, allowing real-mode reentry while retaining active memory and returning control to the program that initiated the reset. (The BIOS is necessarily involved because it obtains control directly whenever the CPU resets.) Though it worked correctly, the method imposed a huge performance penalty. </p><p>In theory, real-mode applications could be <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode#Real_mode_application_compatibility" title="Protected mode">directly executed in 16-bit protected mode</a> if certain rules (newly proposed with the introduction of the 80286) were followed; however, as many DOS programs did not conform to those rules, protected mode was not widely used until the appearance of its successor, the <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a>, which was designed to go back and forth between modes easily and to provide an emulation of real mode within protected mode. When Intel designed the 286, it was not designed to be able to multitask real-mode applications; real mode was intended to be a simple way for a bootstrap loader to prepare the system and then switch to protected mode; essentially, in protected mode the 80286 was designed to be a new processor with many similarities to its predecessors, while real mode on the 80286 was offered for smaller-scale systems that could benefit from a more advanced version of the 80186 CPU core, with advantages such as higher clock rates, faster instruction execution (measured in clock cycles), and unmultiplexed buses, but not the 24-bit (16 MB) memory space. </p><p>To support protected mode, new instructions have been added: ARPL, VERR, VERW, LAR, LSL, SMSW, SGDT, SIDT, SLDT, STR, LMSW, LGDT, LIDT, LLDT, LTR, CLTS. There are also new exceptions (internal interrupts): invalid opcode, coprocessor not available, <a href="/wiki/Double_fault" title="Double fault">double fault</a>, coprocessor segment overrun, stack fault, segment overrun/general protection fault, and others only for protected mode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS_support">OS support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_80286&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: OS support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The protected mode of the 80286 was not routinely utilized in PC applications until many years after its release, in part because of the high cost of adding extended memory to a PC, but also because of the need for software to support the large user base of 8086 PCs. For example, in 1986 the only program that made use of it was VDISK, a <a href="/wiki/RAM_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM disk">RAM disk</a> driver included with <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a> 3.0 and 3.1. A <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> could utilize the additional RAM available in protected mode (<a href="/wiki/Extended_memory" title="Extended memory">extended memory</a>) either via a <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> call (INT 15h, AH=87h), as a <a href="/wiki/RAM_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM disk">RAM disk</a>, or as <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Expanded_memory" title="Expanded memory">expanded memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahadure2010_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahadure2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulty lay in the incompatibility of older <a href="/wiki/Real-mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-mode">real-mode</a> DOS programs with protected mode. They simply could not natively run in this new mode without significant modification. In protected mode, memory management and interrupt handling were done differently than in real mode. In addition, DOS programs typically would directly access data and code segments that did not belong to them, as real mode allowed them to do without restriction; in contrast, the design intent of protected mode was to prevent programs from accessing any segments other than their own unless special access was explicitly allowed. While it was possible to set up a protected-mode environment that allowed all programs access to all segments (by putting all segment descriptors into the <a href="/wiki/Global_Descriptor_Table" title="Global Descriptor Table">Global Descriptor Table</a> (GDT) and assigning them all the same privilege level), this undermined nearly all of the advantages of protected mode except the extended (24-bit) address space. The choice that OS developers faced was either to start from scratch and create an OS that would not run the vast majority of the old programs, or to come up with a version of DOS that was slow and ugly (i.e., ugly from an internal technical viewpoint) but would still run a majority of the old programs. Protected mode also did not provide a significant enough performance advantage over the 8086-compatible real mode to justify supporting its capabilities; actually, except for task switches when multitasking, it yielded only a performance disadvantage, by slowing down many instructions through a litany of added privilege checks. In protected mode, registers were still 16-bit, and the programmer was still forced to use a memory map composed of 64 kB segments, just like in real mode.<sup id="cite_ref-PCMAG1986_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCMAG1986-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1985, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> previewed the <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_286" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS 286">Concurrent DOS 286</a> 1.0 operating system developed in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>. The product would function strictly as an 80286 native-mode (i.e. protected-mode) operating system, allowing users to take full advantage of the protected mode to perform multi-user, multitasking operations while running 8086 emulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Infoworld_1985_Super_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoworld_1985_Super-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DRI_1986_FlexOS286_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1986_FlexOS286-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DRI_1986_CDOS68K-2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1986_CDOS68K-2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This worked on the B-1 prototype step of the chip, but Digital Research discovered problems with the emulation on the production level C-1 step in May, which would not allow Concurrent DOS 286 to run 8086 software in protected mode. The release of Concurrent DOS 286 was delayed until Intel would develop a new version of the chip.<sup id="cite_ref-Infoworld_1985_Super_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoworld_1985_Super-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, after extensive testing on E-1 step samples of the 80286, Digital Research acknowledged that Intel corrected all documented 286 errata, but said that there were still undocumented chip performance problems with the prerelease version of Concurrent DOS 286 running on the E-1 step. Intel said that the approach Digital Research wished to take in emulating 8086 software in protected mode differed from the original specifications. Nevertheless, in the E-2 step, they implemented minor changes in the <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> that would allow Digital Research to run emulation mode much faster.