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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_roman_am%C3%A9ricain" title="Grand roman américain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand roman américain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Romanzo_Americano" title="Grande Romanzo Americano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande Romanzo Americano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didysis_amerikieti%C5%A1kasis_romanas" title="Didysis amerikietiškasis romanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didysis amerikietiškasis romanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Novel" title="Great American Novel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Great American Novel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2" title="ਮਹਾਨ ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਨਾਵਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਨ ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਨਾਵਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="مہان امریکی ناول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مہان امریکی ناول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Novel" title="Great American Novel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Great American Novel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Novel" title="Great American Novel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Great American Novel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Великий американский роман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великий американский роман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Велики амерички роман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики амерички роман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Great American Novel as a concept. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Novel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Great American Novel (disambiguation)">Great American Novel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG/330px-Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG/495px-Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG/660px-Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a> (1852) by <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> is commonly cited as the Great American Novel—<a href="/wiki/John_William_De_Forest" title="John William De Forest">John William De Forest</a> saw it as the closest possible novel.</figcaption></figure> The Great American Novel (sometimes abbreviated as GAN) is the term for a <a href="/wiki/Western_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canon">canonical</a> novel that generally embodies and examines the essence and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">character</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The term was coined by <a href="/wiki/John_William_De_Forest" title="John William De Forest">John William De Forest</a> in an 1868 essay and later shortened to GAN. De Forest noted that the Great American Novel had most likely not been written yet. Practically, the term refers to a small number of books that have historically been the nexus of discussion, including <a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a> (1851), <a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</a> (1884), <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby" title="The Great Gatsby">The Great Gatsby</a> (1925), and <a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a> (1936). Exactly what novel or novels warrant the title is without consensus and an assortment have been contended as the idea has evolved and continued into the modern age, with fluctuations in popular and critical regard. <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Brion_Davis" title="Clyde Brion Davis">Clyde Brion Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> have written novels about the Great American Novel—titled as such—Roth's in the 1970s, a time of prosperity for the concept. Equivalents to and interpretations of the Great American Novel have arisen. Writers and academics have commented upon the term's <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a>, the different types of novels befitting of title and the idea's relation to race and gender. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_origin_of_the_term">Background and origin of the term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and origin of the term">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_De_Forest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration of a mustached man in an oval frame. The text "J. W. De Forest" is printed at the bottom and a bald man in a dark suit looks to the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/John_William_De_Forest.png/143px-John_William_De_Forest.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/John_William_De_Forest.png/215px-John_William_De_Forest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/John_William_De_Forest.png/286px-John_William_De_Forest.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="409" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">De Forest</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Henry_James.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of a bald man in a coat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Photo_of_Henry_James.jpg/141px-Photo_of_Henry_James.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Photo_of_Henry_James.jpg/212px-Photo_of_Henry_James.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Photo_of_Henry_James.jpg/282px-Photo_of_Henry_James.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1177" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">James</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/John_William_De_Forest" title="John William De Forest">John William De Forest</a> coined the term in 1868, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> shortened it to GAN in 1880.</div></div></div></div> The development of <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a> coincided with the nation's development, especially of <a href="/wiki/American_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="American identity">its identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baym,_Nina_2007-1">[1]</a> Calls for an "autonomous national literature" first appeared during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and, by the mid-18th century, the possibility of American literature exceeding its European counterparts began to take shape, as did that of the Great American Novel, this time being the genesis of novels that would later be considered the Great American Novel.<a href="#cite_note-:92-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> The term "Great American Novel" originated in an 1868 essay by <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> novelist <a href="/wiki/John_William_De_Forest" title="John William De Forest">John William De Forest</a>. De Forest saw it serving as a "tableau" of American society,<a href="#cite_note-Buell24-6">[6]</a> and said that the novel would "paint the American soul" and capture "the ordinary emotions and manners of American existence".<a href="#cite_note-ProspectShowalter-7">[7]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pierce_Thompson" title="Daniel Pierce Thompson">Daniel Pierce Thompson</a> said it had to be distinctly American.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Although De Forest espoused praise and critique for contemporaneous novels, he ultimately concluded that the Great American Novel had yet to be written.<a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-writer-9">[9]</a> The essay's publication coincided with the rising prestige of the novel. Previously, only five percent of American books were marked as novels, with most fictional works given the self-effacing title of a "tale".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1880, writer <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> simplified the term with the initialism "GAN".<a href="#cite_note-ProspectShowalter-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> The term soon became popular, its ubiquity considered a <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">cliché</a> and disparaged by literary critics.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Buell_(academic)" title="Lawrence Buell (academic)">Lawerence Buell</a> stated that the concept was seen as a part of a larger national, cultural and political consolidation.<a href="#cite_note-Buell_2008-12">[12]</a> According to JSTOR Daily's Grant Shreve, as the concept grew, concrete criteria for the Great American Novel developed: <ul><li>It must encompass the entire nation and not be too consumed with a particular region.</li> <li>It must be democratic in spirit and form.</li> <li>Its author must have been born in the United States or have adopted the country as his or her own.</li> <li>Its true cultural worth must not be recognized upon its publication.</li></ul> Additionally, Shreve states, referencing Buell, that "several 'templates' or 'recipes' for the Great American Novel emerged. ... Recipe 1 is to write a novel that is 'subjected to a series of memorable rewritings.' ... Recipe 2 is what Buell calls 'the romance of the divide.' Novels of this kind ... imagine national (and geographic) rifts in the 'form of a family history and/or heterosexual love affair.' ... Recipe 3, a 'narrative centering on the lifeline of a socially paradigmatic figure ... whose odyssey tilts on the one side toward picaresque and on the other toward a saga of personal transformation, or failure of such.'"<a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a> From the turn of the century to the mid-twentieth century, the idea eluded serious academic consideration, being dismissed as a "naively amateurish age-of-realism pipe dream" not aligned with the culture of that time.<a href="#cite_note-Buell_20082-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:92-3">[3]</a> Writers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> were equally blasé. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Norris" title="Frank Norris">Frank Norris</a> too saw the concept as not befitting the time, stating that the fact of a great work being American should be incidental.<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a> complained that the Great American Novel concept held a narrow view of the nation, simply being concerned with "Main Street".<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a> At this time, it also grew to become associated with masculine values.<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_American_Novel_by_Philip_Roth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cover the Roth's novel reading "The Great American Novel"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Great_American_Novel_by_Philip_Roth.jpg/170px-The_Great_American_Novel_by_Philip_Roth.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Great_American_Novel_by_Philip_Roth.jpg/255px-The_Great_American_Novel_by_Philip_Roth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Great_American_Novel_by_Philip_Roth.jpg/340px-The_Great_American_Novel_by_Philip_Roth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> satirized the term with his 1973 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Great_American_Novel_(Roth_novel)" title="The Great American Novel (Roth novel)">The Great American Novel</a>.</figcaption></figure> Despite this critical disregard, many writers, prepped with "templates" and "recipes" for the matter, sought to create the next Great American Novel; <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> both sought to create the Great American Novel with <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a> (1906) and <a href="/wiki/Babbitt_(novel)" title="Babbitt (novel)">Babbit</a> (1924), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Buell_2014,_pp._3—4-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Brion_Davis" title="Clyde Brion Davis">Clyde Brion Davis</a> released satirical explorations both entitled The Great American Novel – Philip Roth would later release a novel of the same name.<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> Bernard F. Jr. Rogers said that <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>'s "entire career might be characterised as an attempt to produce something like "the GAN", but of its own time".<a href="#cite_note-:92-3">[3]</a> The 1970s saw a general resurgence of the concept, with <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> using the phrase the most in their history, a total of 71 times.<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[a]</a> The revival was perhaps the result of social change and related anxieties and the pursuit of a plateau between them.<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a> In the 21st century, retaining its contention and derision, the concept has moved towards a more populist attitude, functioning as "<a href="/wiki/Catnip" title="Catnip">catnip</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Listicle" title="Listicle">listicle</a>-obsessed internet".<a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kirsch" title="Adam Kirsch">Adam Kirsch</a> noted that books such as Roth's <a href="/wiki/American_Pastoral" title="American Pastoral">American Pastoral</a> (1997) indicate that writers are still interested in creating the Great American Novel.<a href="#cite_note-KirschHarvard-25">[23]</a> Commenting upon the Great American Novel's place in the 21st century, Stephens Shapiro said that "Maybe the GAN is a theme that rises in interest when the existing world system is amidst transformation, as America's greatness of all kinds swiftly fades away."<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> When asked in a 2004 interview if the Great American Novel could be written, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>—who had long been interested in the idea<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[24]</a>—said it could not, for United States had become too developed of a nation.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Tulathimutte" title="Tony Tulathimutte">Tony Tulathimutte</a> similarly dismissed it as "a comforting romantic myth, which wrongly assumes that commonality is more significant than individuality".<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_and_gender_commentary">Racial and gender commentary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Racial and gender commentary">edit</a>]</div> Multiple commentators have noted the concept's relation to racial and national identity, be it influence from by large-scale <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration</a>, which brought forth authors closely aligned with the Great American Novel or novels detailing marginalized peoples, some furthermore trying to "bridge the racial divide".<a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-KirschHarvard-25">[23]</a> Commenting upon the idea's racial aspects and presence in popular conscious, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kenner" title="Hugh Kenner">Hugh Kenner</a> wrote in a 1953 issue of Perspective that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The lad who was going to produce 'The Great American Novel' as soon as he had gotten his mind around his adolescent experience is part of the folklore of the 'twenties, and the prevalence of this myth documents the awareness of the young American of thirty years ago that the consciousness of his race remained uncreated.