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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governorship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governorship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governorship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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id="toc-U.S._Senator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>U.S. Senator</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Senator-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle U.S. Senator subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>First term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div 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class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honors and degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سبيسرد ليندساي هولند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبيسرد ليندساي هولند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایسپسارد هولند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسپسارد هولند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spessard Holland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="اسپسارد هلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپسارد هلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spessard Holland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spessard Holland" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سبيسرد ليندساى هولند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سبيسرد ليندساى هولند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spessard Holland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spessard Holland" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former Senator and Governor of Florida (1892–1971)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Senator_Holland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Senator Holland (disambiguation)">Senator Holland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Spessard Holland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen_Spessard_Holland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sen_Spessard_Holland.jpg/220px-Sen_Spessard_Holland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sen_Spessard_Holland.jpg/330px-Sen_Spessard_Holland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sen_Spessard_Holland.jpg/440px-Sen_Spessard_Holland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="752" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Holland in 1946</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 25, 1946 – January 3, 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Andrews" title="Charles O. Andrews">Charles O. Andrews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">28th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Florida">Governor of Florida</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 7, 1941 – January 2, 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fred_P._Cone" title="Fred P. Cone">Fred P. Cone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Millard_Caldwell" title="Millard Caldwell">Millard Caldwell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Senate" title="Florida Senate">Florida Senate</a></span><br />from the 7th district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1932–1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John J. Swearingen<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Harry E. King</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida" title="Polk County, Florida">Polk</a> <a href="/wiki/County_court_(Florida)" title="County court (Florida)">County Court</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1921–1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Prosecutor of <a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida" title="Polk County, Florida">Polk County, Florida</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1919–1921</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Spessard Lindsey Holland</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-07-10</span>)</span>July 10, 1892<br /><a href="/wiki/Bartow,_Florida" title="Bartow, Florida">Bartow, Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 6, 1971<span style="display:none">(1971-11-06)</span> (aged 79)<br />Bartow, Florida</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Wildwood Cemetery<br /><a href="/wiki/Bartow,_Florida" title="Bartow, Florida">Bartow, Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Agnes Groover Holland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span>United States Army<br /><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Section,_U.S._Signal_Corps" title="Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps">United States Army Signal Corps Aviation Section</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1917–1919</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (U.S. Army)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">Coast Artillery Corps<br />24th Flying Squadron</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data">World War I</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Spessard Lindsey Holland</b> (July 10, 1892 – November 6, 1971) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as the 28th <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Florida">governor of Florida</a> from 1941 to 1945, and later as a <a href="/wiki/US_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="US senator">U.S. senator</a> for Florida from 1946 to 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first person born in Florida to serve as governor and U.S. senator for the state. While serving as a U.S. senator he would notably introduce the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his tenure as governor, he was mainly preoccupied with the preparations for World War II and the actual war itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the death of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Andrews" title="Charles O. Andrews">Charles O. Andrews</a> he was appointed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Millard_Caldwell" title="Millard Caldwell">Millard F. Caldwell</a> on September 25, 1946, to serve out the rest of his term which was set to expire the following January. However, he was reelected in 1946 and continued to seek reelection during every opportunity available serving as a senator until he retired in January 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holland was born at his family's home on 390 East Church Street in <a href="/wiki/Bartow,_Florida" title="Bartow, Florida">Bartow, Florida</a>, on July 10, 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of Benjamin Franklin and Fannie Virginia Spessard. Spessard was one of three children in his family.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin was a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> serving under the Confederacy as a member of the Georgia State Line under Company I of the 2nd Regiment. Benjamin's father was the <a href="/wiki/Orderly_sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Orderly sergeant">orderly sergeant</a> for his son's unit. Benjamin was born in <a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Georgia" title="Carroll County, Georgia">Carroll County, Georgia</a> in 1846 and was 17 when he joined the Georgia State Line in January 1864. He participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain" title="Battle of Kennesaw Mountain">Battle of Kennesaw Mountain</a> where he was wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved to Bartow in 1882 where he created the first abstract company in Polk County.