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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration_and_extermination_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Concentration and extermination camps </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concentration_and_extermination_camps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concentration and extermination camps subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concentration_and_extermination_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children's_concentration_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_concentration_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Children's concentration camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_concentration_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_concentration_and_death_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_concentration_and_death_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 List of concentration and death camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_concentration_and_death_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Massacres </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Massacres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Massacres subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Central Croatia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Glina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Lika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Slavonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrmia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrmia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Syrmia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrmia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnian_Krajina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnian_Krajina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Bosnian Krajina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnian_Krajina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garavice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garavice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Garavice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garavice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Herzegovina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drina_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drina_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Drina Valley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drina_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarajevo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarajevo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Sarajevo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarajevo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_and_ethnic_cleansing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_and_ethnic_cleansing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Expulsion and ethnic cleansing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_and_ethnic_cleansing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Religious persecution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_persecution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious persecution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_puppet_"Croatian_Orthodox_Church"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_puppet_"Croatian_Orthodox_Church""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 The puppet "Croatian Orthodox Church" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_puppet_"Croatian_Orthodox_Church"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Serbian_Orthodox_clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Serbian_Orthodox_clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Persecution of Serbian Orthodox clergy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Serbian_Orthodox_clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_role_of_Aloysius_Stepinac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_Aloysius_Stepinac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 The role of Aloysius Stepinac </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_Aloysius_Stepinac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toll_of_victims_and_genocide_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toll_of_victims_and_genocide_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Toll of victims and genocide classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toll_of_victims_and_genocide_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratlines,_terrorism_and_assassinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratlines,_terrorism_and_assassinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Ratlines, terrorism and assassinations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratlines,_terrorism_and_assassinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_and_denial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_and_denial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Controversy and denial </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy_and_denial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversy and denial subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy_and_denial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_negationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_negationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Historical negationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_negationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Destruction of memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV_Series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_Series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 TV Series </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_Series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Annotations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9" title="اضطهاد الصرب في دولة كرواتيا المستقلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضطهاد الصرب في دولة كرواتيا المستقلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid_nad_Srbima_u_Nezavisnoj_Dr%C5%BEavi_Hrvatskoj" title="Genocid nad Srbima u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genocid nad Srbima u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocida_Srb%C5%AF_v_Nez%C3%A1visl%C3%A9m_st%C3%A1t%C4%9B_Chorvatsko" title="Genocida Srbů v Nezávislém státě Chorvatsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genocida Srbů v Nezávislém státě Chorvatsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkermord_an_den_Serben_im_Unabh%C3%A4ngigen_Staat_Kroatien" title="Völkermord an den Serben im Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Völkermord an den Serben im Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio_de_serbios_en_el_Estado_Independiente_de_Croacia" title="Genocidio de serbios en el Estado Independiente de Croacia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genocidio de serbios en el Estado Independiente de Croacia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نسل‌کشی صرب‌ها در دولت مستقل کرواسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسل‌کشی صرب‌ها در دولت مستقل کرواسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide_des_Serbes_dans_l%27%C3%89tat_ind%C3%A9pendant_de_Croatie" title="Génocide des Serbes dans l'État indépendant de Croatie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génocide des Serbes dans l'État indépendant de Croatie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%84%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%B8%8C%EC%9D%B8_%EC%A7%91%EB%8B%A8%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="크로아티아 독립국의 세르브인 집단학살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크로아티아 독립국의 세르브인 집단학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srbi_u_NDH:_Broj_%C5%BErtava" title="Srbi u NDH: Broj žrtava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srbi u NDH: Broj žrtava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геноцид над Србите во Независна Држава Хрватска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Геноцид над Србите во Независна Држава Хрватска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludob%C3%B3jstwo_Serb%C3%B3w_w_Niepodleg%C5%82ym_Pa%C5%84stwie_Chorwackim" title="Ludobójstwo Serbów w Niepodległym Państwie Chorwackim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludobójstwo Serbów w Niepodległym Państwie Chorwackim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio_dos_s%C3%A9rvios_no_Estado_Independente_da_Cro%C3%A1cia" title="Genocídio dos sérvios no Estado Independente da Croácia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genocídio dos sérvios no Estado Independente da Croácia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbs_expelled_from_Croatia,_July_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Expelled Serbs marching out of town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Serbs_expelled_from_Croatia%2C_July_1941.jpg/137px-Serbs_expelled_from_Croatia%2C_July_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Serbs_expelled_from_Croatia%2C_July_1941.jpg/206px-Serbs_expelled_from_Croatia%2C_July_1941.jpg 1.5x, 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style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adolf Hitler meets Ante Pavelić" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg/146px-Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg/219px-Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg/292px-Adolf_Hitler_meets_Ante_Paveli%C4%87.1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ustasa_guard,_Jasenovac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Ustaše guard among the bodies of murdered prisoners" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Ustasa_guard%2C_Jasenovac.jpg/138px-Ustasa_guard%2C_Jasenovac.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Ustasa_guard%2C_Jasenovac.jpg/207px-Ustasa_guard%2C_Jasenovac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Ustasa_guard%2C_Jasenovac.jpg/276px-Ustasa_guard%2C_Jasenovac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1022" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Usta%C5%A1e_odvode_narod_posle_ofanzive_na_Kozaru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ustasha with civilian prisoners after the Kozara offensive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Usta%C5%A1e_odvode_narod_posle_ofanzive_na_Kozaru.jpg/110px-Usta%C5%A1e_odvode_narod_posle_ofanzive_na_Kozaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Usta%C5%A1e_odvode_narod_posle_ofanzive_na_Kozaru.jpg/165px-Usta%C5%A1e_odvode_narod_posle_ofanzive_na_Kozaru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Usta%C5%A1e_odvode_narod_posle_ofanzive_na_Kozaru.jpg/220px-Usta%C5%A1e_odvode_narod_posle_ofanzive_na_Kozaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="1502" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Logor_Gradina_used_by_Croat_Usta%C5%A1e_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Memorial Center in Gradina Donja" 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ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Expelled Serbs marching out of town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Flower_(sculpture)" title="Stone Flower (sculpture)">Stone Flower</a>, a monument in the <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac death camp</a></li> <li>An Ustaše guard among the bodies of murdered prisoners</li> <li>Memorial Center in <a href="/wiki/Gradina_Donja" title="Gradina Donja">Gradina Donja</a></li> <li>Ustasha with civilian prisoners after the <a href="/wiki/Kozara_Offensive" title="Kozara Offensive">Kozara Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> meets <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li><li>(<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Axis-occupied Yugoslavia</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> (largely <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Serbs of Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres">massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">Several estimates: <ul><li>217,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999158-1">[1]</a></li> <li>300,000–350,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006114-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker201518-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy201396-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200834-5">[5]</a></li> <li>200,000–500,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">Ethnic cleansing: <ul><li>~300,000 Serbs expelled</li> <li>>200,000 Serbs forcefully converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Anti-Serb sentiment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012206-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Croatian irredentism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorb2010a512-8">[8]</a> anti-<a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin20135-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatisation</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETouval2001105-10">[10]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/200px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/300px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/400px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li>In relation to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_genocide" title="Colonialism and genocide">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetrators,_victims,_and_bystanders" title="Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders">Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_genocide" title="Psychology of genocide">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Recognition politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_genocide" title="Risk factors for genocide">Risk factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_stages_of_genocide" title="Ten stages of genocide">Stages</a></li></ul></li> <li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Anti-Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">Studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Genocid nad Srbima u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj / Геноцид над Србима у Независној Држави Хрватској) was the systematic persecution and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">extermination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> committed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> regime in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi German">Nazi German</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">puppet state</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska / Независна Држава Хрватска, NDH) between 1941 and 1945. It was carried out through executions in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia">death camps</a>, as well as through <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">war rape</a>. This genocide was simultaneously carried out with <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">the Holocaust in the NDH</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Romani_people_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Romani people in the Independent State of Croatia">the genocide of Roma</a>, by combining <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policies</a> with the ultimate goal of creating an ethnically pure <a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a>. The ideological foundation of the Ustaše movement reaches back to the 19th century. Several <a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalists</a> and intellectuals established theories about Serbs as an <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">inferior race</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> legacy, as well as the opposition of a group of nationalists to the <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">unification</a> into a common state of <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>, influenced ethnic tensions in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> (since 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The <a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia#6_January_dictatorship" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">anti-Croat policies</a> of the Serb-dominated Yugoslav government in the 1920s and 1930s fueled the rise of nationalist and far-right movements. This culminated in the rise of the Ustaše, an <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultranationalist">ultranationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> organization, founded by <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a>. The movement was financially and ideologically supported by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, and it was also involved in the assassination of King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a> in April 1941, a German <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> known as the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established, comprising most of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> as well as parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, ruled by the Ustaše. The Ustaše's goal was to create an <a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">ethnically homogeneous</a> Greater Croatia by eliminating all non-<a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, with the Serbs being the primary target but <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> and political dissidents were also targeted for elimination. Large scale massacres were committed and concentration camps were built, the largest one was the <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac</a>, which was notorious for its high mortality rate and the barbaric practices which occurred in it. Furthermore, the NDH was the only Axis <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> to establish <a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Holocaust" title="Children in the Holocaust">concentration camps specifically for children</a>. The regime systematically murdered approximately 200,000 to 500,000 Serbs. 300,000 Serbs were further expelled and at least 200,000 more Serbs were forcibly converted, most of whom de-converted following the war. Proportional to the population, the NDH was one of the most lethal European regimes. <a href="/wiki/Mile_Budak" title="Mile Budak">Mile Budak</a> and other NDH high officials were <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">tried and convicted</a> of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">communist authorities</a>. Concentration camp <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_commandant" title="Nazi concentration camp commandant">commandants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ljubo_Milo%C5%A1" title="Ljubo Miloš">Ljubo Miloš</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Miroslav Filipović">Miroslav Filipović</a> were captured and executed, while <a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Stepinac" title="Aloysius Stepinac">Aloysius Stepinac</a> was found guilty of forced conversion. Many others <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II_aftermath)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratlines (World War II aftermath)">escaped</a>, including the supreme leader Ante Pavelić, most to <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. The genocide was not properly examined in the aftermath of the war, because the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">post-war Yugoslav government</a> did not encourage independent scholars out of concern that ethnic tensions would destabilize the new <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">communist</a> regime. Nowadays, оn <a href="/wiki/22_April" class="mw-redirect" title="22 April">22 April</a>, Serbia marks the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Serbia" title="Public holidays in Serbia">public holiday</a> dedicated to the victims of genocide and fascism, while Croatia holds an official commemoration at the Jasenovac Memorial Site. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2></div> The ideological foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> movement reaches back to the 19th century when <a href="/wiki/Ante_Star%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Ante Starčević">Ante Starčević</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Rights" title="Party of Rights">Party of Rights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> as well as when <a href="/wiki/Josip_Frank" title="Josip Frank">Josip Frank</a> seceded his extreme fraction from it and formed his own Pure Party of Rights.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Starčević was a major ideological influence on the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a> of the Ustaše.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2007207-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998281-14">[14]</a> He was an advocate of Croatian unity and independence and was both anti-<a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>, as Starčević saw the main Croatian enemy in the Habsburg Monarchy, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">anti-Serb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2007207-13">[13]</a> He envisioned the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a> that would include territories inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, considering Bosniaks and Serbs to be <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> who had been converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2007207-13">[13]</a> In his demonization of the Serbs he claimed "how the Serbs today are dangerous for their ideas and their racial composition, how a bent for conspiracies, revolutions and coups is in their blood."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Starčević called the Serbs an "unclean race", a "nomadic people" and "a race of slaves, the most loathsome beasts", while the co-founder of his party, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Kvaternik" title="Eugen Kvaternik">Eugen Kvaternik</a>, denied the existence of <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a>, seeing their political consciousness as a threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201297-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015265-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin201337-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a> cites Starčević as the "father of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>" and "ideological father" of the Ustaše, while some Ustaše ideologues have linked Starčević's racial ideas to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenrick200692-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin2013123-21">[21]</a> Frank's party embraced Starčević's position that Serbs were an obstacle to Croatian political and territorial ambitions, and the aggressive anti-Serb attitudes became one of the main characteristics of the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015167-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130–132-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2017-24">[24]</a> The followers of the ultranationalist Pure Party of Right were known as the <a href="/wiki/Frankists_(Croatia)" title="Frankists (Croatia)">Frankists</a> (Frankovci) and they would become the main pool of members of the subsequent Ustaše movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015265-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2017-24">[24]</a> Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungarian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">provisional state</a> was formed on the southern territories of the Empire which joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>-associate <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> (later known as Yugoslavia), ruled by the Serbian <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karađorđević dynasty">Karađorđević dynasty</a>. Historian John Paul Newman explained that the influence of the Frankists, as well as the legacy of World War I, had an impact on the Ustaše ideology and their future genocidal means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2017-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2014-26">[26]</a> Many war veterans had fought at various ranks and on various fronts on both the '<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">victorious</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">defeated</a>' sides of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2017-24">[24]</a> Serbia suffered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">the biggest casualty rate</a> in the world, while Croats fought in the Austro-Hungarian army and two of them served as military governors of <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Military_Administration_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial and Royal Military Administration in Serbia">occupied Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan2014310,_314-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2014-26">[26]</a> They both endorsed Austria–Hungary's denationalizing plans in Serb-populated lands and supported the idea of incorporating a tamed Serbia into the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2014-26">[26]</a> Newman stated that Austro-Hungarian officers' "unfaltering opposition to Yugoslavia provided a blueprint for the Croatian radical right, the Ustaše".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2014-26">[26]</a> The Frankists blamed <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalists</a> for the defeat of Austria-Hungary and opposed the creation of Yugoslavia, which was identified by them as a cover for <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2017-24">[24]</a> Мass Croatian national consciousness appeared after the establishment of a common state of South Slavs and it was directed against the new Kingdom, more precisely against Serbian predominance within it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgnyanova20003-28">[28]</a> Early 20th century Croatian intellectuals <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Pilar" title="Ivo Pilar">Ivo Pilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%86iro_Truhelka" title="Ćiro Truhelka">Ćiro Truhelka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan_%C5%A0ufflay" title="Milan Šufflay">Milan Šufflay</a> influenced the Ustaše concept of nation and racial identity, as well as the theory of Serbs as an inferior race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans20127-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130–131-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin2013124-31">[31]</a> Pilar, historian, politician and lawyer, placed great emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">racial determinism</a> arguing that Croats had been defined by the "<a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a>" racial and cultural heritage, while Serbs had "interbred" with the "Balkan-Romanic <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin201356–60-32">[32]</a> Truhelka, archeologist and historian, claimed that Bosnian Muslims were ethnic Croats, who, according to him, belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">racially superior</a> Nordic race. On the other hand, Serbs belonged to the "<a href="/wiki/Degeneration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneration theory">degenerate race</a>" of the Vlachs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin201352–53-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130–131-30">[30]</a> The Ustaše promoted the theories of historian and politician Šufflay, who is believed to have claimed that Croatia had been "one of the strongest ramparts of Western civilization for many centuries", which he claimed had been lost through its union with Serbia when the nation of Yugoslavia was formed in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006118-34">[34]</a> The outburst of Croatian nationalism after 1918 was one of the main threats for Yugoslavia's stability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgnyanova20003-28">[28]</a> During the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a>, lawyer, politician and one of the Frankists, emerged as a leading spokesman for Croatian independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008-19">[19]</a> In 1927, he secretly contacted <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, dictator of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and founder of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, and presented his <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> ideas to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan201439,_592-35">[35]</a> Pavelić proposed an independent Greater Croatia that should cover the entire historical and ethnic area of the Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan201439,_592-35">[35]</a> In that period, Mussolini was interested in Balkans with the aim of isolating Yugoslavia, by strengthening Italian influence on the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan2014591-36">[36]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Rory_Yeomans" title="Rory Yeomans">Rory Yeomans</a> claims that there are indication that Pavelić had been considering the formation of some kind of nationalist insurgency group as early as 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans20126-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ante_Paveli%C4%87_StAF_W_134_Nr._026020_Bild_1_(5-92156-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ante_Paveli%C4%87_StAF_W_134_Nr._026020_Bild_1_%285-92156-1%29.jpg/220px-Ante_Paveli%C4%87_StAF_W_134_Nr._026020_Bild_1_%285-92156-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ante_Paveli%C4%87_StAF_W_134_Nr._026020_Bild_1_%285-92156-1%29.jpg/330px-Ante_Paveli%C4%87_StAF_W_134_Nr._026020_Bild_1_%285-92156-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ante_Paveli%C4%87_StAF_W_134_Nr._026020_Bild_1_%285-92156-1%29.jpg/440px-Ante_Paveli%C4%87_StAF_W_134_Nr._026020_Bild_1_%285-92156-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Josip_Frank" title="Josip Frank">Frankists</a> and the leading spokesman for Croatian independence in interwar Yugoslavia, founded the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> movement</figcaption></figure> In June 1928, <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Radi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Radić">Stjepan Radić</a>, the leader of the largest and most popular Croatian party <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Peasant_Party" title="Croatian Peasant Party">Croatian Peasant Party</a> (Hrvatska seljačka stranka, HSS) was mortally wounded in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">parliamentary chamber</a> by <a href="/wiki/Puni%C5%A1a_Ra%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Puniša Račić">Puniša Račić</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Serb">Montenegrin Serb</a> leader, former <a href="/wiki/Chetnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetnik">Chetnik</a> member and deputy of the ruling Serb <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party" title="People's Radical Party">People's Radical Party</a>. Račić also shot two other HSS deputies dead and wounded two more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015300-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2017-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan2014586-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001404-40">[40]</a> The killings provoked violent student protests in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015300-38">[38]</a> Trying to suppress the conflict between Croatian and Serbian political parties, King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I</a> proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> with the aim of establishing the "integral <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a>" and a single <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslav nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015150,_300-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan2014573,_588-590-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The introduction of the royal dictatorship brought separatist forces to the fore, especially among the Croats and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan2014590-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgnyanova20003-28">[28]</a> The Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: Ustaša – Hrvatski revolucionarni pokret) emerged as the most extreme movement of these.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogel20048-45">[45]</a> The Ustaše was created in late 1929 or early 1930 among radical and militant student and youth groups, which existed from the late 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015300-38">[38]</a> Precisely, the movement was founded by journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Per%C4%8Dec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Perčec (page does not exist)">Gustav Perčec</a> and Ante Pavelić.