<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gertrude_Stein_1935-01-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photo of a bald women in front of an American flag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gertrude_Stein_1935-01-04.jpg/141px-Gertrude_Stein_1935-01-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gertrude_Stein_1935-01-04.jpg/212px-Gertrude_Stein_1935-01-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gertrude_Stein_1935-01-04.jpg/282px-Gertrude_Stein_1935-01-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1875" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Stein</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Joyce_carol_oates_8342.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color photo of an elderly women at a podium, speaking into a mic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joyce_carol_oates_8342.JPG/133px-Joyce_carol_oates_8342.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joyce_carol_oates_8342.JPG/200px-Joyce_carol_oates_8342.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joyce_carol_oates_8342.JPG/266px-Joyce_carol_oates_8342.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Oates</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Joyce Carol Oates</a> were among the women who believed that the GAN was unattainable. Stein also thought her Jewish identity and homosexuality restricted her.</div></div></div></div> Perrin, Andrew Hoberek and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Probst_Solomon" title="Barbara Probst Solomon">Barbara Probst Solomon</a> all noted that the 70s saw Jews pursue the GAN. Perrin said it was a boom decade for, what Hoberek, called the "Jewish GAN". Solomon was by 1972 sick of "nice Jewish sons who are writing the GAN". <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Latham" title="Aaron Latham">Aaron Latham</a>, in a 1971 article, highlighted Roth and Mailer as Jews who wanted to the write the next GJN and GAN, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a> The Great American Novel's relation to masculinity was seen as a problem by female writers. <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a> once lamented that, as a lesbian Jewish woman, she would be unable to compose the Great American Novel. <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Joyce Carol Oates</a> similarly felt that "a woman could write it, but then it wouldn't be the GAN".<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Viet_Thanh_Nguyen" title="Viet Thanh Nguyen">Viet Thanh Nguyen</a> said that "[o]ne of the unspoken silences of the Great American Novel is the assumption that it can only be written by white men".<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Laura Miller wrote, in a <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a> article, that "The presumption and the belligerence embodied in this ideal have put off many American women writers". She also noted that many characters in Great American Novel candidates are male: "the notion that a female figure might serve the same purpose undermines the very concept of the Great American Novel".<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[24]</a> Although British analyst <a href="/wiki/Faye_Hammill" title="Faye Hammill">Faye Hammill</a> noted that <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_(novel)" title="Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (novel)">Gentlemen Prefer Blondes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anita_Loos" title="Anita Loos">Anita Loos</a>, was one of the few that 'doesn't stink'.<a href="#cite_note-:18-31">[29]</a> Emily Temple of <a href="/wiki/Literary_Hub" title="Literary Hub">Literary Hub</a> suggested that if the protagonist of Sylvia Plath's <a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Jar" title="The Bell Jar">The Bell Jar</a> (1963) were male it would likely be considered more seriously as a Great American Novel contender.<a href="#cite_note-Temple-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interpretations">edit</a>]</div> There are several different interpretations of what makes a Great American Novel. Some say that it depicts a diverse group facing issues representative of "epoch-defining public events or crises."<a href="#cite_note-ProspectShowalter-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Scalzi" title="John Scalzi">John Scalzi</a> felt that for a novel to be the Great American Novel it had to be ubiquitous and notable, and analyze United States through a moral context.<a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[31]</a> De Forest, similarly saw the Great American Novel as having to capture the "essence" of America, its quality irrelevant.<a href="#cite_note-:8-34">[32]</a> Norris considered the musings upon what made a novel "great" and/or "American" to showcase patriotic insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohsin_Hamid" title="Mohsin Hamid">Mohsin Hamid</a> echoed the idea that the GAN is indicative of insecurity, connecting it to a "colonial legacy".<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Commentators have said that the concept is exclusively American in nature.<a href="#cite_note-:8-34">[32]</a> Journalist John Walsh offered a national equal in the form of Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> (1869); Buell felt that Australia was the only country to replicate America's search.<a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[c]</a> Scholes said that the Great American Novel has always been thought of adjacent to European literature.<a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Vann_(writer)" title="David Vann (writer)">David Vann</a> was of the belief that they had to be "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-American</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[34]</a> Rogers felt that it does not need to have American protagonists or be set in United States and should not espouse <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:92-3">[3]</a> Buell identifies multiple types of Great American Novels. First is one who is subject to mysticism and stands the test of time.<a href="#cite_note-:16-38">[35]</a> The second is "the romance of the divide", which imagines national rifts in the "form of a family history and/or heterosexual love affair"—race often plays a role.<a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-38">[35]</a> The third variety encapsulates the <a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a> and see its protagonist rise from obscurity.<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a> Fourthly, novels which are composed of a diverse cast of characters "imagined as social <a href="/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy">microcosms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">vanguards</a>" and who are placed with events and crises that serve to "constitute an image of 'democratic' promise or dysfunction". Buell also said <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative science fiction</a> may be the basis for a possible fifth archetype.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kasia_Boddy" title="Kasia Boddy">Kasia Boddy</a> wrote that, "[s]ince its initial formulation", the concept "has always been more about inspiration than achievement; the very fact that it has been attempted but remains 'unwritten' providing a spur to future engagement with both nation and national literature".<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a> Speculating on De Forest's intentions when devising the notion of the Great American Novel and commenting upon its development, <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Strayed" title="Cheryl Strayed">Cheryl Strayed</a> wrote that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">De Forest was arguing in hopes of not one Great American Novel, but rather the development of a literary canon that accurately portrayed our complex national character, has been lost on many, as generation after generation of critics have since engaged in discussions of who might have written the Great American Novel of any given age, and writers have aspired to be the one chosen — a competitive mode that is, I suppose, as American as it gets. It's also most likely the reason that the idea has persisted for so long. To think that one might be writing the Great American Novel, as opposed to laboring through a meandering 400-page manuscript...is awfully reassuring. I have a purpose! I am writing the Great American Novel!<a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a></blockquote> Denoting an apocryphal state, <a href="/wiki/Film_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Film critic">film critic</a> <a href="/wiki/A._O._Scott" title="A. O. Scott">A. O. Scott</a> compared the GAN to the <a href="/wiki/Yeti" title="Yeti">Yeti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness_monster" class="mw-redirect" title="Loch Ness monster">Loch Ness monster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sasquatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasquatch">Sasquatch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2006-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_candidates">Notable candidates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable candidates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Great_American_Novel" title="Special:EditPage/Great American Novel">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Table containing possible Great American Novels </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"> <th>Year </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Cover or title page </th> <th>Novel </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Portrait </th> <th>Author </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Commentary </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1826 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_1826.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_1826.jpg/100px-The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_1826.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_1826.jpg/150px-The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_1826.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_1826.jpg/200px-The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_1826.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1317" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans" title="The Last of the Mohicans">The Last of the Mohicans</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Fenimore_Cooper_by_Brady.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawn portrait of James Fenimore Cooper, based on a photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/James_Fenimore_Cooper_by_Brady.jpg/100px-James_Fenimore_Cooper_by_Brady.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/James_Fenimore_Cooper_by_Brady.jpg/150px-James_Fenimore_Cooper_by_Brady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/James_Fenimore_Cooper_by_Brady.jpg/200px-James_Fenimore_Cooper_by_Brady.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="764" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a> </td> <td>Although <a href="/wiki/John_William_De_Forest" title="John William De Forest">John William De Forest</a> critiqued Cooper's writing as boring, many consider The Last of the Mohicans to be the first GAN. It was influential in defining American literature and addresses themes which are common in later American works, including <a href="/wiki/Rugged_individualism" title="Rugged individualism">rugged individualism</a> and freedom. </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Title_page_for_The_Scarlet_Letter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Title_page_for_The_Scarlet_Letter.jpg/100px-Title_page_for_The_Scarlet_Letter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Title_page_for_The_Scarlet_Letter.jpg/150px-Title_page_for_The_Scarlet_Letter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Title_page_for_The_Scarlet_Letter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Letter" title="The Scarlet Letter">The Scarlet Letter</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Hawthorne_by_Brady,_1860-64.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of Nathaniel Hawthorne, bearing a mustache and medium-length hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nathaniel_Hawthorne_by_Brady%2C_1860-64.jpg/100px-Nathaniel_Hawthorne_by_Brady%2C_1860-64.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nathaniel_Hawthorne_by_Brady%2C_1860-64.jpg/150px-Nathaniel_Hawthorne_by_Brady%2C_1860-64.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nathaniel_Hawthorne_by_Brady%2C_1860-64.jpg/200px-Nathaniel_Hawthorne_by_Brady%2C_1860-64.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1768" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> </td> <td>Although John William De Forest thought The Scarlet Letter unworthy of the label of GAN, it is now widely included on most lists.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Lawrence Buell recognized it as a "reluctant master text"—his first GAN script.<a href="#cite_note-:16-38">[35]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-Buell1-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg/100px-Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg/150px-Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg/200px-Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1380" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Herman_Melville_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Herman Melville seated at a chair, arms crossed and sporting combed-back hair and a blocky beard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Herman_Melville_1860.jpg/100px-Herman_Melville_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Herman_Melville_1860.jpg/150px-Herman_Melville_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Herman_Melville_1860.jpg/200px-Herman_Melville_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="388" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> </td> <td>According to Hester Blum of <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State University">Penn State University</a>, "What makes Moby-Dick the Greatest American Novel, in other words, is that Melville can invoke the preposterous image of a sobbing, heart-stricken moose and we think, yes, I have come to know exactly what that sounds like, and I know what world of meaning is contained within that terrific sound".<a href="#cite_note-Millions-45">[42]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-Buell_2008-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-KirschHarvard-25">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1852 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/100px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/150px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/200px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="2012" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Beecher-Stowe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a seated Harriet Beecher Stowe, wearing a dress and a shawl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Beecher-Stowe.jpg/100px-Beecher-Stowe.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Beecher-Stowe.jpg/150px-Beecher-Stowe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Beecher-Stowe.jpg/200px-Beecher-Stowe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2898" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> </td> <td>Lawrence Buell claimed it to be the first novel to receive the acclaim of the GAN and that it was widely accepted that it was 'nearest approach to the desired phenomenon'.<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> John William De Forest noted it as the only possible contender and as "a picture of American life".