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holland's father eventually served as a member of the school board, a county commissioner, and as the county treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> His mother moved to Bartow in 1889 and was originally a teacher at the Summerlin Institute (now <a href="/wiki/Bartow_High_School" title="Bartow High School">Bartow High School</a>) prior to being married. Benjamin and Virginia married in September 1890 in <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_West_Virginia" title="Monroe County, West Virginia">Monroe County, West Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spessard_Holland,_student_and_football_player_at_Emory_University-_Atlanta,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Spessard_Holland%2C_student_and_football_player_at_Emory_University-_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-Spessard_Holland%2C_student_and_football_player_at_Emory_University-_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Spessard_Holland%2C_student_and_football_player_at_Emory_University-_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-Spessard_Holland%2C_student_and_football_player_at_Emory_University-_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Spessard_Holland%2C_student_and_football_player_at_Emory_University-_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-Spessard_Holland%2C_student_and_football_player_at_Emory_University-_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>Holland as a football player at Emory.</figcaption></figure> <p>He attended public schools, graduating from the Summerlin Institute in 1909. Holland graduated <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_honors" title="Latin honors">magna cum laude</a></i> from Emory College (currently <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>) in 1912, where he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">Alpha Tau Omega</a> fraternity. Holland went go on to teach <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warrenton,_Georgia" title="Warrenton, Georgia">Warrenton, Georgia</a> from 1912 to 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, Holland began attending law school at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>. There he taught in the "sub-freshman department" (high school) of the university. He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society. During his time at Emory and UF, he participated in <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>. On one occasion, he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics" title="Philadelphia Athletics">Philadelphia Athletics</a> that <a href="/wiki/Connie_Mack" title="Connie Mack">Connie Mack</a> (the grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Connie_Mack_III" title="Connie Mack III">Connie Mack III</a>, who later held the Senate seat Holland once occupied) offered him a contract that Holland ultimately declined.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I_service">World War I service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War I service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holland qualified to be a <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes scholar</a>, and was already a junior partner with R.B. Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm, but his plans were interrupted by World War I. Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the Coast Artillery Corps, where he was transferred to France and served in the <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">JAG Corps</a> as an assistant <a href="/wiki/Adjutant" title="Adjutant">adjutant</a>. At his request, Holland was later transferred to the <a href="/wiki/24th_Aero_Squadron" title="24th Aero Squadron">24th Aero Squadron</a>, Signal Corps of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">Army Air Corps</a>. Here he served with Lt. George E. Goldwaithe as a <a href="/wiki/Air_gunner" title="Air gunner">gunner</a> and aerial observer, gathering information and taking photographs in <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> missions behind enemy lines. At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne, Champagne, St. Mihiel, and Lunéville, where he downed two enemy planes. On one mission, Holland's plane crash-landed in a crater; on December 11, 1918, Holland was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a>. The citation, signed by <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>, noted: </p> <dl><dd>First Lieutenant Spessard L. Holland, C.A.C. Observer 24th, Aero Squadron, distinguished himself by extra-ordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United States at Bois de Banthville, France, on October 15, 1918 and in recognition of his gallant conduct I have awarded him in the name of the President the Distinguished Service Cross."</dd></dl> <p>Upon resigning his commission in July 1919, Holland was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captain</a>. Once back in the U.S., he toured for the Victory Loan Drive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, he went to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe">Fort Monroe</a>, staying there until he resigned his commission in the army.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that he resumed his law practice in Bartow.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow. However, this was short-lived because Holland accepted an appointment as the <a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida" title="Polk County, Florida">Polk County</a> prosecutor later that year. He served two years in the prosecutor's office and then left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920. Holland was reelected in 1924, but left after the end of his second term in 1929. Holland returned to private law practice later that year, joining William F. Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis. The firm grew rapidly, eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as <a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Knight" title="Holland & Knight">Holland & Knight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, Holland was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislature" title="Florida Legislature">Florida Senate</a>, where he served eight years. During his term, Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools; as a member of the school committee, he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers' pay and retirement benefits. Holland also supported worker's compensation, tax cuts, and unemployment insurance. He was strongly opposed to both the <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a>, the latter of which he worked with Senator <a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Graham_(politician)" title="Ernest R. Graham (politician)">Ernest R. Graham</a> to repeal in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Holland supported <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">discrimination against</a> <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> voters, he opposed the poll tax because he viewed it as a form of wealth discrimination that made voting difficult for both poor whites and poor African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publicly, Holland cited two reasons for his opposition to the poll tax. The first being that he thought it would allow politicians to "buy" their way into office through political machines. Secondly, he thought that eliminating the poll tax would increase the amount of voter turnout in elections.