<sup id="cite_ref-Infoworld_1985_80286_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoworld_1985_80286-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Named <a href="/wiki/IBM_4680_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4680 OS">IBM 4680 OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> originally chose DR Concurrent DOS 286 as the basis of their <a href="/wiki/IBM_4680" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4680">IBM 4680</a> computer for IBM Plant System products and <a href="/wiki/Point-of-sale" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-of-sale">point-of-sale</a> terminals in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital Research's <a href="/wiki/FlexOS_286" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexOS 286">FlexOS 286</a> version 1.3, a derivation of Concurrent DOS 286, was developed in 1986, introduced in January 1987, and later adopted by IBM for their <a href="/wiki/IBM_4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4690 OS">IBM 4690 OS</a>, but the same limitations affected it. </p><p>The problems led to <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> referring to the 80286 as a "brain-damaged" chip,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since it was clear that the new <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> environment would not be able to run multiple <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> applications with the 286. It was arguably responsible for the split between <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and IBM, since IBM insisted that <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, originally a joint venture between IBM and Microsoft, would run on a 286 (and in text mode). </p><p>Other operating systems that used the protected mode of the 286 were Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a> (around 1984),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were less hindered by the limitations of the 80286 protected mode because they did not aim to run MS-DOS applications or other real-mode programs. In its successor <a href="/wiki/80386" class="mw-redirect" title="80386">80386</a> chip, Intel enhanced the protected mode to address more memory and also added the separate <a href="/wiki/Virtual_8086_mode" title="Virtual 8086 mode">virtual 8086 mode</a>, a mode within protected mode with much better MS-DOS compatibility, in order to satisfy the diverging needs of the market.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_components">Support components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_80286&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Support components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This list of bus interface components that connects to Intel 80286 microprocessor. </p> <ul><li>82230/82231 High Integration AT-Compatible Chip Set – The 82230 covers this combination of chips: 82C284 clock, 82288 bus controller, and dual 8259A interrupt controllers among other components. The 82231 covers this combination of chips: 8254 interrupt timer, 74LS612 memory mapper and dual 8237A DMA controller among other components. They are available by second-sourced with Zymos Corp. Both set are available USD $60 for 10 MHz version and USD $90 for 12 MHz version in quantities of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>82258 Advanced Direct Memory Access Controller – Transfer rate of 8MB per second, supports up to 32 subchannels, mask and compare, verify, translation, and assembly/disassembly operation that are being processed simultaneously. It also supports a 16MB addressing range. These were available for USD $170 in quantities of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>82C284 Clock Generator and Driver – Intel second sourced this 82284 version to Fujitsu Limited around 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Intel branded chipset was available in 20-pin <a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier#Plastic-leaded_chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">PLCC</a> in sampling at first quarter 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_82288" title="Intel 82288">82288</a> Bus Controller</li> <li>82289 <a href="/wiki/Arbiter_(electronics)" title="Arbiter (electronics)">Arbiter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_80286&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U80601" title="U80601">U80601</a> – Almost identical copy of the 80286 manufactured 1989/1990 in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> a clone of the 80286 was <a href="/wiki/Soviet_integrated_circuit_designation" title="Soviet integrated circuit designation">designated</a> <a href="/wiki/KR1847VM286" class="mw-redirect" title="KR1847VM286">KR1847VM286</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i lang="ru">КР1847ВМ286</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-cpuworld_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpuworld-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAPX" title="IAPX">iAPX</a>, for the iAPX name</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOADALL" title="LOADALL">LOADALL</a> – Undocumented 80286/80386 instruction that could be used to gain access to all available memory in real mode.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1x#Windows.2F286" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 2.1x">Windows/286</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_80286&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpushack.com/life-cycle-of-cpu.html">"CPU History - The CPU Museum - Life Cycle of the CPU"</a>. <i>cpushack.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720004826/https://www.cpushack.com/life-cycle-of-cpu.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cpushack.com&rft.atitle=CPU+History+-+The+CPU+Museum+-+Life+Cycle+of+the+CPU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpushack.com%2Flife-cycle-of-cpu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/1.5_%C2%B5m_lithography_process">"1.5 μm lithography process - WikiChip"</a>. <i>en.wikichip.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909090836/https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/1.5_%C2%B5m_lithography_process">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikichip.org&rft.atitle=1.5+%CE%BCm+lithography+process+-+WikiChip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikichip.org%2Fwiki%2F1.5_%25C2%25B5m_lithography_process&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ormsby, John, "Chip Design: A Race Worth Winning", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, July/August 1988, page 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706032836/http://www.intel.com/museum/online/hist_micro/hof/">"Microprocessor Hall of Fame"</a>. Intel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/museum/online/hist%5Fmicro/hof/">the original</a> on July 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microprocessor+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=Intel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fmuseum%2Fonline%2Fhist%255Fmicro%2Fhof%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i286-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i286_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/components/intel/80286/210498-001_iAPX_286_Programmers_Reference_1983.pdf"><i>iAPX 286 Programmer's Reference</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Intel. 