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015300-38">[38]</a> They were driven by a deep hatred of Serbs and Serbdom and claimed that, "Croats and Serbs were separated by an unbridgeable cultural gulf" which prevented them from ever living alongside each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006118-34">[34]</a> Pavelić accused the Belgrade government of propagating "a barbarian culture and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Gypsy</a> civilization", claiming they were spreading "<a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and bestial mentality in divine Croatia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015150-46">[46]</a> Supporters of the Ustaše planned genocide years before World War II, for example one of Pavelić's main ideologues, <a href="/wiki/Mijo_Babi%C4%87" title="Mijo Babić">Mijo Babić</a>, wrote in 1932 that the Ustaše "will cleanse and cut whatever is rotten from the healthy body of the Croatian people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201152–53-47">[47]</a> In 1933, the Ustaše presented "The Seventeen Principles" that formed the official ideology of the movement. The Principles stated the uniqueness of the Croatian nation, promoted collective rights over individual rights and declared that people who were not Croat by "<a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">blood</a>" would be excluded from political life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2007208-49">[49]</a> In order to explain what they saw as a "terror machine", and regularly referred to as "some excesses" by individuals, the Ustaše cited, among other things, policies of the inter-war Yugoslav government which they described as Serbian <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> "that cost the lives of thousand Croats".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001402–404-50">[50]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Jozo Tomasevich</a> explains that that argument is not true, claiming that between December 1918 and April 1941 about 280 Croats were killed for political reasons, and that no specific motive for the killings could be identified, as they may also be linked to clashes during the agrarian reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001403-51">[51]</a> Moreover, he stated that Serbs too were denied civil and political rights during the royal dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001404-40">[40]</a> However, Tomasevich explains that the anti-Croatian policies of the Serbian-dominated Yugoslav government in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as, the shooting of the HSS deputies by Radić were largely responsible for the creation, growth and nature of Croatian nationalist forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001404-40">[40]</a> This culminated in the Ustaše movement and ultimately its anti-Serbian policies in World War II, which was totally out of proportions to earlier anti-Croatian measures, in nature and extent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001404-40">[40]</a> Yeomans explains that Ustaše officials constantly emphasized crimes against Croats by the Yugoslav government and security forces, although many of them were imagined, though some of them real, as justification for their envisioned eradication of the Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201216-52">[52]</a> Political scientist Tamara Pavasović Trošt, commenting on historiography and textbooks, listed the claims that terror against Serbs arose as a result of "their previous hegemony" as an example of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">relativisation</a> of Ustaše crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavasović_Trošt2018-53">[53]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Kallis" title="Aristotle Kallis">Aristotle Kallis</a> explained that anti-Serb prejudices were a "chimera" which emerged through living together in Yugoslavia with continuity with previous stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130-25">[25]</a> The Ustaše functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich200132-54">[54]</a> The first Ustaše center was established in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, where brisk anti-Yugoslav propaganda soon developed and agents were prepared for terrorist actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan2014592-55">[55]</a> They organized the so-called <a href="/wiki/Velebit_uprising" title="Velebit uprising">Velebit uprising</a> in 1932, assaulting a police station in the village of Brušani in <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015301-56">[56]</a> In 1934, the Ustaše cooperated with Bulgarian, Hungarian and Italian right-wing extremists to assassinate King Alexander while he visited the French city of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogel20048-45">[45]</a> Pavelić's fascist tendencies were apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008-19">[19]</a> The Ustaše movement was financially and ideologically supported by Benito Mussolini.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> During the intensification of ties with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in the 1930s, Pavelić's concept of the Croatian nation became increasingly race-oriented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015150-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008134-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2006-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_State_of_Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Yugoslavia_Ethnic_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Yugoslavia_Ethnic_1940.jpg/300px-Yugoslavia_Ethnic_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Yugoslavia_Ethnic_1940.jpg/450px-Yugoslavia_Ethnic_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Yugoslavia_Ethnic_1940.jpg/600px-Yugoslavia_Ethnic_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="2252" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kingdom of Yugoslavia's ethnic map 1940 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Montenegrin Serbs</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosnian Muslims</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danube_Swabians" title="Danube Swabians">Danube Swabians</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43_legend.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43_legend.png/300px-Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43_legend.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43_legend.png/450px-Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43_legend.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43_legend.png/600px-Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43_legend.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="1152" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Occupation and partition of Yugoslavia after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Axis invasion</a></div></div></div></div></div> In April 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invaded</a> by the Axis powers. After Nazi forces entered Zagreb on 10 April 1941, Pavelić's closest associate <a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Slavko Kvaternik</a>, proclaimed the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (NDH) on a Radio Zagreb broadcast. Meanwhile, Pavelić and several hundred Ustaše volunteers left their camps in Italy and travelled to Zagreb, where Pavelić declared a new government on 16 April 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2007?-60">[60]</a> He accorded himself the title of "<a href="/wiki/Poglavnik" title="Poglavnik">Poglavnik</a>" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Führer, English: Chief leader). The NDH combined most of modern Croatia, all of modern <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> into an "Italian-German quasi-protectorate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001272-61">[61]</a> Serbs made up about 30% of the NDH population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008239-62">[62]</a> The NDH was never fully sovereign, but it was a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> that enjoyed the greatest autonomy than any other regime in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2006-59">[59]</a> The Independent State of Croatia was declared to be on Croatian "ethnic and historical territory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001466-63">[63]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This country can only be a Croatian country, and there is no method we would hesitate to use in order to make it truly Croatian and cleanse it of Serbs, who have for centuries endangered us and who will endanger us again if they are given the opportunity.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Milovan Žanić, the minister of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Government of the Independent State of Croatia">NDH government</a>, on 2 May 1941.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Ustaše became obsessed with creating an <a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">ethnically pure state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201154-65">[65]</a> As outlined by Ustaše ministers <a href="/wiki/Mile_Budak" title="Mile Budak">Mile Budak</a>, Mirko Puk and Milovan Žanić, the strategy to achieve an ethnically pure Croatia was that:<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009158-159-67">[67]</a> <ol><li>One-third of the Serbs were to be killed</li> <li>One-third of the Serbs were to be expelled</li> <li>One-third of the Serbs were to be forcibly converted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li></ol> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Goldstein" title="Ivo Goldstein">Ivo Goldstein</a>, this formula was never published but it is undeniable that the Ustaše applied it towards Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdrianoCingolani2018190-68">[68]</a> The Ustaše movement received limited support from ordinary Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd201278-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201345-70">[70]</a> In May 1941, the Ustaše had about 100,000 members who took the oath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999134-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss-Wendt2010148-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss-Wendt2010148–149,_157-73">[73]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Vladko_Ma%C4%8Dek" title="Vladko Maček">Vladko Maček</a> reluctantly called on the supporters of the Croatian Peasant Party to respect and co-operate with the new regime of Ante Pavelić, he was able to use the apparatus of the party and most of the officials from the former <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Banovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Banovina">Croatian Banovina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan201432,_1065-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999133-75">[75]</a> Initially, Croatian soldiers who had previously served in the Austro-Hungarian army held the highest positions in the NDH armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001425-76">[76]</a> Historian Irina Ognyanova stated that the similarities between the NDH and the Third Reich included the assumption that terror and genocide were necessary for the preservation of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgnyanova200022-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Guti%C4%87" title="Viktor Gutić">Viktor Gutić</a> made several speeches in early summer 1941, calling Serbs "former enemies" and "unwanted elements" to be cleansed and destroyed, and also threatened Croats who did not support their cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201217-78">[78]</a> Much of the ideology of the Ustaše was based on Nazi racial theory. Like the Nazis, the Ustaše deemed Jews, Romani, and Slavs to be sub-humans (<a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a>). They endorsed the claims from German racial theorists that Croats were not Slavs but a Germanic race. Their genocides against Serbs, Jews, and Romani were thus expressions of <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2007207–208,_210,_226-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> supported Pavelić in order to punish the Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2007212-80">[80]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phayer" title="Michael Phayer">Michael Phayer</a> explained that the Nazis' decision <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">to kill all of Europe's Jews</a> is estimated by some to have begun in the latter half of 1941 in late June which, if correct, would mean that the genocide in Croatia began before the Nazi killing of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhayer200031-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Steinberg_(historian)" title="Jonathan Steinberg (historian)">Jonathan Steinberg</a> stated that the crimes against Serbs in the NDH were the "earliest total genocide to be attempted during the World War II".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhayer200031-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrija_Artukovi%C4%87" title="Andrija Artuković">Andrija Artuković</a>, the Minister of Interior of the Independent State of Croatia, signed into law a number of racial laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbier2017169-82">[82]</a> On 30 April 1941, the government adopted "the legal order of races" and "the legal order of the protection of Atyan blood and the honor of Croatian people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbier2017169-82">[82]</a> Croats and about 750,000 Bosnian Muslims, whose support was needed against the Serbs, were proclaimed Aryans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenrick200692-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Donald Bloxham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerwarth" title="Robert Gerwarth">Robert Gerwarth</a> concluded that Serbs were primary target of racial laws and murders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxhamGerwarth2011111-83">[83]</a> The Ustaše introduced the laws to strip Serbs of their citizenship, livelihoods, and possessions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> Similar to Jews in the Third Reich, Serbs were forced to wear armbands bearing the letter "P", for Pravoslavac (Orthodox).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008-19">[19]</a> (Likewise, Jews were forced to wear the armband with the letter "Ž", fort Židov (Jew).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick201472-84">[84]</a> Ustaše writers adopted <a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">dehumanizing</a> rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015132-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201351-86">[86]</a> In 1941, the usage of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> was banned,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006312-87">[87]</a> and in June 1941 began the elimination of "Eastern" (Serbian) words from Croatian, as well as the shutting down of Serbian schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201161-88">[88]</a> Ante Pavelić ordered, through the "Croatian state office for language", the creation of new words from old roots, and purged many Serbian words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2007228-89">[89]</a> Whereas the Ustaše persecution of Jews and Roma was systematic and represented an implementation of Nazi policies, their persecution of Serbs was rooted in a stronger "home grown" form of hatred, implemented with more variance due to the larger Serb population found across rural areas. This was done despite the fact it would degrade support for the regime, fueled Serb rebellion and jeopardized the stability of the NDH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford202010-90">[90]</a> The level of violence enacted against Serb communities often depended more on the intercommunal relations and inclinations of the respective local Ustaše warlords than a well-structured policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford202010-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concentration_and_extermination_camps">Concentration and extermination camps</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac concentration camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia">Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srbosjek_(knife)_used_in_Croatia_-_1941%E2%80%931945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Srbosjek_%28knife%29_used_in_Croatia_-_1941%E2%80%931945.jpg/220px-Srbosjek_%28knife%29_used_in_Croatia_-_1941%E2%80%931945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Srbosjek_%28knife%29_used_in_Croatia_-_1941%E2%80%931945.jpg/330px-Srbosjek_%28knife%29_used_in_Croatia_-_1941%E2%80%931945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Srbosjek_%28knife%29_used_in_Croatia_-_1941%E2%80%931945.jpg/440px-Srbosjek_%28knife%29_used_in_Croatia_-_1941%E2%80%931945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Srbosjek" class="mw-redirect" title="Srbosjek">Srbosjek</a> ("Serb cutter"), an agricultural knife worn over the hand that was used by the Ustaše for the quick slaughter of inmates.</figcaption></figure> The Ustaše set up temporary concentration camps in the spring of 1941 and laid the groundwork for a network of permanent camps in autumn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218-6">[6]</a> The creation of concentration camps and extermination campaign of Serbs had been planned by the Ustaše leadership long before 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201216-52">[52]</a> In Ustaše state exhibits in Zagreb, the camps were portrayed as productive and "peaceful work camps", with photographs of smiling inmates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans20122-91">[91]</a> Serbs, Jews and Romani were arrested and sent to concentration camps such as <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stara_Gradi%C5%A1ka_concentration_camp" title="Stara Gradiška concentration camp">Stara Gradiška</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87_concentration_camp" title="Gospić concentration camp">Gospić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jadovno_concentration_camp" title="Jadovno concentration camp">Jadovno</a>. There were 22–26 camps in NDH in total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201169-92">[92]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Jozo Tomasevich</a> described that the Jadovno concentration camp itself acted as a "way station" en route to pits located on Mount <a href="/wiki/Velebit" title="Velebit">Velebit</a>, where inmates were executed and dumped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001726-93">[93]</a> Approximately 90,000 of the Serb victims of genocide perished in concentration camps; the rest were killed in "direct terror", i.e. <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">Punitive expeditions</a> and razing of villages, pogroms, massacres and sporadic executions which mainly occurred between 1941 and 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford202010-90">[90]</a> The largest and most notorious camp was the Jasenovac-Stara Gradiška complex,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218-6">[6]</a> the largest extermination camp in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> An estimated 100,000 inmates perished there, most Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-Yeomans_2015_3-95">[95]</a> Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić, the commander-in-chief of all the Croatian camps, announced the great "efficiency" of the Jasenovac camp at a ceremony on 9 October 1942, and also boasted: "We have slaughtered here at Jasenovac more people than the Ottoman Empire was able to do during its occupation of Europe."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis1961132-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corpses_in_the_Sava_river,_Sisak_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corpses_in_the_Sava_river%2C_Sisak_1945.jpg/220px-Corpses_in_the_Sava_river%2C_Sisak_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corpses_in_the_Sava_river%2C_Sisak_1945.jpg/330px-Corpses_in_the_Sava_river%2C_Sisak_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corpses_in_the_Sava_river%2C_Sisak_1945.jpg/440px-Corpses_in_the_Sava_river%2C_Sisak_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Bodies of the <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac camp</a> prisoners in the Sava River</figcaption></figure> Bounded by rivers and two barbed-wire fences making escape unlikely, the Jasenovac camp was divided into five camps, the first two closed in December 1941, while the rest were active until the end of the war. Stara Gradiška (Jasenovac V) held women and children. The Ciglana (brickyards, Jasenovac III) camp, the main killing ground and essentially a death camp, had 88% mortality rate, higher than <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>'s 84.6%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201170-97">[97]</a> A former brickyard, a furnace was engineered into a crematorium, with witness testimony of some, including children, being <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burnt alive</a> and stench of human flesh spreading in the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201170–71-98">[98]</a> Luburić had a gas chamber built at Jasenovac V, where a considerable number of inmates were killed during a three-month experiment with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a>, but this method was abandoned due to poor construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201171-99">[99]</a> Still, that method was unnecessary, as most inmates perished from starvation, disease (especially <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>), assaults with mallets, maces, axes, poison and knives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201171-99">[99]</a> The srbosjek ("Serb-cutter") was a glove with an attached curved blade designed to cut throats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201171-99">[99]</a> Large groups of people were regularly executed upon arrival outside camps and thrown into the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201171-99">[99]</a> Unlike German-run camps, Jasenovac specialized in brutal one-on-one violence, such as guards attacking barracks with weapons and throwing the bodies in the trenches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201171-99">[99]</a> Some historians use a sentence from German sources: "Even German officers and <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> men lost their cool when they saw (Ustaše) ways and methods."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss_Wendt2010147-100">[100]</a> The infamous camp commander <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Miroslav Filipović">Filipović</a>, dubbed fra Sotona ("brother Satan") and the "personification of evil", on one occasion drowned Serb women and children by flooding a cellar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201171-99">[99]</a> Filipović and other camp commanders (such as <a href="/wiki/Dinko_%C5%A0aki%C4%87" title="Dinko Šakić">Dinko Šakić</a> and his wife Nada Šakić, the sister of Maks Luburić), used ingenious torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201171-99">[99]</a> There were throat-cutting contests of Serbs, in which prison guards made bets among themselves as to who could slaughter the most inmates. It was reported that guard and former Franciscan priest <a href="/wiki/Petar_Brzica" title="Petar Brzica">Petar Brzica</a> won a contest on 29 August 1942 after cutting the throats of 1,360 inmates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELituchy2006117-101">[101]</a> Inmates were tied and hit over the head with mallets and half-alive hung in groups by the Granik ramp crane, their intestines and necks slashed, then dropped into the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulajić2002231-102">[102]</a> When the Partisans and Allies closed in at the end of the war, the Ustaše began mass liquidations at Jasenovac, marching women and children to death, and shooting most of the remaining male inmates, then torched buildings and documents before fleeing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201172-103">[103]</a> Many prisoners were victims of <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">sexual mutilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">disembowelment</a>, while induced <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> amongst the inmates also took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindleyMakara2005149-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009160-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2014-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELituchy2006220-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simon_Wiesenthal-108">[108]</a> Some survivors testified about <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy#Human_hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">drinking blood</a> from the slashed throats of the victims and <a href="/wiki/Soap_made_from_human_corpses" title="Soap made from human corpses">soap making from human corpses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindleyMakara200542,_393-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2014-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simon_Wiesenthal-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grobnica_djece_sa_Kozare_Mirogoj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Grobnica_djece_sa_Kozare_Mirogoj.jpg/220px-Grobnica_djece_sa_Kozare_Mirogoj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Grobnica_djece_sa_Kozare_Mirogoj.jpg/330px-Grobnica_djece_sa_Kozare_Mirogoj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Grobnica_djece_sa_Kozare_Mirogoj.jpg/440px-Grobnica_djece_sa_Kozare_Mirogoj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Monument at the <a href="/wiki/Mirogoj_Cemetery" title="Mirogoj Cemetery">Mirogoj Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> dedicated to the children from <a href="/wiki/Kozara" title="Kozara">Kozara</a> who died in Ustaše concentration camps</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_concentration_camps">Children's concentration camps</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Holocaust" title="Children in the Holocaust">Children in the Holocaust</a></div> The Independent State of Croatia was the only Axis satellite to have erected camps specifically for children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218-6">[6]</a> Special camps for children were those at <a href="/wiki/Sisak_children%27s_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisak children's concentration camp">Sisak</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90akovo_internment_camp" title="Đakovo internment camp">Đakovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jastrebarsko_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jastrebarsko concentration camp">Jastrebarsko</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulajić20027-111">[111]</a> while Stara Gradiška held thousands of children and women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201170-97">[97]</a> Historian Tomislav Dulić explained that the systematic murder of infants and children, who could not pose a threat to the state, serves as one important illustration of the genocidal character of Ustaša mass killing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulić2006-112">[112]</a> The Holocaust and genocide survivors, including <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEo_%C5%A0varc" title="Božo Švarc">Božo Švarc</a>, testified that Ustaše tore off the children's hands, as well as, "apply a liquid to children's mouths with brushes", which caused the children to scream and later die.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> The Sisak camp commander, aphysician <a href="/wiki/Antun_Naj%C5%BEer" title="Antun Najžer">Antun Najžer</a>, was dubbed the "Croatian <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Mengele</a>" by survivors.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diana_Budisavljevi%C4%87" title="Diana Budisavljević">Diana Budisavljević</a>, a humanitarian of Austrian descent, carried out rescue operations and saved more than 15,000 children from Ustaše camps.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_concentration_and_death_camps">List of concentration and death camps</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac</a> (I–IV) — around 100,000 inmates perished there, at least 52,000 Serbs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Gradi%C5%A1ka_concentration_camp" title="Stara Gradiška concentration camp">Stara Gradiška</a> (Jasenovac V) — more than 12,000 inmates lost their lives, mostly Serbs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87_concentration_camp" title="Gospić concentration camp">Gospić</a> — between 24,000 and 42,000 inmates died, predominantly Serbs</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_in_Stara_Gradiska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Children_in_Stara_Gradiska.jpg/220px-Children_in_Stara_Gradiska.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Children_in_Stara_Gradiska.jpg/330px-Children_in_Stara_Gradiska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Children_in_Stara_Gradiska.jpg/440px-Children_in_Stara_Gradiska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stara_Gradi%C5%A1ka_concentration_camp" title="Stara Gradiška concentration camp">Stara Gradiška concentration camp</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadovno_concentration_camp" title="Jadovno concentration camp">Jadovno</a> — between 15,000 and 48,000 Serbs and Jews perished there</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slana_concentration_camp" title="Slana concentration camp">Slana and Metajna</a> — between 4,000 and 12,000 Serbs, Jews and communists died</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisak_children%27s_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisak children's concentration camp">Sisak</a> — 6,693 children passed through the camp, mostly Serbs, between 1,152 and 1,630 died</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danica_concentration_camp" title="Danica concentration camp">Danica</a> — around 5,000, mostly Serbs, were transported to the camp, some of them were executed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrebarsko_children%27s_camp" title="Jastrebarsko children's camp">Jastrebarsko</a> — 3,336 Serb children passing through the camp, between 449 and 1,500 died</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1%C4%8Dica_concentration_camp" title="Kruščica concentration camp">Kruščica</a> — around 5,000 Jews and Serbs were interred at the camp, while 3,000 lost their lives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90akovo_internment_camp" title="Đakovo internment camp">Đakovo</a> — 3,800 Jewish and Serb women and children were interred at the camp, at least 569 died</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobor_concentration_camp" title="Lobor concentration camp">Lobor</a> — more than 2,000 Jewish and Serb women and children were interred, at least 200 died</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerestinec_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerestinec camp">Kerestinec</a> — 111 Serbs, Jews and communists were captured, 85 were killed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajmi%C5%A1te_concentration_camp" title="Sajmište concentration camp">Sajmište</a> — the camp at the NDH territory operated by the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> and since May 1944 by Ustaše; between 20,000 and 23,000 Serbs, Jews, Roma and anti-fascists died here</li> <li>Hrvatska Mitrovica — the concentration camp in <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massacres">Massacres</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_executions_and_massacres_in_Yugoslavia_during_World_War_II" title="List of mass executions and massacres in Yugoslavia during World War II">List of mass executions and massacres in Yugoslavia during World War II</a></div> A large number of massacres were committed by the NDH armed forces, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Home_Guard_(World_War_II)" title="Croatian Home Guard (World War II)">Croatian Home Guard</a> (Domobrani) and <a href="/wiki/Ustashe_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustashe Militia">Ustaše Militia</a>. The Ustaše Militia was organised in 1941 into five (later 15) 700-man battalions, two railway security battalions and the elite Black Legion and Poglavnik Bodyguard Battalion (later Brigade). They were predominantly recruited among the uneducated population and working class. Besides ethnic Croats, the militia also contained Muslims where they accounted for an estimated 30% of the membership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKisić_Kolanović2001286-116">[116]</a> Violence against Serbs began in April 1941 and was initially limited in scope, primarily targeting Serb <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>. By July however, the violence became "indiscriminate, widespread and systematic". Massacres of Serbs were focused in mixed areas with large Serb populations for necessity and efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-Biondich-117">[117]</a> In the summer of 1941, Ustaše militias and death squads burnt villages and killed thousands of civilian Serbs in the country-side in sadistic ways with various weapons and tools. Men, women, children were hacked to death, thrown alive into pits and down ravines, or set on fire in churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201217-78">[78]</a> Hardly ever were firearms used, more commonly, knived axes and such were utilized. Serb victims were dismembered, their ears and tongues cut off and eyes gouged out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick201480-118">[118]</a> Some Serb villages near Srebrenica and Ozren were wholly massacred while children were found impaled by stakes in villages between Vlasenica and Kladanj.