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href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>2020 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>2010 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>2000 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Top_employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Top employers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Parks and recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>AM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>FM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Health systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Columbia, Missouri</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A)" title="كولومبيا (ميزوري) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولومبيا (ميزوري)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کلمبیا، میزوری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلمبیا، میزوری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE,_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="কলাম্বিয়া, মিজুরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলাম্বিয়া, মিজুরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B)" title="Калумбія (Місуры) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калумбія (Місуры)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кълъмбия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кълъмбия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Missouri)" title="Columbia (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Missouri) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Columbia (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1_(%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9)" title="Κολάμπια (Μιζούρι) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κολάμπια (Μιζούρι)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Misuri)" title="Columbia (Misuri) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columbia (Misuri)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Misurio)" title="Columbia (Misurio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Columbia (Misurio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="کلمبیا (میزوری) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلمبیا (میزوری)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%8A)" title="کؤلؤمبيا (ميزؤري) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کؤلؤمبيا (ميزؤري)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_(%EB%AF%B8%EC%A3%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A3%BC)" title="컬럼비아 (미주리주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컬럼비아 (미주리주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB)" title="Կոլումբիա (Միսսուրի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլումբիա (Միսսուրի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8)" title="Колумби (Миссури) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Колумби (Миссури)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99)" title="קולומביה (מיזורי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולומביה (מיזורי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8)" title="Колумбиа (Миссури) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колумбиа (Миссури)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8)" title="Колумбиа (Миссури) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колумбиа (Миссури)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missuria)" title="Columbia (Missuria) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Columbia (Missuria)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF,_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="കൊളംബിയ, മിസോറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളംബിയ, മിസോറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89)" title="كولومبيا (ميزورى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كولومبيا (ميزورى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2_(%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E5%B7%9E)" title="コロンビア (ミズーリ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロンビア (ミズーリ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8)" title="Коламбия (Миссури) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Коламбия (Миссури)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_i_Missouri" title="Columbia i Missouri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Columbia i Missouri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8)" title="Колумбия (Миссури) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колумбия (Миссури)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8)" title="Колумбија (Мисури) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колумбија (Мисури)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" title="Columbia (Missouri) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Columbia (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8)" title="Коламбия (Миссури) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коламбия (Миссури)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96)" title="Колумбія (Міссурі) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колумбія (Міссурі)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کولمبیا، مسوری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولمبیا، مسوری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Columbia, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E_(%E5%AF%86%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%9E)" title="哥倫比亞 (密蘇里州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥倫比亞 (密蘇里州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q59670#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Columbia,_Missouri" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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style="display:none">City in Missouri, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Columbia, Missouri</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mizzou_Jesse_Thumb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jesse Hall and the Columns at the University of Missouri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mizzou_Jesse_Thumb.jpg/288px-Mizzou_Jesse_Thumb.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Mizzou_Jesse_Thumb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Columbia, Missouri downtown and Missouri United Methodist Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg/150px-Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg/225px-Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg/300px-Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Center_for_Missouri_Studies_from_Peace_Park_(June_2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="State Historical Society of Missouri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Center_for_Missouri_Studies_from_Peace_Park_%28June_2020%29.jpg/134px-Center_for_Missouri_Studies_from_Peace_Park_%28June_2020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Center_for_Missouri_Studies_from_Peace_Park_%28June_2020%29.jpg/201px-Center_for_Missouri_Studies_from_Peace_Park_%28June_2020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Center_for_Missouri_Studies_from_Peace_Park_%28June_2020%29.jpg/268px-Center_for_Missouri_Studies_from_Peace_Park_%28June_2020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div style="border:1;;height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Tree_with_spring_picnic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Bug Bur Oak Tree in the Missouri River bottoms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Big_Tree_with_spring_picnic.jpg/204px-Big_Tree_with_spring_picnic.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Big_Tree_with_spring_picnic.jpg/306px-Big_Tree_with_spring_picnic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Big_Tree_with_spring_picnic.jpg/408px-Big_Tree_with_spring_picnic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5607" data-file-height="3964" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div style="border:1;;height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Memorial Student Union at the University of Missouri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg/80px-University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg/120px-University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg/160px-University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="2936" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="border:1;;height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ragtag_cinema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ragtag Cinema home of the True/False film festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ragtag_cinema.jpg/137px-Ragtag_cinema.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ragtag_cinema.jpg/206px-Ragtag_cinema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ragtag_cinema.jpg/274px-Ragtag_cinema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div style="border:1;;height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boone_County_Courthouse,_Columbia,_Missouri_(36683086433).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Boone County Courthouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Boone_County_Courthouse%2C_Columbia%2C_Missouri_%2836683086433%29.jpg/147px-Boone_County_Courthouse%2C_Columbia%2C_Missouri_%2836683086433%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Boone_County_Courthouse%2C_Columbia%2C_Missouri_%2836683086433%29.jpg/221px-Boone_County_Courthouse%2C_Columbia%2C_Missouri_%2836683086433%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Boone_County_Courthouse%2C_Columbia%2C_Missouri_%2836683086433%29.jpg/294px-Boone_County_Courthouse%2C_Columbia%2C_Missouri_%2836683086433%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5267" data-file-height="3674" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Hall" title="Jesse Hall">Jesse Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Columns_(Columbia,_Missouri)" title="The Columns (Columbia, Missouri)">The Columns</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_United_Methodist_Church" title="Missouri United Methodist Church">Missouri United Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Society_of_Missouri" title="State Historical Society of Missouri">State Historical Society of Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Tree" title="The Big Tree">The Big Tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Union_(University_of_Missouri)" title="Memorial Union (University of Missouri)">Memorial Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragtag_Cinema" title="Ragtag Cinema">Ragtag Cinema</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boone_County_Courthouse_(Missouri)" title="Boone County Courthouse (Missouri)">Boone County Courthouse</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Columbia,_Missouri.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Columbia, Missouri"><img alt="City flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg/100px-Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg/150px-Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg/200px-Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="375" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_seal_of_columbia,_missouri.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Columbia, Missouri"><img alt="City seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/The_seal_of_columbia%2C_missouri.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"The Athens of Missouri",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or CoMo<sup id="cite_ref-Como_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Como-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_0ba2813211a480161ddd06092107be4e7bcb7b78"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Columbia%2C_Missouri&revid=1256850533&groups=_0ba2813211a480161ddd06092107be4e7bcb7b78" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Columbia%2C_Missouri&revid=1256850533&groups=_0ba2813211a480161ddd06092107be4e7bcb7b78 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Columbia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia is located in Missouri"><img alt="Columbia is located in Missouri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.05%;left:51.737%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Columbia"><img alt="Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Columbia</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Missouri</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Missouri</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia is located in the United States"><img alt="Columbia is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.234%;left:56.162%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Columbia"><img alt="Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Columbia</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the contiguous U.S.</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Columbia,_Missouri&params=38_56_51_N_92_19_36_W_type:city_region:US-MO"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°56′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">92°19′36″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.94750°N 92.32667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.94750; -92.32667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Missouri" title="List of counties in Missouri">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Boone County, Missouri">Boone</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1821<span class="noprint">; 203 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1821</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">1826</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Council–manager">Council–manager</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_City_Council" title="Columbia City Council">Columbia City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Buffaloe" title="Barbara Buffaloe">Barbara Buffaloe</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City manager</th><td class="infobox-data">De'Carlon Seewood</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">67.45 sq mi (174.70 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">67.17 sq mi (173.98 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0.28 sq mi (0.72 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">761 ft (232 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">126,254</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2023)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">129,330</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">222nd</a><br />MO: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Missouri" title="List of cities in Missouri">4th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,879.48/sq mi (725.67/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">210,864 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">216th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">CSA</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">410,851 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Combined_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Combined Statistical Areas">102nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Columbian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Central_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Central Time Zone">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Central_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Central Time Zone">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">65201, 65202, 65203, 65211</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_573" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 573">573</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29-15670</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">2393605<sup id="cite_ref-gnis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.como.gov">www<wbr />.como<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><sup id="cite_ref-syeszw_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syeszw-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dpmpnc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpmpnc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Columbia</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> is a city in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Boone County, Missouri">Boone County</a> and home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GR6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1821, it is the principal city of the three-county <a href="/wiki/Columbia_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)" title="Columbia metropolitan area (Missouri)">Columbia metropolitan area</a>. It is Missouri's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Missouri" title="List of cities in Missouri">fourth most populous</a> with an estimated 128,555 residents in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> <a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">college town</a>, Columbia maintains high-quality health care facilities, cultural opportunities, and a low cost of living.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tripartite establishment of <a href="/wiki/Stephens_College" title="Stephens College">Stephens College</a> (1833), the University of Missouri (1839), and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(Missouri)" title="Columbia College (Missouri)">Columbia College</a> (1851), which surround the city's <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Columbia,_Missouri" title="Downtown Columbia, Missouri">Downtown</a> to the east, south, and north, has made Columbia a center of learning. At its center is 8th Street (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_the_Columns" title="Avenue of the Columns">Avenue of the Columns</a>), which connects <a href="/wiki/Francis_Quadrangle" title="Francis Quadrangle">Francis Quadrangle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Hall" title="Jesse Hall">Jesse Hall</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Boone_County_Courthouse_(Columbia,_Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boone County Courthouse (Columbia, Missouri)">Boone County Courthouse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_Hall_(Columbia,_Missouri)" title="City Hall (Columbia, Missouri)">City Hall</a>. Originally an agricultural town, education is now Columbia's primary economic concern, with secondary interests in the healthcare, insurance, and technology sectors; it has never been a manufacturing center. Companies like <a href="/wiki/Shelter_Insurance" title="Shelter Insurance">Shelter Insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carfax_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carfax (company)">Carfax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veterans_United_Home_Loans" title="Veterans United Home Loans">Veterans United Home Loans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slackers_CDs_and_Games" title="Slackers CDs and Games">Slackers CDs and Games</a>, and Dungarees were founded in the city. Cultural institutions include the <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Society_of_Missouri" title="State Historical Society of Missouri">State Historical Society of Missouri</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Art_and_Archaeology" title="Museum of Art and Archaeology">Museum of Art and Archaeology</a>, and the annual <a href="/wiki/True/False_Film_Festival" title="True/False Film Festival">True/False Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roots_N_Blues_Festival" title="Roots N Blues Festival">Roots N Blues Festival</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Tigers" title="Missouri Tigers">Missouri Tigers</a>, the state's only college athletic program which sponsors <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">FBS football</a>, play football at <a href="/wiki/Faurot_Field" title="Faurot Field">Faurot Field</a> and basketball at <a href="/wiki/Mizzou_Arena" title="Mizzou Arena">Mizzou Arena</a> as members of the rigorous <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference</a>. </p><p>The city rests upon the forested hills and rolling prairies of <a href="/wiki/Mid-Missouri" title="Mid-Missouri">Mid-Missouri</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> valley, where the <a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozark Mountains</a> begin to transform into plains and savanna. Limestone forms bluffs and glades while rain dissolves the bedrock, creating caves and springs which water the <a href="/wiki/Hinkson_Creek" title="Hinkson Creek">Hinkson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perche_Creek" title="Perche Creek">Roche Perche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonne_Femme_Creek_(Boone_County,_Missouri)" title="Bonne Femme Creek (Boone County, Missouri)">Bonne Femme</a> creeks. Surrounding the city, <a href="/wiki/Rock_Bridge_Memorial_State_Park" title="Rock Bridge Memorial State Park">Rock Bridge Memorial State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain_National_Forest" title="Mark Twain National Forest">Mark Twain National Forest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_Muddy_National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge">Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge</a> form a greenbelt preserving sensitive and rare environments. The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Agriculture_Park" title="Columbia Agriculture Park">Columbia Agriculture Park</a> is home to the Columbia Farmers Market. </p><p>The first humans who entered the area at least 12,000 years ago were nomadic hunters. Later, woodland tribes lived in villages along waterways and <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">built mounds</a> in high places. The <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouria</a> nations were expelled by the exploration of French traders and the rapid settlement of American pioneers. The latter arrived by the <a href="/wiki/Boone%27s_Lick_Road" title="Boone's Lick Road">Boone's Lick Road</a> and hailed from the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a>, especially Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. From 1812, the <a href="/wiki/Boonslick" title="Boonslick">Boonslick</a> area played a pivotal role in Missouri's early history and the nation's westward expansion. German, Irish, and other European immigrants soon joined. The modern populace is unusually diverse, over 8% foreign-born. White and black people are the largest ethnicities, and people of Asian descent are the third-largest group. Columbia has been known as the "Athens of Missouri" for its <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classic</a> beauty and educational emphasis, but is more commonly called "CoMo".<sup id="cite_ref-Como_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Como-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Columbia,_Missouri" title="History of Columbia, Missouri">History of Columbia, Missouri</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoMoPano1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CoMoPano1869.jpg/220px-CoMoPano1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CoMoPano1869.jpg/330px-CoMoPano1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CoMoPano1869.jpg/440px-CoMoPano1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="2840" /></a><figcaption>An aerial depiction of Columbia's downtown district in 1869. The large building on the right is University of Missouri Academic Hall.