1983. page 1-1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828232803/http://www.bitsavers.org/components/intel/80286/210498-001_iAPX_286_Programmers_Reference_1983.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=iAPX+286+Programmer%27s+Reference&rft.pages=page+1-1&rft.pub=Intel&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fcomponents%2Fintel%2F80286%2F210498-001_iAPX_286_Programmers_Reference_1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A simpler cousin in the 8086-line with integrated peripherals, intended for <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312081932/http://www.intel.com/museum/online/hist_micro/hof/index.htm">"Intel Museum – Microprocessor Hall of Fame"</a>. Intel.com. May 14, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/museum/online/hist_micro/hof/index.htm">the original</a> on March 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intel+Museum+%E2%80%93+Microprocessor+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=Intel.com&rft.date=2009-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fmuseum%2Fonline%2Fhist_micro%2Fhof%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teixeira, Kevin, "What's Next For The 80286?", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, November/December 1987, page 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel80386.com">"Intel Architecure [sic] Programming and Information"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=80286+Microprocessor+Package%2C+1982&rft.pub=Content.cdlib.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fkt7h4nc9c2%2F%3Flayout%3Dmetadata%26brand%3Dcalisphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infoworld_1985_80286-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Infoworld_1985_80286_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infoworld_1985_80286_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Foster, Edward (August 26, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_y4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21">"Intel shows new 80286 chip – Future of DRI's Concurrent DOS 286 still unclear after processor fixed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. Vol. 7, no. 34. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWorld Media Group">InfoWorld Media Group</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125074700/http://books.google.com/books?id=_y4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=The+Technology+Paradox&rft.date=1995-03-06&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Coy%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1995-03-05%2Fthe-technology-paradox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/80286/">"Intel 80286 microprocessor family"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intel+80286+microprocessor+family&rft.pub=CPU-World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpu-world.com%2FCPUs%2F80286%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahadure2010-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahadure2010_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahadure2010_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahadure2010_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadure2010" class="citation book cs1">Bahadure, Nilesh B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZzUyvghwnsC&pg=PA503">"15 Other 16-bit microprocessors 80186 and 80286"</a>. <i>Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80286, 80386/80486 and the Pentium Family</i>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 503–537. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120339422" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120339422"><bdi>978-8120339422</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227204924/https://books.google.com/books?id=XZzUyvghwnsC&pg=PA503">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15+Other+16-bit+microprocessors+80186+and+80286&rft.btitle=Microprocessors%3A+8086%2F8088%2C+80186%2F80286%2C+80386%2F80486+and+the+Pentium+Family&rft.pages=503-537&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8120339422&rft.aulast=Bahadure&rft.aufirst=Nilesh+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZzUyvghwnsC%26pg%3DPA503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: Highest Ranking 16-bit Microprocessor Meets Military Objectives", Solutions, September/October 1985, page 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCMAG1986-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PCMAG1986_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetzold1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Petzold" title="Charles Petzold">Petzold, Charles</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDGnxFyejN4C&pg=PA170">"Obstacles to a grown up operating system"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. <b>5</b> (11): 170–74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227081813/https://books.google.com/books?id=pDGnxFyejN4C&pg=PA170">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Obstacles+to+a+grown+up+operating+system&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=170-74&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Petzold&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDGnxFyejN4C%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infoworld_1985_Super-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Infoworld_1985_Super_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infoworld_1985_Super_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Foster, Edward (May 13, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2y4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17">"Super DOS awaits new 80286 – Concurrent DOS 286 – delayed until Intel upgrades chip – offers Xenix's power and IBM PC compatibility"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. Vol. 7, no. 19. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWorld Media Group">InfoWorld Media Group</a>. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227082258/https://books.google.com/books?id=2y4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Super+DOS+awaits+new+80286+%E2%80%93+Concurrent+DOS+286+%E2%80%93+delayed+until+Intel+upgrades+chip+%E2%80%93+offers+Xenix%27s+power+and+IBM+PC+compatibility&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=1985-05-13&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2y4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRI_1986_FlexOS286-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1986_FlexOS286_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/flexos/FlexOS_Suppliment_For_iAPX286_Computers_Nov86.pdf"><i>FlexOS Supplement for Intel iAPX 286-based Computers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1.3 (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research, Inc.">Digital Research, Inc.