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis1961104-119">[119]</a> The Ustaše cruelty and sadism shocked even Nazi commanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2012vii-120">[120]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Geheime_Staatspolizei" class="mw-redirect" title="Geheime Staatspolizei">Gestapo</a> report to Reichsführer SS <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, dated 17 February 1942, stated:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Increased activity of the bands [of rebels] is chiefly due to atrocities carried out by Ustaše units in Croatia against the Orthodox population. The Ustaše committed their deeds in a bestial manner not only against males of conscript age, but especially against helpless old people, women and children. The number of the Orthodox that the Croats have massacred and sadistically tortured to death is about three hundred thousand.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></blockquote> The Ustaše's preference for <a href="/wiki/Cold_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold weapons">cold weapons</a> in carrying out their deeds was partly a result of the shortage of ammunition and firearms in the early course of the war, but also demonstrated the importance the regime placed on the cult of violence and personal slaughter, in particular through the usage of the knife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford202010-11-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">Charles King</a> emphasized that concentration camps are losing their central place in Holocaust and genocide research because a large proportion of victims perished in mass executions, ravines and pits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012-123">[123]</a> He explained that the actions of the German allies, including the Croatian one, and the town- and village-level elimination of minorities also played a significant role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Croatia">Central Croatia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudovac_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gudovac_massacre.jpg/220px-Gudovac_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gudovac_massacre.jpg/330px-Gudovac_massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gudovac_massacre.jpg/440px-Gudovac_massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Bodies of victims of the <a href="/wiki/Gudovac_massacre" title="Gudovac massacre">Gudovac massacre</a></figcaption></figure> On 28 April 1941, approximately 184–196 Serbs from <a href="/wiki/Bjelovar" title="Bjelovar">Bjelovar</a> were <a href="/wiki/Gudovac_massacre" title="Gudovac massacre">summarily executed</a>, after arrest orders by Kvaternik. It was the first act of mass murder committed by the Ustaše upon coming to power, and presaged the wider campaign of genocide against Serbs in the NDH that lasted until the end of the war. A few days following the massacre of Bjelovar Serbs, the Ustaše rounded up 331 Serbs in the village of Otočac. The victims were forced to dig their own graves before being hacked to death with axes. Among the victims was the local Orthodox priest and his son. The former was made to recite prayers for the dying as his son was killed. The priest was then tortured, his hair and beard was pulled out, eyes gouged out before he was skinned alive.<a href="#cite_note-Cornwell-124">[124]</a> On 24–25 July 1941, the Ustaše militia captured the village of Banski Grabovac in the <a href="/wiki/Banovina_(region)" title="Banovina (region)">Banija</a> region and murdered the entire Serb population of 1,100 peasants. On 24 July, over 800 Serb civilians were killed in the village of Vlahović.<a href="#cite_note-Biondich-117">[117]</a> Between 29 June and 7 July 1941, 280 Serbs were killed and thrown into pits near <a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_Kostajnica" title="Hrvatska Kostajnica">Kostajnica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatezalo2005228-125">[125]</a> Large scale massacres took place in <a href="/wiki/Staro_Selo_Topusko" title="Staro Selo Topusko">Staro Selo Topusko</a>, including in the village of <a href="/wiki/Pecka,_Sisak-Moslavina_County" title="Pecka, Sisak-Moslavina County">Pecka</a> with 250 victims,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatezalo2005132–136-126">[126]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perna,Topusko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perna,Topusko (page does not exist)">Perna</a> where 427 old men and children were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Scotti-127">[127]</a> A large number were also killed in <a href="/wiki/Voji%C5%A1nica" title="Vojišnica">Vojišnica</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatezalo200579-128">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gvozd" title="Gvozd">Vrginmost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulajić1988–1989254-129">[129]</a> About 60% of <a href="/wiki/Sadilovac" title="Sadilovac">Sadilovac</a> residents lost their lives during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatezalo2005186-130">[130]</a> More than 400 Serbs were killed in their homes, including 185 children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatezalo2005186-130">[130]</a> On 17 April 1942, 99 Serbs were burned alive in the village of <a href="/wiki/Kolari%C4%87" title="Kolarić">Kolarić</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Vojni%C4%87" title="Vojnić">Vojnić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulajić1988–1989564-131">[131]</a> A total of 3,849 inhabitants of the town of Vojnić were massacred during the war, out of a total of approximately 5000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Scotti-127">[127]</a> That same month, a total of 759 women, children and elderly Serbs were massacred near the village of <a href="/wiki/Krstinja" title="Krstinja">Krstinja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scotti-127">[127]</a> On 31 July 1942, in the Sadilovac church the Ustaše under Milan Mesić's command massacred more than 580 inhabitants of the surrounding villages, including about 270 children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatezalo2005186–187-132">[132]</a> At various dates, 2,019 primarily women and children were killed in the village of <a href="/wiki/Rakovica,_Croatia" title="Rakovica, Croatia">Rakovica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scotti-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glina">Glina</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glina_massacres" title="Glina massacres">Glina massacres</a></div> On 11 or 12 May 1941, 260–300 Serbs were herded into an Orthodox church and shot, after which it was set on fire. The idea for this massacre reportedly came from Mirko Puk, who was the Minister of Justice for the NDH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013127-133">[133]</a> On 10 May, Ivica Šarić, a specialist for such operations traveled to the town of <a href="/wiki/Glina,_Croatia" title="Glina, Croatia">Glina</a> to meet with local Ustaše leadership where they drew up a list of names of all the Serbs between sixteen and sixty years of age to be arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013128-134">[134]</a> After much discussion, they decided that all of the arrested should be killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013129-135">[135]</a> Many of the town's Serbs heard rumors that something bad was in store for them but the vast majority did not flee. On the night of 11 May, mass arrests of male Serbs over the age of sixteen began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013129-135">[135]</a> The Ustaše then herded the group into an Orthodox Church and demanded that they be given documents proving the Serbs had all converted to Catholicism. Serbs who did not possess conversion certificates were locked inside and massacred.<a href="#cite_note-Cornwell-124">[124]</a> The church was then set on fire, leaving the bodies to burn as Ustaše stood outside to shoot any survivors attempting to escape the flames.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> A similar massacre of Serbs occurred on 30 July 1941. 700 Serbs were gathered into a church under the premise that they would be converted. Victims were killed by having their throats cut or by having their heads smashed in with rifle butts. Between 500 and 2000 other Serbs were later massacred in neighbouring villages by <a href="/wiki/Maks_Luburi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Maks Luburić">Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić</a>'s forces, continuing until 3 August. In these massacres specifically males 16 years and older were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Locke_&_Littell-137">[137]</a> Only one of the victims, Ljubo Jednak, survived by playing dead. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lika">Lika</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ku%C4%87a_Save_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87a_395.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ku%C4%87a_Save_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87a_395.jpg/220px-Ku%C4%87a_Save_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87a_395.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ku%C4%87a_Save_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87a_395.jpg/330px-Ku%C4%87a_Save_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87a_395.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ku%C4%87a_Save_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87a_395.jpg/440px-Ku%C4%87a_Save_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87a_395.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sava_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87" title="Sava Šumanović">Sava Šumanović</a>'s house in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0id" title="Šid">Šid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a>, who was tortured and killed together with 150 fellow citizens</figcaption></figure> The district of <a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87" title="Gospić">Gospić</a> experienced the first large-scale massacres which occurred in the Lika region, as some 3,000 Serb civilians were killed between late July and early August 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Biondich-117">[117]</a> Ustaše officials reported an emerging <a href="/wiki/Srb_uprising" title="Srb uprising">Serb rebellion</a> due to massacres. In late July 1941, a detachment of the Croatian military in Gospić noted that the local insurgents were Serb peasants who had fled to the woods "purely as a reaction to the cleansing [operations] against them by our Ustaša formations". Following a sabotage of railway tracks in the district of Vojnić that was attributed to local communists on 27 July 1941, the Ustaše began a "cleansing" operation of indiscriminate pillage and killing of civilians, including the elderly and children.<a href="#cite_note-Biondich-117">[117]</a> On 6 August 1941, the Ustaše killed and burned more than 280 villagers in <a href="/wiki/Mlakva,_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlakva, Croatia">Mlakva</a>, including 191 children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatezalo2005286-138">[138]</a> Between June and August 1941, about 890 Serbs from <a href="/wiki/Li%C4%8Dko_Petrovo_Selo" title="Ličko Petrovo Selo">Ličko Petrovo Selo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melinovac" title="Melinovac">Melinovac</a> were killed and thrown in the so-called Delić pit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatezalo2005304-139">[139]</a> During the war, the Ustaše massacred more than 900 Serbs in <a href="/wiki/Divoselo" title="Divoselo">Divoselo</a>, more than 500 in <a href="/wiki/Smiljan,_Croatia" title="Smiljan, Croatia">Smiljan</a>, as well as more than 400 in Široka Kula near Gospić.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatezalo1989180-140">[140]</a> On 2 August 1941, the Ustaše trapped about 120 children and women and 50 men who tried to escape from Divoselo. After a few days of imprisonment, where women were raped, they were stabbed in groups and thrown into the pits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrone2017-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavonia">Slavonia</h3></div> On 21 December 1941, approximately 880 Serbs from <a href="/wiki/Dugo_Selo_Lasinjsko" title="Dugo Selo Lasinjsko">Dugo Selo Lasinjsko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prkos_Lasinjski" title="Prkos Lasinjski">Prkos Lasinjski</a> were killed in the Brezje forest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZatezalo2005126-142">[142]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Old_New_Year#In_Serbia" title="Old New Year">Serbian New Year</a>, 14 January 1942, <a href="/wiki/Vo%C4%87in_massacre_(1942)" title="Voćin massacre (1942)">the biggest slaughter of the civilians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a> started. Villages were burned, and about 350 people were deported to <a href="/wiki/Vo%C4%87in" title="Voćin">Voćin</a> and executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠkiljan2010-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrmia">Syrmia</h3></div> In August 1942, following the joint military anti-partisan operation in the <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a> by the Ustaše and German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, it turned into a massacre by the Ustaše militia that left up to 7,000 Serbs dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorb2010b-144">[144]</a> Among those killed was the prominent painter <a href="/wiki/Sava_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87" title="Sava Šumanović">Sava Šumanović</a>, who was arrested along with 150 residents of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0id" title="Šid">Šid</a>, and then tortured by having his arms cut off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreif2018437-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnian_Krajina">Bosnian Krajina</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Revolution_(Kozara)" title="Monument to the Revolution (Kozara)">Monument to the Revolution</a>, dedicated to the 2,500 fighters and 68,500 predominantly Serb civilians killed or deported to the concentration camps during the <a href="/wiki/Kozara_Offensive" title="Kozara Offensive">Kozara Offensive</a></figcaption></figure> In August 1941 on the Eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah's holy day</a>, who is the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Bosnia and Herzegovina, between 2,800 and 5,500 Serbs from <a href="/wiki/Sanski_Most" title="Sanski Most">Sanski Most</a> and the surrounding area were killed and thrown into pits which had been dug by victims themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201175-76-146">[146]</a> During the war, the NDH armed forces killed over 7,000 Serbs in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Dubica,_Bosnia-Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubica, Bosnia-Herzegovina">Kozarska Dubica</a>, while the municipality lost more than half of its pre-war population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvetković2009124–128-147">[147]</a> The biggest massacre was committed by the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Home_Guard_(World_War_II)" title="Croatian Home Guard (World War II)">Croatian Home Guard</a> in January 1942, when the village <a href="/wiki/Drakseni%C4%87" title="Draksenić">Draksenić</a> was burned and more than 200 were people killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarić2019-148">[148]</a> In February 1942, the Ustaše under <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Miroslav Filipović">Miroslav Filipović</a>'s command <a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka_massacre" title="Banja Luka massacre">massacred 2,300 adults and 550 children</a> in Serb-populated villages <a href="/wiki/Drakuli%C4%87,_Banja_Luka" title="Drakulić, Banja Luka">Drakulić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motike,_Banja_Luka" title="Motike, Banja Luka">Motike</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0argovac" title="Šargovac">Šargovac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindleyMakara2005362-149">[149]</a> The children were chosen as the first victims and their body parts were cut off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindleyMakara2005362-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garavice">Garavice</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Garavice" title="Garavice">Garavice</a></div> From July to September 1941, thousands of Serbs were massacred along with some Jews and Roma victims at <a href="/wiki/Garavice" title="Garavice">Garavice</a>, an extermination location near <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a>. On the night of 17 June 1941, Ustaše began the mass killing of previously captured Serbs, who were brought by trucks from the surrounding towns to Garavice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergholz201276–77-150">[150]</a> The bodies of the victims were thrown into <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass graves</a>. A large amount of blood contaminated the local water supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergholz201276-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</h3></div> On 9 May 1941, approximately 400 Serbs were rounded up from several villages and <a href="/wiki/Blagaj_massacre" title="Blagaj massacre">executed</a> in a pit behind a school in the village of <a href="/wiki/Blagaj,_Croatia" title="Blagaj, Croatia">Blagaj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013120-152">[152]</a> On 31 May, between 120 and 270 Serbs were rounded up near <a href="/wiki/Trebinje" title="Trebinje">Trebinje</a> and executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201165-153">[153]</a> On 2 June 1941, Ustaše authorities led by Herman Tongl in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Gacko" title="Gacko">Gacko</a> issued an order to the Serb inhabitants of the villages of <a href="/wiki/Korita,_Bile%C4%87a" title="Korita, Bileća">Korita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zagradci,_Gacko" title="Zagradci, Gacko">Zagradci</a> demanding that all males above the age of fifteen report to a building in the village of <a href="/wiki/Stepen" title="Stepen">Stepen</a>. Once there, they were imprisoned for two days and on 4 June, the prisoners who numbered about 170 were tied together in groups of two or three, loaded onto a lorry and driven to the Golubnjača limestone pit near <a href="/wiki/Kobilja_Glava" title="Kobilja Glava">Kobilja Glava</a> where they were shot, beaten with poles, cudgels, axes and picks and thrown into the pit.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> On June 22, under the ruse that Serbs were planning to launch an offensive prior to the <a href="/wiki/Vidovdan" title="Vidovdan">Vidovdan</a> holiday, Tongl enlisted locals to massacre Serb farmers in four districts. The victims included women who were raped as well as children; some were thrown into pits while others were taken near the <a href="/wiki/Neretva" title="Neretva">Neretva</a> river and executed there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201166-155">[155]</a> On June 23, 80 people from three villages near Gacko were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Bergholz-156">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jama_Pandurica_P1015031mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Jama_Pandurica_P1015031mod.jpg/220px-Jama_Pandurica_P1015031mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Jama_Pandurica_P1015031mod.jpg/330px-Jama_Pandurica_P1015031mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Jama_Pandurica_P1015031mod.jpg/440px-Jama_Pandurica_P1015031mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>Pandurica pit near <a href="/wiki/Ljubinje" title="Ljubinje">Ljubinje</a></figcaption></figure> On 2 June 1941, the Ustaše killed 140 peasants near the town of <a href="/wiki/Ljubinje" title="Ljubinje">Ljubinje</a> and on 23 June killed an additional 160. In the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Stolac" title="Stolac">Stolac</a>, nearly 260 were killed during the course of two days.<a href="#cite_note-Bergholz-156">[156]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Livanjsko_Polje" title="Livanjsko Polje">Livno Field</a> area, the Ustaše killed over 1,200 Serbs including 370 children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulajić1992b56-157">[157]</a> In the Koprivnica Forest near <a href="/wiki/Livno" title="Livno">Livno</a>, around 300 citizen were tortured and killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulajić1992b56-157">[157]</a> About 300 children, women and the elderly were killed and thrown into the Ravni Dolac pit in <a href="/wiki/Donji_Rujani" title="Donji Rujani">Donji Rujani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulajić1988–1989683-158">[158]</a> From 4–6 August 1941, <a href="/wiki/Prebilovci_massacre" title="Prebilovci massacre">650 women and children killed</a> by being thrown into the Golubinka pit near <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0urmanci" title="Šurmanci">Šurmanci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreerMoberg2001142-159">[159]</a> Also, <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">hand grenades</a> were thrown at dead bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreerMoberg2001142-159">[159]</a> Some 4000 Serbs were later massacred in neighbouring places during that summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drina_Valley">Drina Valley</h3></div> Some 70-200 Serbs <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1i%C4%87a_Gaj_massacres" title="Rašića Gaj massacres">massacred</a> by Muslim Ustaše forces in Rašića Gaj, <a href="/wiki/Vlasenica" title="Vlasenica">Vlasenica</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 22 June and 20 July 1941, after raping women and girls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2006202–203-160">[160]</a> Many Serbs were executed by Ustaše along the <a href="/wiki/Podrinje" title="Podrinje">Drina Valley</a> for a months, especially near <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Višegrad">Višegrad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Jure Francetić</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a> killed thousands of defenceless Bosnian Serb civilians and threw their bodies into the Drina river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2011194-161">[161]</a> In 1942, about 6,000 Serbs were killed in Stari Brod near <a href="/wiki/Rogatica" title="Rogatica">Rogatica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87i,_Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Miloševići, Višegrad">Miloševići</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokol2014-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stari_Brod-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</h3></div> During the summer of 1941, Ustaše militia periodically interned and executed groups of <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Sarajevo" title="Serbs in Sarajevo">Sarajevo Serbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalić2009-164">[164]</a> In August 1941, they arrested about one hundred Serbs suspected of ties to the resistance armies, mostly church officials and members of the intelligentsia, and executed them or deported them to concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalić2009-164">[164]</a> The Ustaše killed at least 323 people in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Luburi%C4%87" title="Villa Luburić">Villa Luburić</a>, a slaughter house and place for torturing and imprisoning Serbs, Jews and political dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201524-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expulsion_and_ethnic_cleansing">Expulsion and ethnic cleansing</h2></div> Expulsions was one of the pillar of the Ustaše plan to create a pure Croat state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> The first to be forced to leave were war veterans from World War I <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a> who lived in Slavonia and Syrmia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠkiljan2012-166">[166]</a> By mid-1941, 5,000 Serbs had been expelled to <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">German-occupied Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> The general plan was to have prominent people deported first, so their property could be nationalized and the remaining Serbs could then be more easily manipulated. By the end of September 1941, about half of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> clergy, 335 priests, had been expelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001394-167">[167]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The <a href="/wiki/Drina" title="Drina">Drina</a> is the border between the East and West. God's Providence placed us to defend our border, which our allies are well aware and value, because for centuries we have proven that we are good frontiersmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mile_Budak" title="Mile Budak">Mile Budak</a>, the minister of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Government of the Independent State of Croatia">NDH government</a>, August 1941.</cite></div></blockquote> Advocates of expulsion presented it as a necessary measure for the creation of a socially functional <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>, and also rationalized these plans by comparing it with the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">1923 population exchange</a> between <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss-Wendt2010149-168">[168]</a> The Ustaše set up holding camps, with the aim of gathering a large number of people and deporting them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> The NDH government also formed the Office of Colonization to resettle Croats on reclaimed land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> During the summer of 1941, the expulsions were carried out with the significant participation of the local population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss-Wendt2010157-169">[169]</a> Many representatives of local elites, including Bosnian Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Germans in Slavonia and Syrmia, played an active role in the expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss-Wendt2010150-170">[170]</a> An estimated 120,000 Serbs were deported from the NDH to German-occupied Serbia, and 300,000 fled by 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006114-2">[2]</a> By the end of July 1941 according to the German authorities in Serbia, 180,000 Serbs defected from the NDH to Serbia and by the end of September that number exceeded 200,000. In that same period 14,733 persons were legally relocated from the NDH to Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠkiljan2012-166">[166]</a> In turn, the NDH had to accept more than 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenian</a> refugees who were forcefully evicted from their homes as part of the German plan of annexing parts of the Slovenian territories. In October 1941, organized migration was stopped because the German authorities in Serbia forbid further immigration of Serbs. According to documentation of the Commissariat for Refugees and Immigrants in Belgrade, in 1942 and 1943 illegal departures of individuals from NDH to Serbia still existed, numbering an estimated 200,000 though these figures are incomplete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠkiljan2012-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_persecution">Religious persecution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_clergy_involvement_with_the_Usta%C5%A1e" title="Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše">Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glina_church_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glina_church_massacre.jpg/220px-Glina_church_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glina_church_massacre.jpg/330px-Glina_church_massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glina_church_massacre.jpg/440px-Glina_church_massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Group of Serb civilians forcibly converted at a church in <a href="/wiki/Glina,_Croatia" title="Glina, Croatia">Glina</a></figcaption></figure> The Ustaše viewed religion and nationality as being closely linked; while <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Croatia" title="Catholic Church in Croatia">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (Bosnian Muslims were viewed as Croats) were recognized as Croatian national religions, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> was deemed inherently incompatible with the Croatian state project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006118-34">[34]</a> They saw Orthodoxy as hostile because it was identified as Serb<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015178-171">[171]</a> (prior to 1920, the Orthodox dioceses in most of Croatian lands belonged to an independent <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Karlovci" title="Patriarchate of Karlovci">Patriarchate of Karlovci</a>). To a certain extent, the campaign of terror could be seen as similar <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> of medieval ages; a religious crusade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick201472-84">[84]</a> On 3 May 1941, a law was passed on religious conversions, pressuring Serbs to convert to Catholicism and thereby adopt Croat identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006118-34">[34]</a> This was made on the eve of Pavelić's meeting with Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuković2004431-172">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Croatia" title="Catholic Church in Croatia">Catholic Church in Croatia</a>, headed by archbishop <a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Stepinac" title="Aloysius Stepinac">Aloysius Stepinac</a>, greeted it and adopted it into the Church's internal law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuković2004431-172">[172]</a> The term "Serbian Orthodox" was banned in mid-May as being incompatible with state order, and the term "Greek-Eastern faith" was used in its place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006119-173">[173]</a> By the end of September 1941, about half of the Serbian Orthodox clergy, 335 priests, had been expelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001394-167">[167]</a> To erase all history of Serbs and the Orthodox religion, churches (some of which dated to 1200s and 1300s) were razed to the ground or denigrated by using them as stables or barns etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick201480-118">[118]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Ustaša movement is based on religion. Therefore, our acts stem from our devotion to religion and the Roman Catholic church.