</figcaption></figure> <p>Columbia's origins begin with the settlement of <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">American pioneers</a> from Kentucky and Virginia in an early 1800s region known as the <a href="/wiki/Boonslick" title="Boonslick">Boonslick</a>. Before 1815 settlement in the region was confined to small log forts due to the threat of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> attack during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. When the war ended settlers came on foot, horseback, and wagon, often moving entire households along the <a href="/wiki/Boone%27s_Lick_Road" title="Boone's Lick Road">Boone's Lick Road</a> and sometimes bringing <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved African Americans</a>. By 1818 it was clear that the increased population would necessitate a new county be created from territorial <a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Missouri" title="Howard County, Missouri">Howard County</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moniteau_Creek_(north_central_Missouri)" title="Moniteau Creek (north central Missouri)">Moniteau Creek</a> on the west and <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Creek_(Missouri_River_tributary)" title="Cedar Creek (Missouri River tributary)">Cedar Creek</a> on the east were obvious natural boundaries. </p><p>Believing it was only a matter of time before a county seat was chosen, the <a href="/wiki/Smithton_Land_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithton Land Company">Smithton Land Company</a> was formed to purchase over 2,000 acres (8.1 km<sup>2</sup>) to establish the village of Smithton (near the present-day intersection of Walnut and Garth). In 1819 Smithton was a small cluster of log cabins in an ancient forest of oak and hickory; chief among them was the cabin of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gentry" title="Richard Gentry">Richard Gentry</a>, a trustee of the Smithton Company who would become first mayor of Columbia. In 1820, Boone County was formed and named after the recently deceased explorer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a>. The Missouri Legislature appointed John Gray, Jefferson Fulcher, Absalom Hicks, Lawrence Bass, and David Jackson as commissioners to select and establish a permanent county seat. Smithton never had more than twenty people, and it was quickly realized that well digging was difficult because of the bedrock. </p><p>Springs were discovered across the <a href="/wiki/Flat_Branch_(Hinkson_Creek_tributary)" title="Flat Branch (Hinkson Creek tributary)">Flat Branch Creek</a>, so in the spring of 1821 Columbia was laid out, and the inhabitants of Smithton moved their cabins to the new town. The first house in Columbia was built by Thomas Duly in 1820 at what became Fifth and Broadway. Columbia's permanence was ensured when it was chosen as county seat in 1821 and the Boone's Lick Road was rerouted down Broadway. </p><p>The roots of Columbia's three economic foundations—education, medicine, and insurance— can be traced to the city's incorporation in 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-ckbome_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ckbome-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bdkfqw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdkfqw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Original plans for the town set aside land for a state university. In 1833, Columbia Baptist Female College opened, which later became <a href="/wiki/Stephens_College" title="Stephens College">Stephens College</a>. Columbia College, distinct from today's and later to become the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>, was founded in 1839. When the state legislature decided to establish a state university, Columbia raised three times as much money as any competing city,<sup id="cite_ref-skbsjf_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skbsjf-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/James_S._Rollins" title="James S. Rollins">James S. Rollins</a> donated the land that is today the Francis Quadrangle.<sup id="cite_ref-skbsjf_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skbsjf-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon other educational institutions were founded in Columbia, such as Christian Female College, the first college for women west of the Mississippi, which later became <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(Columbia,_Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (Columbia, Missouri)">Columbia College</a>. </p><p>The city benefited from being a stagecoach stop of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon</a> trails, and later from the <a href="/wiki/Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas%E2%80%93Texas_Railroad" title="Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad">Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad</a>. In 1822, <a href="/wiki/William_Jewell_(educator)" title="William Jewell (educator)">William Jewell</a> set up the first hospital. In 1830, the first newspaper began; in 1832, the first theater in the state was opened; and in 1835, the state's first agricultural fair was held. By 1839, the population of 13,000 and wealth of Boone County was exceeded in Missouri only by that of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a>, which, at that time, included the City of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbia's infrastructure was relatively untouched by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. As a slave state, Missouri had many residents with Southern sympathies, but it stayed in the Union. The majority of the city was pro-Union;<sup id="cite_ref-ckbome_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ckbome-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the surrounding agricultural areas of Boone County and the rest of central Missouri were decidedly pro-Confederate. Because of this, the University of Missouri became a base from which Union troops operated. No battles were fought within the city because the presence of Union troops dissuaded Confederate guerrillas from attacking, though several major battles occurred at nearby <a href="/wiki/Boonville,_Missouri" title="Boonville, Missouri">Boonville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Missouri" title="Centralia, Missouri">Centralia</a>. </p><p>After Reconstruction, race relations in Columbia followed the Southern pattern of increasing violence of whites against blacks in efforts to suppress voting and free movement: George Burke, a black man who worked at the university, was <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynched</a> in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 1923, James T. Scott, an African-American janitor at the University of Missouri, was arrested on allegations of raping a university professor's daughter. He was taken from the county jail and lynched on April 29 before a white mob of roughly two thousand people, hanged from the Old Stewart Road Bridge. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg/170px-University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg/255px-University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg/340px-University_of_Missouri_-_Memorial_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Union_(University_of_Missouri)" title="Memorial Union (University of Missouri)">Memorial Union</a> at the University of Missouri</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 21st century, a number of efforts have been undertaken to recognize Scott's death. In 2010 his death certificate was changed to reflect that he was never tried or convicted of charges, and that he had been lynched. In 2011 a headstone was put at his grave at Columbia Cemetery; it includes his wife's and parents' names and dates, to provide a more full account of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, a marker was erected at the lynching site to memorialize Scott.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5 years later, in 2021, the marker was removed in an act of vandalism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Logan" title="Rufus Logan">Rufus Logan</a> established <i>The Columbia Professional</i> newspaper to serve Columbia's large African American population. </p><p>In 1963, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_System" title="University of Missouri System">University of Missouri System</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(Columbia,_Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (Columbia, Missouri)">Columbia College system</a> established their headquarters in Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insurance industry also became important to the local economy as several companies established headquarters in Columbia, including <a href="/wiki/Shelter_Insurance" title="Shelter Insurance">Shelter Insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Employers_Mutual" title="Missouri Employers Mutual">Missouri Employers Mutual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Insurance_Group" title="Columbia Insurance Group">Columbia Insurance Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="State Farm Insurance">State Farm Insurance</a> has a regional office in Columbia. In addition, the now-defunct Silvey Insurance was a large local employer. </p><p>Columbia became a transportation crossroads when <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_63_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 63 (Missouri)">U.S. Route 63</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_40_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 40 (Missouri)">U.S. Route 40</a> (which was improved as present-day <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 70 (Missouri)">Interstate 70</a>) were routed through the city. Soon after, the city opened the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Regional_Airport" title="Columbia Regional Airport">Columbia Regional Airport</a>. By 2000, the city's population was nearly 85,000.<sup id="cite_ref-dpmpnc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpmpnc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Columbia was in the path of totality for the <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017" title="Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017">Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017</a>. The city was expecting upwards of 400,000 tourists coming to view the eclipse.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbia, in northern mid-Missouri, is 120 miles (190 km) away from both <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, and 29 miles (47 km) north of the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is near the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Ozark_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozark Plateau">Ozark Plateau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Missouri#Regions" title="Geography of Missouri">Northern Plains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 67.45 square miles (174.69 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 67.17 square miles (173.97 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 0.28 square miles (0.73 km<sup>2</sup>) is water.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_files_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city generally slopes from the highest point in the Northeast to the lowest point in the Southwest towards the Missouri River. Prominent tributaries of the river are Perche Creek, Hinkson Creek, and Flat Branch Creek. Along these and other creeks in the area can be found large valleys, cliffs, and cave systems such as that in <a href="/wiki/Rock_Bridge_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Bridge State Park">Rock Bridge State Park</a> just south of the city. These creeks are largely responsible for numerous stream valleys giving Columbia hilly terrain similar to the Ozarks while also having prairie flatland typical of northern Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia also operates several greenbelts with trails and parks throughout town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_life">Animal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Animal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large mammals found in the city include urbanized coyotes,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a>, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Whitetail_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitetail deer">whitetail deer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">Eastern gray squirrel</a>, and other rodents are abundant, as well as cottontail rabbits and the nocturnal opossum and raccoon.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large bird species are abundant in parks and include the Canada goose, mallard duck, as well as shorebirds, including the great egret and great blue heron. Turkeys are also common in wooded areas and can occasionally be seen on the MKT recreation trail. Populations of bald eagles are found by the Missouri River. The city is on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Flyway" title="Mississippi Flyway">Mississippi Flyway</a>, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern U.S. The Eurasian tree sparrow, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. Columbia has large areas of forested and open land and many of these areas are home to wildlife. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Icebox_(cave)" title="Devil's Icebox (cave)">Devil's Icebox Cave</a> in Columbia's Rock Bridge State Park is the only natural home of the planarian <i><a href="/wiki/Kenkia_glandulosa" title="Kenkia glandulosa">Kenkia glandulosa,</a></i> an eyeless and de-pigmented flatworm. The cave is also home to species of <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, frogs, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_troglobites" title="List of troglobites">troglobites</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipede</a>, spiders, bats, and <a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">springtail</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbia has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">humid continental</a> climate (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Dfa)</i> marked by sharp seasonal contrasts in temperature, and is in <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">USDA Plant Hardiness Zone</a> 6a.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 31.0 °F (−0.6 °C) in January to 78.5 °F (25.8 °C) in July, while the high reaches or exceeds 90 °F (32 °C) on an average of 35 days per year, 100 °F (38 °C) on two days, while two nights of sub-0 °F (−18 °C) lows can be expected.<sup id="cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)_COUthr_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOWData_NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)_COUthr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precipitation tends to be greatest and most frequent in the latter half of spring, when severe weather is also most common. Snow averages 16.5 inches (42 cm) per season, mostly from December to March, with occasional November accumulation and falls in April being rarer; historically seasonal snow accumulation has ranged from 3.4 in (8.6 cm) in 2005–06 to 54.9 in (139 cm) in 1977–78.<sup id="cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)_COUthr_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOWData_NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)_COUthr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extreme temperatures have ranged from −26 °F (−32 °C) on <a href="/wiki/Great_Blizzard_of_1899" title="Great Blizzard of 1899">February 12, 1899</a> to 113 °F (45 °C) on July 12 and 14, 1954. Readings of −10 °F (−23 °C) or 105 °F (41 °C) are uncommon, the last occurrences being January 7, 2014 and July 31, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)_COUthr_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOWData_NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)_COUthr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Regional_Airport" title="Columbia Regional Airport">Columbia Regional Airport</a>, Missouri (1991–2020 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1889–present)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77<br />(25) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92<br />(33) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">107<br />(42) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">113<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">110<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76<br />(24) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">113<br />(45) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.1<br />(17.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.9<br />(21.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.8<br />(26.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.8<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.9<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.0<br />(33.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.1<br />(36.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.8<br />(36.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.0<br />(29.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.0<br />(23.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.3<br />(19.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">99.4<br />(37.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(4.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.1<br />(7.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.3<br />(13.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.9<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.5<br />(29.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.5<br />(31.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.7<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.1<br />(26.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.2<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.7<br />(12.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.6<br />(6.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">65.9<br />(18.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(−0.6) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.0<br />(7.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.4<br />(13.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.8<br />(18.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.5<br />(25.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.2<br />(25.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.5<br />(14.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.3<br />(7.4) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56.0<br />(13.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(−5.3) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(−3.1) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.6<br />(7.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.7<br />(13.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7<br />(18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.7<br />(19.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3<br />(14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.8<br />(8.2) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(−2.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.1<br />(7.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(−17.6) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(−14.8) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(−9.6) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(−1.9) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.9<br />(4.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.2<br />(11.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9<br />(14.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.8<br />(13.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1<br />(5.6) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(−1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(−8.2) </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(−14.1) </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(−19.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−20<br />(−29) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26<br />(−32) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9<br />(−23) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(−10) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(−2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br />(4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45<br />(7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br />(4) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(−3) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(−7) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3<br />(−19) </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23<br />(−31) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−26<br />(−32) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.97<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #40FF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.88<br />(124) </td> <td style="background: #4AFF4A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.77<br />(121) </td> <td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.23<br />(107) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.13<br />(105) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.14<br />(105) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.83<br />(97) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.47<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.68<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.09<br />(53) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.43<br />(1,052) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(15) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(12) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(3.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.51) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(8.6) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.5<br />(42) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(9.4) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(5.3) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.2<br />(16) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">110.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">134.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.3 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(−7.6) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.2<br />(5.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7<br />(11.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.9<br />(16.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.7<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br />(17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.0<br />(13.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.4<br />(6.9) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(−4.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.1<br />(6.