</a> November 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421183934/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/flexos/FlexOS_Suppliment_For_iAPX286_Computers_Nov86.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FlexOS+Supplement+for+Intel+iAPX+286-based+Computers&rft.series=1.3&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Digital+Research%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2FdigitalResearch%2Fflexos%2FFlexOS_Suppliment_For_iAPX286_Computers_Nov86.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRI_1986_CDOS68K-2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1986_CDOS68K-2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpm.z80.de/download/cdos2.zip">"Concurrent DOS 68K 1.2 - Developer Kit for Motorola VME/10 - Disk 2"</a>. August 6, 1986 [1986-04-08]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403010111/http://www.cpm.z80.de/download/cdos2.zip">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concurrent+DOS+68K+1.2+-+Developer+Kit+for+Motorola+VME%2F10+-+Disk+2&rft.date=1986-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpm.z80.de%2Fdownload%2Fcdos2.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. This package also includes some header files from <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_286" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS 286">Concurrent DOS 286</a>, including STRUCT.H explicitly mentioning <a href="/wiki/LOADALL" title="LOADALL">LOADALL</a> for "8086 emulation".)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvoForbes1986" class="citation magazine cs1">Calvo, Melissa; Forbes, Jim (February 10, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12">"IBM to use a DRI operating system"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. Vol. 8, no. 8. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190421185117/https://books.google.de/books?id=oi8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=IBM+to+use+a+DRI+operating+system&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1986-02-10&rft.aulast=Calvo&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.au=Forbes%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewarSmosna1990" class="citation book cs1">Dewar, Robert B. K.; Smosna, Matthew (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microprocessorsp00robe"><i>Microprocessors: A Programmer's View</i></a></span>. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-016638-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-016638-2"><bdi>0-07-016638-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microprocessors%3A+A+Programmer%27s+View&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=New+York%3A+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-07-016638-2&rft.aulast=Dewar&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.+K.&rft.au=Smosna%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicroprocessorsp00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107072346/http://www.tenox.net/docs/microsoft_xenix_30_286_press_release.pdf">"Microsoft XENIX 3.0 Ready for 286"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tenox.net/docs/microsoft_xenix_30_286_press_release.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+XENIX+3.0+Ready+for+286&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tenox.net%2Fdocs%2Fmicrosoft_xenix_30_286_press_release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://textfiles.com/internet/FAQ/coherent.faq">"An Introduction to Coherent: General Information FAQ for the Coherent Operating System"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604042547/http://textfiles.com/internet/FAQ/coherent.faq">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Coherent%3A+General+Information+FAQ+for+the+Coherent+Operating+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftextfiles.com%2Finternet%2FFAQ%2Fcoherent.faq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107074722/http://minix.net/minix/minix.html">"MINIX INFORMATION SHEET"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minix.net/minix/minix.html">the original</a> on January 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MINIX+INFORMATION+SHEET&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminix.net%2Fminix%2Fminix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetzold1986" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Petzold" title="Charles Petzold">Petzold, Charles</a> (November 25, 1986). "Intel's 32-bit Wonder: The 80386 Microprocessor". <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>. pp. 150–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Intel%27s+32-bit+Wonder%3A+The+80386+Microprocessor&rft.pages=150-152&rft.date=1986-11-25&rft.aulast=Petzold&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ormsby, John, Editor, "New Product Focus: Components: Intel's 82X3X Chip-set Handles Logic Functions That Once Required The Services Of Sources Of Chips", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, January/February 1988, page 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: The 82258 ADMA Boost iAPX 286 Family Performance", <i>Solutions</i>, November/December 1984, Page 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", <i>Solutions</i>, January/February 1985, Page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpuworld-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cpuworld_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpu-world.com/info/exUSSR-chips.html">"Soviet microprocessors, microcontrollers, FPU chips and their western analogs"</a>. CPU-world. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209223725/http://www.cpu-world.com/info/exUSSR-chips.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+microprocessors%2C+microcontrollers%2C+FPU+chips+and+their+western+analogs&rft.pub=CPU-world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpu-world.com%2Finfo%2FexUSSR-chips.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+80286" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_80286&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Intel_80286" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/x86/286/datashts">Intel Datasheets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/components/intel/80286/210498-005_80286_and_80287_Programmers_Reference_Manual_1987.pdf">Intel 80286 and 80287 Programmer's Reference Manual</a> at bitsavers.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ragestorm.net/downloads/286intel.txt">Intel 80286 Programmer's Reference Manual 1987 (txt)</a>. Hint: use e.g. <i>Hebrew (IBM-862)</i> encoding.