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>the chief Ustaše ideologist <a href="/wiki/Mile_Budak" title="Mile Budak">Mile Budak</a>, 13 July 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis1961100-174">[174]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Ustaše propaganda legitimized the persecution as being partially based on the historic <a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Catholic–Orthodox struggle</a> for domination in Europe and Catholic intolerance towards the "<a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schismatics</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015178-171">[171]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Srb_uprising" title="Srb uprising">start of Serb insurgency</a> (July 1941), the State Directorate for Regeneration in the autumn of 1941 launched a program aimed at the mass forced <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a> of the Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015178-171">[171]</a> Already in the summer, the Ustaše had closed or destroyed most of the Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries and deported, imprisoned or murdered Orthodox priests and bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015178-171">[171]</a> Over 150 Serbian Orthodox priests were also killed between May and December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001398-175">[175]</a> The conversions were meant to Croatianize and permanently destroy the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015178-171">[171]</a> Roman Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Krunoslav_Draganovi%C4%87" title="Krunoslav Draganović">Krunoslav Draganović</a> argued that many Catholics were converted to Orthodoxy during the 16th and 17th centuries, which was later used as the basis for the Ustaše conversion program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006126-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015178–179-177">[177]</a> The conversion policy had a particular aspect: only uneducated Serbs were eligible for conversion, since illiterate peasants were presumed to have less of a Serb/Orthodox identity. People with secondary education etc. (and especially Orthodox clergy) were not eligible. Educated people were singled out for expulsion or extermination, states Robert B. McCormick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick201481-178">[178]</a> The Vatican was not opposed to the forced conversions. On 6 February 1942, Pope Pius XII privately received 206 Ustaše members in uniforms and blessed them, symbolically supporting their actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuković2004430-179">[179]</a> On 8 February 1942, the envoy to the Holy See, Nikola Rusinović, said that 'the Holy See rejoiced' at forced conversions.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In a 21 February 1942 letter to Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Maglione" title="Luigi Maglione">Luigi Maglione</a>, the Holy See's <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">secretary</a> encouraged the Croatian bishops to speed up the conversions, and he also stated that the term "Orthodox" should be replaced with the terms "apostates or schismatics".<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Many fanatical Catholic priests joined the Ustaše, blessed and supported their work, and participated in killings and conversions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201164-182">[182]</a> In 1941–1942,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjilas1991211-183">[183]</a> some 200,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201163-184">[184]</a> or 240,000<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a>–250,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001542-186">[186]</a> Serbs were converted to Roman Catholicism, although most of them only practiced it temporarily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201163-184">[184]</a> Converts would sometimes be killed anyway, often in the same churches where they were re-baptized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201163-184">[184]</a> 85% of the Serbian Orthodox clergy was killed or expelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001529-187">[187]</a> In Lika, Kordun and Banija alone, 172 Serbian Orthodox churches were closed, destroyed, or plundered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006119-173">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a> described that the bishops' conference that met in Zagreb in November 1941 was not prepared to denounce the forced conversion of Serbs that had taken place in the summer of 1941, let alone condemn the persecution and murder of Serbs and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Many Catholic priests in Croatia approved of and supported the Ustaše's large scale attacks on the Serbian Orthodox Church,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001531-189">[189]</a> and the Catholic hierarchy did not issue any condemnation of the crimes, either publicly or privately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001537-190">[190]</a> The Croatian Catholic Church and the Vatican viewed the Ustaše's policies against the Serbs as being advantageous to Roman Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001565-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_puppet_"Croatian_Orthodox_Church"">The puppet "<a href="/wiki/Croatian_Orthodox_Church" title="Croatian Orthodox Church">Croatian Orthodox Church</a>"</h3></div> After the matter of forced conversion had become extremely controversial,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006118-34">[34]</a> the NDH government on 3 April 1942 adopted a law that established the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Orthodox_Church" title="Croatian Orthodox Church">Croatian Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin2008617-192">[192]</a> This was done in order to replace the institutions of the Serbian Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001546-193">[193]</a> According to the "Statute concerning the Croatian Eastern Orthodox Church" that was approved on 5 June, the Church was "indivisible in its unity and <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin2008617-192">[192]</a> In June, <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White Russian émigré</a> <a href="/wiki/Germogen_(Maximov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germogen (Maximov)">Germogen Maximov</a>, an archbishop of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a>, was enthroned as its primate.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The establishment of the Church was done in order to try and pacify the state as well as to <a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatisize</a> the remaining Serb population once the Ustaše realized that the complete eradication of Serbs in the NDH was unattainable. Persecution of Serbs continued however, but was less intense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001547-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_Serbian_Orthodox_clergy">Persecution of Serbian Orthodox clergy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg/200px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg/300px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg/400px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Platon_of_Banja_Luka" title="Platon of Banja Luka">Platon Jovanović</a>'s relics in the <a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="sr:Црква Свете Тројице (Бања Лука)">Church of the Holy Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></figcaption></figure> Bishops of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_eparchies_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church dioceses</a> in the Independent State of Croatia were targeted during religious persecutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003170-196">[196]</a> On 5 May 1941, the Ustaše tortured and killed <a href="/wiki/Platon_of_Banja_Luka" title="Platon of Banja Luka">Platon Jovanović</a> of Banja Luka. On 12 May, Bishop Petar Zimonjić, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Dabar-Bosna" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitanate of Dabar-Bosna">Metropolitan of the Eparchy of Dabar-Bosna</a>, was killed and in mid-August Bishop <a href="/wiki/Sava_Trlaji%C4%87" title="Sava Trlajić">Sava Trlajić</a> was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001398-175">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dositej_Vasi%C4%87" title="Dositej Vasić">Dositej Vasić</a>, the Metropolitan of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Zagreb_and_Ljubljana" title="Metropolitanate of Zagreb and Ljubljana">Metropolitanate of Zagreb and Ljubljana</a> died in 1945 as result of wounds from torture by Ustaše. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikola_Jovanovi%C4%87_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikola Jovanović (bishop) (page does not exist)">Nikola Jovanović</a>, the Bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Zahumlje_and_Herzegovina" title="Eparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina">Eparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina</a> died in 1944, after he was beaten by the Ustaše and expelled to Serbia. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irinej_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irinej Đorđević (page does not exist)">Irinej Đorđević</a>, the Bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Dalmatia" title="Eparchy of Dalmatia">Eparchy of Dalmatia</a> was interned to Italian captivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003170-196">[196]</a> There were 577 Serbian Orthodox priests, monks and other religious dignitaries in the NDH in April 1941. By December, there were none left. Between 214 and 217 were killed, 334 were exiled, eighteen fled and five died of natural causes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003170-196">[196]</a> In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 71 Orthodox priests were killed by the Ustaše during WWII, 10 by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a>, 5 by the Germans, and 45 died in the first decade after the end of WWII.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> According to Serb Orthodox Church data, out of approximately 700 clergymen and monks of the NDH territory, 577 were subjected to persecution, out of these 217 were killed, 334 were deported to Serbia, 3 were arrested, 18 managed to escape and 5 died (later) from consequences of torture.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_Aloysius_Stepinac">The role of Aloysius Stepinac</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Stepinac" title="Aloysius Stepinac">Aloysius Stepinac</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Zagreb" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb">Archbishop of Zagreb</a> during World War II and pledged his loyalty to the NDH. Scholars still debate the degree of Stepinac's contact with the Ustaše regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Biondich" title="Mark Biondich">Mark Biondich</a> stated that he was not an "ardent supporter" of the Ustahsa regime legitimising their every policy, nor an "avowed opponent" publicly denounced its crimes in a systematic manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiondich2006-199">[199]</a> While some clergy committed war crimes in the name of the Catholic Church, Stepinac practiced a wary ambivalence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2001559-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> He was an early supporter of the goal of creating a Catholic Croatia, but soon began to question the regime's mandate of forced conversion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> Historian Tomasevich praised his statements that were made against the Ustaše regime by Stepinac, as well as his actions against the regime. However, he also noted that these same statements and actions had shortcomings in respect to Ustaše's genocidal actions against the Serbs and the Serbian Orthodox Church. As Stepinac failed to publicly condemn the genocide waged against the Serbs by the Ustaše earlier during the war as he would later on. Tomasevich stated that Stepinac's courage against the Ustaše state earned him great admiration among anti-Ustaše Croats in his flock along with many others. However this came with the price of enmity of the Ustaše and Pavelić personally. In the early part of the war, he strongly supported a Yugoslavian state organized with federal lines. It was generally known that Stepinac and Pavelić thoroughly hated each other. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001566-201">[201]</a> The Germans considered him Pro-Western and "friend of the Jews" leading to hostility from German and Italian forces. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001563–564-202">[202]</a> On 14 May 1941, Stepinac received word of an <a href="/wiki/Glina_massacres" title="Glina massacres">Ustaše massacre of Serb villagers at Glina</a>. On the same day, he wrote to Pavelić saying:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiondich2007a42–43-203">[203]</a> <blockquote>I consider it my bishop's responsibility to raise my voice and to say that this is not permitted according to Catholic teaching, which is why I ask that you undertake the most urgent measures on the entire territory of the Independent State of Croatia, so that not a single Serb is killed unless it is shown that he committed a crime warranting death. Otherwise, we will not be able to count on the blessing of heaven, without which we must perish.</blockquote> These were still private protest letters. Later in 1942 and 1943, Stepinac started to speak out more openly against the Ustaše genocides, this was after most of the genocides were already committed, and it became increasingly clear the Nazis and Ustaše will be defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001555-204">[204]</a> In May 1942, Stepinac spoke out against genocide, mentioning Jews and Roma, but not Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a> Tomasevich wrote that while Stepinac is to be commended for his actions against the regime, the failure of the Croatian Catholic hierarchy and Vatican to publicly condemn the genocide "cannot be defended from the standpoint of humanity, justice and common decency".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001564-205">[205]</a> In his diary, Stepinac said that "Serbs and Croats are of two different worlds, north and south pole, which will never unite as long as one of them is alive", along with other similar views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuković2004432-206">[206]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Goldstein" title="Ivo Goldstein">Ivo Goldstein</a> described that Stepinac was being sympathetic to the Ustaše authorities and ambivalent towards the new racial laws, as well as that he was "a man with many dilemmas in a disturbing time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2001559,_578-207">[207]</a> Stepinac resented the interwar conversion of some 200,000 mostly Croatian Catholics to Orthodoxy, which he felt was forced on them by prevailing political conditions. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001564-205">[205]</a> In 2016 Croatia's rehabilitation of Stepinac was negatively received in Serbia and <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">entity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toll_of_victims_and_genocide_classification">Toll of victims and genocide classification</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> website states that "Determining the number of victims for Yugoslavia, for Croatia, and for Jasenovac is highly problematic, due to the destruction of many relevant documents, the long-term inaccessibility to independent scholars of those documents that survived, and the ideological agendas of postwar partisan scholarship and journalism".<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-209">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%28%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%293.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%28%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%293.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%28%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%293.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%28%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%293.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%28%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%293.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%28%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%293.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque in <a href="/wiki/Drakuli%C4%87,_Banja_Luka" title="Drakulić, Banja Luka">Drakulić</a> to the victims of massacres around <a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1980s, calculations of World War II victims in Yugoslavia were made by the Serb statistician <a href="/wiki/Bogoljub_Ko%C4%8Dovi%C4%87" title="Bogoljub Kočović">Bogoljub Kočović</a> and the Croat demographer <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C5%BDerjavi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Žerjavić">Vladimir Žerjavić</a>. Tomasevich described their studies as being objective and reliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001736–737-210">[210]</a> Kočović estimated that 370,000 Serbs, both combatants and civilians, died in the NDH during the war. With a possible error of around 10%, he noted that Serb losses cannot be higher than 410,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKočović2005XVII-211">[211]</a> He did not estimate the number of Serbs who were killed by the Ustaše, saying that in most cases, the task of categorizing the victims would be impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKočović2005113-212">[212]</a> Žerjavić estimated that the total number of Serb deaths in the NDH was 322,000, of which 125,000 died as combatants, while 197,000 were civilians. Žerjavić estimated that a total of 78,000 civilians were killed in Ustaše prisons, pits and camps, including Jasenovac, 45,000 civilians were killed by the Germans, 15,000 civilians were killed by the Italians, 34,000 civilians were killed in battles between the warring parties, and 25,000 civilians died of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽerjavić199310-213">[213]</a> The number of victims who perished in the Jasenovac concentration camp remains a matter of debate, but current estimates put the total number at around 100,000, about half of whom were Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-Yeomans_2015_3-95">[95]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">the war</a> as well as during Tito's Yugoslavia, various numbers were given for Yugoslavia's overall war casualties.<a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a> Estimates by Holocaust memorial centers also vary.<a href="#cnote_b">[b]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Jozo Tomasevich</a> said that the exact number of victims in Yugoslavia is impossible to determine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001719-214">[214]</a> The academic <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Barbara Jelavich</a> however cites Tomasevich's estimate in writing that as many as 350,000 Serbs were killed during the period of Ustaše rule.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Rory_Yeomans" title="Rory Yeomans">Rory Yeomans</a> said that the most conservative estimates state that 200,000 Serbs were killed by Ustaše death squads but the actual number of Serbs who were executed by the Ustaše or perished in Ustaše concentration camps may be as high as 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218-6">[6]</a> In a 1992 work, <a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Sabrina P. Ramet</a> cites the figure of 350,000 Serbs who were "liquidated" by "Pavelić and his Ustaše henchmen".<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In a 2006 work, Ramet estimated that at least 300,000 Serbs were "massacred by the Ustaše".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006114-2">[2]</a> In her 2007 book "The Independent State of Croatia 1941-45", Ramet cites Žerjavić's overall figures for Serb losses in the NDH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet20074-217">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marko_Attila_Hoare" title="Marko Attila Hoare">Marko Attila Hoare</a> writes that "perhaps nearly 300,000 Serbs" died as a result of the Ustaše genocide and the Nazi policies.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_Lemkin,_Photograph_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6.jpg/200px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6.jpg/300px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6.jpg/400px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a>, the initiator of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> described the Ustaše crimes against Serbs as genocide</figcaption></figure> Tomislav Dulić stated that Serbs in NDH suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulić2006-112">[112]</a> American historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> stated that direct and indirect executions by NDH regime were an "extraordinary mass crime", which in proportionate terms exceeded any other European regime beside Hitler's Third Reich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne200618–23-219">[219]</a> He added the crimes in the NDH were proportionately surpassed only by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and several of the extremely <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocides_in_central_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genocides in central Africa (page does not exist)">genocidal African regimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne200618–23-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Israeli" title="Raphael Israeli">Raphael Israeli</a> wrote that "a large scale genocidal operations, in proportions to its small population, remain almost unique in the annals of wartime Europe."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201345-70">[70]</a> In Serbia as well as in the eyes of Serbs, the Ustaše atrocities constituted a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Many historians and authors describe the Ustaše regime's mass killings of Serbs as meeting the definition of genocide, including <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a> who is known for coining the word genocide and initiating the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Croatian historian Mirjana Kasapović explained that in the most important scientific works on genocide, crimes against Serbs, Jews and Roma in the NDH are unequivocally classified as genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasapović2018-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s official memorial to the victims of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, stated that "Ustasha carried out a Serb genocide, exterminating over 500,000, expelling 250,000, and forcing another 250,000 to convert to Catholicism".<a href="#cite_note-YadVashem1-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a>, also, mentioned that leaders of the Independent State of Croatia committed genocide against Serbs, Jews, and Roma.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">Presidents of Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Josipovi%C4%87" title="Ivo Josipović">Ivo Josipović</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bakir_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Bakir Izetbegović">Bakir Izetbegović</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Kom%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Željko Komšić">Željko Komšić</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosniak and Croat member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, also described the persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia as a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In the post-war era, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> considered the Serbian victims of this genocide to be <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martys</a>. As a result, the Serbian Orthodox Church commemorates the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martyrs_of_Jasenovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac">Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac</a> on 13 September.<a href="#cite_note-For_the_glory_and_honour_of_the_New_Martyrs_of_Jasenovac-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> The Yugoslav communist authorities did not use the Jasenovac camp as was done with other European concentration camps, most likely due to Serb-Croat relations. They recognized that ethnic tensions stemming from the war could have had the capacity to destabilize the new communist regime, and subsequently tried to conceal wartime atrocities and mask specific ethnic losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008-19">[19]</a> The Tito's government attempted to let the wounds heal and forge "<a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">brotherhood and unity</a>" in the peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201147-234">[234]</a> Tito himself was invited to, and passed Jasenovac several times, but never visited the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulajić200267-235">[235]</a> The genocide was not properly examined in the aftermath of the war, because the Yugoslav communist government did not encourage independent scholars.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdakBenčić201667-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBürgschwentnerEggerBarth-Scalmani2014455-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrbovich2008139-238">[238]</a> Historians <a href="/wiki/Marko_Attila_Hoare" title="Marko Attila Hoare">Marko Attila Hoare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Biondich" title="Mark Biondich">Mark Biondich</a> stated that <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> historians don't pay enough attention to the genocide committed by Ustaše, while several scholars described it as lesser-known genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiondich2005-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasapović2018-225">[225]</a> World War II and especially its ethnic conflicts have been deemed instrumental in the later <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–95).<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trials">Trials</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Mile_Budak" title="Mile Budak">Mile Budak</a> and a number of other members of the NDH government, such as <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Mandi%C4%87" title="Nikola Mandić">Nikola Mandić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julije_Makanec" title="Julije Makanec">Julije Makanec</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">tried and convicted</a> of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">high treason</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">communist authorities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>. Many of them were executed.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Miroslav Filipović">Miroslav Filipović</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_commandant" title="Nazi concentration camp commandant">commandant</a> of the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška camps, was found guilty for war crimes, sentenced to death and hanged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200796-243">[243]</a> Many others <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II_aftermath)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratlines (World War II aftermath)">escaped</a>, including the supreme leader Ante Pavelić, most to <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. Some emigrations were prevented by the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gvardijan" title="Operation Gvardijan">Operation Gvardijan</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Ljubo_Milo%C5%A1" title="Ljubo Miloš">Ljubo Miloš</a>, the commandant of the Jasenovac camp was captured and executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdrianoCingolani2018342–348-244">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Stepinac" title="Aloysius Stepinac">Aloysius Stepinac</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Zagreb" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb">Archbishop of Zagreb</a> was found guilty of high treason and forced conversion of Orthodox Serbs to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-Stepinac1-245">[245]</a> However, some claim the trial was "carried out with proper legal procedure".<a href="#cite_note-Stepinac1-245">[245]</a> In its judgment in the <a href="/wiki/Hostages_Trial" title="Hostages Trial">Hostages Trial</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunal</a> concluded that the Independent State of Croatia was not a sovereign entity capable of acting independently of the German military, despite recognition as an independent state by the Axis powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschland_Military_Tribunal19501302–03-246">[246]</a> According to the Tribunal, "Croatia was at all times here involved an occupied country".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschland_Military_Tribunal19501302–03-246">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> were not in force at the time. It was unanimously adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> on 9 December 1948 and entered into force on 12 January 1951.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrija_Artukovi%C4%87" title="Andrija Artuković">Andrija Artuković</a>, Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of Justice of the NDH who signed a number of racial laws, escaped to the United States after the war and he was extradited to Yugoslavia in 1986, where he was tried in the Zagreb District Court and was found guilty of a number of mass killings in the NDH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbtahiBoas2005267-249">[249]</a> Artuković was sentenced to death, but the sentence was not carried out due to his age and health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERavlić199712-250">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Efraim_Zuroff" title="Efraim Zuroff">Efraim Zuroff</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_hunter" title="Nazi hunter">Nazi hunter</a>, played a significant role in capturing <a href="/wiki/Dinko_%C5%A0aki%C4%87" title="Dinko Šakić">Dinko Šakić</a>, another Jasenovac camp commander, during 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverPeskinKoenig2016135-251">[251]</a> After pressure from the international community on the right-wing president <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>, he sought Šakić's extradition and he stood trial in Croatia, aged 78; he was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and given the maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment. According to the human rights researchers <a href="/wiki/Eric_Stover" title="Eric Stover">Eric Stover</a>, Victor Peskin and Alexa Koenig it was "the most important post-Cold War domestic effort to hold criminally accountable a Nazi war crimes suspect in a former Eastern European communist country".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverPeskinKoenig2016135-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratlines,_terrorism_and_assassinations">Ratlines, terrorism and assassinations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II_aftermath)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratlines (World War II aftermath)">Ratlines (World War II aftermath)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Yugoslavia" title="Terrorism in Yugoslavia">Terrorism in Yugoslavia</a></div> With the Partisan <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Yugoslavia">liberation of Yugoslavia</a>, many Ustaše leaders fled and took refuge at <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Croatian_College_of_St._Jerome" title="Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome">the college</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Girolamo_degli_Illirici" class="mw-redirect" title="San Girolamo degli Illirici">San Girolamo degli Illirici</a> near the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201172-103">[103]</a> Catholic priest and Ustaše <a href="/wiki/Krunoslav_Draganovi%C4%87" title="Krunoslav Draganović">Krunoslav Draganović</a> directed the fugitives from San Girolamo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201172-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Intelligence_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-Intelligence Corps">Counter-Intelligence Corps</a> helped war criminals to escape, and assisted Draganović (who later worked for the American intelligence) in sending Ustaše abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201172-103">[103]</a> Many of those responsible for mass killings in NDH took refuge in South America, Portugal, Spain and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201172-103">[103]</a> Luburić was assassinated in Spain in 1969 by an <a href="/wiki/UDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="UDBA">UDBA</a> agent; Artuković lived in Ireland and California until extradited in 1986 and died of natural causes in prison; Dinko Šakić and his wife Nada lived in Argentina until extradited in 1998, Dinko dying in prison and his wife released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201172-103">[103]</a> Draganović also arranged Gestapo functionary <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a>'s flight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201172-103">[103]</a> Among some of the Croat diaspora, the Ustaše became heroes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201172-103">[103]</a> Ustaše émigré terrorist groups in the diaspora (such as <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a>) carried out assassinations and bombings, and also plane hijackings, throughout the Yugoslav period.