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.5 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.3 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193.5 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.1 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.1 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">313.4 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.5 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229.1 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.7 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.6 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.3 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,627 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> (rain/drizzle days, relative humidity and dew point 1969–1990, sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NCDC_TXT_KCOU_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCDC_TXT_KCOU-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)_COUthr_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOWData_NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)_COUthr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_1961–90_KCOU_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KCOU-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiger_hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tiger_hotel.jpg/220px-Tiger_hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tiger_hotel.jpg/330px-Tiger_hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tiger_hotel.jpg/440px-Tiger_hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Downtown Columbia</figcaption></figure> <p>Columbia's most significant and well-known architecture is found in buildings located in its downtown area and on the university campuses. The University of Missouri's <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Hall" title="Jesse Hall">Jesse Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Union_(University_of_Missouri)" title="Memorial Union (University of Missouri)">Memorial Union</a> have become icons of the city. The <a href="/wiki/David_R._Francis_Quadrangle" class="mw-redirect" title="David R. Francis Quadrangle">David R. Francis Quadrangle</a> is an example of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">academic village</a> concept. </p><p>Nine <a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">historic districts</a> located within the city are listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>: <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Columbia,_Missouri" title="Downtown Columbia, Missouri">Downtown Columbia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Campus_Neighborhood" title="East Campus Neighborhood">East Campus neighborhood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Broadway_Historic_District" title="West Broadway Historic District">West Broadway neighborhood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Quadrangle" title="Francis Quadrangle">Francis Quadrangle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stephens_College_South_Campus_Historic_District" title="Stephens College South Campus Historic District">south campus of Stephens College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Pennant_Motor_Hotel" title="Pierce Pennant Motor Hotel">Pierce Pennant Motor Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maplewood_(Columbia,_Missouri)" title="Maplewood (Columbia, Missouri)">Maplewood</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/David_Guitar_House" title="David Guitar House">David Guitar House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The downtown skyline is relatively low and is dominated by the 10-story <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hotel" title="Tiger Hotel">Tiger Hotel</a> and the 15-story Paquin Tower. </p><p>Downtown Columbia is an area of approximately one square mile surrounded by the University of Missouri on the south, Stephens College to the east, and Columbia College on the north. The area serves as Columbia's financial and business district.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg/220px-Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg/330px-Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg/440px-Columbia_MO_downtown_area_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Downtown apartment and mixed-use development next to the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_United_Methodist_Church" title="Missouri United Methodist Church">Missouri United Methodist Church</a> in June 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the early-21st century, a large number of high-rise apartment complexes have been built in downtown Columbia. Many of these buildings also offer mixed-use business and retail space on the lower levels. These developments have not been without criticism, with some expressing concern the buildings hurt the historic feel of the area, or that the city does not yet have the infrastructure to support them.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's historic residential core lies in a ring around downtown, extending especially to the west along Broadway, and south into the East Campus Neighborhood. The city government recognizes 63 neighborhood associations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's most dense commercial areas are primarily along <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 70 (Missouri)">Interstate 70</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_63_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 63 (Missouri)">U.S. Route 63</a>, Stadium Boulevard, Grindstone Parkway, and Downtown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1823</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">130</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+361.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">750</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">651</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−13.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,414</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+117.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,236</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+58.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,326</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+48.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,651</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">9,662</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+71.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,392</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,967</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,399</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">31,974</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+73.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">36,650</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">58,521</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+59.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">62,061</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">69,101</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">84,531</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">108,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+28.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">126,254</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">129,330</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:center">For the year 1850, slaves and free minorities were not counted.<br />U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Source: <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2020 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> counted 126,254 people, 49,371 households, and 25,144 families in Columbia. The population density was 1,879.6 inhabitants per square mile (725.7/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 53,746 housing units at an average density of 800.1 per square mile (308.9/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 72.49% (91,516) <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">white</a>, 11.91% (15,038) <a href="/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">black or African-American</a>, 0.32% (398) <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 5.61% (7,084) <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 0.07% (89) <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 2.17% (2,734) from <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 7.44% (9,395) from two or more races.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> of any race was 4.9% (6,195) of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 49,371 households, 24.0% had children under the age of 18; 38.7% were married couples living together; 31.4% had a female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 34.7% were individuals and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.3 and the average family size was 3.0. </p><p>18.2% of the population was under the age of 18, 23.8% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.8 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 89.8 males. </p><p>The 2016-2020 5-year <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimates show that the median household income was $53,447 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,355) and the median family income $81,392 (+/- $5,687). Males had a median income of $30,578 (+/- $2,131) versus $23,705 (+/- $1,849) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $26,870 (+/- $1,429). Approximately, 8.5% of families and 20.2% of the population were below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 15.7% of those under the age of 18 and 5.2% of those ages 65 or over. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Columbia, Missouri – Racial and ethnic composition</b><br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.</i></span></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity <small>(<i>NH = Non-Hispanic</i>)</small> </th> <th>Pop 2000<sup id="cite_ref-2000CensusP004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2010<sup id="cite_ref-2010CensusP2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>67,984 </td> <td>83,542 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">89,814 </td> <td>80.42% </td> <td>77.00% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">71.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>9,106 </td> <td>12,083 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">14,858 </td> <td>10.77% </td> <td>11.14% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">11.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>303 </td> <td>296 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">273 </td> <td>0.36% </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>3,624 </td> <td>5,604 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">7,056 </td> <td>4.29% </td> <td>5.16% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">5.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>29 </td> <td>59 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">87 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Some Other Race</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>174 </td> <td>227 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">724 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed Race or Multi-Racial</a> (NH) </td> <td>1,578 </td> <td>2,960 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">7,247 </td> <td>1.87% </td> <td>2.73% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">5.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>1,733 </td> <td>3,729 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">6,195 </td> <td>2.05% </td> <td>3.44% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">4.91% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>84,531</b> </td> <td><b>108,500</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>126,254</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_census">2010 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2010 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the census of 2010, 108,500 people, 43,065 households, and 21,418 families resided in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-wwwcensusgov_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population density was 1,720.0 inhabitants per square mile (664.1/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 46,758 housing units at an average density of 741.2 per square mile (286.2/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the city was 79.0% <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 11.3% <a href="/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">African American</a>, 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 5.2% <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 1.1% from <a href="/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (U.S. Census)">other races</a>, and 3.1% from two or more races. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> of any race were 3.4% of the population. </p><p>There were 43,065 households, of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.6% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.3% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.94. </p><p>In the city the population was spread out, with 18.8% of residents under the age of 18; 27.3% between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.7% from 25 to 44; 18.6% from 45 to 64; and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age in the city was 26.8 years. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000_census">2000 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2000 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> of 2000, there were 84,531 people, 33,689 households, and 17,282 families residing in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-GR2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population density was 1,592.8 inhabitants per square mile (615.0/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 35,916 housing units at an average density of 676.8 per square mile (261.3/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the city was 81.54% <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 10.85% <a href="/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">Black</a> or <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">African American</a>, 0.39% <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 4.30% <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 0.04% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 0.81% from <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 2.07% from two or more races. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> of any race were 2.05% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-GR2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 33,689 households, out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.7% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.92.<sup id="cite_ref-GR2_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 26.7% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 16.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.<sup id="cite_ref-GR2_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median income</a> for a household in the city was $33,729, and the median income for a family was $52,288. Males had a median income of $34,710 versus $26,694 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,507. About 9.4% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.<sup id="cite_ref-GR2_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, traditional statistics of income and poverty can be misleading when applied to cities with high student populations, such as Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-census_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-policyblognh_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policyblognh-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbia's economy is historically dominated by education, healthcare, and insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-ckbome_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ckbome-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jobs in government are also common, either in Columbia or a half-hour south in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vffbdr_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vffbdr-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Regional_Airport" title="Columbia Regional Airport">Columbia Regional Airport</a> and the Missouri River <a href="/wiki/Rocheport,_Missouri" title="Rocheport, Missouri">Port of Rocheport</a> connect the region with trade and transportation. </p><p>With a <a href="/wiki/Gross_metropolitan_product" title="Gross metropolitan product">Gross Metropolitan Product</a> of $9.6 billion in 2018, Columbia's economy makes up 3% of the Gross State Product of Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia's metro area economy is slightly larger than the economy of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insurance corporations headquartered in Columbia include <a href="/wiki/Shelter_Insurance" title="Shelter Insurance">Shelter Insurance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Insurance_Group" title="Columbia Insurance Group">Columbia Insurance Group</a>. Other organizations include <a href="/wiki/StorageMart" title="StorageMart">StorageMart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veterans_United_Home_Loans" title="Veterans United Home Loans">Veterans United Home Loans</a>, <a href="/wiki/MFA_Incorporated" title="MFA Incorporated">MFA Incorporated</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_High_School_Activities_Association" title="Missouri State High School Activities Association">Missouri State High School Activities Association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MFA_Oil" title="MFA Oil">MFA Oil</a>. Companies such as <a href="/wiki/Socket_(telecommunications)" title="Socket (telecommunications)">Socket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datastorm_Technologies,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Datastorm Technologies, Inc.">Datastorm Technologies, Inc.</a> (no longer existent), <a href="/wiki/Slackers_CDs_and_Games" title="Slackers CDs and Games">Slackers CDs and Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carfax_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carfax (company)">Carfax</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and MBS Textbook Exchange were all founded in Columbia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_employers">Top employers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Top employers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Columbia's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the top employers in the city are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Employer </th> <th># of Employees </th> <th>% of Total City Employment </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> </td> <td>8,709 </td> <td>9.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Health_Care" title="University of Missouri Health Care">University of Missouri Health Care</a> </td> <td>5,092 </td> <td>5.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Veterans_United_Home_Loans" title="Veterans United Home Loans">Veterans United Home Loans</a> </td> <td>3,474 </td> <td>3.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Public_Schools" title="Columbia Public Schools">Columbia Public Schools</a> </td> <td>2,650 </td> <td>2.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Memorial_Veterans%27_Hospital" title="Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital">Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital</a> </td> <td>1,779 </td> <td>1.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Boone Hospital Center </td> <td>1,581 </td> <td>1.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>City of Columbia </td> <td>1,515 </td> <td>1.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shelter_Insurance" title="Shelter Insurance">Shelter Insurance</a> </td> <td>1,375 </td> <td>1.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Hubbell Power Systems </td> <td>751 </td> <td>0.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Joe Machens Dealerships </td> <td>611 </td> <td>0.64% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_blue_note.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_blue_note.jpg/220px-The_blue_note.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_blue_note.jpg/330px-The_blue_note.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_blue_note.jpg/440px-The_blue_note.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Note_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blue Note (Missouri)">The Blue Note</a> is a rock and pop venue located in Downtown Columbia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Theatre_Center_for_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Theatre Center for the Arts">Missouri Theatre Center for the Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Hall" title="Jesse Hall">Jesse Auditorium</a> are Columbia's largest fine arts venues. <a href="/wiki/Ragtag_Cinema" title="Ragtag Cinema">Ragtag Cinema</a> annually hosts the <a href="/wiki/True/False_Film_Festival" title="True/False Film Festival">True/False Film Festival</a>. </p><p>In 2008, filmmaker Todd Sklar completed the film <a href="/wiki/Box_Elder_(film)" title="Box Elder (film)"><i>Box Elder</i></a>, which was filmed entirely in and around Columbia and the University of Missouri. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Village_Arts_District" title="North Village Arts District">North Village Arts District</a>, located on the north side of downtown, is home to galleries, restaurants, theaters, bars, music venues, and the Mareck Center for Dance. </p><p>The University of Missouri's <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Art_and_Archaeology" title="Museum of Art and Archaeology">Museum of Art and Archaeology</a> displays 14,000 works of art and archaeological objects in five galleries for no charge to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Libraries include the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Public_Library" title="Columbia Public Library">Columbia Public Library</a>, the University of Missouri Libraries, with over three million volumes in <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Library" title="Ellis Library">Ellis Library</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Society_of_Missouri" title="State Historical Society of Missouri">State Historical Society of Missouri</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "We Always Swing" Jazz Series<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Roots_N_Blues_Festival" title="Roots N Blues Festival">Roots N Blues Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is held in Columbia. "9th Street Summerfest" (now hosted in Rose Park at Rose Music Hall) closes part of that street several nights each summer to hold outdoor performances and has featured <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> (2009),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a> (2010),<sup id="cite_ref-Snoop_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snoop-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Flaming_Lips" title="The Flaming Lips">The Flaming Lips</a> (2010),<sup id="cite_ref-Snoop_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snoop-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">Weird Al Yankovic</a> (2013),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. The "University Concert Series" regularly includes musicians and dancers from various genres, typically in <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Hall" title="Jesse Hall">Jesse Hall</a>. Other musical venues in town include the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Theatre_(Columbia,_Missouri)" title="Missouri Theatre (Columbia, Missouri)">Missouri Theatre</a>, the university's multipurpose <a href="/wiki/Hearnes_Center" title="Hearnes Center">Hearnes Center</a>, the university's <a href="/wiki/Mizzou_Arena" title="Mizzou Arena">Mizzou Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Note_(Columbia,_Missouri)" title="The Blue Note (Columbia, Missouri)">The Blue Note</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Note_(Columbia,_Missouri)#Rose_Music_Hall_(formerly_Mojo's)" title="The Blue Note (Columbia, Missouri)">Rose Music Hall</a>. Shelter Gardens, a park on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Shelter_Insurance" title="Shelter Insurance">Shelter Insurance</a> headquarters, also hosts outdoor performances during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinquefield_Music_Center_in_June_2020_West_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sinquefield_Music_Center_in_June_2020_West_View.jpg/220px-Sinquefield_Music_Center_in_June_2020_West_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sinquefield_Music_Center_in_June_2020_West_View.jpg/330px-Sinquefield_Music_Center_in_June_2020_West_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sinquefield_Music_Center_in_June_2020_West_View.jpg/440px-Sinquefield_Music_Center_in_June_2020_West_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Sinquefield Music Center, home to the University of Missouri School of Music</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_School_of_Music" title="University of Missouri School of Music">University of Missouri School of Music</a> attracts hundreds of musicians to Columbia, student performances are held in Whitmore Recital Hall. Among many non-profit organizations for classical music are included the "Odyssey Chamber Music Series",<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Symphony" title="Missouri Symphony">Missouri Symphony</a>", "Columbia Community Band", and "Columbia Civic Orchestra". Founded in 2006, the "Plowman Chamber Music Competition"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a biennial competition held in March/April of odd-numbered years, considered to be one of the finest, top five chamber music competitions in the nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbia has multiple opportunities to watch and perform in theatrical productions. <a href="/wiki/Ragtag_Cinema" title="Ragtag Cinema">Ragtag Cinema</a> is one of the most well known theaters in Columbia. The city is home to Stephens College, a private institution known for performing arts. Their season includes multiple plays and musicals. The University of Missouri and Columbia College also present multiple productions a year. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_Theatre_Interior_on_July_25th_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Missouri_Theatre_Interior_on_July_25th_2018.jpg/220px-Missouri_Theatre_Interior_on_July_25th_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Missouri_Theatre_Interior_on_July_25th_2018.jpg/330px-Missouri_Theatre_Interior_on_July_25th_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Missouri_Theatre_Interior_on_July_25th_2018.jpg/440px-Missouri_Theatre_Interior_on_July_25th_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3755" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>The Missouri Theater</figcaption></figure> <p>The city's three public high schools are also known for their productions. Rock Bridge High School performs a musical in November and two plays in the spring. Hickman High School also performs a similar season with two musical performances (one in the fall, and one in the spring) and 2 plays (one in the winter, and one at the end of their school year). The newest high school, Battle High, opened in 2013 and also is known for their productions. Battle presents a musical in the fall and a play in the spring, along with improv nights and more productions throughout the year. </p><p>The city is also home to the indoor/outdoor theatre Maplewood Barn Theatre in Nifong Park and other community theatre programs such as Columbia Entertainment Company, Talking Horse Productions, Pace Youth Theatre and TRYPS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farout_field_from_the_air_moments_before_a_game.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/Farout_field_from_the_air_moments_before_a_game.jpg/220px-Farout_field_from_the_air_moments_before_a_game.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/Farout_field_from_the_air_moments_before_a_game.jpg/330px-Farout_field_from_the_air_moments_before_a_game.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/Farout_field_from_the_air_moments_before_a_game.jpg/440px-Farout_field_from_the_air_moments_before_a_game.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Faurot Field before a football game</figcaption></figure> <p>The University of Missouri's sports teams, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Tigers" title="Missouri Tigers">Missouri Tigers</a>, play a significant role in the city's sports culture. <a href="/wiki/Faurot_Field" title="Faurot Field">Faurot Field</a> at Memorial Stadium, which has a capacity of 62,621, hosts home football games. The <a href="/wiki/Hearnes_Center" title="Hearnes Center">Hearnes Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizzou_Arena" title="Mizzou Arena">Mizzou Arena</a> are two other large sport and event venues, the latter being the home arena for <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Tigers basketball">Mizzou's basketball team</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Stadium_(Missouri)" title="Taylor Stadium (Missouri)">Taylor Stadium</a> is host to their <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_baseball" title="Missouri Tigers baseball">baseball team</a> and was the regional host for the 2007 <a href="/wiki/NCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA">NCAA</a> Baseball Championship.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(Columbia,_Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (Columbia, Missouri)">Columbia College</a> has several men and women collegiate sports teams as well. In 2007, Columbia hosted the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics</a> Volleyball National Championship, which the Lady Cougars participated in.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbia also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Show-Me_State_Games" title="Show-Me State Games">Show-Me State Games</a>, a non-profit program of the Missouri Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Health. They are the largest <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_State_Games" title="National Congress of State Games">state games</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HAB_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAB-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Situated midway between <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, Columbians will often have allegiances to the professional sports teams housed there, such as the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">St. Louis Cardinals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals" title="Kansas City Royals">Kansas City Royals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs" title="Kansas City Chiefs">Kansas City Chiefs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Blues" title="St. Louis Blues">St. Louis Blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City" title="Sporting Kansas City">Sporting Kansas City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC" title="St. Louis City SC">St. Louis City SC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/SoccerGrow" title="SoccerGrow">SoccerGrow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Booches1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Booches1.jpg/220px-Booches1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Booches1.jpg/330px-Booches1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Booches1.jpg/440px-Booches1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5691" data-file-height="3794" /></a><figcaption>Booches bar and grill</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbia has many bars and restaurants that provide diverse styles of cuisine, due in part to having three colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-Wise_2007_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise_2007-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest is the historic <a href="/wiki/Booches" title="Booches">Booches</a> bar, restaurant, and pool hall, which was established in 1884 and is frequented by college students.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Pizza" title="Shakespeare's Pizza">Shakespeare's Pizza</a> was founded in Columbia and is known for its college town pizza.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock-bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rock Bridge at Rock Bridge Memorial State Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rock-bridge.jpg/220px-Rock-bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rock-bridge.jpg/330px-Rock-bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rock-bridge.jpg/440px-Rock-bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>The iconic rock bridge of Rock Bridge Memorial State Park</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the city are many parks and trails for public usage. Among the more popularly frequented is the <a href="/wiki/MKT_Trail" title="MKT Trail">MKT</a> which is a spur that connects to the <a href="/wiki/Katy_Trail_State_Park" title="Katy Trail State Park">Katy Trail</a>, meeting up just south of Columbia proper. The MKT ranked second in the nation for "Best Urban Trail" in the 2015 <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 10 Best Readers' Choice Awards. This 10-foot wide trail built on the old railbed of the MKT railroad begins in downtown Columbia in Flat Branch Park at 4th and Cherry Streets. The all-weather crushed limestone surface provides opportunities for walking, jogging, running, and bicycling.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephens_Lake_Park" title="Stephens Lake Park">Stephens Lake Park</a> is the highlight of Columbia's park system and is known for its 11-acre fishing/swimming lake, mature trees, and historical significance in the community. It serves as the center for outdoor winter sports, a variety of community festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Roots_N_Blues_Festival" title="Roots N Blues Festival">Roots N Blues Festival</a>, and outdoor concert series at the amphitheater. Stephens Lake has reservable shelters, playgrounds, swimming beach and spraygrounds, art sculptures, waterfalls, and walking trails.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rock_Bridge_Memorial_State_Park" title="Rock Bridge Memorial State Park">Rock Bridge Memorial State Park</a> is open year-round giving visitors the chance to scramble, hike, and bicycle through a scenic environment. Rock Bridge State Park contains some of the most popular hiking trails in the state, including the Gans Creek Wild Area.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia is home to Harmony Bends Disc Golf Course (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.como.gov/contacts/harmony-bends-championship-disc-golf-course-strawn-park/">https://www.como.gov/contacts/harmony-bends-championship-disc-golf-course-strawn-park/</a>), which was named the 2017 Disc Golf Course of the Year by DGCourseReview.com. As of June, 2022, Harmony Bends still continues to rank on DGCourseReview.com as the No. 1 public course, and #2 overall course in the United States </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_Missourian_headquarters.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Columbia_Missourian_headquarters.JPG/220px-Columbia_Missourian_headquarters.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Columbia_Missourian_headquarters.JPG/330px-Columbia_Missourian_headquarters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Columbia_Missourian_headquarters.JPG/440px-Columbia_Missourian_headquarters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Columbia Missourian</i> headquarters</figcaption></figure> <p>The city has two daily morning newspapers: the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Missourian" title="Columbia Missourian">Columbia Missourian</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Tribune" title="Columbia Daily Tribune">Columbia Daily Tribune</a></i>. The <i>Missourian</i> is directed by professional editors and staffed by <a href="/wiki/Missouri_School_of_Journalism" title="Missouri School of Journalism">Missouri School of Journalism</a> students who do reporting, design, copy editing, information graphics, photography, and multimedia. The <i>Missourian</i> publishes the monthly city magazine, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voxmagazine.com/">Vox Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Missouri has the independent official bi-weekly student newspaper called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maneater" title="The Maneater">The Maneater</a></i>, and the quarterly literary magazine, <i>The Missouri Review</i>. The now-defunct <i>Prysms Weekly</i> was also published in Columbia. In late 2009, KCOU News launched full operations out of <a href="/wiki/KCOU" title="KCOU">KCOU 88.1 FM</a> on the MU Campus. The entirely student-run news organization airs a weekday newscast, <i>The Pulse</i>. </p><p>The city has 4 television channels.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia Access Television (CAT or CAT-TV) is the public access channel. CPSTV is the education access channel, managed by Columbia Public Schools as a function of the Columbia Public Schools Community Relations Department. The Government Access channel broadcasts City Council, Planning and Zoning Commission, and Board of Adjustment meetings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Columbia Area Television </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Station </th> <th>Channel </th> <th>Network </th> <th>Subchannels </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KMOS-TV" title="KMOS-TV">KMOS-TV</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> </td> <td>6.2 <a href="/wiki/Create_(TV_network)" title="Create (TV network)">Create</a> <p>6.3 <a href="/wiki/Independent_station_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent station (North America)">KMOS Emerge</a> </p><p>6.4 <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KOMU-TV" title="KOMU-TV">KOMU-TV</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> </td> <td>8.3 <a href="/wiki/The_CW_Plus" title="The CW Plus">The CW+</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KRCG" title="KRCG">KRCG</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> </td> <td>13.2 <a href="/wiki/Comet_(TV_network)" title="Comet (TV network)">Comet</a> <p>13.3 <a href="/wiki/Charge!_(TV_network)" title="Charge! (TV network)">Charge!</a> </p><p>13.4 <a href="/wiki/TBD_(TV_network)" title="TBD (TV network)">TBD</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KMIZ" title="KMIZ">KMIZ</a> </td> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> </td> <td>17.2 <a href="/wiki/MeTV" title="MeTV">MeTV</a> <p>17.3 <a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a> </p><p>17.4 <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> </p><p>17.5 <a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV" title="Bounce TV">Bounce TV</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KQFX-LD" title="KQFX-LD">KQFX-LD</a> </td> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> </td> <td>22.2 <a href="/wiki/Laff_(TV_network)" title="Laff (TV network)">Laff</a> <p>22.3 <a href="/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)" title="Grit (TV network)">Grit</a> </p><p>22.4 <a href="/wiki/Court_TV_Mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Court TV Mystery">Court TV Mystery</a> </p><p>22.5 <a href="/wiki/Dabl" title="Dabl">Dabl</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KFDR" title="KFDR">KFDR</a> </td> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Television_Network" title="Christian Television Network">CTN</a> </td> <td>25.2 <a href="/wiki/Christian_Television_Network" title="Christian Television Network">CTNi</a> <p>25.3 <a href="/wiki/Christian_Television_Network" title="Christian Television Network">CTN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SD</a>) </p><p>25.4 <a href="/wiki/Christian_Television_Network" title="Christian Television Network">CTN Lifestyle</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K35OY-D </td> <td>35 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azteca_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Azteca América">Azteca America</a> </td> <td>35.2 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a> <p>35.3 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a> </p><p>35.4 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>KGKM-LD </td> <td>36 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a> </td> <td>36.2 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion Television</a> <p>36.3 <a href="/wiki/Court_TV" title="Court TV">Court TV</a> </p><p>36.4 <a href="/wiki/Defy_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Defy TV">Defy TV</a> </p><p>36.5 <a href="/wiki/TrueReal" title="TrueReal">TrueReal</a> </p><p>36.6 <a href="/wiki/Newsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsy">Newsy</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbia has 19 radio stations as well as stations licensed from <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson City">Jefferson City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Missouri" title="Macon, Missouri">Macon</a> and, <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Ozarks" title="Lake of the Ozarks">Lake of the Ozarks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AM">AM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: AM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KFAL" title="KFAL">KFAL</a> 900 kHz • Country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWOS" title="KWOS">KWOS</a> 950 kHz • News/Talk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFRU" title="KFRU">KFRU</a> 1400 kHz • News/Talk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTGR" title="KTGR">KTGR</a> 1580 kHz • Sports (<a href="/wiki/ESPN_Radio" title="ESPN Radio">ESPN Radio</a>)</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-radio_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radio-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FM">FM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: FM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCOU" title="KCOU">KCOU</a> 88.1 MHz • College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPN" title="KOPN">KOPN</a> 89.5 MHz • Public</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMUC" title="KMUC">KMUC</a> 90.5 MHz • Classical</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBIA" title="KBIA">KBIA</a> 91.3 MHz • News (<a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMFC" title="KMFC">KMFC</a> 92.1 MHz • Christian (<a href="/wiki/K-Love" title="K-Love">K-Love</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWJK" title="KWJK">KWJK</a> 93.1 MHz • Variety (JACK FM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSSZ" title="KSSZ">KSSZ</a> 93.9 MHz • News/Talk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWWR" title="KWWR">KWWR</a> 95.7 MHz • Country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCMQ" title="KCMQ">KCMQ</a> 96.7 MHz • Classic Rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDVC_(FM)" title="KDVC (FM)">KDVC</a> 98.3 MHz • Classic Hits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCLR-FM" title="KCLR-FM">KCLR</a> 99.3 MHz • Country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPLA" title="KPLA">KPLA</a> 101.5 MHz • Variety</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBXR" title="KBXR">KBXR</a> 102.3 MHz • Alternative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZZT" title="KZZT">KZZT</a> 105.5 MHz • Classic Rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOQL" title="KOQL">KOQL</a> 106.1 MHz • Top 40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTXY" title="KTXY">KTXY</a> 106.9 MHz Top 40</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radio_stations_in_the_Columbia_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Columbia_MO_Radio" title="Template:Columbia MO Radio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Columbia_MO_Radio" title="Template talk:Columbia MO Radio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Columbia_MO_Radio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Columbia MO Radio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radio_stations_in_the_Columbia_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Radio stations in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)" title="Columbia metropolitan area (Missouri)">Columbia metropolitan area (Missouri)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM frequency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KFAL" title="KFAL">900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWOS" title="KWOS">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWIX" title="KWIX">1230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLIK" title="KLIK">1240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXEO" title="KXEO">1340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWRT" title="KWRT">1370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFRU" title="KFRU">1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRLL_(AM)" title="KRLL (AM)">1420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTGR" title="KTGR">1580</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM frequency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>88.1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCOU" title="KCOU">KCOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KHJR" class="mw-redirect" title="KHJR">KHJR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KJAB-FM" title="KJAB-FM">88.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSDQ" class="mw-redirect" title="KSDQ">88.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KJLU" title="KJLU">88.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPN" title="KOPN">89.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMCV" class="mw-redirect" title="KMCV">89.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBKC" class="mw-redirect" title="KBKC">90.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMUC" title="KMUC">90.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBIA" title="KBIA">91.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMFC" title="KMFC">92.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWIX" title="KWIX">92.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLOZ" title="KLOZ">92.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWJK" title="KWJK">93.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSSZ" title="KSSZ">93.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KATI" title="KATI">94.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWWR" title="KWWR">95.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCMQ" title="KCMQ">96.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KJMO" title="KJMO">97.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPOW-FM" title="KPOW-FM">97.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDVC_(FM)" title="KDVC (FM)">98.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCLR-FM" title="KCLR-FM">99.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBBM" title="KBBM">100.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTGR-FM" title="KTGR-FM">100.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPLA" title="KPLA">101.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZWV" title="KZWV">101.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBXR" title="KBXR">102.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCKZ_(FM)" class="mw-redirect" title="KCKZ (FM)">103.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRES" title="KRES">104.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZZT" title="KZZT">105.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOQL" title="KOQL">106.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTXY" title="KTXY">106.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCVK" title="KCVK">107.7</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">LPFM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOTC-LP" class="mw-redirect" title="KOTC-LP">98.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">Translators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K223CE" class="mw-redirect" title="K223CE">92.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K234CC" class="mw-redirect" title="K234CC">94.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K237GU" class="mw-redirect" title="K237GU">95.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K242CT" class="mw-redirect" title="K242CT">96.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K246CA" class="mw-redirect" title="K246CA">97.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K254DE" class="mw-redirect" title="K254DE">98.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K255DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="K255DJ">98.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K265FD" class="mw-redirect" title="K265FD">100.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K266CA" class="mw-redirect" title="K266CA">101.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K276DI" class="mw-redirect" title="K276DI">103.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K277BZ" class="mw-redirect" title="K277BZ">103.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K278CT" class="mw-redirect" title="K278CT">103.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K283CL" class="mw-redirect" title="K283CL">104.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K285FC" class="mw-redirect" title="K285FC">104.