<a href="#cite_note-writer-9">[9]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93194L.1869_pt.2aa_-_Little_Women,_title.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93194L.1869_pt.2aa_-_Little_Women%2C_title.jpg/100px-Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93194L.1869_pt.2aa_-_Little_Women%2C_title.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93194L.1869_pt.2aa_-_Little_Women%2C_title.jpg/150px-Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93194L.1869_pt.2aa_-_Little_Women%2C_title.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93194L.1869_pt.2aa_-_Little_Women%2C_title.jpg/200px-Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93194L.1869_pt.2aa_-_Little_Women%2C_title.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="2129" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Little_Women" title="Little Women">Little Women</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Louisa_May_Alcott,_c._1870_-_Warren%27s_Portraits,_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hazy photograph of Louisa May Alcott, with dark hair wearing a dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Louisa_May_Alcott%2C_c._1870_-_Warren%27s_Portraits%2C_Boston.jpg/100px-Louisa_May_Alcott%2C_c._1870_-_Warren%27s_Portraits%2C_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Louisa_May_Alcott%2C_c._1870_-_Warren%27s_Portraits%2C_Boston.jpg/150px-Louisa_May_Alcott%2C_c._1870_-_Warren%27s_Portraits%2C_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Louisa_May_Alcott%2C_c._1870_-_Warren%27s_Portraits%2C_Boston.jpg/200px-Louisa_May_Alcott%2C_c._1870_-_Warren%27s_Portraits%2C_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="2956" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a> </td> <td>According to Marlowe Daly-Galeano, what makes Little Women "such an amazing novel [and possible contender for the GAN] is that it gives women's voices and women's stories the prime position in a way that...[was] very new and fresh to readers in the...late 1860s," and suggests that the "strongest mark of Little Women's influence" lies in subsequent stories told about "circles of women" and "cool girl protagonists" which all seem to have a "direct link" to Little Women. Gregory Eiselein remarks that several aspects of Little Women (its inclusion of colloquialisms and grammatical errors in its dialogue, the familiarity of the March girls' struggles, etc.) make it "one of the founding documents of American literary realism." </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1884 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Huckleberry_Finn_book.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Huckleberry_Finn_book.JPG/100px-Huckleberry_Finn_book.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Huckleberry_Finn_book.JPG/150px-Huckleberry_Finn_book.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Huckleberry_Finn_book.JPG/200px-Huckleberry_Finn_book.JPG 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hazy photograph of Mark Twain, with white hair and mustache in a light-colored suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg/100px-Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg/150px-Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg/200px-Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="1061" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> </td> <td>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was one of the first American novels to utilize a regional vernacular.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> stated that "All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called 'Huckleberry Finn'."<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> William van O'Connor wrote, in a 1955 issue of <a href="/wiki/College_English" title="College English">College English</a>, that "we are informed, from a variety of critical positions, that [it] is the truly American novel".<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millions-45">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:TheRedBadgeOfCourage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TheRedBadgeOfCourage.jpg/100px-TheRedBadgeOfCourage.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TheRedBadgeOfCourage.jpg/150px-TheRedBadgeOfCourage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TheRedBadgeOfCourage.jpg/200px-TheRedBadgeOfCourage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="443" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Badge_of_Courage" title="The Red Badge of Courage">The Red Badge of Courage</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SCrane2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph Stephen Crane in a suit, with parted hair and a mustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SCrane2.JPG/100px-SCrane2.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SCrane2.JPG/150px-SCrane2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SCrane2.JPG/200px-SCrane2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane" title="Stephen Crane">Stephen Crane</a> </td> <td>Crane was among the earliest generation of American novelists to be influenced by John William De Forest and consciously strove to produce a "National Novel".<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Critic <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barr_(writer)" title="Robert Barr (writer)">Robert Barr</a> had named him the "most likely to produce the great American novel" only two years before Crane died suddenly at the age of 28.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> According to Yale professor of literature Jay Martin, Crane's <a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">war novel</a> The Red Badge of Courage, set during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, "marks the culmination of the Great American Novel".<a href="#cite_note-martin35-56">[53]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-martin35-56">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:McTeague_First_Edition_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/McTeague_First_Edition_cover.jpg/100px-McTeague_First_Edition_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/McTeague_First_Edition_cover.jpg/150px-McTeague_First_Edition_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/McTeague_First_Edition_cover.jpg/200px-McTeague_First_Edition_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="672" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/McTeague" title="McTeague">McTeague</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_F._Norris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a seated Frank Norris, wearing a casual suit and sporting parted hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Picture_of_F._Norris.jpg/100px-Picture_of_F._Norris.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Picture_of_F._Norris.jpg/150px-Picture_of_F._Norris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Picture_of_F._Norris.jpg/200px-Picture_of_F._Norris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="574" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Norris" title="Frank Norris">Frank Norris</a> </td> <td>McTeague was declared a GAN as early as 1899.<a href="#cite_note-1889_NYT-57">[54]</a> The librarian Faith Lee puts McTeague's status as a GAN beyond doubt.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Norris's novel <a href="/wiki/The_Octopus:_A_Story_of_California" title="The Octopus: A Story of California">The Octopus</a> has been declared one of the three GANs by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kauffman" title="Bill Kauffman">Bill Kauffman</a>. </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-1889_NYT-57">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Gatsby_Cover_1925_Retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Great_Gatsby_Cover_1925_Retouched.jpg/100px-The_Great_Gatsby_Cover_1925_Retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Great_Gatsby_Cover_1925_Retouched.jpg/150px-The_Great_Gatsby_Cover_1925_Retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Great_Gatsby_Cover_1925_Retouched.jpg/200px-The_Great_Gatsby_Cover_1925_Retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1600" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby" title="The Great Gatsby">The Great Gatsby</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:F._Scott_Fitzgerald_Publicity_Photograph_circa_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of F. Scott Fitzgerald with a slight smile and parted, slicked-back hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/F._Scott_Fitzgerald_Publicity_Photograph_circa_1920.jpg/100px-F._Scott_Fitzgerald_Publicity_Photograph_circa_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/F._Scott_Fitzgerald_Publicity_Photograph_circa_1920.jpg/150px-F._Scott_Fitzgerald_Publicity_Photograph_circa_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/F._Scott_Fitzgerald_Publicity_Photograph_circa_1920.jpg/200px-F._Scott_Fitzgerald_Publicity_Photograph_circa_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3855" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emory_Elliott" title="Emory Elliott">Emory Elliott</a> wrote, in 1991, that it is "still frequently nominated as the GAN".<a href="#cite_note-Emory-59">[56]</a> Kirsch, in 2013, said it to be "one of the first titles to come to mind whenever the Great American Novel is mentioned".<a href="#cite_note-KirschHarvard-25">[23]</a> Deirdre Donahue of <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> and Fitzgerald scholar James L. W. West III felt that its "embodiment of the American spirit", relevance and prose were the reasons as to why it's the GAN.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Cover_1926_Restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Cover_1926_Restored.jpg/100px-Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Cover_1926_Restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Cover_1926_Restored.jpg/150px-Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Cover_1926_Restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Cover_1926_Restored.jpg/200px-Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_Cover_1926_Restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="2187" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_(novel)" title="Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (novel)">Gentlemen Prefer Blondes</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Anita_Loos_-_Dec_1917_EH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Anita Loos, wearing a fur-lined dress and a large dress hat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Anita_Loos_-_Dec_1917_EH.jpg/100px-Anita_Loos_-_Dec_1917_EH.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Anita_Loos_-_Dec_1917_EH.jpg/150px-Anita_Loos_-_Dec_1917_EH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Anita_Loos_-_Dec_1917_EH.jpg/200px-Anita_Loos_-_Dec_1917_EH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="489" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anita_Loos" title="Anita Loos">Anita Loos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Crowninshield" title="Frank Crowninshield">Frank Crowninshield</a> proclaimed the novel to be the GAN.<a href="#cite_note-:17-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-31">[29]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:17-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-31">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Absalom,_Absalom!_(1936_1st_ed_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Absalom%2C_Absalom%21_%281936_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/100px-Absalom%2C_Absalom%21_%281936_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Absalom%2C_Absalom%21_%281936_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/150px-Absalom%2C_Absalom%21_%281936_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Absalom%2C_Absalom%21_%281936_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/200px-Absalom%2C_Absalom%21_%281936_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1142" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Absalom,_Absalom!" title="Absalom, Absalom!">Absalom, Absalom!</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Van_Vechten_-_William_Faulkner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of William Faulkner in a suit and with a mustached, reclined against a brick wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Carl_Van_Vechten_-_William_Faulkner.jpg/100px-Carl_Van_Vechten_-_William_Faulkner.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Carl_Van_Vechten_-_William_Faulkner.jpg/150px-Carl_Van_Vechten_-_William_Faulkner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Carl_Van_Vechten_-_William_Faulkner.jpg/200px-Carl_Van_Vechten_-_William_Faulkner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2507" data-file-height="3526" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> </td> <td>Absalom, Absalom! has been said to represent Lawrence Buell's "romance of the divide".<a href="#cite_note-KirschHarvard-25">[23]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-KirschHarvard-25">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Grapes_of_Wrath_(1939_1st_ed_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_%281939_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/100px-The_Grapes_of_Wrath_%281939_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_%281939_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/150px-The_Grapes_of_Wrath_%281939_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_%281939_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/200px-The_Grapes_of_Wrath_%281939_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="1041" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Steinbeck_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of John Steinbeck. His hair is slicked-back and closely shaved on the sides. He has a mustache and facial hair on his chin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Steinbeck_1962.jpg/100px-John_Steinbeck_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Steinbeck_1962.jpg/150px-John_Steinbeck_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Steinbeck_1962.jpg/200px-John_Steinbeck_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jay_Parini" title="Jay Parini">Jay Parini</a> identified it as "a great American novel" due to its focus on United States during a crisis and the eclectic depiction of American life. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodriguez" title="Richard Rodriguez">Richard Rodriguez</a>, similarly, felt that it was "the great American novel that everyone keeps waiting for" because of how it showed "the losers in America".<a href="#cite_note-Big_Read-66">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kauffman" title="Bill Kauffman">Bill Kauffman</a> declared it one of three possible candidates for the GAN. </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-Big_Read-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Catcher_in_the_Rye_(1951,_first_edition_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye_%281951%2C_first_edition_cover%29.jpg/100px-The_Catcher_in_the_Rye_%281951%2C_first_edition_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye_%281951%2C_first_edition_cover%29.jpg/150px-The_Catcher_in_the_Rye_%281951%2C_first_edition_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye_%281951%2C_first_edition_cover%29.jpg/200px-The_Catcher_in_the_Rye_%281951%2C_first_edition_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1210" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye" title="The Catcher in the Rye">The Catcher in the Rye</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:J._D._Salinger_(Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of J.D. Salinger, wearing a suit and sporting dark, combed hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg/100px-J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg/150px-J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg/200px-J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1426" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger">J. D. Salinger</a> </td> <td>The Catcher in the Rye is an example of a writer setting out to write the GAN and receiving such praise.