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gubernatorial_campaign">Gubernatorial campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gubernatorial campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holland announced that he was running to be governor on December 4, 1939. He considered running for US Senator but decided not to.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His campaign platform called for: expanding assistance to the elderly through increasing a tax on horse and dog tracks, making highways safer, continuing a ban on <a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">poll taxes</a> for state elections, creating the <a href="/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park">Everglades National Park</a>, giving state financial aid for economic development, regulating <a href="/wiki/Salary_buying" class="mw-redirect" title="Salary buying">salary buyers</a>, repealing the <a href="/wiki/Gross_receipts_tax" title="Gross receipts tax">gross receipts tax</a>, and improving working conditions in the state. He also pitched himself as being hard on crime but for tourism in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first Democratic Party primary for governor, he finished in first place. Advancing to the second primary, he faced <a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Whitehair" title="Francis P. Whitehair">Francis P. Whitehair</a>. Whitehair attacked Holland throughout the second primary and said in a speech that he was a candidate for "'an invisible government' of duPont interests, chain stores, and a fertilizer trust." Holland on the other hand charged that Whitehair was a product of a political machine. Whitehair accused him of the same thing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holland ended up winning the second primary. When the general election approached, the Republican Party nominated John F. Walter as their candidate for governor to oppose Holland but ended up dropping out though. Holland did end up winning the general election in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governorship">Governorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While serving as governor, Holland promoted the establishment of military bases in his state. He also supported the state public school system's financial condition. A variety of financial reforms were also undertaken during his tenure as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941">1941</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holland officially became governor of Florida on January 7, 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While serving as governor, his abilities were limited. Under the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Constitution_of_1885" title="Florida Constitution of 1885">1885 Florida Constitution</a>, the governor could only serve for one four year term and the governorship was described as being weak position. Holland also had to compete with the influence of cabinet members who could be re-elected.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns about World War II were dominant with his audience when becoming governor saying he wished for peace but said that preparations should be made in the case of war. His preparations began when he decided to review $7 million in State Road Department contracts made during the tenure of the Cone administration. He and his wife attended <a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt's third inauguration</a> and while in Washington, D.C., he spoke with federal authorities and the Floridian congressional delegation to try to get more money for defense road construction which he was successful in getting.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florida saw an influx of military activities in it during the mobilization prior to entering World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Holland became governor, he attempted to improve Florida's lynching record. Florida, like the rest of the Southern U.S., faced pressure to take action on <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching</a> during the 1940s. Holland's first challenge came on May 12, 1941, when a 22-year-old African-American man named A.C. Williams, who was accused of raping a 12-year-old girl and committing a robbery, was abducted from a jail in <a href="/wiki/Marianna,_Florida" title="Marianna, Florida">Marianna</a> and lynched. Afterwards, there was pressure on the local government to act as they feared it would result in the federal government responding and pressure was also seen from the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southern_Women_for_the_Prevention_of_Lynching" title="Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching">Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching</a> (ASWPL) who wrote letters to Holland. In response, Holland called for an investigation into the death of Williams and named Maurice Tripp as the special investigator. A spokesperson for him said he "would be able to reach a decision on whether any action by him against Quincy law enforcement authorities was justified. The pressure of legislative business on the governor was heavy, and the inquest transcript is long." to give the impression that he was stalling when in reality he was shifting responsibility of the investigation. Tripp submitted a report to Governor Holland on May 25, 1941, and the case was given to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> in July 1942, which reviewed it. The identities of those who killed Williams were never found.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When American involvement in World War II began with the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>. Governor Holland ordered the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Highway_Patrol" title="Florida Highway Patrol">Florida Highway Patrol</a> to be on standby to assist the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> with putting Japanese and other foreigners into custody.