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_and_denial">Controversy and denial</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Denial of genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_negationism">Historical negationism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-right_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right in Croatia">Far-right in Croatia</a></div> Some Croats, including politicians, have attempted to minimise the magnitude of the genocide perpetrated against Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Historian Mirjana Kasapović concluded that there are three main strategies of <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> in the part of Croatian historiography: the NDH was a normal counter-insurgency state at the time; no mass crimes were committed in the NDH, especially genocide; the Jasenovac camp was just a labor camp, not an extermination camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasapović2018-225">[225]</a> By 1989, the future President of Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> had embraced Croatian nationalism and published <a href="/wiki/Horrors_of_War:_Historical_Reality_and_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horrors of War: Historical Reality and Philosophy">Horrors of War: Historical Reality and Philosophy</a>, in which he questioned the official number of victims killed by the Ustaše during the Second World War. In his book,Tuđman claimed that between 30,000 and 40,000 died at Jasenovac.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESindbaek2012178-179-254">[254]</a> Some scholars and observers accused Tuđman of racist statements, "flirting with ideas associated with the Ustaše movement", appointment of former Ustaše officials to political and military positions, as well as downplaying the number of victims in the Independent State of Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich2010-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECimentHill2012492-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorvitzCatherwood2014432–433-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti200244–45-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Since 2016, anti-fascist groups, leaders of Croatia's Serb, Roma and Jewish communities and former top Croat officials have boycotted the official state commemoration for the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac concentration camp</a> because, as they said, Croatian authorities refused to denounce the Ustaše legacy explicitly and they downplayed and revitalized crimes committed by Ustaše.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_memorials">Destruction of memorials</h3></div> After Croatia gained independence, about 3,000 monuments dedicated to the anti-fascist resistance and the victims of fascism were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2007b273-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalasek201684-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadonic2013-266">[266]</a> According to Croatian World War II veterans' association, these destructions were not spontaneous, but a planned activity carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">ruling party</a>, the state and the church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2007b273-264">[264]</a> The status of the Jasenovac Memorial Site was downgraded to the nature park, and parliament cut its funding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalasek201683-84-267">[267]</a> In September 1991, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Guard" title="Croatian National Guard">Croatian forces</a> entered the memorial site and vandalized the museum building, while exhibitions and documentation were destroyed, damaged and looted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalasek201684-265">[265]</a> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">FR Yugoslavia</a> sent a formal protest to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, warning of the devastation of the memorial complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalasek201684-265">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Monitoring_Mission_in_Georgia#EUMM_(previously_ECMM)_in_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia">European Community Monitor Mission</a> visited the memorial center and confirmed the damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalasek201684-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tito_u_obilasku_Spomen-groblja_streljanih_i_muzeja_u_S._Mitrovici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tito_u_obilasku_Spomen-groblja_streljanih_i_muzeja_u_S._Mitrovici.jpg/220px-Tito_u_obilasku_Spomen-groblja_streljanih_i_muzeja_u_S._Mitrovici.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tito_u_obilasku_Spomen-groblja_streljanih_i_muzeja_u_S._Mitrovici.jpg/330px-Tito_u_obilasku_Spomen-groblja_streljanih_i_muzeja_u_S._Mitrovici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tito_u_obilasku_Spomen-groblja_streljanih_i_muzeja_u_S._Mitrovici.jpg/440px-Tito_u_obilasku_Spomen-groblja_streljanih_i_muzeja_u_S._Mitrovici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> visits the memorial park in <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>, dedicated to the victims in <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa_izlo%C5%BEbe_o_Jasenovcu,_Muzej_Republike_Srpske3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sa_izlo%C5%BEbe_o_Jasenovcu%2C_Muzej_Republike_Srpske3.jpg/220px-Sa_izlo%C5%BEbe_o_Jasenovcu%2C_Muzej_Republike_Srpske3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sa_izlo%C5%BEbe_o_Jasenovcu%2C_Muzej_Republike_Srpske3.jpg/330px-Sa_izlo%C5%BEbe_o_Jasenovcu%2C_Muzej_Republike_Srpske3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sa_izlo%C5%BEbe_o_Jasenovcu%2C_Muzej_Republike_Srpske3.jpg/440px-Sa_izlo%C5%BEbe_o_Jasenovcu%2C_Muzej_Republike_Srpske3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>An exhibition dedicated to the Jasenovac victims, <a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></figcaption></figure> Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Katsav" title="Moshe Katsav">Moshe Katsav</a> visited Jasenovac in 2003. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>, paid homage to the camp's victims when he visited Jasenovac on 25 July 2010 and laid a wreath at the memorial. Peres dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a>'s crimes a "demonstration of sheer sadism".<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> The Jasenovac Memorial Museum reopened in November 2006 with a new exhibition designed by a Croatian architect, Helena Paver Njirić, and an Educational Center, designed by the firm Produkcija. The Memorial Museum features an interior of rubber-clad steel modules, video and projection screens, and glass cases displaying artifacts from the camp. Above the exhibition space, which is quite dark, is a field of glass panels inscribed with the names of the victims. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> Parks Department, the Holocaust Park Committee and the Jasenovac Research Institute, with the help of then-Congressman <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner" title="Anthony Weiner">Anthony Weiner</a> (D-NY), established a public monument to the victims of Jasenovac in April 2005 (the sixtieth anniversary of the liberation of the camps.) The dedication ceremony was attended by ten Yugoslavian Holocaust survivors, as well as diplomats from Serbia, Bosnia and Israel. It remains the only public monument to Jasenovac victims outside the Balkans. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stari_Brod_121912_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Stari_Brod_121912_05.jpg/220px-Stari_Brod_121912_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Stari_Brod_121912_05.jpg/330px-Stari_Brod_121912_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Stari_Brod_121912_05.jpg/440px-Stari_Brod_121912_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Memorial museum for victims of massacre in Stari Brod, <a href="/wiki/Rogatica" title="Rogatica">Rogatica</a></figcaption></figure> Nowadays, оn <a href="/wiki/22_April" class="mw-redirect" title="22 April">22 April</a>, the anniversary of the prisoner breakout from the Jasenovac camp, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> marks the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Serbia" title="Public holidays in Serbia">National Holocaust, World War II Genocide and other Fascist Crimes Victims Remembrance Day</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> holds an official commemoration at the Jasenovac Memorial Site.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Serbia and Bosnian entity of Republika Srpska hold a joint central commemoration at the <a href="/wiki/Gradina_Donja" title="Gradina Donja">Donja Gradina</a> Memorial Zone.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-271">[271]</a> In 2018, an exhibition named "Jasenovac – The Right to Remembrance" was held in the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters of the United Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> within the marking of <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Day">International Holocaust Remembrance Day</a>, with the main goal of to foster a culture of remembrance of Serb, Jewish, Roma and anti-fascist victims of the Holocaust and genocide in the Jasenovac camp.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> On 22 April 2020, the president of Serbia <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Vučić">Aleksandar Vučić</a> had an official visit to the memorial park in <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>, dedicated to the victims of genocide on the territory of <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Commemoration ceremonies honoring the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Jadovno_concentration_camp" title="Jadovno concentration camp">Jadovno concentration camp</a> have been organized by the <a href="/wiki/Serb_National_Council" title="Serb National Council">Serb National Council</a> (SNV), the Jewish community in Croatia, and local anti-fascists since 2009, while <a href="/wiki/24_June" class="mw-redirect" title="24 June">24 June</a> has been designated as a "Day of Remembrance of the Jadovno Camp" in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-271">[271]</a> On 26 August 2010, the 68th anniversary of the partial liberation of the <a href="/wiki/Jastrebarsko_children%27s_camp" title="Jastrebarsko children's camp">Jastrebarsko children's camp</a>, victims were commemorated in a ceremony at a monument in the Jastrebarsko cemetery. It was attended by only 40 people, mainly members of the Union of Anti-Fascist Fighters and Anti-Fascists of the Republic of Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Politics of Republika Srpska">Republic of Srpska Government</a> holds a commemoration at the memorial site of the victims of the Ustaše massacres in the <a href="/wiki/Podrinje" title="Podrinje">Drina Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stari_Brod-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <ul><li>Jama, a poem condemning the crimes of the Ustaše, written by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goran_Kova%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivan Goran Kovačić">Ivan Goran Kovačić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_Fly_Early_(novel)" title="Eagles Fly Early (novel)">Eagles Fly Early</a>, a novel about children role in assisting the Partisans in the resistance against the Ustaše, written by <a href="/wiki/Branko_%C4%86opi%C4%87" title="Branko Ćopić">Branko Ćopić</a></li> <li>Konclogor na Savi, an account by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilija_Jakovljevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilija Jakovljević (page does not exist)">Ilija Jakovljević</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izvod_iz_poeme_Jama_I._G._Kovacica,_napisane_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Izvod_iz_poeme_Jama_I._G._Kovacica%2C_napisane_1942.jpg/220px-Izvod_iz_poeme_Jama_I._G._Kovacica%2C_napisane_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Izvod_iz_poeme_Jama_I._G._Kovacica%2C_napisane_1942.jpg/330px-Izvod_iz_poeme_Jama_I._G._Kovacica%2C_napisane_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Izvod_iz_poeme_Jama_I._G._Kovacica%2C_napisane_1942.jpg/440px-Izvod_iz_poeme_Jama_I._G._Kovacica%2C_napisane_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>The illustration of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zlatko_Prica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zlatko Prica (page does not exist)">Zlatko Prica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edo_Murti%C4%87" title="Edo Murtić">Edo Murtić</a> with the verses of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goran_Kova%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivan Goran Kovačić">Ivan Goran Kovačić</a>'s poem Jama</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zlatko_Prica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zlatko Prica (page does not exist)">Zlatko Prica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edo_Murti%C4%87" title="Edo Murtić">Edo Murtić</a> illustrated scenes from the Ivan Goran Kovačić's poem Jama</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3></div> <ul><li>Golubnjača, a play by <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Radulovi%C4%87" title="Jovan Radulović">Jovan Radulović</a> about ethnic relations in neighboring villages in the years after the Ustaše crimes<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <ul><li>1955 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0olaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šolaja (page does not exist)">Šolaja</a>, a film about Serb rebellion against the genocide, directed by <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Nanovi%C4%87" title="Vojislav Nanović">Vojislav Nanović</a></li> <li>1960 – <a href="/wiki/The_Ninth_Circle" title="The Ninth Circle">The Ninth Circle</a>, a film directed by <a href="/wiki/France_%C5%A0tiglic" title="France Štiglic">France Štiglic</a>, includes scenes from the Jasenovac camp</li> <li>1966 – <a href="/wiki/Eagles_Fly_Early_(film)" title="Eagles Fly Early (film)">Eagles Fly Early</a>, film based on the eponymous novel directed by <a href="/wiki/Soja_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Soja Jovanović">Soja Jovanović</a></li> <li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/Black_Birds_(film)" title="Black Birds (film)">Black Birds</a>, a film about a group of prisoners of Stara Gradiška concentration camp, directed by Eduard Galić</li> <li>1984 – <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_War" title="The End of the War">The End of the War</a>, a film about Serbian man takes his son to find and kill members of the Ustaše militia who tortured and killed his wife and mother, directed by <a href="/wiki/Dragan_Kresoja" title="Dragan Kresoja">Dragan Kresoja</a></li> <li>1988 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bra%C4%87a_po_materi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braća po materi (page does not exist)">Braća po materi</a>, a film about Ustaše atrocities told through the story of two half-brothers, a Croat and a Serb, directed by <a href="/wiki/Zdravko_%C5%A0otra" title="Zdravko Šotra">Zdravko Šotra</a></li> <li>2016 – Prva trećina – oproštaj kao kazna, a short feature film about the Žile Friganović's massacres, directed by Svetlana Petrov</li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_Diana_B." title="The Diary of Diana B.">The Diary of Diana B.</a>, a biographical film about aid operation of <a href="/wiki/Diana_Budisavljevi%C4%87" title="Diana Budisavljević">Diana Budisavljević</a> for the rescue of more than 10,000 children from concentration camps, directed by Dana Budisavljević</li> <li>2020 – <a href="/wiki/Dara_of_Jasenovac" title="Dara of Jasenovac">Dara of Jasenovac</a>, a film about a girl who survived the Jasenovac camp, directed by <a href="/wiki/Predrag_Antonijevi%C4%87" title="Predrag Antonijević">Predrag Antonijević</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_Series">TV Series</h3></div> <ul><li>1981 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepokoreni_grad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepokoreni grad (page does not exist)">Nepokoreni grad</a>, a TV series about Ustaše terror campaign, including the Kerestinec camp, directed by Vanča Kljaković and Eduard Galić</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <ul><li>Some survivors claim that the lyrics of the famous song "<a href="/wiki/Ederlezi_(song)" title="Ederlezi (song)">Đurđevdan</a>" was written on a train that took prisoners from <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> to the Jasenovac camp.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_(band)" title="Thompson (band)">Thompson</a>, a Croatian rock band, has garnered controversy for their purported glorification of Ustashe regime in their songs and concerts, and the most famous such song is "<a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_i_Gradi%C5%A1ka_Stara" title="Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara">Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara</a>".<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Eastern_Orthodox_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Eastern Orthodox sentiment">Anti-Eastern Orthodox sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_clergy_involvement_with_the_Usta%C5%A1e" title="Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše">Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Croatia" title="Portal:Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Serbia" title="Portal:Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/15px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/22px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/29px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="261" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Genocide" title="Portal:Genocide">Genocide</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotations">Annotations</h2></div> <div style=""><ol class="references" style="list-style-type:upper-alpha;"> <li id="cnote_a"><a href="#ref_a_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">During the war, German military commanders gave different figures for the number of Serbs, Jews, and others killed by the Ustaše inside the NDH. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_L%C3%B6hr" title="Alexander Löhr">Alexander Löhr</a> claimed 400,000 Serbs killed, Massenbach around 700,000. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Neubacher" title="Hermann Neubacher">Hermann Neubacher</a> stated that Ustashe claims of a million Serbs slaughtered was a "boastful exaggeration", and believed that the number of 'defenseless victims slaughtered to be three-quarters of a million'. The Vatican cited 350,000 Serbs slaughtered by the end of 1942 (<a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a>).<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Yugoslavia presented 1,700,000 as its war casualties, produced by mathematician Vladeta Vučković, at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties</a> (1947).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001723-281">[281]</a> A secret 1964 government list counted 597,323 victims (out of which 346,740 were Serbs).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽerjavić199319-282">[282]</a> In the 1980s Croat economist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C5%BDerjavi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Žerjavić">Vladimir Žerjavić</a> concluded that the number of victims was around one million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker201532-283">[283]</a> Furthermore, he claimed that the number of Serb victims in the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> was between 300,000 and 350,000, with 80,000 victims of all ethnicity in Jasenovac.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdrianoCingolani2018280-284">[284]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>, the Croatian side began suggesting substantially smaller numbers, while the Serbian side maintains the exaggerated numbers promoted within Yugoslavia until the 1990s.</div></li> <li id="cnote_b"><a href="#ref_b_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> lists (as of 2012) a total of 320,000–340,000 ethnic Serbs killed in Croatia and Bosnia, and 45–52,000 killed at Jasenovac.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-209">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> center claims that more than 500,000 Serbs were murdered in Croatia, 250,000 were expelled, and another 200,000 were forced to convert to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-yadvashem-285">[285]</a></div></li> <li id="cnote_c"><a href="#ref_c_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">According to K. Ungváry the actual number of Serbs deported was 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUngváry201175-286">[286]</a> Ramet cites the German statement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006138-287">[287]</a> Serbian Orthodox bishop in America <a href="/wiki/Dionisije_Milivojevi%C4%87" title="Dionisije Milivojević">Dionisije Milivojević</a> claimed 50,000 Serb colonists and settlers deported and 60,000 killed in the Hungarian occupation.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></div></li> <li id="cnote_d"><a href="#ref_d_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">The only official Yugoslav data of war-victims in Kosovo and Metohija is from 1964, and counted 7,927 people, out of which 4,029 were Serbs, 1,460 Montenegrins, and 2,127 Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonijević200328-289">[289]</a> </div></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999158-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999158_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1999">Goldstein 1999</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006114-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006114_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006114_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006114_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2006">Ramet 2006</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker201518-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker201518_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker2015">Baker 2015</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy201396-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellamy201396_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellamy2013">Bellamy 2013</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200834-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200834_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPavlowitch2008">Pavlowitch 2008</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeomans201218_6-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeomans2012">Yeomans 2012</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristia2012206-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristia2012206_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristia2012">Christia 2012</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorb2010a512-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorb2010a512_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorb2010a">Korb 2010a</a>, p. 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin20135-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartulin20135_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartulin2013">Bartulin 2013</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETouval2001105-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETouval2001105_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTouval2001">Touval 2001</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998">Jonassohn & Björnson 1998</a>, p. 281, <a href="#CITEREFCarmichaelMaguire2015">Carmichael & Maguire 2015</a>, p. 151, <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 347, <a href="#CITEREFMojzes2011">Mojzes 2011</a>, p. 54, <a href="#CITEREFKallis2008">Kallis 2008</a>, pp. 130–132, <a href="#CITEREFSuppan2014">Suppan 2014</a>, p. 1005 , <a href="#CITEREFFischer2007">Fischer 2007</a>, pp. 207–208, <a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007">Bideleux & Jeffries 2007</a>, p. 187, <a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2008">McCormick 2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, pp. 347, 404,<a href="#CITEREFYeomans2015">Yeomans 2015</a>, pp. 265–266, <a href="#CITEREFKallis2008">Kallis 2008</a>, pp. 130–132,<a href="#CITEREFFischer2007">Fischer 2007</a>, pp. 207–208, <a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007">Bideleux & Jeffries 2007</a>, p. 187, <a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2008">McCormick 2008</a>, <a href="#CITEREFNewman2017">Newman 2017</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2007207-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2007207_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2007207_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2007207_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2007">Fischer 2007</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998281-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998281_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998">Jonassohn & Björnson 1998</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> JUŽNOSLAVENSKO PITANJE. Prikaz cjelokupnog pitanja (Die südslawische Frage und der Weltkrieg: Übersichtliche Darstellung des Gesamt-problems). Prevod: Fedor Pucek, Matica hrvatska, Varaždin, 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201297-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmichael201297_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarmichael2012">Carmichael 2012</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015265-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015265_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015265_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeomans2015">Yeomans 2015</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin201337-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartulin201337_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartulin2013">Bartulin 2013</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008_19-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2008">McCormick 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenrick200692-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenrick200692_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenrick200692_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenrick2006">Kenrick 2006</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin2013123-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartulin2013123_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartulin2013">Bartulin 2013</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015167-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeomans2015167_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeomans2015">Yeomans 2015</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130–132-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130–132_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKallis2008">Kallis 2008</a>, pp. 130–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2017-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2017_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2017_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2017_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2017_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2017_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2017_24-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman2017">Newman 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKallis2008">Kallis 2008</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2014-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2014_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2014_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2014_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2014_26-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman2014">Newman 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan2014310,_314-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuppan2014310,_314_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuppan2014">Suppan 2014</a>, p. 310, 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgnyanova20003-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgnyanova20003_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgnyanova20003_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgnyanova20003_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgnyanova2000">Ognyanova 2000</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans20127-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeomans20127_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeomans2012">Yeomans 2012</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130–131-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130–131_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallis2008130–131_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKallis2008">Kallis 2008</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin2013124-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartulin2013124_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartulin2013">Bartulin 2013</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin201356–60-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartulin201356–60_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartulin2013">Bartulin 2013</a>, pp. 56–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartulin201352–53-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartulin201352–53_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartulin2013">Bartulin 2013</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006118-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006118_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006118_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006118_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006118_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006118_34-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2006">Ramet 2006</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan201439,_592-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuppan201439,_592_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuppan201439,_592_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuppan2014">Suppan 2014</a>, p. 39, 592. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuppan2014591-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuppan2014591_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuppan2014">Suppan 2014</a>, p. 591. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans20126-37"><a 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McFarland. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-78642-145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-78642-145-9"><bdi>978-0-78642-145-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Orthodox+Churches%3A+Concise+Histories+with+Chronological+Checklists+of+Their+Primates&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-78642-145-9&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001547-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001547_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 547. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003170-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003170_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003170_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003170_196-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVelikonja2003">Velikonja 2003</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBećirović2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bećirović, Denis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=254939">"Komunistička vlast i Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva u Bosni i Hercegovini (1945-1955) - Pritisci, napadi, hapšenja i suđenja"</a>. Tokovi Istorije (3): 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tokovi+Istorije&rft.atitle=Komunisti%C4%8Dka+vlast+i+Srpska+Pravoslavna+Crkva+u+Bosni+i+Hercegovini+%281945-1955%29+-+Pritisci%2C+napadi%2C+hap%C5%A1enja+i+su%C4%91enja&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Be%C4%87irovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D254939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> М. В. Шкаровский "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sedmitza.ru/text/413678.htm">К истории Православной Церкви в Хорватии (комментарий в свете веры)</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]". Accessed 9 October 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiondich2006-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiondich2006_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiondich2006">Biondich 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2001559-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2001559_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein2001">Goldstein 2001</a>, pp. 559. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001566-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001566_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, pp. 566. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001563–564-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001563–564_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, pp. 563–564. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiondich2007a42–43-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiondich2007a42–43_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiondich2007a">Biondich 2007a</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001555-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001555_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 555. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001564-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001564_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001564_205-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 564. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuković2004432-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuković2004432_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVuković2004">Vuković 2004</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2001559,_578-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2001559,_578_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein2001">Goldstein 2001</a>, pp. 559, 578. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/ostre-reakcije-srbije-rehabilitacija-ustaske-ndh">"Oštre reakcije Srbije: Rehabilitacija ustaške NDH"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Balkans" title="Al Jazeera Balkans">Al Jazeera Balkans</a>. Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O%C5%A1tre+reakcije+Srbije%3A+Rehabilitacija+usta%C5%A1ke+NDH&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+Balkans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbalkans.aljazeera.net%2Fvijesti%2Fostre-reakcije-srbije-rehabilitacija-ustaske-ndh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_209-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jasenovac">"Jasenovac"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jasenovac&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fjasenovac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001736–737-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001736–737_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, pp. 736–737. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKočović2005XVII-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKočović2005XVII_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKočović2005">Kočović 2005</a>, p. XVII. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKočović2005113-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKočović2005113_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKočović2005">Kočović 2005</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽerjavić199310-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽerjavić199310_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŽerjavić1993">Žerjavić 1993</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001719-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001719_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 719. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC&pg=PA265">History of the Balkans: Volume 2</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52127-459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52127-459-3"><bdi>978-0-52127-459-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-52127-459-3&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd-or3qtqrsC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1992" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (1992). Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1962-1991 (Second ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25334-794-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25334-794-7"><bdi>978-0-25334-794-7</bdi></a>. <q>Pavelić and his Ustaše henchmen alone were responsible for the liquidation of some 350,000 Serbs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Federalism+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1962-1991&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-25334-794-7&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet20074-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet20074_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2007">Ramet 2007</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2014" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, Marko Attila (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf8EAQAAQBAJ&pg=PP47">The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19936-531-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19936-531-9"><bdi>978-0-19936-531-9</bdi></a>. <q>..the Ustasha embarked on a policy of genocide which, in conjunction with the Nazi Holocaust with which it overlapped, claimed the lives of at least 30,000 Jews, a similar number of Gypsies and perhaps nearly 300,000 Serbs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bosnian+Muslims+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19936-531-9&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Marko+Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPf8EAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne200618–23-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne200618–23_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne200618–23_219-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2006">Payne 2006</a>, pp. 18–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRapaić1999">Rapaić 1999</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKrestić1998">Krestić 1998</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSANU1995">SANU 1995</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKurdulija1993">Kurdulija 1993</a>, <a href="#CITEREFBulajić1992">Bulajić 1992</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKljakić1991">Kljakić 1991</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2014">McCormick 2014</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2008">McCormick 2008</a>, <a href="#CITEREFYeomans2012">Yeomans 2012</a>, p. 5, <a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, <a href="#CITEREFLemkin2008">Lemkin 2008</a>, pp. 259–264, <a href="#CITEREFMojzes2008">Mojzes 2008</a>, p. 154, <a href="#CITEREFRivelli1999">Rivelli 1999</a>, <a href="#CITEREFParis1961">Paris 1961</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_TottenWilliam_S._Parsons2004" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Totten; William S. Parsons (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVSSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA422">Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</a>. Routledge. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94558-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94558-9"><bdi>978-1-135-94558-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Independent State of Croatia willingly cooperated with the Nazi "Final Solution" against Jews and Gypsies, but went beyond it, launching a campaign of genocide against Serbs in "greater Croatia." The Ustasha, like the Nazis whom they emulated, established concentration camps and death camps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94558-9&rft.au=Samuel+Totten&rft.au=William+S.+Parsons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVSSAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Lees1992" class="citation book cs1">Michael Lees (1992). The Serbian Genocide 1941–1945. Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Western America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbian+Genocide+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Serbian+Orthodox+Diocese+of+Western+America&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Michael+Lees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pollard2014" class="citation book cs1">John Pollard (30 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHObBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT407">The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism, 1914–1958</a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 407–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102658-4"><bdi>978-0-19-102658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+in+the+Age+of+Totalitarianism%2C+1914%E2%80%931958&rft.pages=407-&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-19-102658-4&rft.au=John+Pollard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHObBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasapović2018-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasapović2018_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasapović2018_225-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasapović2018_225-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKasapović2018">Kasapović 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-YadVashem1-226"><a href="#cite_ref-YadVashem1_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205904.pdf">"Ustasa"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ba.n1info.com/Vijesti/a68253/Bio-sam-razocaran-sto-Vucic-ne-prihvata-sudske-presude.html">the original</a> on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bio+sam+razo%C4%8Daran+%C5%A1to+Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87+ne+prihvata+sudske+presude&rft.pub=N1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fba.n1info.com%2FVijesti%2Fa68253%2FBio-sam-razocaran-sto-Vucic-ne-prihvata-sudske-presude.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/hrvatska-nijece-genocid-pocinjen-u-vrijeme-ndh-zeljko-komsic-pred-duznosnikom-un-a-hrvatsku-usporedio-s-republikom-srpskom/9418667/">"Hrvatska niječe genocid počinjen u vreme NDH – Željko Komšić pred dužnosnikom UN-a Hrvatsku usporedio s Republikom Srpskom"</a>. jutarnji.hr]. 28 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hrvatska+nije%C4%8De+genocid+po%C4%8Dinjen+u+vreme+NDH+%E2%80%93+%C5%BDeljko+Kom%C5%A1i%C4%87+pred+du%C5%BEnosnikom+UN-a+Hrvatsku+usporedio+s+Republikom+Srpskom&rft.pub=jutarnji.hr%5D&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jutarnji.hr%2Fvijesti%2Fsvijet%2Fhrvatska-nijece-genocid-pocinjen-u-vrijeme-ndh-zeljko-komsic-pred-duznosnikom-un-a-hrvatsku-usporedio-s-republikom-srpskom%2F9418667%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-For_the_glory_and_honour_of_the_New_Martyrs_of_Jasenovac-233"><a href="#cite_ref-For_the_glory_and_honour_of_the_New_Martyrs_of_Jasenovac_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152513/http://www.spc.rs/eng/glory_and_honour_new_martyrs_jasenovac">"For the glory and honour of the New Martyrs of Jasenovac"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>. 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Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+the+glory+and+honour+of+the+New+Martyrs+of+Jasenovac&rft.pub=Serbian+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spc.rs%2Feng%2Fglory_and_honour_new_martyrs_jasenovac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201147-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201147_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMojzes2011">Mojzes 2011</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulajić200267-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulajić200267_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulajić2002">Bulajić 2002</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdakBenčić201667-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdakBenčić201667_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdakBenčić2016">Odak & Benčić 2016</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBürgschwentnerEggerBarth-Scalmani2014455-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBürgschwentnerEggerBarth-Scalmani2014455_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBürgschwentnerEggerBarth-Scalmani2014">Bürgschwentner, Egger & Barth-Scalmani 2014</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrbovich2008139-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrbovich2008139_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrbovich2008">Trbovich 2008</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiondich2005-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiondich2005_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiondich2005">Biondich 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKataria2015">Kataria 2015</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMirković2000">Mirković 2000</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKrestić1998">Krestić 1998</a>, <a href="#CITEREFDedijer1992">Dedijer 1992</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> MARTINA GRAHEK RAVANČIĆ, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/74034">Izručenja i sudbine zarobljenika smještenih u savezničkim logorima u svibnju 1945</a>, Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb, Republika Hrvatska. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Nada Kisić Kolanović. "Politički procesi u Hrvatskoj neposredno nakon Drugoga svjetskoga rata", 1945 - Razdjelnica hrvatske povijesti, Zbornik radova sa znanstvenog skupa u Hrvatskom institutu za povijest u Zagrebu 1-6, svibnja 2006, pp. 75-97, see pg. 85; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-673-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-673-3">978-1-59017-673-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200796-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet200796_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2007">Ramet 2007</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdrianoCingolani2018342–348-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdrianoCingolani2018342–348_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdrianoCingolani2018">Adriano & Cingolani 2018</a>, pp. 342–348. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stepinac1-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stepinac1_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stepinac1_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2007" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC">"Part 2: Strongmen can be Beneficial: the Exceptional Case of Josip Broz Tito"</a>. In Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (ed.). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe. Purdue University Press. pp. 284–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-455-2"><bdi>978-1-55753-455-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+2%3A+Strongmen+can+be+Beneficial%3A+the+Exceptional+Case+of+Josip+Broz+Tito&rft.btitle=Balkan+Strongmen%3A+Dictators+and+Authoritarian+Rulers+of+South+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=284-285&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-455-2&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMZaPjrHqYYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschland_Military_Tribunal19501302–03-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschland_Military_Tribunal19501302–03_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschland_Military_Tribunal19501302–03_246-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutschland_Military_Tribunal1950">Deutschland Military Tribunal 1950</a>, pp. 1302–03. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/cppcg/cppcg_ph_e.pdf">"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"</a> (PDF). 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United Nations Treaty Series. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Series&rft.atitle=Convention+on+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fpages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DIV-1%26chapter%3D4%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbtahiBoas2005267-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbtahiBoas2005267_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbtahiBoas2005">Abtahi & Boas 2005</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERavlić199712-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERavlić199712_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRavlić1997">Ravlić 1997</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverPeskinKoenig2016135-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverPeskinKoenig2016135_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverPeskinKoenig2016135_251-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoverPeskinKoenig2016">Stover, Peskin & Koenig 2016</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hockenos2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Hockenos (2003). 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Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiesenthal+Center+Expresses+Outrage+At+Massive+Outburst+of+Nostalgia+for+Croatian+Fascism+at+Zagreb+Rock+Concert%3B+Urges+President+Mesic+to+Take+Immediate+Action&rft.pub=Simon+Wiesenthal+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiesenthal.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fwiesenthal-center-expresses-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiesenthal.com/about/news/wiesenthal-center-slams-9.html">"Wiesenthal Center Slams Inclusion Of Fascist Singer Thompson In Croatian Football Team Celebration/ Reception In Zagreb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiesenthal+Center+Slams+Inclusion+Of+Fascist+Singer+Thompson+In+Croatian+Football+Team+Celebration%2F+Reception+In+Zagreb&rft.pub=Simon+Wiesenthal+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiesenthal.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fwiesenthal-center-slams-9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> C. Falconi, The Silence of Pius XII, London (1970), p. 3308 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001723-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001723_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 723. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽerjavić199319-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽerjavić199319_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŽerjavić1993">Žerjavić 1993</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker201532-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker201532_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker2015">Baker 2015</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdrianoCingolani2018280-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdrianoCingolani2018280_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdrianoCingolani2018">Adriano & Cingolani 2018</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-yadvashem-285"><a href="#cite_ref-yadvashem_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205930.pdf">"Croatia"</a> (PDF). Shoah Resource Center – Yad Vashem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Croatia&rft.pub=Shoah+Resource+Center+%E2%80%93+Yad+Vashem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fodot_pdf%2FMicrosoft%2520Word%2520-%25205930.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUngváry201175-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUngváry201175_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUngváry2011">Ungváry 2011</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006138-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006138_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2006">Ramet 2006</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilivojevich1945" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dionisije_Milivojevi%C4%87" title="Dionisije Milivojević">Milivojevich, Dionisije</a> (1945). The Persecution of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Yugoslavia. Serbian Orthodox Monastery of St. Sava. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persecution+of+the+Serbian+Orthodox+Church+in+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Serbian+Orthodox+Monastery+of+St.+Sava&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Milivojevich&rft.aufirst=Dionisije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonijević200328-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonijević200328_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAntonijević2003">Antonijević 2003</a>, p. 28. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvramov1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Smilja_Avramov" title="Smilja Avramov">Avramov, Smilja</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5nhpAAAAMAAJ">Genocide in Yugoslavia</a>. BIGZ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-13-00798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-13-00798-2"><bdi>978-86-13-00798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Yugoslavia&rft.pub=BIGZ&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-86-13-00798-2&rft.aulast=Avramov&rft.aufirst=Smilja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5nhpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrianoCingolani2018" class="citation book cs1">Adriano, Pino; Cingolani, Giorgio (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7tWDwAAQBAJ">Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelić and Ustasha Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War</a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-63386-206-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-63386-206-3"><bdi>978-9-63386-206-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Terror%3A+Ante+Paveli%C4%87+and+Ustasha+Terrorism+from+Fascism+to+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9-63386-206-3&rft.aulast=Adriano&rft.aufirst=Pino&rft.au=Cingolani%2C+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7tWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2015" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Catherine (2015). The Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39899-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39899-4"><bdi>978-1-137-39899-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yugoslav+Wars+of+the+1990s&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-39899-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartulin2013" class="citation book cs1">Bartulin, Nevenko (2013). The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia: Origins and Theory. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26282-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26282-9"><bdi>978-90-04-26282-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Racial+Idea+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia%3A+Origins+and+Theory&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26282-9&rft.aulast=Bartulin&rft.aufirst=Nevenko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a>, ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+peuple+serbe&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pub=L%27Age+d%27Homme&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2013" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Alex J. (2013). The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-Old Dream?. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-573-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-573-1"><bdi>978-1-84779-573-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Croatian+National+Identity%3A+A+Centuries-Old+Dream%3F&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84779-573-1&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiondich2007a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Biondich" title="Mark Biondich">Biondich, Mark</a> (2007a). "Controversies Surrounding the Catholic Church in Wartime Croatia, 1941–45". The Independent State of Croatia 1941–45. Routledge. pp. 31–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Controversies+Surrounding+the+Catholic+Church+in+Wartime+Croatia%2C+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.btitle=The+Independent+State+of+Croatia+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=31-59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Biondich&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulajić2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Bulaji%C4%87" title="Milan Bulajić">Bulajić, Milan</a> (2002). Jasenovac: The Jewish–Serbian Holocaust (the role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941–1945). Belgrade: Fund for Genocide Research, Stručna knjiga.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jasenovac%3A+The+Jewish%E2%80%93Serbian+Holocaust+%28the+role+of+the+Vatican%29+in+Nazi-Ustasha+Croatia+%281941%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Fund+for+Genocide+Research%2C+Stru%C4%8Dna+knjiga&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bulaji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulajić1994a" class="citation book cs1">Bulajić, Milan (1994a). Tudjman's "Jasenovac Myth": Genocide against Serbs, Jews and Gypsies. Belgrade: Stručna knjiga.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudjman%27s+%22Jasenovac+Myth%22%3A+Genocide+against+Serbs%2C+Jews+and+Gypsies&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Stru%C4%8Dna+knjiga&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bulaji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulajić1994b" class="citation book cs1">Bulajić, Milan (1994b). The Role of the Vatican in the break-up of the Yugoslav State: The Mission of the Vatican in the Independent State of Croatia. Ustashi Crimes of Genocide. Belgrade: Stručna knjiga.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+the+Vatican+in+the+break-up+of+the+Yugoslav+State%3A+The+Mission+of+the+Vatican+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.series=Ustashi+Crimes+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Stru%C4%8Dna+knjiga&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bulaji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulajić1992" class="citation book cs1">Bulajić, Milan (1992). Misija Vatikana u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj: "Politika Stepinac" razbijanja jugoslovenske države i pokatoličavanja pravoslavnih Srba po cijenu genocida: stvaranje Civitas Dei—Antemurale Christianitatis. Politika.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misija+Vatikana+u+Nezavisnoj+Dr%C5%BEavi+Hrvatskoj%3A+%22Politika+Stepinac%22+razbijanja+jugoslovenske+dr%C5%BEave+i+pokatoli%C4%8Davanja+pravoslavnih+Srba+po+cijenu+genocida%3A+stvaranje+Civitas+Dei%E2%80%94Antemurale+Christianitatis&rft.pub=Politika&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bulaji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulajić1992b" class="citation book cs1">Bulajić, Milan (1992b). Never Again: Ustashi Genocide in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) from 1941-1945. 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Batchelor. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4620-2815-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4620-2815-3"><bdi>978-1-4620-2815-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistling+in+the+Face+of+Robbers%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Dahn+A.+Batchelor&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4620-2815-3&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=Dahn+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByford2020" class="citation book cs1">Byford, Jovan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8LkDwAAQBAJ">Picturing Genocide in the Independent State of Croatia: Atrocity Images and the Contested Memory of the Second World War in the Balkans</a>. 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16698-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16698-1"><bdi>978-0-674-16698-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contested+Country%3A+Yugoslav+Unity+and+Communist+Revolution%2C+1919%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-674-16698-1&rft.aulast=Djilas&rft.aufirst=Aleksa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontestedcountry00djil_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulić2005" class="citation book cs1">Dulić, Tomislav (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RH9lAAAAIAAJ">Utopias of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42</a>. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-1554-6302-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-1554-6302-1"><bdi>978-9-1554-6302-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopias+of+Nation%3A+Local+Mass+Killing+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%2C+1941%E2%80%9342&rft.place=Uppsala%2C+Sweden&rft.pub=Uppsala+University+Library&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9-1554-6302-1&rft.aulast=Duli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tomislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRH9lAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐurić1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Veljko_%C4%90uri%C4%87_Mi%C5%A1ina" title="Veljko Đurić Mišina">Đurić, Veljko</a> (1991). 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Naklada Ljevak. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-178-460-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-178-460-3"><bdi>978-953-178-460-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NDH+i+Italija%3A+politi%C4%8Dke+veze+i+diplomatski+odnosi&rft.pub=Naklada+Ljevak&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-953-178-460-3&rft.aulast=Kisi%C4%87+Kolanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1dzAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKočović2005" class="citation book cs1">Kočović, Bogoljub (2005). Sahrana jednog mita: žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji [Burial of a Myth: World War II Victims in Yugoslavia]. Beograd: Otkrovenje. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-83353-39-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-83353-39-2"><bdi>978-86-83353-39-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sahrana+jednog+mita%3A+%C5%BErtve+Drugog+svetskog+rata+u+Jugoslaviji&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pub=Otkrovenje&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-86-83353-39-2&rft.aulast=Ko%C4%8Dovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Bogoljub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorb2010a" class="citation book cs1">Korb, Alexander (2010a). "A Multipronged Attack: Ustaša Persecution of Serbs, Jews, and Roma in Wartime Croatia". 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War in a Twilight World: Partisan and Anti-Partisan Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1939–1945. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29048-8"><bdi>978-0-230-29048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Integrated+Warfare%3F+The+Germans+and+the+Usta%C5%A1a+Massacres%3A+Syrmia+1942&rft.btitle=War+in+a+Twilight+World%3A+Partisan+and+Anti-Partisan+Warfare+in+Eastern+Europe%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-29048-8&rft.aulast=Korb&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreif2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Greif" title="Gideon Greif">Greif, Gideon</a> (2018). Jasenovac - Auschwitz of the Balkans. Knjiga komerc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-572-727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-572-727-2"><bdi>978-965-572-727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jasenovac+-+Auschwitz+of+the+Balkans&rft.pub=Knjiga+komerc&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-965-572-727-2&rft.aulast=Greif&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrestić1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vasilije_Kresti%C4%87" title="Vasilije Krestić">Krestić, Vasilije</a> (1998). Through genocide to a greater Croatia. 