<a href="#cite_note-:14-68">[65]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-68">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Invisible_Man_(1952_1st_ed_jacket_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Invisible_Man_%281952_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg/100px-Invisible_Man_%281952_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Invisible_Man_%281952_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg/150px-Invisible_Man_%281952_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Invisible_Man_%281952_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg/200px-Invisible_Man_%281952_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="2895" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Ellison_photo_portrait_seated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ralph Ellison is pictured sitting in a chair before a bookcase. He is wearing a suit and has a mustache and receding hair-line." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ralph_Ellison_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/100px-Ralph_Ellison_photo_portrait_seated.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ralph_Ellison_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/150px-Ralph_Ellison_photo_portrait_seated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ralph_Ellison_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/200px-Ralph_Ellison_photo_portrait_seated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2158" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a> </td> <td>Joseph Fruscione said that Invisible Man was the GAN because it can be "many things to many readers".<a href="#cite_note-Millions-45">[42]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Adventures_of_Augie_March_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March_Cover.jpg/100px-The_Adventures_of_Augie_March_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March_Cover.jpg/150px-The_Adventures_of_Augie_March_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March_Cover.jpg/200px-The_Adventures_of_Augie_March_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="475" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March" title="The Adventures of Augie March">The Adventures of Augie March</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Saul_Bellow_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Saul Bellow with an open book before a bookcase. He is wearing a suit and has somewhat curly hair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Saul_Bellow_1953.jpg/100px-Saul_Bellow_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Saul_Bellow_1953.jpg/150px-Saul_Bellow_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Saul_Bellow_1953.jpg/200px-Saul_Bellow_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="296" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Martin Amis</a> thought that The Adventures of Augie March was the GAN because of its "fantastic inclusiveness, its pluralism, its qualmless promiscuity".<a href="#cite_note-Temple-32">[30]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lolita_1955.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lolita_1955.JPG/100px-Lolita_1955.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lolita_1955.JPG/150px-Lolita_1955.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lolita_1955.JPG/200px-Lolita_1955.JPG 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="1051" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lolita" title="Lolita">Lolita</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Nabokov_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Vladimir Nabokov. Wearing a collared shirt, Nabokov is pictured in his later years, with aging skin and white hair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vladimir_Nabokov_1973.jpg/100px-Vladimir_Nabokov_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vladimir_Nabokov_1973.jpg/150px-Vladimir_Nabokov_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vladimir_Nabokov_1973.jpg/200px-Vladimir_Nabokov_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="1024" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> </td> <td>Mary Elizabeth Williams called Lolita the GAN because of its prose and says "'Lolita' forever remains a thing of timeless beauty."<a href="#cite_note-Millions-45">[42]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-Millions-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_(first_edition_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_%28first_edition_cover%29.jpg/100px-To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_%28first_edition_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_%28first_edition_cover%29.jpg/150px-To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_%28first_edition_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_%28first_edition_cover%29.jpg/200px-To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_%28first_edition_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1764" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird" title="To Kill a Mockingbird">To Kill a Mockingbird</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_(To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket,_1960).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Harper Lee in an outdoor setting. She has short hair and appears to be examining something in the sand and grass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg/100px-Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg/150px-Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg/200px-Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="826" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a> </td> <td>John Scalzi calls it a GAN in that it is a notable and ubiquitous work that also deals with morality and the American experience.<a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> described it as "our national novel."<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gravity%27s_Rainbow_(1973_1st_ed_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A photograph of Thomas Pynchon from when he served in the US Navy. He is young, wearing a sailor's uniform and smiling with bucked-teeth."><img alt="The silhouette of a row of buildings is situated at the bottom of this bright orange cover. "Gravity's Rainbow, Thomas Pynchon" is printed in bold text in the center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/100px-Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/150px-Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/200px-Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="2890" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pynchon,_Navy_Sailor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg/100px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg/150px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg/200px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="2679" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> </td> <td>Pynchon's postmodern novel of World War II is commonly cited as "the most important American novel" of the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> It has been said to conform to Buell's fourth type of GAN.<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Blood_Meridian_(1985_1st_ed_half_title_page).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blood_Meridian_%281985_1st_ed_half_title_page%29.jpg/100px-Blood_Meridian_%281985_1st_ed_half_title_page%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blood_Meridian_%281985_1st_ed_half_title_page%29.jpg/150px-Blood_Meridian_%281985_1st_ed_half_title_page%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blood_Meridian_%281985_1st_ed_half_title_page%29.jpg/200px-Blood_Meridian_%281985_1st_ed_half_title_page%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="950" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Blood_Meridian" title="Blood Meridian">Blood Meridian</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cormac_McCarthy_(Child_of_God_author_portrait_-_high-res).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A photograph of Cormac McCarthy. Wearing a patterned collared shirt, he is leaning against a tree with arms crossed. He is mustached"><img alt="A title page reading "Blood Meridian or The Evening Redness in the West" with the author's name, "Cormac McCarthy", positioned below the title." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cormac_McCarthy_%28Child_of_God_author_portrait_-_high-res%29.jpg/100px-Cormac_McCarthy_%28Child_of_God_author_portrait_-_high-res%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cormac_McCarthy_%28Child_of_God_author_portrait_-_high-res%29.jpg/150px-Cormac_McCarthy_%28Child_of_God_author_portrait_-_high-res%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cormac_McCarthy_%28Child_of_God_author_portrait_-_high-res%29.jpg/200px-Cormac_McCarthy_%28Child_of_God_author_portrait_-_high-res%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1963" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Vann_(writer)" title="David Vann (writer)">David Vann</a> felt that Blood Meridian was a GAN because it explored United States’ <a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Americas" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">genocidal past.</a><a href="#cite_note-Millions-45">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple" title="William Dalrymple">William Dalrymple</a> states "this book the Great American Novel. It's a beautifully written, dark, bleak western—but unlike any western I'd ever known." </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Beloved_(1987_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beloved_%281987_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/100px-Beloved_%281987_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beloved_%281987_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/150px-Beloved_%281987_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beloved_%281987_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/200px-Beloved_%281987_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="1374" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Toni_Morrison_(The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Toni Morrison is pictured in a turtle-neck. She is sporting an afro." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg/100px-Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg/150px-Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg/200px-Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1386" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> </td> <td>The novel is noted for its depiction of the psychological effects of slavery and racism. When Beloved topped a <a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Best_Work_of_American_Fiction_of_the_Last_25_Years%3F" title="What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years?">poll seeking "the best work of American fiction" published from 1980 to 2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._O._Scott" title="A. O. Scott">A. O. Scott</a> remarked that "Any other outcome would have been startling, since Morrison's novel has inserted itself into the American canon more completely than any of its potential rivals."<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2006-39">[36]</a> Beloved has been noted to align with Buell's third type of GAN.<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_2006-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:American_Psycho_Title.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/American_Psycho_Title.jpg/100px-American_Psycho_Title.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/American_Psycho_Title.jpg/150px-American_Psycho_Title.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/American_Psycho_Title.jpg/200px-American_Psycho_Title.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="384" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/American_Psycho" title="American Psycho">American Psycho</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ellis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bret Easton Ellis is pictured standing on front of a stone wall and greenery. He is wearing a blazer over a blue collared shirt and has a lanyard on his neck." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ellis.jpg/100px-Ellis.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ellis.jpg/150px-Ellis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ellis.jpg/200px-Ellis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="607" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bret_Easton_Ellis" title="Bret Easton Ellis">Bret Easton Ellis</a> </td> <td>Julia Keller saw the novel's inclusion of "brand names and sex and social anxiety" as part of the reason why it is the GAN.<a href="#cite_note-:15-82">[79]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-:15-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Infinite_Jest_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Infinite_Jest_2.jpg/100px-Infinite_Jest_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Infinite_Jest_2.jpg/150px-Infinite_Jest_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Infinite_Jest_2.jpg/200px-Infinite_Jest_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="443" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Jest" title="Infinite Jest">Infinite Jest</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:David_Foster_Wallace_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="David Foster Wallace is pictured with shoulder-length hair and a short beard. Wearing frameless glasses, he is speaking at a microphone and is wearing a black denim jacket over a t-shirt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/David_Foster_Wallace_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-David_Foster_Wallace_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/David_Foster_Wallace_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-David_Foster_Wallace_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/David_Foster_Wallace_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-David_Foster_Wallace_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="650" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a> </td> <td>Lawrence Buell noted that "For an appreciable number of turn-of-the-twenty-first-century readers...Infinite Jest [is] the GAN of our days".<a href="#cite_note-buell57-84">[81]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-buell57-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Temple-32">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Underworld_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Underworld_4.jpg/100px-Underworld_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Underworld_4.jpg/150px-Underworld_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Underworld_4.jpg/200px-Underworld_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="361" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Underworld_(novel)" title="Underworld (novel)">Underworld</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Don_delillo_nyc_02-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elderly and spectacled Don DeLillo is pictured reading from paper at a microphone. He is wearing a sweater over a collared shirt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Don_delillo_nyc_02-cropped.jpg/100px-Don_delillo_nyc_02-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Don_delillo_nyc_02-cropped.jpg/150px-Don_delillo_nyc_02-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Don_delillo_nyc_02-cropped.jpg/200px-Don_delillo_nyc_02-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1970" data-file-height="2546" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a> </td> <td>According to Robert McCrum, it developed a reputation as the GAN almost immediately after its publication.