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impact of World War II was felt at a more personal level in Spessard Holland's life as well. One of his sons, Spessard Holland Jr., served as a Marine in the South Pacific. The family planted a victory garden and set up a chicken coop at the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Governor%27s_Mansion" title="Florida Governor's Mansion">Governor's Mansion</a>. His daughter Mary volunteered as an aircraft spotter, while his daughter Craney his wife Mary sewed squares to be used in quilts sent to U.S. troops. The mansion was opened to visitation by British soldiers who were training in the area. Mary Holland even corresponded with the mothers of the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1942">1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the United States entered World War II, German admiral <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Second_Happy_Time" title="Second Happy Time">Operation Drumbeat</a> starting in January 1942, in an effort to cause significant damage to American shipping along the Eastern seaboard and the Gulf Coast. U-boat activity on Florida's coasts lasted until April but did have a brief lull period in March. As a result of the U-boat activity, tourism declined in the state, and the idea of building the <a href="/wiki/Cross_Florida_Barge_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross Florida Barge Canal">Cross Florida Barge Canal</a> was revived. Holland was neutral on the canal compared to Senators Charles O. Andrews and Claude Pepper who were strongly in support of it. Holland said the reason behind his neutrality was because of the canal itself being incredibly controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1942 general elections, Holland participated despite not being up for re-election. Holland participated by travelling throughout the state making public appearances in an attempt to generate interest in the election, trying to get a gas tax amendment passed. Holland made a statewide radio address urging people to vote. That year nine amendments were on the ballot, and Holland backed three of them: an amendment that would streamline the process for amending the state constitution, the gas tax amendment and another that would create a state freshwater fish & game commission. All nine amendments passed that year with almost no opposition<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943">1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1943 there were calls for a special session of the state legislature. State senator <a href="/wiki/Wallace_E._Sturgis" title="Wallace E. Sturgis">Wallace Sturgis</a>, from Ocala, wanted a special session of the legislature to revise a 1943 absentee voting law to allow Floridians who were serving in the military outside of the state to register to vote. Sturgis later got the backing of the president pro-tempore of the Senate, Ernest F. Householder. Those wanting to repeal the cigarette tax also joined in with calling for a special session. Holland reacted to this by attempting to reduce enthusiasm towards a special session. In regards to the absentee voting law, Holland thought that it did a good job when it came to the first primary except in instances of those who became 21 prior to leaving the state. However, he thought it was not practical with a second primary as he thought it was very close in time to the first one along with being able to give and receive ballots as well. In terms of the cigarette tax, he thought that it would be safe to not repeal the cigarette tax in the case that if other taxes were to decrease it could serve as a supplement. Holland also cited potential changes in wartime restrictions. Having a special session became a significant issue in the <a href="/wiki/1944_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1944 Florida gubernatorial election">1944 Democratic gubernatorial primaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a conference sometime during 1943 in <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>, Holland promoted new railroad freight prices, helping the Florida economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944_&_1945"><span id="1944_.26_1945"></span>1944 & 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1944 & 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holland was also an outdoorsman and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalist</a>. Holland's negotiation of the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a> wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park">Everglades National Park</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holland's term ended on January 2, 1945, when <a href="/wiki/Millard_F._Caldwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Millard F. Caldwell">Millard F. Caldwell</a> took office.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senator">U.S. Senator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: U.S. Senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holland, like many <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a>, was a conservative who was pro-business, supported racial segregation, staunchly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a>, and believed in a limited federal government and states' rights. He opposed <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>'s proposals for <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health insurance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practices_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Employment Practices Commission">Fair Employment Practices Commission</a>, and voted to override Truman's veto of the <a href="/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Taft-Hartley Act">Taft-Hartley Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bell2003_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bell2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he accepted the elements of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> that benefited Florida economically, much like other Southern politicians of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holland's views contrasted with those of Senator <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a>, the senior Senator from Florida during his first four years, who was a more outspoken liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-bell2003_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bell2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holland had bad relations with <a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._McCarty" title="Daniel T. McCarty">Daniel McCarty</a> who he described as being "cold or thorny" while <a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Collins" title="LeRoy Collins">Leroy Collins</a> openly disliked his record in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 25, 1946 Holland assumed the U.S. Senate seat vacated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Andrews" title="Charles O. Andrews">Charles O. Andrews</a>, who had died a week earlier<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being nominated by Governor Caldwell.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1946 he defeated Republican J. Harry Schad to win a full six-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As he had in the Florida Senate, Holland supported abolishing the poll tax for federal elections during his time in the U.S. Senate, making an attempt to ban it during every session for a dozen years after arriving in Congress. During the <a href="/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress" title="80th United States Congress">80th Congress</a>, he introduced H.R. 29, which passed the House of Representatives in a 290-112 vote on July 21, 1947, but was <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">filibustered</a> in the Senate. During the following 81st Congress he introduced H.R. 3199 which also passed the House on July 26, 1949, in a 273-116 vote but got stuck in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Senate Committee on Rules and Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On other issues, Holland remained a <a href="/wiki/Segregationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregationist">segregationist</a> who supported discrimination against Black voters, but maintained his view that the poll tax should be repealed because it was a form of wealth discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Second term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, he ran again for re-election winning a significantly larger margin of the vote (99.82%) than in the previous race in 1946 (78.65%).