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K286CL" class="mw-redirect" title="K286CL">105.1</a></li> <li>106.5 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K293AX" class="mw-redirect" title="K293AX">K293AX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K293CI" class="mw-redirect" title="K293CI">K293CI</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radio</a><br />frequency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WXL45" class="mw-redirect" title="WXL45">162.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWN55" class="mw-redirect" title="KWN55">162.425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNG728" class="mw-redirect" title="WNG728">162.425</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WZ2548&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WZ2548 (page does not exist)">162.55</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Call_signs_in_North_America" title="Call signs in North America">call sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K223CE" class="mw-redirect" title="K223CE">K223CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K234CC" class="mw-redirect" title="K234CC">K234CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K237GU" class="mw-redirect" title="K237GU">K237GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K242CT" class="mw-redirect" title="K242CT">K242CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K246CA" class="mw-redirect" title="K246CA">K246CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K254DE" class="mw-redirect" title="K254DE">K254DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K255DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="K255DJ">K255DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K265FD" class="mw-redirect" title="K265FD">K265FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K266CA" class="mw-redirect" title="K266CA">K266CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K276DI" class="mw-redirect" title="K276DI">K276DI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K277BZ" class="mw-redirect" title="K277BZ">K277BZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K278CT" class="mw-redirect" title="K278CT">K278CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K283CL" class="mw-redirect" title="K283CL">K283CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K285FC" class="mw-redirect" title="K285FC">K285FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K286CL" class="mw-redirect" title="K286CL">K286CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K293AX" class="mw-redirect" title="K293AX">K293AX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K293CI" class="mw-redirect" title="K293CI">K293CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KATI" title="KATI">KATI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBBM" title="KBBM">KBBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBIA" title="KBIA">KBIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBXR" title="KBXR">KBXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCLR-FM" title="KCLR-FM">KCLR-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCMQ" title="KCMQ">KCMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCOU" title="KCOU">KCOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCVK" title="KCVK">KCVK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDVC_(FM)" title="KDVC (FM)">KDVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFAL" title="KFAL">KFAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFRU" title="KFRU">KFRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KHJR" class="mw-redirect" title="KHJR">KHJR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLIK" title="KLIK">KLIK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLOZ" title="KLOZ">KLOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KJLU" title="KJLU">KJLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KJMO" title="KJMO">KJMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMCV" class="mw-redirect" title="KMCV">KMCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMFC" title="KMFC">KMFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMUC" title="KMUC">KMUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPN" title="KOPN">KOPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOTC-LP" class="mw-redirect" title="KOTC-LP">KOTC-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOQL" title="KOQL">KOQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPLA" title="KPLA">KPLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPOW-FM" title="KPOW-FM">KPOW-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRES" title="KRES">KRES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRLL_(AM)" title="KRLL (AM)">KRLL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSSZ" title="KSSZ">KSSZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTGR" title="KTGR">KTGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTGR-FM" title="KTGR-FM">KTGR-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTXY" title="KTXY">KTXY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWIX" title="KWIX">KWIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWIX" title="KWIX">KWIX-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWJK" title="KWJK">KWJK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWOS" title="KWOS">KWOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWRT" title="KWRT">KWRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWWR" title="KWWR">KWWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXEO" title="KXEO">KXEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZWV" title="KZWV">KZWV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZZT" title="KZZT">KZZT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWN55" class="mw-redirect" title="KWN55">KWN55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXL45" class="mw-redirect" title="WXL45">WXL45</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KFMZ_(Columbia,_Missouri)" title="KFMZ (Columbia, Missouri)">KFMZ (98.3 FM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBMX_(Missouri)" title="KBMX (Missouri)">KBMX (101.9 FM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZJF" title="KZJF">KZJF (104.1 FM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Nearby regions</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:KHQradio" title="Template:KHQradio">Hannibal/Quincy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kansas_City_Radio" title="Template:Kansas City Radio">Kansas City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Springfield_MO_Radio" title="Template:Springfield MO Radio">Springfield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:St._Louis_Radio" title="Template:St. Louis Radio">St. Louis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Missouri" title="List of radio stations in Missouri">List of radio stations in Missouri</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_television_in_Mid-Missouri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mid-Missouri_TV" title="Template:Mid-Missouri TV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mid-Missouri_TV" title="Template talk:Mid-Missouri TV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mid-Missouri_TV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mid-Missouri TV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_television_in_Mid-Missouri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Broadcast television</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mid-Missouri" title="Mid-Missouri">Mid-Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd>This region includes the following cities: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a><br />Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KMOS-TV" title="KMOS-TV">KMOS-TV</a> (6.1 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, 6.2 <a href="/wiki/Create_(TV_network)" title="Create (TV network)">Create</a>, 6.3 Emerge, 6.4 <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOMU-TV" title="KOMU-TV">KOMU-TV</a> (8.1 <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, 8.3 <a href="/wiki/The_CW_Plus" title="The CW Plus">CW+</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRCG" title="KRCG">KRCG</a> (13.1 <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, 13.2 <a href="/wiki/Comet_(TV_network)" title="Comet (TV network)">Comet</a>, 13.3 <a href="/wiki/Charge!_(TV_network)" title="Charge! (TV network)">Charge!</a>, 13.4 <a href="/wiki/TBD_(TV_network)" title="TBD (TV network)">TBD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMIZ" title="KMIZ">KMIZ</a> (17.1 <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, 17.2 <a href="/wiki/MeTV" title="MeTV">MeTV</a>, 17.3 <a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MNT</a>, <a href="/wiki/KQFX-LD" title="KQFX-LD">17.4</a> <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>, 17.5 <a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV" title="Bounce TV">Bounce</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KQFX-LD" title="KQFX-LD">K18KK-D/KQFX-LD</a> (18.1/22.1 <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>, 18.2/22.2 <a href="/wiki/Laff_(TV_network)" title="Laff (TV network)">Laff</a>, 18.3/22.3 <a href="/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)" title="Grit (TV network)">Grit</a>, 18.4/22.4 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mystery" title="Ion Mystery">Mystery</a>, 18.5/22.5 <a href="/wiki/Dabl" title="Dabl">Dabl</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFDR" title="KFDR">KFDR</a> (25.1 <a href="/wiki/Christian_Television_Network" title="Christian Television Network">CTN</a>, 25.2 Lifestyle, 25.3 CTNi, 25.5 Biz TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRMS-LD" title="KRMS-LD">KRMS-LD</a> (32.1 <a href="/wiki/Cozi_TV" title="Cozi TV">Cozi</a>, 32.2 <a href="/wiki/Real_America%27s_Voice" title="Real America's Voice">Real America's Voice</a>, 32.3 <a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">OAN</a>, 32.4 <a href="/wiki/Get_(TV_network)" title="Get (TV network)">Get</a>, 32.5 <a href="/wiki/Buzzr" title="Buzzr">Buzzr</a>, 32.6 Fun Roads, 32.7 <a href="/wiki/NOST" title="NOST">NOST</a>, 32.8 <a href="/wiki/Daystar_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daystar (TV network)">Daystar</a>, 32.9 <a href="/wiki/WeatherNation_TV" title="WeatherNation TV">WxN</a>, 32.10 <a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">TCN</a>, 32.11 Local Info)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stations_owned_by_Innovate_Corp." title="List of stations owned by Innovate Corp.">K35OY-D</a> (35.1/.4 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a>, 35.2 Am. Crimes, 35.3 <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)" title="Oxygen (TV channel)">Oxygen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGKC-LD" title="KGKC-LD">KGKM-LD</a> (36.1 <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">TMD</a>, 36.2 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion</a>, 36.3 <a href="/wiki/Court_TV" title="Court TV">Court</a>, 36.4 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Plus" title="Ion Plus">Ion+</a>, 36.5 <a href="/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)" title="Grit (TV network)">Grit</a>, 36.6 <a href="/wiki/Scripps_News" title="Scripps News">Scripps</a>, 36.7 <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart#Television" title="Jimmy Swaggart">SBN</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KMIZ" title="KMIZ">K02NQ 2</a> (Local WX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KQFX-LD" title="KQFX-LD">KZOU-LP 38</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MNTV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOMU-TV" title="KOMU-TV">KOMU-DT2</a> (8.2 <a href="/wiki/NBC_Weather_Plus" title="NBC Weather Plus">NBC WX+</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:St_Louis_TV" title="Template:St Louis TV">St. Louis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kansas_City_TV" title="Template:Kansas City TV">Kansas City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:QHK_TV" title="Template:QHK TV">Quincy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Springfield_MO_TV" title="Template:Springfield MO TV">Springfield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottumwa_TV" title="Template:Ottumwa TV">Ottumwa / Kirksville</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Joplin_TV" title="Template:Joplin TV">Joplin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:St._Joseph_TV" title="Template:St. Joseph TV">St. Joseph</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-radio_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radio-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boone_County_Courthouse_in_Columbia,_Missouri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Boone_County_Courthouse_in_Columbia%2C_Missouri.jpg/220px-Boone_County_Courthouse_in_Columbia%2C_Missouri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Boone_County_Courthouse_in_Columbia%2C_Missouri.jpg/330px-Boone_County_Courthouse_in_Columbia%2C_Missouri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Boone_County_Courthouse_in_Columbia%2C_Missouri.jpg/440px-Boone_County_Courthouse_in_Columbia%2C_Missouri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2887" data-file-height="2230" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Boone_County_Courthouse_(Missouri)" title="Boone County Courthouse (Missouri)">Boone County Courthouse</a> within the Boone County Government Center</figcaption></figure> <p>Columbia's current government was established by a <a href="/wiki/Statutory_city_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory city (United States)">home rule charter</a> adopted by voters on November 11, 1974, which established a council-manager government that invested power in the city council. The city council has seven members: six elected by each of Columbia's six <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ward_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (politics)">wards</a> and an <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> member, the mayor, who is elected by all city voters. The mayor receives a $9,000 annual stipend, and the six other members receive a $6,000 annual stipend. They are elected to staggered three-year terms. As well as serving as a voting member of the city council, the mayor is recognized as the head of city government for ceremonial purposes. Chief executive authority is invested in a hired city manager, who oversees the government's day-to-day operations.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbia is the county seat of Boone County, and houses the county court and government center. The city is in <a href="/wiki/Missouri%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Missouri's 4th congressional district">Missouri's 4th congressional district</a>. The 19th <a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri State Senate">Missouri State Senate</a> district covers all of Boone County. There are five <a href="/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives" title="Missouri House of Representatives">Missouri House of Representatives</a> districts (9, 21, 23, 24, and 25) in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Police Department">Columbia Police Department</a> provides law enforcement across the city, while the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Fire_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Fire Department">Columbia Fire Department</a> provides fire protection. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Police_Department" title="University of Missouri Police Department">University of Missouri Police Department</a> also patrols areas on and around the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> campus and has jurisdiction throughout the state. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Boone_County_Sheriff%27s_Department_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boone County Sheriff's Department (Missouri)">Boone County Sheriff's Department</a>, the law enforcement agency for the county, regularly patrols the city. <a href="/wiki/The_Public_Service_Joint_Communications_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Public Service Joint Communications Center">The Public Service Joint Communications Center</a> coordinates efforts between the two organizations as well as the <a href="/wiki/Boone_County_Fire_Protection_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Boone County Fire Protection District">Boone County Fire Protection District</a>, which operates <a href="/wiki/Urban_Search_and_Rescue_Missouri_Task_Force_1" title="Urban Search and Rescue Missouri Task Force 1">Urban Search and Rescue Missouri Task Force 1</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoMo_city_hall_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CoMo_city_hall_front.jpg/220px-CoMo_city_hall_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CoMo_city_hall_front.jpg/330px-CoMo_city_hall_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CoMo_city_hall_front.jpg/440px-CoMo_city_hall_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>The Daniel Boone Building houses <a href="/wiki/City_Hall_(Columbia,_Missouri)" title="City Hall (Columbia, Missouri)">Columbia's City Hall</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The population generally supports progressive causes, such as recycling programs and the decriminalization of cannabis<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both for medical and recreational use at the municipal level, though the scope of the latter of the two cannabis ordinances has since been restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is one of only four in the state to offer medical benefits to same-sex partners of city employees.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new health plan extends health benefits to unmarried heterosexual domestic partners of city employees. </p><p>On October 10, 2006, the city council approved an ordinance to prohibit smoking in public places, including restaurants and bars. The ordinance was passed over protest, and several amendments to the ordinance reflect this.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over half of residents possess at least a bachelor's degree,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while over a quarter hold a graduate degree.<sup id="cite_ref-rkmnym_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rkmnym-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia is the 13th most-highly educated municipality in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-rkmnym_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rkmnym-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2024, the Columbia City Council voted to legally make and declare the entire city a safe haven for transgender people and cisgender homosexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all of the Columbia city limits, and much of the surrounding area, lies within the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Public_Schools" title="Columbia Public Schools">Columbia Public School District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusSchoolMap2020Boone_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusSchoolMap2020Boone-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The district enrolled more than 18,000 students and had a budget of $281 million for the 2019–20 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>95.4% of adults age 25 and older in the city have a high school diploma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Public_Schools" title="Columbia Public Schools">Columbia Public Schools</a> recorded a 67.7% attendance rate, lower than the state average of 76.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Last year's graduation rate for the class of 2022 was 90%, while the class of 2021's graduation rate was reported at 89%. According to statewide numbers for 2022, Missouri's overall graduation rate was 91.16%.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Columbia school district operates four public high schools which cover grades 9–12: <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hickman_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Hickman High School">David H. Hickman High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_Bridge_High_School" title="Rock Bridge High School">Rock Bridge High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muriel_Battle_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Muriel Battle High School">Muriel Battle High School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_High_School_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Douglass High School (Missouri)">Frederick Douglass High School</a>. Rock Bridge is one of two Missouri high schools to receive a silver medal by <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>, putting it in the Top 3% of all high schools in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-rank_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rank-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hickman has been on <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> magazine's list of Top 1,300 schools in the country for the past three years and has more named presidential scholars than any other public high school in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-rank_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rank-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also several private high schools located in the city, including <a href="/wiki/Christian_Fellowship_School" title="Christian Fellowship School">Christian Fellowship School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Independent_School" title="Columbia Independent School">Columbia Independent School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Academy_(Columbia,_Missouri)" title="Heritage Academy (Columbia, Missouri)">Heritage Academy</a>, Christian Chapel Academy, and <a href="/wiki/Tolton_High_School" title="Tolton High School">Tolton High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDT1_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDT1-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CPS also manages seven middle schools: Jefferson, West, Oakland, Gentry, Smithton, Lange, and John Warner. John Warner Middle School first opened for the 2020/21 school year. </p><p>A very small portion of the city limits is in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallsville_R-IV_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallsville R-IV School District (page does not exist)">Hallsville R-IV School District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusSchoolMap2020Boone_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusSchoolMap2020Boone-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sole high school of that district is <a href="/wiki/Hallsville_High_School_(Missouri)" title="Hallsville High School (Missouri)">Hallsville High School</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a> estimated that 55.3% of adults ages 25 and up in Columbia hold a bachelor's degree or higher.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While only 31.2% of Missourians hold a bachelor's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has three institutions of higher education: the University of Missouri, <a href="/wiki/Stephens_College" title="Stephens College">Stephens College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(Columbia,_Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (Columbia, Missouri)">Columbia College</a>, all of which surround Downtown Columbia. The city is the headquarters of the University of Missouri System, which operates campuses in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93St._Louis" title="University of Missouri–St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City" title="University of Missouri–Kansas City">Kansas City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Missouri University of Science and Technology">Rolla</a>. <a href="/wiki/Moberly_Area_Community_College" title="Moberly Area Community College">Moberly Area Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Methodist_University" title="Central Methodist University">Central Methodist University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Woods_University" title="William Woods University">William Woods University</a> as well as operates satellite campuses in Columbia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Transit">Columbia Transit</a> provides public bus and para-transit service, and is owned and operated by the city. In 2008, 1,414,400 passengers boarded along the system's six fixed routes and nine <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> shuttle routes, and 27,000 boarded the Para-transit service.