<a href="#cite_note-:13-85">[82]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_(2010_title_page,_signed_by_Jonathan_Franzen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Freedom_%282010_title_page%2C_signed_by_Jonathan_Franzen%29.jpg/100px-Freedom_%282010_title_page%2C_signed_by_Jonathan_Franzen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Freedom_%282010_title_page%2C_signed_by_Jonathan_Franzen%29.jpg/150px-Freedom_%282010_title_page%2C_signed_by_Jonathan_Franzen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Freedom_%282010_title_page%2C_signed_by_Jonathan_Franzen%29.jpg/200px-Freedom_%282010_title_page%2C_signed_by_Jonathan_Franzen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="667" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(Franzen_novel)" title="Freedom (Franzen novel)">Freedom</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Franzen_2011_Shankbone_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A spectacled Jonathan Franzen is pictured in a tuxedo on a Time magazine red carpet. His short hair is somewhat untidy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jonathan_Franzen_2011_Shankbone_2.JPG/100px-Jonathan_Franzen_2011_Shankbone_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jonathan_Franzen_2011_Shankbone_2.JPG/150px-Jonathan_Franzen_2011_Shankbone_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jonathan_Franzen_2011_Shankbone_2.JPG/200px-Jonathan_Franzen_2011_Shankbone_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3410" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a> </td> <td>Lawrence Buell described it as the "most widely acclaimed GAN contender...post-<a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Buell_2014,_pp._3—4-16">[16]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Telegraph_Avenue_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Telegraph_Avenue_2.jpg/100px-Telegraph_Avenue_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Telegraph_Avenue_2.jpg/150px-Telegraph_Avenue_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Telegraph_Avenue_2.jpg/200px-Telegraph_Avenue_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="496" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Avenue_(novel)" title="Telegraph Avenue (novel)">Telegraph Avenue</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Chabon_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michael Chabon is pictured wearing glasses, shoulder-length hair and a beard. Speaking at a microphone, his collared shirt is decorated with celestial bodies." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Michael_Chabon_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/100px-Michael_Chabon_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Michael_Chabon_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/150px-Michael_Chabon_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Michael_Chabon_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/200px-Michael_Chabon_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2350" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> </td> <td>John Freeman of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>, praised Chabon for "imagining the Great American Novel with a multiracial cast."<a href="#cite_note-:86-88">[85]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-:87-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-:88-90">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Goldfinch_cover_page_signed_by_Donna_Tartt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Goldfinch_cover_page_signed_by_Donna_Tartt.png/100px-The_Goldfinch_cover_page_signed_by_Donna_Tartt.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Goldfinch_cover_page_signed_by_Donna_Tartt.png/150px-The_Goldfinch_cover_page_signed_by_Donna_Tartt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Goldfinch_cover_page_signed_by_Donna_Tartt.png/200px-The_Goldfinch_cover_page_signed_by_Donna_Tartt.png 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Goldfinch_(novel)" title="The Goldfinch (novel)">The Goldfinch</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Donna_Tartt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Donna_Tartt.jpg/100px-Donna_Tartt.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Donna_Tartt.jpg/150px-Donna_Tartt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Donna_Tartt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="251" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donna_Tartt" title="Donna Tartt">Donna Tartt</a> </td> <td>Described by <a href="/wiki/Randy_Boyagoda" title="Randy Boyagoda">Randy Boyagoda</a> as "exactly what comes to mind when you think of the Great American Novel: sprawling, smart, of-the-moment in its plot, and above all else, unabashedly swaggering in its presumption that you’ll want to spend eight hundred pages following Theo, its hero, as he makes his way through loud and crazy America."<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox 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portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">Literary fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic novel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> This total excludes books with the phrase in their title.<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> According to Buell, the concept has always been "a more demotic than an academic enthusiasm".<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Shapiro speculated that this connection was because of their colonial past: "Perhaps nations founded on the genocide of indigenous people...may strive to produce cultural works that can distract from the crimes of the past?"<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Baym,_Nina_2007-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Baym,_Nina_2007_1-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nina_Baym" title="Nina Baym">Baym, Nina</a>, ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:92_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_3-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRodgers1974" class="citation journal cs1">Rodgers, Bernard F. Jr. (December 1, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00111619.1974.10690080">"The Great American Novel and "The Great American Joke""</a>. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 16 (2): 12–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00111619.1974.10690080">10.1080/00111619.1974.10690080</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-1619">0011-1619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique%3A+Studies+in+Contemporary+Fiction&rft.atitle=The+Great+American+Novel+and+%22The+Great+American+Joke%22&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=12-29&rft.date=1974-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00111619.1974.10690080&rft.issn=0011-1619&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Bernard+F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00111619.1974.10690080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShreve2017" class="citation web cs1">Shreve, Grant (December 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/the-great-american-game-of-picking-the-great-american-novel/">"The Great American Game of Picking the Great American Novel"</a>. JSTOR Daily. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>. Retrieved January 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=The+Great+American+Game+of+Picking+the+Great+American+Novel&rft.date=2017-12-17&rft.aulast=Shreve&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fthe-great-american-game-of-picking-the-great-american-novel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2015" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, Stephen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncl.2015.69.4.539">"Review: The Dream of the Great American Novel"</a>. Nineteenth-Century Literature. 69 (4): 539–543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fncl.2015.69.4.539">10.1525/ncl.2015.69.4.539</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-9356">0891-9356</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncl.2015.69.4.539">10.1525/ncl.2015.69.4.539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nineteenth-Century+Literature&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Dream+of+the+Great+American+Novel&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=539-543&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0891-9356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fncl.2015.69.4.539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fncl.2015.69.4.539&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fncl.2015.69.4.539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buell24-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Buell24_6-0">^</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-ProspectShowalter-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ProspectShowalter_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProspectShowalter_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProspectShowalter_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowalter2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Showalter" title="Elaine Showalter">Showalter, Elaine</a> (February 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/end-of-the-dream-can-the-great-american-novel-survive">"Can the Great American Novel survive?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317142040/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/end-of-the-dream-can-the-great-american-novel-survive/">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect&rft.atitle=Can+the+Great+American+Novel+survive%3F&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fend-of-the-dream-can-the-great-american-novel-survive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1935" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Herbert R. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2920328">"The Great American Novel"</a>. American Literature. 7 (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2920328">10.2307/2920328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9831">0002-9831</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2920328">2920328</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114213053/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2920328">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Great+American+Novel&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1935&rft.issn=0002-9831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2920328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2920328&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Herbert+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2920328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-writer-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-writer_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-writer_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZafarris2018" class="citation news cs1">Zafarris, Jess (July 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.writersdigest.com/be-inspired/the-first-great-american-novel">"The First Book to Ever Be Dubbed the "Great American Novel" Might Not Be the One You'd Guess"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_Digest" title="Writer's Digest">Writer's Digest</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801050133/https://www.writersdigest.com/be-inspired/the-first-great-american-novel">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writer%27s+Digest&rft.atitle=The+First+Book+to+Ever+Be+Dubbed+the+%22Great+American+Novel%22+Might+Not+Be+the+One+You%27d+Guess&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft.aulast=Zafarris&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.writersdigest.com%2Fbe-inspired%2Fthe-first-great-american-novel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, pp. 24—25. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell2014" class="citation book cs1">Buell, Lawrence (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/871257583">The Dream of the Great American Novel</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05115-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05115-7"><bdi>978-0-674-05115-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/871257583">871257583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+of+the+Great+American+Novel&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F871257583&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05115-7&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F871257583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buell_2008-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buell_2008_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buell_2008_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Buell, Lawrence (2008). "The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel: Moby-Dick as Test Case". American Literary History. 20 (1–2): 132–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falh%2Fajn005">10.1093/alh/ajn005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170250346">170250346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literary+History&rft.atitle=The+Unkillable+Dream+of+the+Great+American+Novel%3A+Moby-Dick+as+Test+Case&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=132-155&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falh%2Fajn005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170250346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> (Melville compared Ahab's shout to the moose's sound.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Buell_20082-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Buell_20082_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Buell, Lawrence (2008). 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American Literary History. 20 (1–2): 132–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falh%2Fajn005">10.1093/alh/ajn005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170250346">170250346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literary+History&rft.atitle=The+Unkillable+Dream+of+the+Great+American+Novel%3A+Moby-Dick+as+Test+Case&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=132-155&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falh%2Fajn005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170250346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_14-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1969" class="citation journal cs1">Knox, George (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711602">"The Great American Novel: Final Chapter"</a>. 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Retrieved January 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Great+American+Novel%3A+Final+Chapter&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=667-682&rft.date=1969&rft.issn=0003-0678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711602%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711602&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoddy2019" class="citation journal cs1">Boddy, Kasia (February 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2018.1509268">"Making it long: men, women, and the great American novel now"</a>. Textual Practice. 