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He, along with all other senators from the former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> states (except <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Gore, Sr.">Albert Gore, Sr.</a>), signed the 1956 "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Manifesto" title="Southern Manifesto">Southern Manifesto</a>", which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954), declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, and promised to resist its implementation. Holland was in favor of Alaskan and Hawaiian statehood. Holland was the first southerner to support statehood for Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also voted for <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Statehood_Act" title="Alaska Statehood Act">Alaska Statehood Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Alaska's statehood, he introduced the two Senators-elect of the Alaska's congressional delegation that were produced as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska-Tennessee_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska-Tennessee Plan">Alaska-Tennessee Plan</a> to the U.S. Senate: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gruening" title="Ernest Gruening">Ernest Gruening</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_A._Egan" title="William A. Egan">Bill Egan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_term">Third term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Third term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Up for re-election in 1958, Holland was challenged by his former colleague <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a> in the Democratic primary. After fending off Pepper's challenge, he easily defeated his Republican opponent, Leland Hyzer, in November to win a third term. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress" title="87th United States Congress">87th Congress</a>, Holland finally succeeded in his long-standing quest to ban the poll tax federally. Holland introduced a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> that would prohibit states from conditioning the right to vote in <a href="/wiki/US_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="US federal election">federal elections</a> on payment of a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a> or other types of tax. The amendment was approved by the required two-thirds majority of both houses of Congress in August 1962, was quickly <a href="/wiki/Ratified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratified">ratified</a> by the required three-fourths of the states (38), and in January 1964 became the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Described as being a Conservative Democrat, he believed in maintaining the filibuster and believed that civil rights were something that was a matter for the states. Speaking in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, Holland said "We'll stand up and fight as long as we can".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 22, 1963, in the absence of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Senator Edward Kennedy was presiding over a routine session of the Senate. Senators were debating a bill about federal library services, and it was almost time for a lunch break before Richard Reidell came running into the chamber where he bumped into Holland whispering that President Kennedy had been shot and Holland was the first senator to be informed of it. Reidell repeated his message to Senator Wayne Morse before telling Senator Kennedy of the news. After hearing this he left and went to the lobby where he called the White House and his brother Robert F. Kennedy before going to his office in the Senate Office Building. Holland replaced Kennedy as the presiding officer in the Senate when he left and <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holland took up the chair of the Senate Majority Leader, Mike Mansfield.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_term">Fourth term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fourth term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He won a fourth term in 1964, this time defeating Republican <a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Kirk, Jr.">Claude R. Kirk, Jr.</a> Then, in November 1969, at the age of 77, Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970. He actively campaigned for Democrat <a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a>, who defeated U.S. representative <a href="/wiki/William_C._Cramer" title="William C. Cramer">William C. Cramer</a> in the November 1970 election. Cramer had the endorsement of U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, and had handily defeated <a href="/wiki/G._Harrold_Carswell" title="G. Harrold Carswell">G. Harrold Carswell</a> (whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>) in the Republican primary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8, 1919, and they were together until his death. Together they had four children: Spessard Lindsey Holland Jr., Mary Grover Holland, William Benjamin Holland and Ivanhoe Elizabeth Holland. As of 2016 their youngest daughter, Ivanhoe Craney, is the only one that is still alive, and she currently lives in Bartow.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary Holland died after having a stroke in March 1975. In 1974, the city of Bartow dedicated Mary Holland Park in honor of her.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holland was also a member of several fraternities during his life: <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">Alpha Tau Omega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Phi" title="Phi Delta Phi">Phi Delta Phi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son Spessard Lindsey Holland, Jr. would be a nonregistered member of Phi Delta Phi.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was involved with <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> being a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">33rd degree</a> <a href="/wiki/Shriners" title="Shriners">Shriner</a>. Along with Freemasonry, Holland was a member of <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Veterans of Foreign Wars">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a>, Bartow's <a href="/wiki/Kiwanis" title="Kiwanis">Kiwanis club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks" title="Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks">Elks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Fleet" title="James Van Fleet">James Van Fleet</a> was a personal friend of Holland and did support him running for governor.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was described as being a conservationist and enjoyed doing <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birdwatching</a>. Holland also liked hunting and fishing as well. Holland was a fan of baseball and football and played tennis. He enjoyed collecting books on Florida history.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While teaching in Georgia, he was known to have owned a motorcycle and crashed it many times; once he was flung 60 feet from it and landed scraping much of the skin from his back.