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Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8"><bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe&rft.place=Clark%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2011" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Michele Frucht (2011). "'The Last Bullet for the Last Serb': The Ustaša Genocide against Serbs: 1941–1945". In Crowe, David (ed.). Crimes of State Past and Present: Government-Sponsored Atrocities and International Legal Responses. Routledge. pp. 54–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Last+Bullet+for+the+Last+Serb%27%3A+The+Usta%C5%A1a+Genocide+against+Serbs%3A+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=Crimes+of+State+Past+and+Present%3A+Government-Sponsored+Atrocities+and+International+Legal+Responses&rft.pages=54-84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Michele+Frucht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLituchy2006" class="citation book cs1">Lituchy, Barry M., ed. (2006). Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: Analyses and Survivor Testimonies. 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Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatia+Under+Ante+Paveli%C4%87%3A+America%2C+the+Usta%C5%A1e+and+Croatian+Genocide&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirković2014" class="citation book cs1">Mirković, Jovan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408044021/http://www.svetknjige.net/book.php?var=526">Злочини над Србима у Независној Држави Хрватској – фотомонографија</a> [Crimes against Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia]. Belgrade: Svet knjige. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7396-465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7396-465-2"><bdi>978-86-7396-465-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://svetknjige.net/book.php?var=526">the original</a> on 8 April 2016. 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Дечје новине. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-367-0486-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-367-0486-8"><bdi>978-86-367-0486-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%3A+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%9A%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%83+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98+%D0%BE%D0%B4+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-86-367-0486-8&rft.aulast=Mitrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Jeremija+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mojzes" title="Paul Mojzes">Mojzes, Paul</a> (2008). "The Genocidal Twentieth Century in the Balkans". In Jacobs, Steven L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confrontinggenoc00jaco">Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam</a>. Lanham: Lexington Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confrontinggenoc00jaco/page/n170">151</a>–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Genocidal+Twentieth+Century+in+the+Balkans&rft.btitle=Confronting+Genocide%3A+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+Islam&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=151-182&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfrontinggenoc00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mojzes" title="Paul Mojzes">Mojzes, Paul</a> (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the 20th Century. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-0663-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Genocides%3A+Holocaust+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+20th+Century&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2011a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Novak" title="Viktor Novak">Novak, Viktor</a> (2011a). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. Vol. 1. Jagodina: Gambit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7624-049-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7624-049-4"><bdi>978-86-7624-049-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnum+Crimen%3A+Half+a+Century+of+Clericalism+in+Croatia&rft.place=Jagodina&rft.pub=Gambit&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-86-7624-049-4&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2011b" class="citation book cs1">Novak, Viktor (2011b). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. Vol. 2. Jagodina: Gambit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7624-049-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7624-049-4"><bdi>978-86-7624-049-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnum+Crimen%3A+Half+a+Century+of+Clericalism+in+Croatia&rft.place=Jagodina&rft.pub=Gambit&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-86-7624-049-4&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Paris" title="Edmond Paris">Paris, Edmond</a> (1961). Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941–1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecutions and Massacres. Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Satellite+Croatia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+A+Record+of+Racial+and+Religious+Persecutions+and+Massacres&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=American+Institute+for+Balkan+Affairs&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1988" class="citation book cs1">Paris, Edmond (1988). Convert— or die!: Catholic persecution in Yugoslavia during World War II. Chick Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convert%E2%80%94+or+die%21%3A+Catholic+persecution+in+Yugoslavia+during+World+War+II&rft.pub=Chick+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch" title="Stevan K. Pavlowitch">Pavlowitch, Stevan K.</a> (2008). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70050-4"><bdi>978-0-231-70050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+New+Disorder%3A+The+Second+World+War+in+Yugoslavia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70050-4&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Ramet, Sabrina P.</a> (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. New York: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRametListhaug2011" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola, eds. (2011). Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34781-6"><bdi>978-0-230-34781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia+and+the+Serbs+in+World+War+Two&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34781-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2007" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina (2007). The Independent State of Croatia 1941-45. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44055-4"><bdi>978-0-415-44055-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Independent+State+of+Croatia+1941-45&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44055-4&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2007b" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina (2007b). Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media. <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-452-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-452-1"><bdi>978-1-60344-452-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Transition+in+Croatia%3A+Value+Transformation%2C+Education%2C+and+Media&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-452-1&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolstø2011" class="citation book cs1">Kolstø, Pål (2011). "The Serbian-Croatian Controversy over Jasenovac". Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. pp. 225–246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Serbian-Croatian+Controversy+over+Jasenovac&rft.btitle=Serbia+and+the+Serbs+in+World+War+Two&rft.pages=225-246&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kolst%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A5l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhayer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Phayer" title="Michael Phayer">Phayer, Michael</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Church_and_the_Holocaust,_1930%E2%80%931965" title="The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965">The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965</a>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33725-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33725-2"><bdi>978-0-253-33725-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+and+the+Holocaust%2C+1930%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33725-2&rft.aulast=Phayer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUngváry2011" class="citation book cs1">Ungváry, Krisztián (2011). Vojvodina under Hungarian rule.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vojvodina+under+Hungarian+rule&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ungv%C3%A1ry&rft.aufirst=Kriszti%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapaić1999" class="citation book cs1">Rapaić, Mirko (1999). Lička tragedija: hrvatski zločini genocida nad srpskim narodom 1941. do 1945. Srpska reč. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-491-0034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-491-0034-3"><bdi>978-86-491-0034-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Li%C4%8Dka+tragedija%3A+hrvatski+zlo%C4%8Dini+genocida+nad+srpskim+narodom+1941.+do+1945&rft.pub=Srpska+re%C4%8D&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-86-491-0034-3&rft.aulast=Rapai%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivelli1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1998). Le génocide occulté: État Indépendant de Croatie 1941–1945 [Hidden Genocide: The Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945] (in French). Lausanne: L'age d'Homme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+g%C3%A9nocide+occult%C3%A9%3A+%C3%89tat+Ind%C3%A9pendant+de+Croatie+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pub=L%27age+d%27Homme&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rivelli&rft.aufirst=Marco+Aurelio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivelli1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1999). L'arcivescovo del genocidio: Monsignor Stepinac, il Vaticano e la dittatura ustascia in Croazia, 1941–1945 [The Archbishop of Genocide: Monsignor Stepinac, the Vatican and the Ustaše dictatorship in Croatia, 1941–1945] (in Italian). Milano: Kaos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27arcivescovo+del+genocidio%3A+Monsignor+Stepinac%2C+il+Vaticano+e+la+dittatura+ustascia+in+Croazia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Kaos&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rivelli&rft.aufirst=Marco+Aurelio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivelli2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (2002). "Dio è con noi!": La Chiesa di Pio XII complice del nazifascismo ["God is with us!": The Church of Pius XII accomplice to Nazi Fascism] (in Italian). Milano: Kaos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Dio+%C3%A8+con+noi%21%22%3A+La+Chiesa+di+Pio+XII+complice+del+nazifascismo&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Kaos&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rivelli&rft.aufirst=Marco+Aurelio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1973" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Walter R. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titomihailovict00walt">Tito, Mihailović and the Allies 1941–1945</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0740-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-0740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tito%2C+Mihailovi%C4%87+and+the+Allies+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-0740-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftitomihailovict00walt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogel2004" class="citation book cs1">Rogel, Carole (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/breakupofyugosla00roge_0">The Breakup of Yugoslavia and Its Aftermath</a>. 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Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7924-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-7924-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998" class="citation book cs1">Jonassohn, Kurt; Björnson, Karin (1998). 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Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Politics: L-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33890-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33890-8"><bdi>978-0-313-33890-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Christian+Politics%3A+L-Z&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33890-8&rft.aulast=Domenico&rft.aufirst=Roy+Palmer&rft.au=Hanley%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdeli2009" class="citation book cs1">Adeli, Lisa Marie (2009). Resistance to the Persecution of Ethnic Minorities in Croatia and Bosnia During World War II. Greenwood Publishing Group Edwin Mellen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-4745-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-4745-5"><bdi>978-0-7734-4745-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+to+the+Persecution+of+Ethnic+Minorities+in+Croatia+and+Bosnia+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group+Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-4745-5&rft.aulast=Adeli&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2012" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Ben (2012). Terror in the Balkans. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+in+the+Balkans&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss-Wendt2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Weiss-Wendt" title="Anton Weiss-Wendt">Weiss-Wendt, Anton</a> (2010). Eradicating Differences: The Treatment of Minorities in Nazi-Dominated Europe. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2449-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-2449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eradicating+Differences%3A+The+Treatment+of+Minorities+in+Nazi-Dominated+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2449-1&rft.aulast=Weiss-Wendt&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouval2001" class="citation book cs1">Touval, Saadia (2001). Mediation in the Yugoslav Wars: The Critical Years, 1990-95. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28866-9"><bdi>978-0-230-28866-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediation+in+the+Yugoslav+Wars%3A+The+Critical+Years%2C+1990-95&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-230-28866-9&rft.aulast=Touval&rft.aufirst=Saadia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrencsényiKopecek2007" class="citation book cs1">Trencsényi, Balázs; Kopecek, Michal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ceup/2321?lang=en">National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements: Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770–1945, volume II</a>. Budapest: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5211-24-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5211-24-9"><bdi>978-615-5211-24-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Romanticism%3A+The+Formation+of+National+Movements%3A+Discourses+of+Collective+Identity+in+Central+and+Southeast+Europe+1770%E2%80%931945%2C+volume+II&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-615-5211-24-9&rft.aulast=Trencs%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Kopecek%2C+Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fceup%2F2321%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Yeomans" title="Rory Yeomans">Yeomans, Rory</a> (2011). ""For us, beloved commander, you will never die!" Mourning Jure Francetić, Ustasha Death Squad Leader". In Haynes, Rebecca; Rady, Martyn (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILRJ2ChennYC">In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe</a>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-697-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-697-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-697-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22For+us%2C+beloved+commander%2C+you+will+never+die%21%22+Mourning+Jure+Franceti%C4%87%2C+Ustasha+Death+Squad+Leader&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Hitler%3A+Personalities+of+the+Right+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-697-2&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILRJ2ChennYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Yeomans" title="Rory Yeomans">Yeomans, Rory</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxv4-iqVe2wC">Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941–1945</a>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7793-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7793-3"><bdi>978-0-8229-7793-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Annihilation%3A+The+Ustasha+Regime+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Fascism%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7793-3&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxv4-iqVe2wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Yeomans" title="Rory Yeomans">Yeomans, Rory</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HEDCwAAQBAJ">The Utopia of Terror: Life and Death in Wartime Croatia</a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-545-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-545-8"><bdi>978-1-58046-545-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Utopia+of+Terror%3A+Life+and+Death+in+Wartime+Croatia&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-545-8&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HEDCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽerjavić1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C5%BDerjavi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Žerjavić">Žerjavić, Vladimir</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230428/http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/index.htm">Yugoslavia: Manipulations with the Number of Second World War Victims</a>. Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Information Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919817-32-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-919817-32-7"><bdi>0-919817-32-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/index.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. 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Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu, odsek za istoriju. 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Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2445-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2445-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-2445-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Gross+Human+Rights+Violations%3A+In+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2445-3&rft.aulast=Jonassohn&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIxCUXI38zcC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2003" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Alex J. (2003). The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-old Dream. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6502-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-6502-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Croatian+National+Identity%3A+A+Centuries-old+Dream&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6502-6&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58328-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58328-7"><bdi>978-1-134-58328-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+A+Post-Communist+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-58328-7&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael2012" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Cathie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybORI4KWwdIC&pg=PT96">Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-47953-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-47953-5"><bdi>978-1-134-47953-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Balkans%3A+Nationalism+and+the+Destruction+of+Tradition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-47953-5&rft.aulast=Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Cathie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybORI4KWwdIC%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss_Wendt2010" class="citation book cs1">Weiss Wendt, Anton (2010). Eradicating Differences: The Treatment of Minorities in Nazi-Dominated Europe. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2449-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-2449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eradicating+Differences%3A+The+Treatment+of+Minorities+in+Nazi-Dominated+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2449-1&rft.aulast=Weiss+Wendt&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marko_Attila_Hoare" title="Marko Attila Hoare">Hoare, Marko Attila</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94bzAAAAMAAJ">Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726380-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726380-8"><bdi>978-0-19-726380-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Resistance+in+Hitler%27s+Bosnia%3A+The+Partisans+and+the+Chetniks+1941%E2%80%931943&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726380-8&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Marko+Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D94bzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreerMoberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Greer, Joanne Marie; Moberg, David O. (2001). Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion.v.10. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7623-0483-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7623-0483-7"><bdi>978-0-7623-0483-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+in+the+Social+Scientific+Study+of+Religion.v.10&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7623-0483-7&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=Joanne+Marie&rft.au=Moberg%2C+David+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindleyMakara2005" class="citation book cs1">Schindley, Wanda; Makara, Petar (2005). Jasenovac: proceedings of the First International Conference and Exhibit on the Jasenovac Concentration Camps, October 29-31, 1997, Kingsborough Community College of the City University of New York. Dallas Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912011-64-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912011-64-6"><bdi>978-0-912011-64-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jasenovac%3A+proceedings+of+the+First+International+Conference+and+Exhibit+on+the+Jasenovac+Concentration+Camps%2C+October+29-31%2C+1997%2C+Kingsborough+Community+College+of+the+City+University+of+New+York&rft.pub=Dallas+Pub.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-912011-64-6&rft.aulast=Schindley&rft.aufirst=Wanda&rft.au=Makara%2C+Petar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Jacobs" title="Steven L. Jacobs">Jacobs, Steven L.</a> (2009). Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3589-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-3589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Genocide%3A+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+Islam&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3589-1&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoverPeskinKoenig2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Stover" title="Eric Stover">Stover, Eric</a>; Peskin, Victor; Koenig, Alexa (2016). Hiding in Plain Sight: The Pursuit of War Criminals from Nuremberg to the War on Terror. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27805-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27805-9"><bdi>978-0-520-27805-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiding+in+Plain+Sight%3A+The+Pursuit+of+War+Criminals+from+Nuremberg+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27805-9&rft.aulast=Stover&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Peskin%2C+Victor&rft.au=Koenig%2C+Alexa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBürgschwentnerEggerBarth-Scalmani2014" class="citation book cs1">Bürgschwentner, Joachim; Egger, Matthias; Barth-Scalmani, Gunda (2014). Other Fronts, Other Wars?: First World War Studies on the Eve of the Centennial. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24365-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24365-1"><bdi>978-90-04-24365-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+Fronts%2C+Other+Wars%3F%3A+First+World+War+Studies+on+the+Eve+of+the+Centennial&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24365-1&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCrgschwentner&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Egger%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Barth-Scalmani%2C+Gunda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrbovich2008" class="citation book cs1">Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971547-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971547-3"><bdi>978-0-19-971547-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Legal+Geography+of+Yugoslavia%27s+Disintegration&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971547-3&rft.aulast=Trbovich&rft.aufirst=Ana+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCvetković2009" class="citation book cs1">Cvetković, Dragan (2009). Bosna i Hercegovina: numeričko određenje ljudskih gubitaka u Drugom svetskom ratu. Belgrade: Музеj жртава геноцида. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-86831-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-86831-01-9"><bdi>978-86-86831-01-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosna+i+Hercegovina%3A+numeri%C4%8Dko+odre%C4%91enje+ljudskih+gubitaka+u+Drugom+svetskom+ratu&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5j+%D0%B6%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-86-86831-01-9&rft.aulast=Cvetkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dragan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarić2019" class="citation book cs1">Barić, Nikola (2019). Historiae patriaeque cultor. Slavonski Brod: Hrvatski institut za povijest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-8102-23-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-8102-23-3"><bdi>978-953-8102-23-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiae+patriaeque+cultor&rft.place=Slavonski+Brod&rft.pub=Hrvatski+institut+za+povijest&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-953-8102-23-3&rft.aulast=Bari%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelikonja2003" class="citation book cs1">Velikonja, Mitja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3"><bdi>978-1-58544-226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Separation+and+Political+Intolerance+in+Bosnia-Herzegovina&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-226-3&rft.aulast=Velikonja&rft.aufirst=Mitja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZatezalo2005" class="citation book cs1">Zatezalo, Đuro (2005). "Radio sam svoj seljački i kovački posao": svjedočanstva genocida. Zagreb: SKD Prosvijeta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-6627-79-5" title="Special:BookSources/953-6627-79-5"><bdi>953-6627-79-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Radio+sam+svoj+selja%C4%8Dki+i+kova%C4%8Dki+posao%22%3A+svjedo%C4%8Danstva+genocida&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pub=SKD+Prosvijeta&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=953-6627-79-5&rft.aulast=Zatezalo&rft.aufirst=%C4%90uro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZatezalo1989" class="citation book cs1">Zatezalo, Đuro (1989). Kotar Gospić i Kotar Perušić u narodnooslobodilačkom ratu, 1941-1945. Karlovac: Historijski arhiv u Karlovcu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-80783-04-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-80783-04-8"><bdi>978-86-80783-04-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kotar+Gospi%C4%87+i+Kotar+Peru%C5%A1i%C4%87+u+narodnooslobodila%C4%8Dkom+ratu%2C+1941-1945&rft.place=Karlovac&rft.pub=Historijski+arhiv+u+Karlovcu&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-86-80783-04-8&rft.aulast=Zatezalo&rft.aufirst=%C4%90uro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbtahiBoas2005" class="citation book cs1">Abtahi, Hirad; Boas, Gideon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFGwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA267">The Dynamics of International Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Sir Richard May</a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1780-4"><bdi>978-90-474-1780-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+International+Criminal+Justice%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Sir+Richard+May&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-474-1780-4&rft.aulast=Abtahi&rft.aufirst=Hirad&rft.au=Boas%2C+Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFGwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavlić1997" class="citation book cs1">Ravlić, Slaven (1997). "Andrija Artuković". 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Political Violence in Twentieth-Century Europe. 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ISD LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-77124-107-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-77124-107-5"><bdi>978-8-77124-107-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Usable+History%3F%3A+Representations+of+Yugoslavia%27s+Difficult+Past+from+1945+to+2002&rft.pub=ISD+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8-77124-107-5&rft.aulast=Sindbaek&rft.aufirst=Tia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBLhYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvitzCatherwood2014" class="citation book cs1">Horvitz, Leslie Alan; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Catherwood" title="Christopher Catherwood">Catherwood, Christopher</a> (2014). Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1029-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1029-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-1029-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+War+Crimes+and+Genocide&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1029-5&rft.aulast=Horvitz&rft.aufirst=Leslie+Alan&rft.au=Catherwood%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParenti2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti, Michael</a> (2002). To Kill a Nation: The Attack on Yugoslavia. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-366-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-366-6"><bdi>978-1-85984-366-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Kill+a+Nation%3A+The+Attack+on+Yugoslavia&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-366-6&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalasek2016" class="citation book cs1">Walasek, Helen (2016). Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-17299-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-17299-4"><bdi>978-1-317-17299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+and+the+Destruction+of+Cultural+Heritage&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-17299-4&rft.aulast=Walasek&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonijević2003" class="citation journal cs1">Antonijević, Nenad (2003). "Stradanje srpskog i crnogorskog civilnog stanovništva na Kosovu i Metohiji 1941. godine". Dijalog Povjesničara-istoričara. 8: 355–369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dijalog+Povjesni%C4%8Dara-istori%C4%8Dara&rft.atitle=Stradanje+srpskog+i+crnogorskog+civilnog+stanovni%C5%A1tva+na+Kosovu+i+Metohiji+1941.+godine&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=355-369&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Antonijevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nenad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonijević2016" class="citation news cs1">Antonijević, Nenad M. (2016). "Ратни злочини на Косову и Метохији: 1941–1945. године". Универзитет у Београду, Филозофски факултет.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8%3A+1941%E2%80%931945.+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Antonijevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nenad+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartulin2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartulin, Nevenko (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/49085?lang=en">"Ideologija nacije i rase: ustaški režim i politika prema Srbima u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj 1941–1945"</a> (PDF). Radovi (in Croatian). 39 (1): 209–241. Retrieved 9 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radovi&rft.atitle=Ideologija+nacije+i+rase%3A+usta%C5%A1ki+re%C5%BEim+i+politika+prema+Srbima+u+Nezavisnoj+Dr%C5%BEavi+Hrvatskoj+1941%E2%80%931945.&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=209-241&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Bartulin&rft.aufirst=Nevenko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F49085%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartulin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bartulin, Nevenko (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/138888">"The Ideology of Nation and Race: The Croatian Ustasha Regime and its Policies toward the Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945"</a>. Croatian Studies Review. 