33 (2): 318–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0950236X.2018.1509268">10.1080/0950236X.2018.1509268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-236X">0950-236X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150330138">150330138</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118200224/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0950236X.2018.1509268">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Textual+Practice&rft.atitle=Making+it+long%3A+men%2C+women%2C+and+the+great+American+novel+now&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=318-337&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150330138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0950-236X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0950236X.2018.1509268&rft.aulast=Boddy&rft.aufirst=Kasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F0950236X.2018.1509268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buell_2014,_pp._3—4-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buell_2014,_pp._3—4_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buell_2014,_pp._3—4_16-1">b</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, pp. 3—4. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoone2006" class="citation journal cs1">Boone, April (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwcw.2007.0000">"William Carlos Williams's The Great American Novel: Flamboyance and the Beginning of Art"</a>. William Carlos Williams Review. 26 (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwcw.2007.0000">10.1353/wcw.2007.0000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0196-6286">0196-6286</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/willcarlwillrevi.26.1.0001">10.5325/willcarlwillrevi.26.1.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145489399">145489399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+Carlos+Williams+Review&rft.atitle=William+Carlos+Williams%27s+The+Great+American+Novel%3A+Flamboyance+and+the+Beginning+of+Art&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0196-6286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145489399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fwillcarlwillrevi.26.1.0001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwcw.2007.0000&rft.aulast=Boone&rft.aufirst=April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%252Fwcw.2007.0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrayedKirsch2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Strayed" title="Cheryl Strayed">Strayed, Cheryl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kirsch" title="Adam Kirsch">Kirsch, Adam</a> (January 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/18/books/review/why-are-we-obsessed-with-the-great-american-novel.html">"Why Are We Obsessed With the Great American Novel?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206134220/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/18/books/review/why-are-we-obsessed-with-the-great-american-novel.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Are+We+Obsessed+With+the+Great+American+Novel%3F&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft.aulast=Strayed&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft.au=Kirsch%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F01%2F18%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fwhy-are-we-obsessed-with-the-great-american-novel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin2018" class="citation book cs1">Perrin, Tom (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/american-literature-in-transition-19701980/great-american-novel-in-the-1970s/2729F04B669A8D3454CAF4F2A000873C">"Chapter 12 - The Great American Novel in the 1970s"</a>. In Curnutt, Kirk (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/american-literature-in-transition-19701980/77A46E5FEB29AFA796C0B06126FD490B">American Literature in Transition, 1970–1980</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15076-8"><bdi>978-1-107-15076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12+-+The+Great+American+Novel+in+the+1970s&rft.btitle=American+Literature+in+Transition%2C+1970%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02&rft.isbn=978-1-107-15076-8&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Famerican-literature-in-transition-19701980%2Fgreat-american-novel-in-the-1970s%2F2729F04B669A8D3454CAF4F2A000873C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_21-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholes2014" class="citation web cs1">Scholes, Lucy (October 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20140512-great-american-novel-in-french">"Can a 'Great American Novel' be written in French?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225130201/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20140512-great-american-novel-in-french">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Can+a+%27Great+American+Novel%27+be+written+in+French%3F&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20140512-great-american-novel-in-french&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, pp. 5,9. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, p. 387. </li> <li id="cite_note-KirschHarvard-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KirschHarvard_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KirschHarvard_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KirschHarvard_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KirschHarvard_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KirschHarvard_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KirschHarvard_25-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2014" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kirsch" title="Adam Kirsch">Kirsch, Adam</a> (January–February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardmagazine.com/2014/01/made-in-the-u-s-a">"Made in the U.S.A."</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Magazine" title="Harvard Magazine">Harvard Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203359/https://harvardmagazine.com/2014/01/made-in-the-u-s-a">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Made+in+the+U.S.A.&rft.date=2014-01%2F2014-02&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardmagazine.com%2F2014%2F01%2Fmade-in-the-u-s-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Laura (June 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2013/06/05/rachel_kushners_ambitious_new_novel_scares_male_critics/">"Rachel Kushner's ambitious new novel scares male critics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114213156/https://www.salon.com/2013/06/05/rachel_kushners_ambitious_new_novel_scares_male_critics/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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Retrieved January 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Viet+Thanh+Nguyen%27s+Great+American+Novels%3A+%27The+Woman+Warrior%27+and+%27China+Men%27&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Viet+Thanh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbooks%2Fjacketcopy%2Fla-ca-jc-great-american-novel-woman-warrior-20160623-snap-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_31-2">c</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41556128?seq=1">One of the few books that doesn't stink': The Intellectuals, the Masses and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes</a>" by Faye Hammill. Critical Survey. Vol. 17, No. 3. 2005. Accessed March 24, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-Temple-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Temple_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temple_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temple_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple2017" class="citation web cs1">Temple, Emily (January 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/a-brief-survey-of-great-american-novels/">"A Brief Survey of the Great American Novel(s)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Literary_Hub" title="Literary Hub">Literary Hub</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114213104/https://lithub.com/a-brief-survey-of-great-american-novels/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021. 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Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714170920/https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-great-american-novel-mockingbird-20160622-snap-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2020. 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The New England Quarterly. 87 (3): 538–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FTNEQ_r_00397">10.1162/TNEQ_r_00397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866">0028-4866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43285103">43285103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147646001">147646001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Dream+of+the+Great+American+Novel&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=538-540&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0028-4866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147646001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43285103%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FTNEQ_r_00397&rft.aulast=Baym&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43285103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_2006-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2006_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2006_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2006_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._O._Scott" title="A. O. Scott">Scott, A. O.</a> (May 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/21/books/review/scott-essay.html">"In Search of the Best"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709184824/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/21/books/review/scott-essay.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+Best&rft.date=2006-05-21&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=A.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F21%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fscott-essay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalie1992" class="citation news cs1">Italie, Hillel (September 21, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&dat=19920921&id=lsBKAAAAIBAJ&pg=2923,5076520&hl=en">"'Last of the Mohicans' was first great American novel"</a>. The Daily Gazette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105030236/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&dat=19920921&id=lsBKAAAAIBAJ&pg=2923,5076520&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Gazette&rft.atitle=%27Last+of+the+Mohicans%27+was+first+great+American+novel&rft.date=1992-09-21&rft.aulast=Italie&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1957%26dat%3D19920921%26id%3DlsBKAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2923%2C5076520%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Randy (October 3, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-10-03-ca-246-story.html">"Writer's Wit Found Target in 'Mohicans'"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801182530/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-10-03-ca-246-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Writer%27s+Wit+Found+Target+in+%27Mohicans%27&rft.date=1992-10-03&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-10-03-ca-246-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonnikova2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Konnikova" title="Maria Konnikova">Konnikova, Maria</a> (June 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2012/06/the-great-american-novel-fitzgerald-wharton-morrison-on-the-search.html">"The Great American Novel"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114213056/https://slate.com/culture/2012/06/the-great-american-novel-fitzgerald-wharton-morrison-on-the-search.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Great+American+Novel&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft.aulast=Konnikova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2012%2F06%2Fthe-great-american-novel-fitzgerald-wharton-morrison-on-the-search.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buell1-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Buell1_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessent" class="citation magazine cs1">Messent, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108201656/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-dream-of-the-great-american-novel-by-lawrence-buell/2011522.article">"The Dream of the Great American Novel, by Lawrence Buell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-dream-of-the-great-american-novel-by-lawrence-buell/2011522.article">the original</a> on January 8, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2015. <q>There are, Buell says, four main types of potential Great American Novels. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter epitomises the first – a cultural 'master narrative', identified as such by the number of reinterpretations and imitations that follow in its wake.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Dream+of+the+Great+American+Novel%2C+by+Lawrence+Buell&rft.aulast=Messent&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-dream-of-the-great-american-novel-by-lawrence-buell%2F2011522.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatson2015" class="citation news cs1">Latson, Jennifer (March 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3742240/scarlet-letter-hawthorne-history/">"Why The Scarlet Letter Was a Mixed Blessing for Its Author"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821031319/https://time.com/3742240/scarlet-letter-hawthorne-history/">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+The+Scarlet+Letter+Was+a+Mixed+Blessing+for+Its+Author&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.aulast=Latson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3742240%2Fscarlet-letter-hawthorne-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millions-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Millions_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millions_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millions_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millions_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millions_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millions_45-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrnett2013" class="citation web cs1">Harrnett, Kevin (July 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themillions.com/2013/07/the-greatest-american-novel-9-experts-share-their-opinions.html">"The Greatest American Novel? 9 Experts Share Their Opinions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Millions" title="The Millions">The Millions</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208113234/https://themillions.com/2013/07/the-greatest-american-novel-9-experts-share-their-opinions.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Millions&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+American+Novel%3F+9+Experts+Share+Their+Opinions&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft.aulast=Harrnett&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemillions.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fthe-greatest-american-novel-9-experts-share-their-opinions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2013" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Randall (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/marchapril/feature/the-first-great-american-novel">"The First Great American Novel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035929/https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/marchapril/feature/the-first-great-american-novel">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Endowment+for+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=The+First+Great+American+Novel&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neh.gov%2Fhumanities%2F2013%2Fmarchapril%2Ffeature%2Fthe-first-great-american-novel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisamayalcottismypassion.com/2022/04/27/the-great-american-novel-series-little-women/">"The Great American Novel series: Little Women"</a>. April 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+American+Novel+series%3A+Little+Women&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flouisamayalcottismypassion.com%2F2022%2F04%2F27%2Fthe-great-american-novel-series-little-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Nash_Smith" title="Henry Nash Smith">Smith, Henry Nash</a> (1984). "The Publication of "Huckleberry Finn": A Centennial Retrospect". Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 37 (5): 18–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3823856">10.2307/3823856</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3823856">3823856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Publication+of+%22Huckleberry+Finn%22%3A+A+Centennial+Retrospect&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=18-40&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3823856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3823856%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Henry+Nash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlin2010" class="citation news cs1">Ulin, David L. (November 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-nov-14-la-ca-mark-twain-20101114-story.html">"Celebrating the genius of 'Huckleberry Finn'"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801183225/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-nov-14-la-ca-mark-twain-20101114-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+genius+of+%27Huckleberry+Finn%27&rft.date=2010-11-14&rft.aulast=Ulin&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2010-nov-14-la-ca-mark-twain-20101114-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1955" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, William van (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/495715">"Why Huckleberry Finn Is Not the Great American Novel"</a>. College English. 17 (1): 6–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F495715">10.2307/495715</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-0994">0010-0994</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/495715">495715</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118200310/https://www.jstor.org/stable/495715">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=Why+Huckleberry+Finn+Is+Not+the+Great+American+Novel&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-10&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0010-0994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F495715%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F495715&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=William+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F495715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1984" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Robert B. (June–July 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/one-hundred-years-huck-finn">"One Hundred Years of Huck Finn"</a>. American Heritage Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818054210/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/one-hundred-years-huck-finn">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2011. <q>It was called the 'great American novel' as early as 1891 by the English writer Andrew Lang ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Huck+Finn&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Publishing&rft.date=1984-06%2F1984-07&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fone-hundred-years-huck-finn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMailer1985" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Mailer, Norman</a> (December 9, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/09/books/huckleberry-finn-alive-at-100.html">"Huckleberry Finn, Alive at 100"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828211844/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/09/books/huckleberry-finn-alive-at-100.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Huckleberry+Finn%2C+Alive+at+100&rft.date=1985-12-09&rft.aulast=Mailer&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F12%2F09%2Fbooks%2Fhuckleberry-finn-alive-at-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#Martin">Martin (1967)</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#Martin">Martin (1967)</a>, p. 56, fn. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-martin35-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin35_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin35_56-1">b</a> <a href="#Martin">Martin (1967)</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-1889_NYT-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1889_NYT_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1889_NYT_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/books/norris-mcteague.pdf">"A Great American Novel"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 1899. Retrieved March 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Great+American+Novel&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fpackages%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2Fnorris-mcteague.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Faith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031164055/http://www.falmouthpubliclibrary.org/blog/friday-reads-mcteague-story-san-francisco-frank-norris/">"Friday Reads: McTeague: a story of San Francisco by Frank Norris"</a>. Falmouth Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.falmouthpubliclibrary.org/blog/friday-reads-mcteague-story-san-francisco-frank-norris/">the original</a> on October 31, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2021. <q>It is a great American novel. No doubt about it. And if you haven't read it, Karl Bridges and I recommend that you do. Bridges describes Norris' novel as being similar to Émile Zola's realistic tone and style, but "distinctive in its American voice".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friday+Reads%3A+McTeague%3A+a+story+of+San+Francisco+by+Frank+Norris&rft.pub=Falmouth+Public+Library&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.falmouthpubliclibrary.org%2Fblog%2Ffriday-reads-mcteague-story-san-francisco-frank-norris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emory-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Emory_59-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Emory_Elliott" title="Emory Elliott">Emory Elliott</a> et al. (eds.) (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2IA7o-OTyEsC&dq=%22Great+American+Novel%22+%22Great+Gatsby%22&pg=PA323">The Columbia History of the American Novel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107215432/http://books.google.com/books?id=2IA7o-OTyEsC&pg=PA323&dq=%22Great+American+Novel%22+%22Great+Gatsby%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tLjgT7-zDJHs-ga_88SlDQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=%22Great%20American%20Novel%22%20%22Great%20Gatsby%22&f=false">Archived</a> January 7, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 323. "The Great Gatsby (1925), a work still frequently nominated as 'the great American novel' ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahue2013" class="citation web cs1">Donahue, Deirdre (May 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/05/07/why-the-great-gatsby-is-the-great-american-novel/2130161/">"Five reasons 'Gatsby' is the great American novel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved January 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Five+reasons+%27Gatsby%27+is+the+great+American+novel&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fbooks%2F2013%2F05%2F07%2Fwhy-the-great-gatsby-is-the-great-american-novel%2F2130161%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchenbach2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Achenbach" title="Joel Achenbach">Achenbach, Joel</a> (March 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/achenblog/wp/2015/03/20/why-the-great-gatsby-is-the-great-american-novel/">"Why 'The Great Gatsby' is the Great American Novel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615164409/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/achenblog/wp/2015/03/20/why-the-great-gatsby-is-the-great-american-novel/">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+%27The+Great+Gatsby%27+is+the+Great+American+Novel&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.aulast=Achenbach&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fachenblog%2Fwp%2F2015%2F03%2F20%2Fwhy-the-great-gatsby-is-the-great-american-novel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation news cs1">Williams, John (January 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/14/books/the-great-gatsby-public-domain.html">"The 'Great Gatsby' Glut"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221142902/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/14/books/the-great-gatsby-public-domain.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+%27Great+Gatsby%27+Glut&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F14%2Fbooks%2Fthe-great-gatsby-public-domain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutterman2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Gutterman, Annabel (December 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5923279/great-gatsby-copyright-expires/">"What 'The Great Gatsby' Copyright Expiration Means for Its Legacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219123152/https://time.com/5923279/great-gatsby-copyright-expires/">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+%27The+Great+Gatsby%27+Copyright+Expiration+Means+for+Its+Legacy&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft.aulast=Gutterman&rft.aufirst=Annabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5923279%2Fgreat-gatsby-copyright-expires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonnikova2012" class="citation news cs1">Konnikova, Maria (June 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2012/06/the-great-american-novel-fitzgerald-wharton-morrison-on-the-search.html">"The Great American Novel"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105030238/https://slate.com/culture/2012/06/the-great-american-novel-fitzgerald-wharton-morrison-on-the-search.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Great+American+Novel&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft.aulast=Konnikova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2012%2F06%2Fthe-great-american-novel-fitzgerald-wharton-morrison-on-the-search.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch1997" class="citation news cs1">Hirsch, Arthur (November 16, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1997/11/16/the-real-great-american-novel-absalom-absalom-faulkner-his-ninth-novel-for-its-span-its-revelation-its-american-essence-stands-above-all-others-in-reaching-for-the-literary-absolute/">"The real great American Novel: 'Absalom, Absalom!' Faulkner: His ninth novel, for its span, its revelation, its American essence, stands above all others in reaching for this literary absolute"</a>. The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229141402/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-11-16/news/1997320006_1_absalom-great-american-novel-faulkner">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=The+real+great+American+Novel%3A+%27Absalom%2C+Absalom%21%27+Faulkner%3A+His+ninth+novel%2C+for+its+span%2C+its+revelation%2C+its+American+essence%2C+stands+above+all+others+in+reaching+for+this+literary+absolute.&rft.date=1997-11-16&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F1997%2F11%2F16%2Fthe-real-great-american-novel-absalom-absalom-faulkner-his-ninth-novel-for-its-span-its-revelation-its-american-essence-stands-above-all-others-in-reaching-for-the-literary-absolute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Big_Read-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Big_Read_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Big_Read_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioia" class="citation web cs1">Gioia, Dana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620070008/http://www.neabigread.org/books/grapesofwrath/audiotranscript.php">"The Grapes of Wrath Radio Show (interview with Richard Rodriguez) – Transcript"</a>. The Big Read. The National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neabigread.org/books/grapesofwrath/audiotranscript.php">the original</a> on June 20, 2010. Retrieved September 22, 2010. <q>There hasn't been anything like this novel since it was written. And this is the great American novel that everyone keeps waiting for but it has been written now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Big+Read&rft.atitle=The+Grapes+of+Wrath+Radio+Show+%28interview+with+Richard+Rodriguez%29+%E2%80%93+Transcript&rft.aulast=Gioia&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neabigread.org%2Fbooks%2Fgrapesofwrath%2Faudiotranscript.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon" class="citation web cs1">Nixon, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article.jsp?cid=182376&mainArticleId=252903">"The Grapes of Wrath"</a>. This Month Spotlight. Turner Classic Movies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104214437/http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article.jsp?cid=182376&mainArticleId=252903">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Month+Spotlight&rft.atitle=The+Grapes+of+Wrath&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Fthismonth%2Farticle.jsp%3Fcid%3D182376%26mainArticleId%3D252903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> Nixon quotes John Springer, author of The Fondas (Citadel, 1973), a book about <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> and his role in film version of <a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_(film)" title="The Grapes of Wrath (film)">The Grapes of Wrath</a>: "The Great American Novel made one of the few enduring Great American Motion Pictures." </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2011" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Declan (July 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/sixty-years-and-65m-copies-on-holden-caulfield-and-the-great-american-novel-1.598801">"Sixty years and 65m copies on: Holden Caulfield and the great American novel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810225632/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/sixty-years-and-65m-copies-on-holden-caulfield-and-the-great-american-novel-1.598801">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Sixty+years+and+65m+copies+on%3A+Holden+Caulfield+and+the+great+American+novel&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fsixty-years-and-65m-copies-on-holden-caulfield-and-the-great-american-novel-1.598801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_McGrath_(critic)" title="Charles McGrath (critic)">McGrath, Charles</a> (January 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/29/books/29salinger.html">"J. D. Salinger, Literary Recluse, Dies at 91"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205082131/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/29/books/29salinger.