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011185133/http://tuxmobil.org/286_mobile.html">Linux on 286 laptops and notebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpu-collection.de/?tn=1&l0=cl&l1=80286">Intel 80286 images and descriptions at cpu-collection.de</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614122946/http://www.cpu-info.com/index2.php?mainid=286">CPU-INFO: 80286, in-depth processor history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123051/http://www.cpu-info.com/index2.php?mainid=Collection&ID=80286&type=cpu">Overview of all 286 compatible chips</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/intel/80286/">Intel 80286 CPU Information, including chip errata and undocumented behaviour</a></li> <li><a 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_processors" title="List of Intel processors">Intel processors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_processors" title="List of Intel processors">Processors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors" title="List of Intel Atom processors">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Celeron_processors" title="List of Intel Celeron processors">Celeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium processors">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Pro_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium Pro processors">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_II_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium II processors">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium III processors">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium 4 processors">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_D_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium D processors">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_M_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_processors" title="List of Intel Core processors">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core 2 processors">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i3_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i3 processors">i3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i5_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i5 processors">i5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i7_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i7 processors">i7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i9_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i9 processors">i9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors" title="List of Intel Xeon processors">Xeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark#List_of_Intel_Quark_processors" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Itanium_processors" title="List of Intel Itanium processors">Itanium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of Intel CPU microarchitectures">Microarchitectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_chipsets" title="List of Intel chipsets">Chipsets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of Intel CPU microarchitectures">Microarchitectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> x86)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P5_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="P5 (microarchitecture)">P5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">P6 variant (Pentium M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonah_(microprocessor)" title="Yonah (microprocessor)">P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBurst" title="NetBurst">NetBurst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_(microarchitecture)" title="Intel Core (microarchitecture)">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penryn_(microarchitecture)" title="Penryn (microarchitecture)">Penryn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)" title="Nehalem (microarchitecture)">Nehalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westmere_(microarchitecture)" title="Westmere (microarchitecture)">Westmere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bridge" title="Sandy Bridge">Sandy Bridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)" title="Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)">Ivy Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Haswell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadwell_(microarchitecture)" title="Broadwell (microarchitecture)">Broadwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)" title="Skylake (microarchitecture)">Skylake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Lake_(microprocessor)" title="Cannon Lake (microprocessor)">Cannon Lake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Cove_(microarchitecture)" title="Sunny Cove (microarchitecture)">Sunny Cove</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Cove_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypress Cove (microarchitecture)">Cypress Cove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Cove" title="Willow Cove">Willow Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Cove" title="Golden Cove">Golden Cove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">ULV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnell_(microarchitecture)" title="Bonnell (microarchitecture)">Bonnell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saltwell_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwell (microarchitecture)">Saltwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvermont" title="Silvermont">Silvermont</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldmont" title="Goldmont">Goldmont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldmont_Plus" title="Goldmont Plus">Goldmont Plus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont_(microarchitecture)" title="Tremont (microarchitecture)">Tremont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracemont_(microarchitecture)" title="Gracemont (microarchitecture)">Gracemont</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="x86-64_(64-bit)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#10th_generation" title="Intel Core">10th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#11th_generation" title="Intel Core">11th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#12th_generation" title="Intel Core">12th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#13th_generation" title="Intel Core">13th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#14th_generation" title="Intel Core">14th gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">BCD</a> oriented (<a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">4004</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4040" title="Intel 4040">4040</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-x86 (<a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8008" title="Intel 8008">8008</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> (<a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">8088</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80188" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80188">80188</a> (1982)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">80286</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X87" title="X87">x87</a> (external <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">FPUs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>8/16-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">8087</a> (1980)</dd> <dt>16-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80C187" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80C187">80C187</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80287" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80287">80287</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80387SX" title="Intel 