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is constantly experiencing growth in service and technology. A $3.5 million project to renovate and expand the Wabash Station, a rail depot built in 1910 and converted into the city's transit center in the mid-1980s, was completed in summer of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, a Transit Master Plan was created to address the future transit needs of the city and county with a comprehensive plan to add infrastructure in three key phases.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five to 15-year plan intends to add service along the southwest, southeast and northeast sections of Columbia and develop alternative transportation models for Boone County. </p><p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Regional_Airport" title="Columbia Regional Airport">Columbia Regional Airport</a>. The closest rail station is <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City_station" title="Jefferson City station">Jefferson City station</a>, in the state capital <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson City">Jefferson City</a>. </p><p>Columbia is also known for its <a href="/wiki/MKT_Trail" title="MKT Trail">MKT Trail</a>, a spur of the <a href="/wiki/Katy_Trail_State_Park" title="Katy Trail State Park">Katy Trail State Park</a>, which allows foot and bike traffic across the city, and, conceivably, the state. It consists of a soft gravel surface for running and biking. Columbia also is preparing to embark on construction of several new bike paths and street bike lanes thanks to a $25 million grant from the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is also served by <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Regional_Airport" title="Columbia Regional Airport">Columbia Regional Airport</a>, the only commercial airport in mid-Missouri. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Missouri" title="Interstate 70 in Missouri">I-70</a> (concurrent with <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_40_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 40 (Missouri)">US 40</a>) and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_63#Missouri" title="U.S. Route 63">US 63</a> are the two main freeways used for travel to and from Columbia. Within the city, there are also three state highways: <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Route_763" title="Missouri Route 763">Routes 763</a> (Rangeline Street & College Avenue), <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Route_163" title="Missouri Route 163">163</a> (Providence Road), and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Route_740" title="Missouri Route 740">740</a> (Stadium Boulevard). </p><p>Rail service is provided by the city-owned <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Terminal_Railroad" title="Columbia Terminal Railroad">Columbia Terminal Railroad</a> (COLT), which runs from the north side of Columbia to <a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Missouri" title="Centralia, Missouri">Centralia</a> and a connection to the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern Railway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_systems">Health systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Health systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhospital.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhospital.JPG/220px-Muhospital.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhospital.JPG/330px-Muhospital.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhospital.JPG/440px-Muhospital.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Hospital" title="University of Missouri Hospital">University of Missouri Hospital</a> is the main hospital of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Health_Care" title="University of Missouri Health Care">MU Health Care System</a>, and it is the largest hospital in Columbia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Health care is a big part of Columbia's economy, with nearly one in six people working in a health-care related profession<sup id="cite_ref-yhxnoz_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yhxnoz-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a physician density that is about three times the United States average.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zqxfvy_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zqxfvy-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's hospitals and supporting facilities are a large referral center for the state, and medical related trips to the city are common.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three hospital systems within the city and five hospitals with a total of 1,105 beds.<sup id="cite_ref-yhxnoz_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yhxnoz-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zqxfvy_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zqxfvy-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boone_hospital_main.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Boone_hospital_main.jpg/220px-Boone_hospital_main.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Boone_hospital_main.jpg/330px-Boone_hospital_main.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Boone_hospital_main.jpg/440px-Boone_hospital_main.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boone_Hospital_Center" title="Boone Hospital Center">Boone Hospital Center</a> is the second largest hospital in Columbia and is the largest private hospital in Boone County.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Health_Care" title="University of Missouri Health Care">University of Missouri Health Care</a> operates three hospitals in Columbia: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Hospital" title="University of Missouri Hospital">University of Missouri Hospital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Women%27s_and_Children%27s_Hospital" title="University of Missouri Women's and Children's Hospital">University of Missouri Women's and Children's Hospital</a> (formerly Columbia Regional Hospital), and the <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Fischel_Cancer_Center" title="Ellis Fischel Cancer Center">Ellis Fischel Cancer Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boone_Hospital_Center" title="Boone Hospital Center">Boone Hospital Center</a> is administered by <a href="/wiki/Barnes-Jewish_Hospital" title="Barnes-Jewish Hospital">BJC Healthcare</a> and operates several clinics as well as outpatient locations. The <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Memorial_Veterans%27_Hospital" title="Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital">Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital</a>, adjacent to University Hospital, is administered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">United States Department of Veterans Affairs</a>. </p><p>There are a large number of medical-related industries in Columbia. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Missouri School of Medicine">University of Missouri School of Medicine</a> uses university-owned facilities as teaching hospitals. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Research_Reactor_Center" title="University of Missouri Research Reactor Center">University of Missouri Research Reactor Center</a> is the largest research reactor in the United States and produces <a href="/wiki/Radioisotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotopes">radioisotopes</a> used in nuclear medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center serves as the sole supplier of the active ingredients in two <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a>-approved <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiopharmaceuticals">radiopharmaceuticals</a> and produces <a href="/wiki/Fluorine-18" title="Fluorine-18">Fluorine-18</a> used in <a href="/wiki/PET_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="PET imaging">PET imaging</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In accordance with the Columbia Sister Cities Program, which operates in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a>, Columbia has been paired with five international <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">sister cities</a> in an attempt to foster cross-cultural understanding:<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>, Georgia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hakusan,_Ishikawa" title="Hakusan, Ishikawa">Hakusan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture" title="Ishikawa Prefecture">Ishikawa</a>, Japan</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, Romania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Suncheon" title="Suncheon">Suncheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla" class="mw-redirect" title="South Jeolla">South Jeolla</a>, South Korea</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Laoshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Laoshan District">Laoshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenia,_Colombia" title="Armenia, Colombia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Department" title="Quindío Department">Quindío</a>, Colombia</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Columbia,_Missouri" title="List of people from Columbia, Missouri">List of people from Columbia, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Missouri" title="History of the University of Missouri">History of the University of Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Boone County, Missouri">National Register of Historic Places listings in Boone County, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Columbia_(SSN-771)" title="USS Columbia (SSN-771)">USS <i>Columbia</i> (SSN-771)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Tree" title="The Big Tree">The Big Tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official records for Columbia kept at downtown from August 1889 to December 1947, Columbia Municipal Airport from January 1948 to October 1969 and at Columbia Regional Airport since November 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwitzler1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin_Switzler" title="William Franklin Switzler">Switzler, William</a> (1882). <i>History of Boone County, Missouri</i>. St. Louis Western Historical Company. pp. 220–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Boone+County%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=220-221&rft.pub=St.+Louis+Western+Historical+Company&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Switzler&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Como-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Como_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Como_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlban2007" class="citation web cs1">Alban, Sarah (October 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016132845/http://www.themaneater.com/stories/2007/10/30/how-como-does-halloween/">"How CoMO does Halloween"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maneater" title="The Maneater">The Maneater</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themaneater.com/stories/2007/10/30/how-como-does-halloween/">the original</a> on October 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Maneater&rft.atitle=How+CoMO+does+Halloween&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft.aulast=Alban&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themaneater.com%2Fstories%2F2007%2F10%2F30%2Fhow-como-does-halloween%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.como.gov/boards/city-council/">"City Council"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.como.gov%2Fboards%2Fcity-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer">"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArcGIS+REST+Services+Directory&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftigerweb.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Frest%2Fservices%2FTIGERweb%2FPlaces_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD%2FMapServer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2393605">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Columbia, Missouri</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syeszw-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-syeszw_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225210544/http://www.gocolumbiamo.com/About_Columbia/#facts">"About Columbia"</a>. <i>City of Columbia, Missouri</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.atitle=About+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocolumbiamo.com%2FAbout_Columbia%2F%23facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dpmpnc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dpmpnc_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpmpnc_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201191629/http://www.gocolumbiamo.com/Documents/demographics.pdf">"City of Columbia, Missouri Demographic Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>City of Columbia, Missouri</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.atitle=City+of+Columbia%2C+Missouri+Demographic+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocolumbiamo.com%2FDocuments%2Fdemographics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR6_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx">"Find a County"</a>. National Association of Counties. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccis.edu&rft.atitle=College+Town%2C+U.S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccis.edu%2Fabout%2Fcolumbia%23%3A~%3Atext%3DQuality%2520of%2520life%2Ca%2520low%2520cost%2520of%2520living.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ckbome-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ckbome_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ckbome_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ckbome_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202045636/http://www.columbia.k12.mo.us/columbia/colhis.htm">"History of Columbia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Public_Schools" title="Columbia Public Schools">Columbia Public Schools</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.k12.mo.us/columbia/colhis.htm">the original</a> on February 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Public+Schools&rft.atitle=History+of+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.k12.mo.us%2Fcolumbia%2Fcolhis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bdkfqw-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bdkfqw_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080216012203/http://www.columbiaredi.com/pdfs/ColumbiaKudos.pdf">"Columbia Kudos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Columbia Regional Economic Development (REDI)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+College&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Columbia+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccis.edu%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2017" class="citation web cs1">May, Ethan (July 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/local/solar-eclipse-here-s-what-you-need-to-know/article_95e58ca2-603e-11e7-86f0-4bdde9f6960f.html">"Solar Eclipse 2017: Here's what you need to know"</a>. <i>Columbia Missourian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2007/11/08/ideological-scales-look-columbias-political-landsc/">the original</a> on January 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2005/11/10/marijuana-law-gets-new-review/">the original</a> on January 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 10, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2006/10/10/smoking-ban-passes/">the original</a> on July 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=Columbia&_cityTown=Columbia&_state=04000US29&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010">the original</a> on February 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Money+Magazine&rft.atitle=Money%27s+best+places+to+live+%E2%80%93+most+educated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Fmoneymag%2Fbplive%2F2006%2Ftop25s%2Feducated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2024/02/this-city-just-declared-itself-a-safe-haven-for-lgbtq-people/">"This city just declared itself a safe haven for LGBTQ+ people"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MU+Research+Reactor+Submits+20-year+License+Renewal+Application&rft.pub=MU+News+Bureau&rft.date=2006-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.missouri.edu%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F061124_murr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002035/http://www.gocolumbiamo.com/Sister_Cities/">"Columbia's Sister Cities"</a>. <i>The City of Columbia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gocolumbiamo.com/Sister_Cities/">the original</a> on September 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+of+Columbia&rft.atitle=Columbia%27s+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocolumbiamo.com%2FSister_Cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_William_Stephens" title="Edwin William Stephens">Stephens, E. W.</a> (1875) "History of Boone County." An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Boone County, Missouri. Philadelphia: Edwards Brothers</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwitzler1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin_Switzler" title="William Franklin Switzler">Switzler, William F.</a> (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lns_AAAAYAAJ&q=History+of+BOone+County,+Missouri"><i>History of Boone County</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a>: Western Historical Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2881554">2881554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Boone+County&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Western+Historical+Company&rft.date=1882&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2881554&rft.aulast=Switzler&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLns_AAAAYAAJ%26q%3DHistory%2Bof%2BBOone%2BCounty%2C%2BMissouri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentry1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/North_Todd_Gentry" title="North Todd Gentry">Gentry, North Todd</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1kWAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Bench and Bar of Boone County: Including the History of Judges, Lawyers, and Courts, and an Account of Noted Cases, Slavery Litigation, Lawyers in War Times, Public Addresses, Political Notes, Etc</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/E.W._Stephens_Publishing_Company" title="E.W. Stephens Publishing Company">E.W. Stephens Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/205808">205808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bench+and+Bar+of+Boone+County%3A+Including+the+History+of+Judges%2C+Lawyers%2C+and+Courts%2C+and+an+Account+of+Noted+Cases%2C+Slavery+Litigation%2C+Lawyers+in+War+Times%2C+Public+Addresses%2C+Political+Notes%2C+Etc&rft.pub=E.W.+Stephens+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F205808&rft.aulast=Gentry&rft.aufirst=North+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1kWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavig1984" class="citation book cs1">Havig, Alan R. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ji7hAAAACAAJ"><i>From southern village to Midwestern city : an illustrated history of Columbia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Hills,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodland Hills, California">Woodland Hills, California</a>: Windsor Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897811385" title="Special:BookSources/9780897811385"><bdi>9780897811385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+southern+village+to+Midwestern+city+%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+Columbia&rft.place=Woodland+Hills%2C+California&rft.pub=Windsor+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780897811385&rft.aulast=Havig&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dji7hAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrighton1987" class="citation book cs1">Crighton, John C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_jfnGAAACAAJ"><i>A History of Columbia and Boone County</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: Computer Color-Graphics. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16960014">16960014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Columbia+and+Boone+County&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Computer+Color-Graphics&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16960014&rft.aulast=Crighton&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_jfnGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sapp, David (2000) "Boone County Chronicles" Columbia: <a href="/wiki/Boone_County_Historical_Society" title="Boone County Historical Society">Boone County Historical Society</a></li> <li>Brownlee, Richard S. 1956 The Big Moniteau Bluff Pictographs in Boone County, MO. Missouri Archaeologist 18(4): 49–54</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaten2012" class="citation book cs1">Paten, Marty (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFSIMwEACAAJ"><i>The Columbia Branch Railroad: A Chronological History of the Short Line Railroad from Centralia, Missouri to Columbia, Missouri</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: HAGR Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-52810-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-52810-6"><bdi>978-0-615-52810-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Branch+Railroad%3A+A+Chronological+History+of+the+Short+Line+Railroad+from+Centralia%2C+Missouri+to+Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=HAGR+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-615-52810-6&rft.aulast=Paten&rft.aufirst=Marty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOFSIMwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1907" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Francis Potter (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lLUYAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Flora of Columbia, Missouri and Vicinity: An Ecological and Systematic Study of a Local Flora</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69404603">69404603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flora+of+Columbia%2C+Missouri+and+Vicinity%3A+An+Ecological+and+Systematic+Study+of+a+Local+Flora&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69404603&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Francis+Potter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlLUYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt,_Doug2010" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Doug (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be2dSgAACAAJ"><i>The Lynching of James Scott and the Trial of George Barkwell</i></a>. The author. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781453611852" title="Special:BookSources/9781453611852"><bdi>9781453611852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lynching+of+James+Scott+and+the+Trial+of+George+Barkwell&rft.pub=The+author&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781453611852&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBe2dSgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt,_Doug2010" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Doug (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AS7ytgAACAAJ"><i>Black and White Justice in Little Dixie</i></a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781460911037" title="Special:BookSources/9781460911037"><bdi>9781460911037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+and+White+Justice+in+Little+Dixie&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781460911037&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAS7ytgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatterson,_Jack_A.1998" class="citation book cs1">Batterson, Jack A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSSey_EChjoC"><i>Blind Boone, Missouri's Ragtime Pioneer</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826211984" title="Special:BookSources/0826211984"><bdi>0826211984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blind+Boone%2C+Missouri%27s+Ragtime+Pioneer&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0826211984&rft.au=Batterson%2C+Jack+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSSey_EChjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1965" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Frank F. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5BrrAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Missouri Methodist Church</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/Missouri_United_Methodist_Church" title="Missouri United Methodist Church">Missouri United Methodist Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1144689380">1144689380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Missouri+Methodist+Church&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Missouri+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1144689380&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Frank+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5BrrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDains1996" class="citation book cs1">Dains, Mary K. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQLnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Guided by the Hand of God: The History of First Christian Church Columbia, MIssouri 1832-1996</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/First_Christian_Church_(Columbia,_Missouri)" title="First Christian Church (Columbia, Missouri)">First Christian Church</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guided+by+the+Hand+of+God%3A+The+History+of+First+Christian+Church+Columbia%2C+MIssouri+1832-1996&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=First+Christian+Church&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Dains&rft.aufirst=Mary+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPQLnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatterson2001" class="citation book cs1">Batterson, Paulina A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HTGLLZjCJcC"><i>Columbia College: 150 Years of Courage, Commitment, and Change</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826213242" title="Special:BookSources/9780826213242"><bdi>9780826213242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+College%3A+150+Years+of+Courage%2C+Commitment%2C+and+Change&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780826213242&rft.aulast=Batterson&rft.aufirst=Paulina+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HTGLLZjCJcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1956" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Allean Lemmon (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2cRPAQAAMAAJ"><i>Petticoat Pioneer: The Christian College Story 1851-1951</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: Artcraft Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petticoat+Pioneer%3A+The+Christian+College+Story+1851-1951&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Artcraft+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Allean+Lemmon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2cRPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrighton1970" class="citation book cs1">Crighton, John Clarke (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2o8AAAAIAAJ"><i>Stephens: A Story of Educational Innovation</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: American Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stephens%3A+A+Story+of+Educational+Innovation&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=American+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Crighton&rft.aufirst=John+Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR2o8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1962" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Frank Fletcher (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkhXAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of the University of Missouri</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781258386566" title="Special:BookSources/9781258386566"><bdi>9781258386566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+University+of+Missouri&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9781258386566&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Frank+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCkhXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen1988" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, James and Vera (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTWfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The University of Missouri An Illustrated History</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826206787" title="Special:BookSources/9780826206787"><bdi>9780826206787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Missouri+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780826206787&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=James+and+Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTWfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Viles, Jonas The University of Missouri, 1839–1939, <a href="/wiki/E.W._Stephens_Publishing_Company" title="E.W. Stephens Publishing Company">E.W. Stephens Publishing Company</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudds2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Budds" title="Michael J. Budds">Budds, Michael</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ayRswEACAAJ"><i>100 Years of Music-Making at Mizzou</i></a>. Columbia, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_School_of_Music" title="University of Missouri School of Music">University of Missouri School of Music</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692987322" title="Special:BookSources/9780692987322"><bdi>9780692987322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Years+of+Music-Making+at+Mizzou&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+School+of+Music&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780692987322&rft.au=Budds%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ayRswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis,_Elmer1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ellis" title="Elmer Ellis">Ellis, Elmer</a> (1989). <i>My Road to Emeritus</i>. Columbia, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Society_of_Missouri" title="State Historical Society of Missouri">State Historical Society of Missouri</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0962289116" title="Special:BookSources/0962289116"><bdi>0962289116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Road+to+Emeritus&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=State+Historical+Society+of+Missouri&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0962289116&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Elmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuarles1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Quarles" title="James Thomas Quarles">Quarles, James Thomas</a> (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29823244"><i>University of Missouri Songs</i></a> (1 ed.). Columbia, Missouri: Curators of the University of Missouri. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19229550">19229550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+of+Missouri+Songs&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Curators+of+the+University+of+Missouri&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19229550&rft.aulast=Quarles&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F29823244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia%2C+Missouri" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Missouri&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" class="extiw" title="c:Columbia, Missouri">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Columbia,_Missouri" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Columbia, Missouri">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span 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data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Columbia,_Missouri" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Columbia, Missouri">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Columbia,_Missouri" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Columbia, Missouri">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Columbia_(Missouri)" class="extiw" title="voy:Columbia (Missouri)">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.como.gov">Official city government website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitcolumbiamo.com">Columbia Convention & Visitors Bureau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiamochamber.com">Columbia Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li>Historic maps of Columbia in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.mospace.umsystem.edu/mu/islandora/object/mu%3A138760">Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Columbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Columbia,_Missouri" title="Template:Columbia, Missouri"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Columbia,_Missouri" title="Template talk:Columbia, Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Columbia,_Missouri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Columbia, Missouri"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Columbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Columbia,_Missouri.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mizzou"><img alt="Mizzou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg/90px-Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg/135px-Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg/180px-Flag_of_Columbia%2C_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Columbia,_Missouri" title="History of Columbia, Missouri">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Government_and_politics">Government and Politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demography">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Infrastructure">Transportation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Media_Outlets">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Tigers" title="Missouri Tigers">Sports</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Education">Education</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)" title="Columbia metropolitan area (Missouri)">Metropolitan Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Columbia,_Missouri" title="List of people from Columbia, Missouri">Notable People</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_mizzou_columns.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mizzou"><img alt="Mizzou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_mizzou_columns.jpg/90px-The_mizzou_columns.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_mizzou_columns.jpg/135px-The_mizzou_columns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_mizzou_columns.jpg/180px-The_mizzou_columns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="156" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="4"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_System" title="University of Missouri System">University of Missouri System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephens_College" title="Stephens College">Stephens College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(Missouri)" title="Columbia College (Missouri)">Columbia College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_in_Missouri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Missouri_county_seats" title="Template:Missouri county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Missouri_county_seats" title="Template talk:Missouri county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_in_Missouri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">County seats in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Missouri" title="Albany, Missouri">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton,_Missouri" title="Alton, Missouri">Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ava,_Missouri" title="Ava, Missouri">Ava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton,_Missouri" title="Benton, Missouri">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany,_Missouri" title="Bethany, Missouri">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield,_Missouri" title="Bloomfield, Missouri">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivar,_Missouri" title="Bolivar, Missouri">Bolivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boonville,_Missouri" title="Boonville, Missouri">Boonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Missouri" title="Bowling Green, Missouri">Bowling Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_Missouri" title="Buffalo, Missouri">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler,_Missouri" title="Butler, Missouri">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California,_Missouri" title="California, Missouri">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camdenton,_Missouri" title="Camdenton, Missouri">Camdenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrollton,_Missouri" title="Carrollton, Missouri">Carrollton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Missouri" title="Carthage, Missouri">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caruthersville,_Missouri" title="Caruthersville, Missouri">Caruthersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassville,_Missouri" title="Cassville, Missouri">Cassville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerville,_Missouri" title="Centerville, Missouri">Centerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_Missouri" title="Charleston, Missouri">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Missouri" title="Chillicothe, Missouri">Chillicothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri" title="Clayton, Missouri">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Missouri" title="Clinton, Missouri">Clinton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doniphan,_Missouri" title="Doniphan, Missouri">Doniphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edina,_Missouri" title="Edina, Missouri">Edina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminence,_Missouri" title="Eminence, Missouri">Eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington,_Missouri" title="Farmington, Missouri">Farmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette,_Missouri" title="Fayette, Missouri">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forsyth,_Missouri" title="Forsyth, Missouri">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredericktown,_Missouri" title="Fredericktown, Missouri">Fredericktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Missouri" title="Fulton, Missouri">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Missouri" title="Gainesville, Missouri">Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Missouri" title="Galena, Missouri">Galena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin,_Missouri" title="Gallatin, Missouri">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_City,_Missouri" title="Grant City, Missouri">Grant City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Missouri" title="Greenfield, Missouri">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Missouri" title="Greenville, Missouri">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisonville,_Missouri" title="Harrisonville, Missouri">Harrisonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartville,_Missouri" title="Hartville, Missouri">Hartville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann,_Missouri" title="Hermann, Missouri">Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage,_Missouri" title="Hermitage, Missouri">Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsboro,_Missouri" title="Hillsboro, Missouri">Hillsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Missouri" title="Houston, Missouri">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Missouri" title="Huntsville, Missouri">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironton,_Missouri" title="Ironton, Missouri">Ironton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Missouri" title="Jackson, Missouri">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahoka,_Missouri" title="Kahoka, Missouri">Kahoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennett,_Missouri" title="Kennett, Missouri">Kennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytesville,_Missouri" title="Keytesville, Missouri">Keytesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Missouri" title="Kingston, Missouri">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri" title="Kirksville, Missouri">Kirksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar,_Missouri" title="Lamar, Missouri">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Missouri" title="Lancaster, Missouri">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Missouri" title="Lebanon, Missouri">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Missouri" title="Lexington, Missouri">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri" title="Liberty, Missouri">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn,_Missouri" title="Linn, Missouri">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Missouri" title="Linneus, Missouri">Linneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon,_Missouri" title="Macon, Missouri">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Missouri" title="Marble Hill, Missouri">Marble Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall,_Missouri" title="Marshall, Missouri">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Missouri" title="Marshfield, Missouri">Marshfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryville,_Missouri" title="Maryville, Missouri">Maryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysville,_Missouri" title="Maysville, Missouri">Maysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Missouri" title="Memphis, Missouri">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico,_Missouri" title="Mexico, Missouri">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan,_Missouri" title="Milan, Missouri">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_City,_Missouri" title="Montgomery City, Missouri">Montgomery City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello,_Missouri" title="Monticello, Missouri">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Missouri" title="Mount Vernon, Missouri">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosho,_Missouri" title="Neosho, Missouri">Neosho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada,_Missouri" title="Nevada, Missouri">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_London,_Missouri" title="New London, Missouri">New London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri" title="New Madrid, Missouri">New Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon,_Missouri" title="Oregon, Missouri">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola,_Missouri" title="Osceola, Missouri">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark,_Missouri" title="Ozark, Missouri">Ozark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra,_Missouri" title="Palmyra, Missouri">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris,_Missouri" title="Paris, Missouri">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perryville,_Missouri" title="Perryville, Missouri">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineville,_Missouri" title="Pineville, Missouri">Pineville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_City,_Missouri" title="Platte City, Missouri">Platte City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plattsburg,_Missouri" title="Plattsburg, Missouri">Plattsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri" title="Poplar Bluff, Missouri">Poplar Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potosi,_Missouri" title="Potosi, Missouri">Potosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_Missouri" title="Princeton, Missouri">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Missouri" title="Richmond, Missouri">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Port,_Missouri" title="Rock Port, Missouri">Rock Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolla,_Missouri" title="Rolla, Missouri">Rolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Missouri" title="St. Charles, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri" title="St. Joseph, Missouri">St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Missouri" title="Salem, Missouri">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Missouri" title="Savannah, Missouri">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedalia,_Missouri" title="Sedalia, Missouri">Sedalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelbyville,_Missouri" title="Shelbyville, Missouri">Shelbyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelville,_Missouri" title="Steelville, Missouri">Steelville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_Missouri" title="Stockton, Missouri">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_Missouri" title="Trenton, Missouri">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy,_Missouri" title="Troy, Missouri">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscumbia,_Missouri" title="Tuscumbia, Missouri">Tuscumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union,_Missouri" title="Union, Missouri">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionville,_Missouri" title="Unionville, Missouri">Unionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Buren,_Missouri" title="Van Buren, Missouri">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Missouri" title="Versailles, Missouri">Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Missouri" title="Vienna, Missouri">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrensburg,_Missouri" title="Warrensburg, Missouri">Warrensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenton,_Missouri" title="Warrenton, Missouri">Warrenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw,_Missouri" title="Warsaw, Missouri">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waynesville,_Missouri" title="Waynesville, Missouri">Waynesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Plains,_Missouri" title="West Plains, Missouri">West Plains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Boone_County,_Missouri,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Template:Boone County, Missouri"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Template talk:Boone County, Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boone County, Missouri"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Boone_County,_Missouri,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Boone County, Missouri"><span class="region">Boone County, Missouri</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span>Columbia</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Missouri" title="Ashland, Missouri">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Missouri" title="Centralia, Missouri">Centralia</a>‡</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallsville,_Missouri" title="Hallsville, Missouri">Hallsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocheport,_Missouri" title="Rocheport, Missouri">Rocheport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon,_Missouri" title="Sturgeon, Missouri">Sturgeon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Missouri highlighting Boone