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=J.+D.+Salinger%2C+Literary+Recluse%2C+Dies+at+91&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F01%2F29%2Fbooks%2F29salinger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2002" class="citation news cs1">Giles, Patrick (September 15, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-sep-15-bk-giles15-story.html">"The Great American Novel"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229142123/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/15/books/bk-giles15">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Great+American+Novel&rft.date=2002-09-15&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2002-sep-15-bk-giles15-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambaccini2015" class="citation news cs1">Gambaccini, Paul (October 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/book-lifetime-paul-gambaccini-invisible-man-ralph-ellison-a6684356.html">"Book of a Lifetime by Paul Gambaccini - Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114213058/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/book-lifetime-paul-gambaccini-invisible-man-ralph-ellison-a6684356.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Book+of+a+Lifetime+by+Paul+Gambaccini+-+Invisible+Man+by+Ralph+Ellison&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft.aulast=Gambaccini&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbook-lifetime-paul-gambaccini-invisible-man-ralph-ellison-a6684356.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShteir2019" class="citation news cs1">Shteir, Rachel (May 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/07/theater/a-new-adventure-for-augie-march-a-chicago-stage.html">"A New Adventure for 'Augie March': A Chicago Stage (Published 2019)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved January 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+Adventure+for+%27Augie+March%27%3A+A+Chicago+Stage+%28Published+2019%29&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Shteir&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F07%2Ftheater%2Fa-new-adventure-for-augie-march-a-chicago-stage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1996" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Mary Elizabeth (September 30, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/1996/09/30/nabokov_4/">"Personal Best: Lolita"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030923/https://www.salon.com/1996/09/30/nabokov_4/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Personal+Best%3A+Lolita&rft.date=1996-09-30&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F1996%2F09%2F30%2Fnabokov_4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128387104">"'Mockingbird' Moments: 'Scout, Atticus And Boo'"</a>. NPR. July 8, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110165715/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128387104">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27Mockingbird%27+Moments%3A+%27Scout%2C+Atticus+And+Boo%27&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D128387104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuente2010" class="citation news cs1">Puente, Maria (July 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2010-07-08-mockingbird08_CV_N.htm">"'To Kill a Mockingbird': Endearing, enduring at 50 years"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017035222/http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2010-07-08-mockingbird08_CV_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2017. <q>It is Lee's only book and one of the handful that could earn the title of Great American Novel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27To+Kill+a+Mockingbird%27%3A+Endearing%2C+enduring+at+50+years&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft.aulast=Puente&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fbooks%2Fnews%2F2010-07-08-mockingbird08_CV_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> (Lee has since published a sequel, <a href="/wiki/Go_Set_a_Watchman" title="Go Set a Watchman">Go Set a Watchman</a>.) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, pp. 426—427. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#Weisenburger">Weisenburger (2006)</a>, pp 1—2. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeresiewicz2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Deresiewicz" title="William Deresiewicz">Deresiewicz, William</a> (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/how-the-novel-made-the-modern-world/361611/">"How the Novel Made the Modern World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702025111/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/how-the-novel-made-the-modern-world/361611/">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+the+Novel+Made+the+Modern+World&rft.date=2014-06&rft.aulast=Deresiewicz&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2014%2F06%2Fhow-the-novel-made-the-modern-world%2F361611%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple" class="citation web cs1">Dalrymple, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.readersdigest.co.uk/culture/books/meet-the-author/william-dalrymple-blood-meridian-is-the-great-american-novel">"Blood Meridian is the Great American Novel"</a>. Reader's Digest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728233313/https://www.readersdigest.co.uk/culture/books/meet-the-author/william-dalrymple-blood-meridian-is-the-great-american-novel">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020. <q>McCarthy's descriptive powers make him the best prose stylist working today, and this book the Great American Novel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blood+Meridian+is+the+Great+American+Novel&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.readersdigest.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fmeet-the-author%2Fwilliam-dalrymple-blood-meridian-is-the-great-american-novel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, pp. 317—348. </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2007" class="citation web cs1">Keller, Julia (July 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2007-07-01-0706290551-story.html">"The Great American Novel was written by"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chicago Tribune">The Chicago Tribune</a>. 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Retrieved January 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GQ&rft.atitle=How+the+Great+American+Novel+made+it+to+the+movies&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq-magazine.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbc%2Fgreat-american-novel-adaptations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-buell57-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buell57_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buell57_84-1">b</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell (2014)</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrum2015" class="citation news cs1">McCrum, Robert (August 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/03/100-best-novels-underworld-don-delillo">"The 100 best novels: No 98 – Underworld by Don DeLillo (1997)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105030237/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/03/100-best-novels-underworld-don-delillo">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2022. 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Retrieved August 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jonathan+Franzen%3A+One+of+America%27s+Greatest+Living+Novelists&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft.au=Secher%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F7956524%2FJonathan-Franzen-one-of-Americas-greatest-living-novelists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:86-88"><a href="#cite_ref-:86_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2012" class="citation web cs1">Freeman, John (September 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2012/09/01/telegraph-avenue-michael-chabon/HlCHAYn8CDopZ3S5vhen8O/story.html">"'Telegraph Avenue' by Michael Chabon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>. 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Retrieved February 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Michael+Chabon+May+Just+Be+the+Perfect+Writer+for+the+Obama+Age&rft.date=2012-09-16&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2012%2F09%2Fmichael-chabon-telegraph-avenue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:88-90"><a href="#cite_ref-:88_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessel2012" class="citation web cs1">Kessel, Joyce (August 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libraryjournal.com/?reviewDetail=telegraph-avenue">"Telegraph Avenue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_Journal" title="Library Journal">Library Journal</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+Journal&rft.atitle=Telegraph+Avenue&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft.aulast=Kessel&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryjournal.com%2F%3FreviewDetail%3Dtelegraph-avenue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2015/08/write-away">"Write Away | Randy Boyagoda"</a>. First Things. August 1, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=Write+Away+%7C+Randy+Boyagoda&rft.date=2015-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2015%2F08%2Fwrite-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Connell2013" class="citation web cs1">O’Connell, Alex (October 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/the-goldfinch-by-donna-tartt-8cl2d9gmv65">"The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt"</a>. The Times. Retrieved November 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+Goldfinch+by+Donna+Tartt&rft.date=2013-10-19&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Connell&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-goldfinch-by-donna-tartt-8cl2d9gmv65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowalter" class="citation web cs1">Showalter, Elaine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/culture/46017/can-the-great-american-novel-survive">"Can the Great American Novel survive?"</a>. www.prospectmagazine.co.uk. Retrieved November 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prospectmagazine.co.uk&rft.atitle=Can+the+Great+American+Novel+survive%3F&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fculture%2F46017%2Fcan-the-great-american-novel-survive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Buell" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Buell_(academic)" title="Lawrence Buell (academic)">Buell, Lawrence</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/871257583">The Dream of the Great American Novel</a>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674051157" title="Special:BookSources/9780674051157"><bdi>9780674051157</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/871257583">871257583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+of+the+Great+American+Novel&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F871257583&rft.isbn=9780674051157&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F871257583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Martin" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Jay (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PBBAAAAIAAJ">Harvests of Change: American Literature, 1865-1914</a>. Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CNMVK">B0000CNMVK</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvests+of+Change%3A+American+Literature%2C+1865-1914&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CNMVK%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PBBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Weisenburger" class="citation book cs1">Weisenburger, Steven C. (2006). A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel. University of Georgia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820328119" title="Special:BookSources/9780820328119"><bdi>9780820328119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gravity%27s+Rainbow+Companion%3A+Sources+and+Contexts+for+Pynchon%27s+Novel&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780820328119&rft.aulast=Weisenburger&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Buell, Lawrence (February 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2014/02/16/american_literatures_holy_grail_the_hunt_for_the_great_american_novel/">"American literature's holy grail: The hunt for the Great American Novel"</a>. Salon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=American+literature%27s+holy+grail%3A+The+hunt+for+the+Great+American+Novel&rft.date=2014-02-16&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2014%2F02%2F16%2Famerican_literatures_holy_grail_the_hunt_for_the_great_american_novel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+American+Novel" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Novel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_literature" title="Template:English literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_literature" title="Template talk:English literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">Early English Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_literature" title="Restoration literature">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature" title="Augustan literature">Augustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_English_literature" title="Twentieth-century English literature">Twentieth century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional/ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_American_literature" title="Arab American literature">Arab American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_literature" title="Asian American literature">Asian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Catholic_literature" title="American Catholic literature">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_literature" title="Chicago literature">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_American_literature" title="Franco American literature">Franco American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_literature" title="Hawaiian literature">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_literature" title="Latino literature">Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_England" title="Literature of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_literature" title="New Mexican literature">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_set_in_New_York_City" title="List of books set in New York City">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States_literature" title="Southern United States literature">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_literature" title="Texas literature">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English_literature" title="Bangladeshi English literature">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_English" title="Philippine literature in English">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English_literature" title="Indian English literature">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English_literature" title="Pakistani English literature">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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