5: 75–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Croatian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ideology+of+Nation+and+Race%3A+The+Croatian+Ustasha+Regime+and+its+Policies+toward+the+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=75-102&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bartulin&rft.aufirst=Nevenko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F138888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiondich2005" class="citation journal cs1">Biondich, Mark (2005). "Religion and Nation in Wartime Croatia: Reflections on the Ustaša Policy of Forced Religious Conversions, 1941–1942". The Slavonic and East European Review. 83 (1): 71–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsee.2005.0063">10.1353/see.2005.0063</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4214049">4214049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151704526">151704526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Nation+in+Wartime+Croatia%3A+Reflections+on+the+Usta%C5%A1a+Policy+of+Forced+Religious+Conversions%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-116&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151704526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4214049%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsee.2005.0063&rft.aulast=Biondich&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiondich2006" class="citation journal cs1">Biondich, Mark (2006). "Controversies Surrounding the Catholic Church in Wartime Croatia, 1941–45". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 7 (4): 429–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14690760600963222">10.1080/14690760600963222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143351253">143351253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Totalitarian+Movements+and+Political+Religions&rft.atitle=Controversies+Surrounding+the+Catholic+Church+in+Wartime+Croatia%2C+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=429-457&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14690760600963222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143351253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Biondich&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiondich2007b" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Biondich" title="Mark Biondich">Biondich, Mark</a> (2007b). "Radical Catholicism and Fascism in Croatia, 1918–1945". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 8 (2): 383–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14690760701321346">10.1080/14690760701321346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145148083">145148083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Totalitarian+Movements+and+Political+Religions&rft.atitle=Radical+Catholicism+and+Fascism+in+Croatia%2C+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=383-399&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14690760701321346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145148083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Biondich&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoban1993" class="citation journal cs1">Boban, Ljubo (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/76926">"Kada je i kako nastala Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba"</a> [When and how did the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs come into existence (Summary)]. Journal of the Institute of Croatian History. 26 (1): 187–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Croatian+History&rft.atitle=Kada+je+i+kako+nastala+Dr%C5%BEava+Slovenaca%2C+Hrvata+i+Srba&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=187-198&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Boban&rft.aufirst=Ljubo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F76926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByford2007" class="citation journal cs1">Byford, Jovan (2007). "When I say "The Holocaust," I mean "Jasenovac": Remembrance of the Holocaust in contemporary Serbia". East European Jewish Affairs. 37 (1): 51–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501670701197946">10.1080/13501670701197946</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161763723">161763723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Jewish+Affairs&rft.atitle=When+I+say+%22The+Holocaust%2C%22+I+mean+%22Jasenovac%22%3A+Remembrance+of+the+Holocaust+in+contemporary+Serbia&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-74&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13501670701197946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161763723%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Byford&rft.aufirst=Jovan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCvetković2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cvetković, Dragan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29362%2Fist20veka.2011.1.cve.163-182">"Holokaust u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj – numeričko određenje"</a> [Holocaust in Independent State of Croatia]. Istorija 20. Veka: Časopis Instituta za Savremenu Istoriju. 29 (1): 163–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29362%2Fist20veka.2011.1.cve.163-182">10.29362/ist20veka.2011.1.cve.163-182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istorija+20.+Veka%3A+%C4%8Casopis+Instituta+za+Savremenu+Istoriju&rft.atitle=Holokaust+u+Nezavisnoj+Dr%C5%BEavi+Hrvatskoj+%E2%80%93+numeri%C4%8Dko+odre%C4%91enje&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-182&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29362%2Fist20veka.2011.1.cve.163-182&rft.aulast=Cvetkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dragan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.29362%252Fist20veka.2011.1.cve.163-182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHehn1971" class="citation journal cs1">Hehn, Paul N. 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"Serbian Ustashe Memory and Its Role in the Yugoslav Wars, 1991–1995". Mediterranean Quarterly. 26 (2): 115–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10474552-2914550">10.1215/10474552-2914550</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154634001">154634001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Serbian+Ustashe+Memory+and+Its+Role+in+the+Yugoslav+Wars%2C+1991%E2%80%931995&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-127&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10474552-2914550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154634001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kataria&rft.aufirst=Shyamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrestić1986" class="citation journal cs1">Krestić, Vasilije (1986). 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University of Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=None+of+us+Dared+Say+Anything%3A+Mass+Killing+in+a+Bosnian+Community+during+World+War+Two+and+the+Postwar+Culture+of+Silence&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bergholz&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F33800%2F5%2FBergholz_Max_A_201011_PhD_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutschland_Military_Tribunal1950" class="citation book cs1">Deutschland Military Tribunal (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://znaci.org/00002/363.htm">Trials of war criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law no. 10: Nuernberg Oct. 1946 – April 1949 Vol. 11 The High Command case. The Hostage case. Case 12. US v. von Leeb. Case 7. US v. List</a>. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247746272">247746272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trials+of+war+criminals+before+the+Nuernberg+Military+Tribunals+under+Control+Council+Law+no.+10%3A+Nuernberg+Oct.+1946+%E2%80%93+April+1949+Vol.+11+The+High+Command+case.+The+Hostage+case.+Case+12.+US+v.+von+Leeb.+Case+7.+US+v.+List&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247746272&rft.au=Deutschland+Military+Tribunal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fznaci.org%2F00002%2F363.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spirituallysmart.com/genocide_in_croatia.pdf">"Genocide in Croatia 1941–1945"</a> (PDF). Serbian National Defense Council of Canada; Serbian National Defense Council of America. 1976. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26383552">26383552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Croatia+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Serbian+National+Defense+Council+of+Canada%3B+Serbian+National+Defense+Council+of+America&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26383552&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spirituallysmart.com%2Fgenocide_in_croatia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+of+Serbs+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_of_Serbs" title="Template:Genocide of Serbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_of_Serbs" title="Template talk:Genocide of Serbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_of_Serbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide of Serbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Croatia" title="Demographics of Croatia">Demographics of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Serbs of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Vojvodina" title="Serbs in Vojvodina">Serbs in Vojvodina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Anti-Serb sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_clergy_involvement_with_the_Usta%C5%A1e" title="Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše">Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Orthodox_Church" title="Croatian Orthodox Church">Croatian Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia">Concentration camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoners_of_Jasenovac" title="List of prisoners of Jasenovac">list of prisoners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Gradi%C5%A1ka_concentration_camp" title="Stara Gradiška concentration camp">Stara Gradiška</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90akovo_internment_camp" title="Đakovo internment camp">Đakovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisak_children%27s_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisak children's concentration camp">Sisak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87_concentration_camp" title="Gospić concentration camp">Gospić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadovno_concentration_camp" title="Jadovno concentration camp">Jadovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepoglava_concentration_camp" title="Lepoglava concentration camp">Lepoglava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danica_concentration_camp" title="Danica concentration camp">Danica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobor_concentration_camp" title="Lobor concentration camp">Lobor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerestinec_concentration_camp" title="Kerestinec concentration camp">Kerestinec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrebarsko_children%27s_camp" title="Jastrebarsko children's camp">Jastrebarsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slana_concentration_camp" title="Slana concentration camp">Slana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1%C4%8Dica_concentration_camp" title="Kruščica concentration camp">Kruščica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajmi%C5%A1te_concentration_camp" title="Sajmište concentration camp">Sajmište</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornja_Rijeka_concentration_camp" title="Gornja Rijeka concentration camp">Gornja Rijeka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_executions_and_massacres_in_Yugoslavia_during_World_War_II" title="List of mass executions and massacres in Yugoslavia during World War II">Massacres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banski_Grabovac_massacre" title="Banski Grabovac massacre">Banski Grabovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka_massacre" title="Banja Luka massacre">Banja Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garavice" title="Garavice">Garavice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glina_massacres" title="Glina massacres">Glina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1i%C4%87a_Gaj_massacres" title="Rašića Gaj massacres">Rašića Gaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudovac_massacre" title="Gudovac massacre">Gudovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagaj_massacre" title="Blagaj massacre">Blagaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vo%C4%87in_massacre_(1942)" title="Voćin massacre (1942)">Voćin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebilovci_massacre" title="Prebilovci massacre">Prebilovci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacko_massacre" title="Gacko massacre">Gacko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridvorica_massacre" title="Pridvorica massacre">Pridvorica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanci_massacre" title="Ivanci massacre">Ivanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vo%C4%87in_massacre_(1942)" title="Voćin massacre (1942)">Voćin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1941%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1941–45)">Sarajevo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Villa_Luburi%C4%87" title="Villa Luburić">Villa Luburić</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozara_Offensive" title="Kozara Offensive">Kozara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmia_massacre" title="Syrmia massacre">Syrmia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_Budak" title="Mile Budak">Mile Budak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julije_Makanec" title="Julije Makanec">Julije Makanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Mandi%C4%87" title="Nikola Mandić">Nikola Mandić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ademaga_Me%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ademaga Mešić">Ademaga Mešić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEafer_Kulenovi%C4%87" title="Džafer Kulenović">Džafer Kulenović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrija_Artukovi%C4%87" title="Andrija Artuković">Andrija Artuković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladen_Lorkovi%C4%87" title="Mladen Lorković">Mladen Lorković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Slavko Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antun_Naj%C5%BEer" title="Antun Najžer">Antun Najžer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Brzica" title="Petar Brzica">Petar Brzica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Miroslav Filipović">Miroslav Filipović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Vjekoslav Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivica_Matkovi%C4%87_(Usta%C5%A1a)" title="Ivica Matković (Ustaša)">Ivica Matković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubo_Milo%C5%A1" title="Ljubo Miloš">Ljubo Miloš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Vrban" title="Ante Vrban">Ante Vrban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Rojnica" title="Ivo Rojnica">Ivo Rojnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinko_%C5%A0aki%C4%87" title="Dinko Šakić">Dinko Šakić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido_Kvaternik" title="Dido Kvaternik">Dido Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Jure Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_%C5%A0uljak" title="Alija Šuljak">Alija Šuljak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Guti%C4%87" title="Viktor Gutić">Viktor Gutić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Matijevi%C4%87" title="Miroslav Matijević">Miroslav Matijević</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jovo_Be%C4%87ir" title="Jovo Bećir">Jovo Bećir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0piro_Bocari%C4%87" title="Špiro Bocarić">Špiro Bocarić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Bogi%C4%87" title="Đorđe Bogić">Đorđe Bogić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Butozan" title="Milan Butozan">Milan Butozan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Dimi%C4%87" title="Nada Dimić">Nada Dimić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Dobrosavljevi%C4%87" title="Branko Dobrosavljević">Branko Dobrosavljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuka%C5%A1in_Mandrapa" title="Vukašin Mandrapa">Vukašin Mandrapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhamed_Mehmedba%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Muhamed Mehmedbašić">Muhamed Mehmedbašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafailo_Mom%C4%8Dilovi%C4%87" title="Rafailo Momčilović">Rafailo Momčilović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platon_of_Banja_Luka" title="Platon of Banja Luka">Platon of Banja Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sava_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87" title="Sava Šumanović">Sava Šumanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sava_Trlaji%C4%87" title="Sava Trlajić">Sava Trlajić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Vasi%C4%87" title="Dositej Vasić">Dositej Vasić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Zimonji%C4%87" title="Petar Zimonjić">Petar Zimonjić</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1941_Sanski_Most_revolt" title="May 1941 Sanski Most revolt">Đurđevdan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1941_uprising_in_eastern_Herzegovina" title="June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina">Eastern Herzegovina uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drvar_uprising" title="Drvar uprising">Drvar uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srb_uprising" title="Srb uprising">Srb uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Humanitarianism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Budisavljevi%C4%87" title="Diana Budisavljević">Diana Budisavljević</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Trial of Mile Budak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gvardijan" title="Operation Gvardijan">Operation Gvardijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Stepinac#Trial" title="Aloysius Stepinac">Trial of Aloysius Stepinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Yugoslav_Auschwitz_and_the_Vatican" title="The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican">The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Charny" title="Israel Charny">Encyclopedia of Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Church_and_the_Holocaust,_1930%E2%80%931965" title="The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965">The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%E2%80%93Bene%C5%A1%E2%80%93Tito" title="Hitler–Beneš–Tito">Hitler–Beneš–Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Novak" title="Viktor Novak">Viktor Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Jozo Tomasevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilja_Avramov" title="Smilja Avramov">Smilja Avramov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Red%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Enver Redžić">Enver Redžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antun_Mileti%C4%87" title="Antun Miletić">Antun Miletić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilije_Kresti%C4%87" title="Vasilije Krestić">Vasilije Krestić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Biondich" title="Mark Biondich">Mark Biondich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Yeomans" title="Rory Yeomans">Rory Yeomans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mojzes" title="Paul Mojzes">Paul Mojzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veljko_%C4%90uri%C4%87_Mi%C5%A1ina" title="Veljko Đurić Mišina">Veljko Đurić Mišina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejan_Jovi%C4%87" title="Dejan Jović">Dejan Jović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvoje_Klasi%C4%87" title="Hrvoje Klasić">Hrvoje Klasić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbian historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eagles Fly Early (<a href="/wiki/Eagles_Fly_Early_(novel)" title="Eagles Fly Early (novel)">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagles_Fly_Early_(film)" title="Eagles Fly Early (film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Birds_(film)" title="Black Birds (film)">Black Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_War" title="The End of the War">The End of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dagger_(1999_film)" title="The Dagger (1999 film)">The Dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_Diana_B." title="The Diary of Diana B.">The Diary of Diana B.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_of_Jasenovac" title="Dara of Jasenovac">Dara of Jasenovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zave%C5%A1tanje" title="Zaveštanje">Zaveštanje</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleiburg_repatriations" title="Bleiburg repatriations">Bleiburg repatriations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Flower_(sculpture)" title="Stone Flower (sculpture)">Stone Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Yugoslavia" title="Terrorism in Yugoslavia">Terrorism in Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_%E2%80%93_istina" title="Jasenovac – istina">Jasenovac – istina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Croatia" title="Far-right politics in Croatia">Far-right politics in Croatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>be</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France">fr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps">it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li>nl</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li>sk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia (Action T4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica#Legislation" title="Egica">Visigothic Jews under Egica</a> (693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Tamerlane" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Assyria</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui</a> (1533–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lameyans</a> (1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodhead%27s_Coshocton_expedition" title="Brodhead's Coshocton expedition">Coshocton Expedition</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawazi_massacre" title="Al-Jawazi massacre">al-Jawazi</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuruyuki" title="Battle of Kuruyuki">Ava Guaraní</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Duala</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian White Terror</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">Kuwaiti Bedoon</a> (1985–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Dhulbahante</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza Strip</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia&oldid=1255616798">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia&oldid=1255616798</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generalplan_Ost" title="Category:Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Category:Anti-Slavic 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[\"CITEREFBergholz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergholz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBećirović2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiondich2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiondich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiondich2007a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiondich2007b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiondich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloxhamGerwarth2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoban1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulajić1988–1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulajić1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulajić1992b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulajić1992c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulajić1994a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulajić1994b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulajić2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByford2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByford2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByford2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBürgschwentnerEggerBarth-Scalmani2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmichael2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmichaelMaguire2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCimentHill2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornwell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCvetković2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCvetković2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDakina1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDedijer1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDedijer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutschland_Military_Tribunal1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjilas1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomenicoHanley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrago_Hedl2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulic2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulić2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulić2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlišić1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreerMoberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreif2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutman,_Israel1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHehn1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoare2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoare2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoptner1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorvitzCatherwood2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoryBroszat1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsraeli2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanjetović2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavich1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJevtić1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Pollard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonassohn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasapović2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKataria2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenrick2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKisić_Kolanović2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKljakić1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolanović2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolstø2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorb2010a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorb2010b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKočović2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrestić1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrestić1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrestić2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurdulija1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatinović2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisac1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLituchy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockeLittell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLomović2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Lees1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilekic2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilivojevich1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirković2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirković2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitrović1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojzes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojzes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovak2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovak2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdakBenčić2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgnyanova2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParenti2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParis1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParis1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Hockenos2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavasović_Trošt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavlović2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavlowitch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrone2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhayer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadonic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2007b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRametListhaug2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapaić1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavlić1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivelli1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivelli1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivelli2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSANU1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadkovich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_TottenWilliam_S._Parsons2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindleyMakara2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScotti1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedlar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimić1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSindbaek2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingleton1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkoko1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokol2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanišić1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStojanović2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoverPeskinKoenig2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuppan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTouval2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrbovich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrencsényiKopecek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUngváry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVajagić2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelikonja2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVuković2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVukčević1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalasek2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss-Wendt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss_Wendt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomans2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomans2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomans2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZatezalo1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZatezalo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĐurić1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠkiljan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠkiljan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠkiljan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠkiljan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠkiljan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽerjavić1993\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 139,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 36,\n [\"Cnote2\"] = 4,\n [\"Cnote2 Begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Cnote2 End\"] = 1,\n [\"Cref2\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide of Serbs\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 53,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox civilian attack\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Legend2\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 330,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"The Holocaust\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","600","28.3"],["?","300","14.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","220","10.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","100","4.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","3.8"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.8"],["type","60","2.8"],["[others]","420","19.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-7mq5n","timestamp":"20241125143704","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1278544","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1278544","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-10-30T23:32:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T21:05:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e5\/Serbs_expelled_from_Croatia%2C_July_1941.jpg","headline":"Genocide by the Ustashe during WWII"}</script> </body> </html>