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holland left office in January 1971. Holland died of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Bartow,_Florida" title="Bartow, Florida">Bartow</a> home on November 6, 1971, at age 79.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_degrees">Honors and degrees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honors and degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He received several <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degrees</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rollins_College" title="Rollins College">Rollins College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a>, 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Southern_College" title="Florida Southern College">Florida Southern College</a> (Bachelor of Laws, 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a> (Bachelor of Laws, 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> (Bachelor of Laws, 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a> (Bachelor of Laws, 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a> (Bachelor of Laws, 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> (Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law, 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tampa" title="University of Tampa">University of Tampa</a> (HHD, 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stetson_University_College_of_Law" title="Stetson University College of Law">Stetson University College of Law</a> (Doctor of Laws, 1970)</li></ul> <p>Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland: </p> <ul><li>The Spessard L. Holland Law Center, the administrative building at the <a href="/wiki/Levin_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Levin College of Law">University of Florida Law School</a>;</li> <li>The Holland Building in Tallahassee;</li> <li>The Spessard Holland Golf Course, Park, and Community Center, and the Spessard Holland Beaches, North and South, in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Beach,_Florida" title="Melbourne Beach, Florida">Melbourne Beach</a>;</li> <li>The Spessard L. Holland Elementary School in his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Bartow,_Florida" title="Bartow, Florida">Bartow</a>;</li> <li>The Spessard L. Holland Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Beach,_Florida" title="Satellite Beach, Florida">Satellite Beach</a>, "Home of the Holland Hornets";</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Spessard_Holland_East-West_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Spessard Holland East-West Expressway">Spessard Holland East-West Expressway</a> (State Road 408); and</li> <li>The section of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_Florida" title="U.S. Route 17 in Florida">U.S. Highway 17</a> in Holland's hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229053123/http://uflib.ufl.edu/fefdl/florida/Senate18452001.html/">"Florida Senators"</a>. December 29, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uflib.ufl.edu/fefdl/florida/Senate18452001.html/">the original</a> on December 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 1, 1940<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polk+County+Record&rft.atitle=Van+Fleet+Writes+Praising+Holland&rft.date=1940-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUF00054480%2F00001%2F1x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpessard+Holland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00054480/00001/2x">"Spessard Holland Was Typical American Boy"</a>. <i>The Polk County Record</i>. March 1, 1940<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polk+County+Record&rft.atitle=Spessard+Holland+Was+Typical+American+Boy&rft.date=1940-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUF00054480%2F00001%2F2x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpessard+Holland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Finley, Keith M. <i>Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965</i> (Baton Rouge, LSU Press, 2008).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressH000720" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000720">"Spessard Holland (id: H000720)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Spessard+Holland+%28id%3A+H000720%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DH000720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpessard+Holland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/pkyonge/Holland.htm">Guide to the Spessard L. Holland Papers at the University of Florida</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6812717">Spessard Holland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fred_P._Cone" title="Fred P. Cone">Fred P. Cone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Florida">Governor of Florida</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1940_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1940 Florida gubernatorial election">1940</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Millard_Caldwell" title="Millard Caldwell">Millard Caldwell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Andrews" title="Charles O. Andrews">Charles O. Andrews</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="1946 United States Senate election in Florida">1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="1952 United States Senate election in Florida">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="1958 United States Senate election in Florida">1958</a>, <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="1964 United States Senate election in Florida">1964</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fred_P._Cone" title="Fred P. Cone">Fred P. Cone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Florida">Governor of Florida</a> </b><br />1941–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Millard_F._Caldwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Millard F. Caldwell">Millard F. Caldwell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Andrews" title="Charles O. Andrews">Charles O. Andrews</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Florida" title="List of United States senators from Florida"> U.S. senator (Class 1) from Florida</a> </b><br />1946–1971 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Gurney" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Gurney">Edward J. Gurney</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Richard K. Call">Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Reid" title="Robert R. Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State <span class="nobold"><small>(since 1845)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Dunn_Moseley" title="William Dunn Moseley">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(Florida_politician)" title="Thomas Brown (Florida politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Broome" title="James E. Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_S._Perry" title="Madison S. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_(Florida_politician)" title="John Milton (Florida politician)">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_K._Allison" title="Abraham K. Allison">Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marvin" title="William Marvin">Marvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Walker" title="David S. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Reed_(politician)" title="Harrison Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian_B._Hart" title="Ossian B. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Stearns" title="Marcellus Stearns">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Franklin_Drew" title="George Franklin Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Bloxham" title="William D. Bloxham">Bloxham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Perry" title="Edward A. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Fleming" title="Francis P. Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Mitchell" title="Henry L. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Bloxham" title="William D. Bloxham">Bloxham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sherman_Jennings" title="William Sherman Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_B._Broward" title="Napoleon B. Broward">Broward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Gilchrist" title="Albert W. Gilchrist">Gilchrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Trammell" title="Park Trammell">Trammell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts" title="Sidney Johnston Catts">Catts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_A._Hardee" title="Cary A. Hardee">Hardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Martin" title="John W. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyle_E._Carlton" title="Doyle E. Carlton">Carlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sholtz" title="David Sholtz">Sholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_P._Cone" title="Fred P. Cone">Cone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Caldwell" title="Millard Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Warren" title="Fuller Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._McCarty" title="Daniel T. McCarty">McCarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Eugene_Johns" title="Charley Eugene Johns">Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Collins" title="LeRoy Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Farris_Bryant" title="C. Farris Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Haydon_Burns" title="W. Haydon Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Kirk, Jr.">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Mixson" title="Wayne Mixson">Mixson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Chiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacKay" title="Buddy MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Crist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Florida" title="Template:United States senators from Florida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Florida" title="Template talk:United States senators from Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Florida" title="List of United States senators from Florida">United States senators from Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">Yulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonijah_Welch" title="Adonijah Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_Gilbert" title="Abijah Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Jones" title="Charles W. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pasco" title="Samuel Pasco">Pasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Taliaferro" title="James Taliaferro">Taliaferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_P._Bryan" title="Nathan P. Bryan">N. Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Trammell" title="Park Trammell">Trammell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Loftin" title="Scott Loftin">Loftin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Andrews" title="Charles O. Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Chiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Mack_III" title="Connie Mack III">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Westcott" title="James Westcott">Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Morton" title="Jackson Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">Yulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Osborn" title="Thomas W. Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_B._Conover" title="Simon B. Conover">Conover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Call" title="Wilkinson Call">Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory_II" title="Stephen Mallory II">Mallory Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Bryan" title="William James Bryan">W. Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hall_Milton" title="William Hall Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_U._Fletcher" title="Duncan U. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Hill" title="William Luther Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">Smathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gurney" title="Edward Gurney">Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone_(politician)" title="Richard Stone (politician)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Hawkins_(politician)" title="Paula Hawkins (politician)">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_LeMieux" title="George LeMieux">LeMieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q881393#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q881393#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q881393#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000025215869">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/53148547">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/174005/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJh64M9PdcBTd4XyJ4bd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1195181701">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85336717">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000720">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10567833">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q533w3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&oldid=1249028335">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spessard_Holland&oldid=1249028335</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1892_births" title="Category:1892 births">1892 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1971_deaths" title="Category:1971 deaths">1971 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:United States Army personnel of World War I">United States Army personnel of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_United_States_senators_from_Florida" title="Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Florida">Democratic Party United States senators from Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Florida_state_court_judges" title="Category:Florida state court judges">Florida state court judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_Florida_state_senators" title="Category:Democratic Party Florida state senators">Democratic Party Florida state senators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_governors_of_Florida" title="Category:Democratic Party governors of Florida">Democratic Party governors of Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Bartow,_Florida" title="Category:People from Bartow, Florida">People from Bartow, Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_officers" title="Category:United States Army officers">United States Army officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fredric_G._Levin_College_of_Law_alumni" title="Category:Fredric G. 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