80387SX">80387SX</a></dd> <dt>32-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80387" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80387">80387DX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80487" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80487">80487</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> x86)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">i386</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386SX" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386SX">SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80376" title="Intel 80376">376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386EX" title="Intel 80386EX">EX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">i486</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I486SX" title="I486SX">SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_DX2" title="Intel DX2">DX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_DX4" title="Intel DX4">DX4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486SL" title="I486SL">SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidCAD" title="RapidCAD">RapidCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486_OverDrive" title="I486 OverDrive">OverDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealey" title="Stealey">A100/A110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors#CE_SoCs" title="List of Intel Atom processors">CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_a_chip)" title="Atom (system on a chip)">SoC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#P6-based_Mobile_Celerons" title="Celeron">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Prescott-256" title="Celeron">D</a> (2004)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_(original)" title="Pentium (original)">Original i586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_OverDrive" title="Pentium OverDrive">OverDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Pro" title="Pentium Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_II" title="Pentium II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_III" title="Pentium III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Core" title="Pentium Dual-Core">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_P6-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel P6-based Xeon microprocessors">P6-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_NetBurst-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel NetBurst-based Xeon microprocessors">NetBurst-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core-based Xeon microprocessors">Core-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolapai" title="Tolapai">Tolapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (system on chip)">SoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors#CE_SoCs" title="List of Intel Atom processors">CE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Prescott-256" title="Celeron">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Celeron_Dual-Core" title="Celeron">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_4#Prescott_2M_(Extreme_Edition)" title="Pentium 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_D" title="Pentium D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_D#Smithfield_XE" title="Pentium D">Extreme Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Core" title="Pentium Dual-Core">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_2" title="Intel Core 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#1st_generation" title="Intel Core">1st gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#2nd_generation" title="Intel Core">2nd gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#3rd_generation" title="Intel Core">3rd gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#4th_generation" title="Intel Core">4th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#5th_generation" title="Intel Core">5th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#6th_generation" title="Intel Core">6th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#7th_generation" title="Intel Core">7th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#8th_generation" title="Intel Core">8th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#9th_generation" title="Intel Core">9th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#10th_generation" title="Intel Core">10th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#11th_generation" title="Intel Core">11th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Nehalem-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Nehalem-based)">Nehalem-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Sandy_Bridge-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Sandy Bridge-based)">Sandy Bridge-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Ivy_Bridge-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Ivy Bridge-based)">Ivy Bridge-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Haswell-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Haswell-based)">Haswell-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Broadwell-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Broadwell-based)">Broadwell-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Skylake-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Skylake-based)">Skylake-based</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_iAPX_432" title="Intel iAPX 432">iAPX 432</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_i860" title="Intel i860">i860</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_i960" title="Intel i960">i960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/StrongARM" title="StrongARM">StrongARM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/XScale" title="XScale">XScale</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process%E2%80%93architecture%E2%80%93optimization_model" title="Process–architecture–optimization model">Process–architecture–optimization model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">Intel GPUs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_GMA" title="Intel GMA">GMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Xe" title="Intel Xe">Xe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub" title="Platform Controller Hub">PCHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Controller_Hub" title="System Controller Hub">SCHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_Controller_Hub" title="I/O Controller Hub">ICHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_IDE_ISA_Xcelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI IDE ISA Xcelerator">PIIXs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratix" title="Stratix">Stratix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_codenames" title="List of Intel codenames">Codenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larrabee_(microarchitecture)" title="Larrabee (microarchitecture)">Larrabee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622888#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at 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