County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Boone_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Boone_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Boone_County.svg/113px-Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Boone_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Boone_County.svg/150px-Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Boone_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="1136" /></span><figcaption>Map of Missouri highlighting Boone County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Village_(United_States)#Missouri" title="Village (United States)">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Missouri" title="Harrisburg, Missouri">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartsburg,_Missouri" title="Hartsburg, Missouri">Hartsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsdale,_Missouri" title="Huntsdale, Missouri">Huntsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McBaine,_Missouri" title="McBaine, Missouri">McBaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierpont,_Missouri" title="Pierpont, Missouri">Pierpont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Townships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Township,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Bourbon Township, Boone County, Missouri">Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Township,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Cedar Township, Boone County, Missouri">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralia_Township,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Centralia Township, Boone County, Missouri">Centralia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Township,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Columbia Township, Boone County, Missouri">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Township,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Katy Township, Boone County, Missouri">Katy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Township,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Missouri Township, Boone County, Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perche_Township,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Perche Township, Boone County, Missouri">Perche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Bridge_Township,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Rock Bridge Township, Boone County, Missouri">Rock Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Fork_Township,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Rocky Fork Township, Boone County, Missouri">Rocky Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Creeks_Township,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Three Creeks Township, Boone County, Missouri">Three Creeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Bourbon, Boone County, Missouri">Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Browns, Boone County, Missouri">Browns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claysville,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Claysville, Boone County, Missouri">Claysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Park,_Missouri" title="Deer Park, Missouri">Deer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easley,_Missouri" title="Easley, Missouri">Easley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englewood,_Missouri" title="Englewood, Missouri">Englewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginlet,_Missouri" title="Ginlet, Missouri">Ginlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harg,_Missouri" title="Harg, Missouri">Harg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinton,_Missouri" title="Hinton, Missouri">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Midway, Boone County, Missouri">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham,_Missouri" title="Oldham, Missouri">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathersville,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Prathersville, Boone County, Missouri">Prathersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Providence, Boone County, Missouri">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riggs,_Missouri" title="Riggs, Missouri">Riggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucker,_Missouri" title="Rucker, Missouri">Rucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw,_Missouri" title="Shaw, Missouri">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton,_Missouri" title="Wilton, Missouri">Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlandville,_Missouri" title="Woodlandville, Missouri">Woodlandville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boonesborough,_Missouri" title="Boonesborough, Missouri">Boonesborough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡a small part of Centralia is in <a href="/wiki/Audrain_County,_Missouri" title="Audrain County, Missouri">Audrain County</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Missouri_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Missouri (state)"><span>Missouri portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Missouri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Missouri" title="Template:Missouri"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Missouri" title="Template talk:Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Missouri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Missouri" title="Outline of Missouri">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Missouri-related_articles" title="Index of Missouri-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Missouri" title="Climate change in Missouri">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Missouri" title="Geography of Missouri">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Missouri" title="Government of Missouri">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Missouri" title="United States congressional delegations from Missouri">Delegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_fought_in_Missouri" title="List of battles fought in Missouri">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri in the Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Missouri" title="List of people from Missouri">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Missouri_state_symbols" title="List of Missouri state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Missouri" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Missouri">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri#Transportation" title="Missouri">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Missouri" title="Abortion in Missouri">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Missouri">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Missouri" title="Crime in Missouri">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Missouri">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Missouri">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Missouri" title="Education in Missouri">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Missouri" title="Gun laws in Missouri">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Missouri">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Missouri" title="Political party strength in Missouri">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Missouri" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boonslick" title="Boonslick">Boonslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Bootheel" title="Missouri Bootheel">Bootheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_State_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Four State Area">Four State Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_War" title="Honey War">Honey Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Missouri_Lead_District" title="Southeast Missouri Lead District">Lead Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Hills" title="Lincoln Hills">Lincoln Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Dixie_(Missouri)" title="Little Dixie (Missouri)">Little Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Hills" title="Loess Hills">Loess Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Missouri" title="Mid-Missouri">Mid-Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi Embayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Rhineland" title="Missouri Rhineland">Missouri Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissected_Till_Plains" title="Dissected Till Plains">Northern Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ozarks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ozarks">The Ozarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_Purchase" title="Platte Purchase">Platte Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express_Region" title="Pony Express Region">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francois_Mountains" title="St. Francois Mountains">St. Francois Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)" title="Columbia metropolitan area (Missouri)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson City, Missouri metropolitan area">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Joplin, Missouri metropolitan area">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield, Missouri metropolitan area">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" title="St. Joseph, Missouri metropolitan area">St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Missouri" title="List of cities in Missouri">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%27s_Summit,_Missouri" title="Lee's Summit, Missouri">Lee's Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Fallon,_Missouri" title="O'Fallon, Missouri">O'Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Missouri" title="St. Charles, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri" title="St. Joseph, Missouri">St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Missouri" title="Blue Springs, Missouri">Blue Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peters,_Missouri" title="St. Peters, Missouri">St. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri" title="Joplin, Missouri">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florissant,_Missouri" title="Florissant, Missouri">Florissant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Missouri" title="Chesterfield, Missouri">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentzville,_Missouri" title="Wentzville, Missouri">Wentzville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildwood,_Missouri" title="Wildwood, Missouri">Wildwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_City,_Missouri" title="University City, Missouri">University City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri" title="Liberty, Missouri">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballwin,_Missouri" title="Ballwin, Missouri">Ballwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood,_Missouri" title="Kirkwood, Missouri">Kirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytown,_Missouri" title="Raytown, Missouri">Raytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Heights,_Missouri" title="Maryland Heights, Missouri">Maryland Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Missouri" title="Gladstone, Missouri">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belton,_Missouri" title="Belton, Missouri">Belton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandview,_Missouri" title="Grandview, Missouri">Grandview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixa,_Missouri" title="Nixa, Missouri">Nixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymore,_Missouri" title="Raymore, Missouri">Raymore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Missouri" title="List of counties in Missouri">Counties and <br /> independent city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adair_County,_Missouri" title="Adair County, Missouri">Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_County,_Missouri" title="Andrew County, Missouri">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchison_County,_Missouri" title="Atchison County, Missouri">Atchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrain_County,_Missouri" title="Audrain County, Missouri">Audrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_County,_Missouri" title="Barry County, Missouri">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_County,_Missouri" title="Barton County, Missouri">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_County,_Missouri" title="Bates County, Missouri">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Missouri" title="Benton County, Missouri">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollinger_County,_Missouri" title="Bollinger County, Missouri">Bollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Boone County, Missouri">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Missouri" title="Buchanan County, Missouri">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Missouri" title="Butler County, Missouri">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Missouri" title="Caldwell County, Missouri">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaway_County,_Missouri" title="Callaway County, Missouri">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_County,_Missouri" title="Camden County, Missouri">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau_County,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau County, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Missouri" title="Carroll County, Missouri">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_County,_Missouri" title="Carter County, Missouri">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Missouri" title="Cass County, Missouri">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_County,_Missouri" title="Cedar County, Missouri">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_County,_Missouri" title="Chariton County, Missouri">Chariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_County,_Missouri" title="Christian County, Missouri">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Missouri" title="Clark County, Missouri">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Missouri" title="Clay County, Missouri">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Missouri" title="Clinton County, Missouri">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_County,_Missouri" title="Cole County, Missouri">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_County,_Missouri" title="Cooper County, Missouri">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Missouri" title="Crawford County, Missouri">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dade_County,_Missouri" title="Dade County, Missouri">Dade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Missouri" title="Dallas County, Missouri">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daviess_County,_Missouri" title="Daviess County, Missouri">Daviess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Missouri" title="DeKalb County, Missouri">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent_County,_Missouri" title="Dent County, Missouri">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Missouri" title="Douglas County, Missouri">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunklin_County,_Missouri" title="Dunklin County, Missouri">Dunklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Missouri" title="Franklin County, Missouri">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasconade_County,_Missouri" title="Gasconade County, Missouri">Gasconade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry_County,_Missouri" title="Gentry County, Missouri">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Missouri" title="Greene County, Missouri">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundy_County,_Missouri" title="Grundy County, Missouri">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Missouri" title="Harrison County, Missouri">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Missouri" title="Henry County, Missouri">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_County,_Missouri" title="Hickory County, Missouri">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_County,_Missouri" title="Holt County, Missouri">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Missouri" title="Howard County, Missouri">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_County,_Missouri" title="Howell County, Missouri">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_County,_Missouri" title="Iron County, Missouri">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Missouri" title="Jasper County, Missouri">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Missouri" title="Jefferson County, Missouri">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Missouri" title="Johnson County, Missouri">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Missouri" title="Knox County, Missouri">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laclede_County,_Missouri" title="Laclede County, Missouri">Laclede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Missouri" title="Lafayette County, Missouri">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Missouri" title="Lawrence County, Missouri">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Missouri" title="Lewis County, Missouri">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Missouri" title="Lincoln County, Missouri">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_County,_Missouri" title="Linn County, Missouri">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_Missouri" title="Livingston County, Missouri">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Missouri" title="Macon County, Missouri">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Missouri" title="Madison County, Missouri">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maries_County,_Missouri" title="Maries County, Missouri">Maries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Missouri" title="Marion County, Missouri">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_County,_Missouri" title="McDonald County, Missouri">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Missouri" title="Mercer County, Missouri">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_County,_Missouri" title="Miller County, Missouri">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_County,_Missouri" title="Mississippi County, Missouri">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniteau_County,_Missouri" title="Moniteau County, Missouri">Moniteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Missouri" title="Monroe County, Missouri">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Missouri" title="Montgomery County, Missouri">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Missouri" title="Morgan County, Missouri">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_County,_Missouri" title="New Madrid County, Missouri">New Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Missouri" title="Newton County, Missouri">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodaway_County,_Missouri" title="Nodaway County, Missouri">Nodaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_County,_Missouri" title="Oregon County, Missouri">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Missouri" title="Osage County, Missouri">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark_County,_Missouri" title="Ozark County, Missouri">Ozark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemiscot_County,_Missouri" title="Pemiscot County, Missouri">Pemiscot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Missouri" title="Perry County, Missouri">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettis_County,_Missouri" title="Pettis County, Missouri">Pettis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_County,_Missouri" title="Phelps County, Missouri">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Missouri" title="Pike County, Missouri">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_County,_Missouri" title="Platte County, Missouri">Platte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Missouri" title="Polk County, Missouri">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Missouri" title="Pulaski County, Missouri">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Missouri" title="Putnam County, Missouri">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralls_County,_Missouri" title="Ralls County, Missouri">Ralls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Missouri" title="Randolph County, Missouri">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_County,_Missouri" title="Ray County, Missouri">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_County,_Missouri" title="Reynolds County, Missouri">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley_County,_Missouri" title="Ripley County, Missouri">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_County,_Missouri" title="St. Charles County, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Missouri" title="St. Clair County, Missouri">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francois_County,_Missouri" title="St. Francois County, Missouri">St. Francois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis (City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis (County)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve_County,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_County,_Missouri" title="Saline County, Missouri">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_County,_Missouri" title="Schuyler County, Missouri">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_County,_Missouri" title="Scotland County, Missouri">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Missouri" title="Scott County, Missouri">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_County,_Missouri" title="Shannon County, Missouri">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Missouri" title="Shelby County, Missouri">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_County,_Missouri" title="Stoddard County, Missouri">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_County,_Missouri" title="Stone County, Missouri">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Missouri" title="Sullivan County, Missouri">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taney_County,_Missouri" title="Taney County, Missouri">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_County,_Missouri" title="Texas County, Missouri">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_County,_Missouri" title="Vernon County, Missouri">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Missouri" title="Warren County, Missouri">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Missouri" title="Washington County, Missouri">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Missouri" title="Wayne County, Missouri">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_County,_Missouri" title="Webster County, Missouri">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worth_County,_Missouri" title="Worth County, Missouri">Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_County,_Missouri" title="Wright County, Missouri">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/32px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/48px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/64px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Missouri" title="Portal:Missouri">Missouri portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59670#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59670#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59670#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/156567153">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205914/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkMF3jrcC87FcmRJFgR8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085303-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Columbia (Mo.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79084407">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548076605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/0583b181-db5d-415d-aa52-62f790ba358f">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/196719194">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045473">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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