CINXE.COM
Open Constitution closed
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><title>Open Constitution closed</title><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/engassets/ico/touch-icon-120x120.png"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/engassets/ico/touch-icon-180x180.png"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/engassets/ico/touch-icon-152x152.png"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="167x167" href="/engassets/ico/touch-icon-167x167.png"/><link rel="manifest" href="/site.webmanifest.json"/><link href="https://cdn.design-system.economist.com" rel="preconnect"/><link href="https://cdn.design-system.economist.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link href="https://marber-cdn.economist.com" rel="preconnect"/><link href="https://marber-cdn.economist.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link href="https://cdn.parsely.com" rel="preconnect"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#E3120B"/><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#E3120B"/><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/engassets/ico/tile-144.png"/><meta name="application-name" content="The Economist"/><meta name="msapplication-tooltip" content="The Economist"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2009/07/23/open-constitution-closed"/><meta name="description" content="The state cracks down on civil society | Asia"/><meta name="parsely-post-id" content="phmavs40ei72ql30rcu6o5vc2bmi7bka"/><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><meta name="thumbnail" content="/engassets/og-fallback-image.png"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="The Economist"/><meta property="og:title" content="Open Constitution closed"/><meta property="og:type" content="Article"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.economist.com/asia/2009/07/23/open-constitution-closed"/><meta property="og:description" content="The state cracks down on civil society"/><meta property="og:image" content="/engassets/og-fallback-image.png"/><meta property="og:image:width"/><meta property="og:image:height"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@TheEconomist"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="The state cracks down on civil society"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="/engassets/og-fallback-image.png"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="193926687345108"/><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/><meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/><script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","isPartOf":{"@type":["NewsArticle","Product"],"name":"The Economist","productID":"economist.com:showcase"},"url":"https://www.economist.com/asia/2009/07/23/open-constitution-closed","dateline":"Beijing\n","headline":"Open Constitution closed","description":"The state cracks down on civil society","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.economist.com/asia/2009/07/23/open-constitution-closed","dateCreated":"2009-07-23T00:00:00.000Z","datePublished":"2009-07-23T00:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"","image":"/engassets/og-fallback-image.png","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The Economist","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.economist.com/engassets/google-search-logo.png"}},"author":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The Economist","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.economist.com/engassets/google-search-logo.png"},"url":"https://www.economist.com/"},"creator":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The Economist","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.economist.com/engassets/google-search-logo.png"}},"copyrightHolder":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The Economist","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.economist.com/engassets/google-search-logo.png"}},"copyrightYear":2009,"articleSection":"Asia","thumbnailUrl":"/engassets/og-fallback-image.png","keywords":[],"inLanguage":"en","isAccessibleForFree":false,"printSection":"Asia","printEdition":"2009-07-25T00:00:00.000Z"} </script><script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The Economist","foundingDate":"1843","url":"https://www.economist.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.economist.com/engassets/google-search-logo.png"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/theeconomist","https://www.instagram.com/theeconomist","https://www.twitter.com/theeconomist","https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-economist","https://www.youtube.com/user/economistmagazine","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"]} </script><meta name="next-head-count" content="41"/><script>window.env = {"ENV":"production"}; </script><script data-nscript="beforeInteractive">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info = {"agent":"","beacon":"bam.eu01.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.eu01.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRBR-d59e0edcfdf2bb57fb4","applicationID":"475131438","agentToken":null,"applicationTime":598.136665,"transactionName":"MhBSZQoZCxFWUBZbWgtac0QLDAoPGFANXEEAG0Q=","queueTime":0,"ttGuid":"c822d62186fd6437"}; (window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.eu01.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"538522448",accountID:"2609975",trustKey:"2609975",xpid:"VgAHWF9UDRAEU1RTBAADVVw=",licenseKey:"NRBR-d59e0edcfdf2bb57fb4",applicationID:"475131438"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>p,gD:()=>m,xN:()=>g});var n=r(3333),i=r(993);const o=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var a=r(2614),s=r(944),c=r(384),u=r(8122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",l=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:i.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:a.wk,inactiveMs:a.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){o(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,s.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){o(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,s.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,s.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},f={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function p(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);f[e]=(0,u.a)(t,l());const r=(0,c.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=f[e])}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=p(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>c,Qu:()=>u,TZ:()=>s,ih:()=>d,pP:()=>a,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit","popstate"],o="api",a="initialPageLoad",s=n.K7.softNav,c={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},u={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},d={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>T,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>A,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>E,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",E="cb"+R,T="jsTime",A="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);const E=new Map;function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[x.Jt]||t[r];return E.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>E.get(c))),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const S={};var N=r(9417),_=r(5603),O=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:E,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();E||(x=L.init,E=L.info,j=L.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,_.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),E.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(E.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,E);const H=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),M=[E.beacon,E.errorBeacon];P||(H.proxy.assets&&(I(H.proxy.assets),M.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&M.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?M:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");S[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{S[e]=t}));var E="api-",A=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function _(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(E,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.recordCustomEvent=I(E,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new _).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const O=_.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(A+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{O[e]=I(A,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(A,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!S[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),P=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.281.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-jmvAlmjCn64ans8tLueqHRlBI/iWekylsDWb94A77CG0ukSriVDvgD3dThx+XjUSBBBMYhFn8B1a18fViyBPEQ==",249:"sha512-ICY/ZrcytM/86t5KFy+9OAWVYmNNJy10EBtxoSUGjQWuZx53p/eLo+L8HfrGjvHuRHRnutqLTGSnvNttffJkaA==",212:"sha512-pQSn+X/RfBOvx/49HvlghaiXMLhhDQXTi13n1N2XMpDquWJgs9U0pbqE3RbAnYC9nsdaTu/RVGvneEPv1fpCxA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),E=i(2843),T=i(3878),A=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=A.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,A.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,T.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var _=i(3969);class O extends b{static featureName=_.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class M extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var D=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,D.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===p.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,T.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function E(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(_.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Ee,Lc:Te,uP:Ae,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Ee;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ee,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Te,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var _e=i(2614);class Oe extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(_e.H3,"_").concat(_e.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee,agentRef:this.#o}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(_e.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=_e.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=_e.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,T.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var je=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function Me(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const De={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(De[t.debugId]++)return t;De[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:$e,e5:Je,tH:Qe,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=je;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=Me(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Je]=~~this[Je]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on($e,m),o.on($e,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([Qe+Ze,Qe+"-done",Qe+Xe+Ze,Qe+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,$e,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,Qe+Ze),v(d,Qe+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(p.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>{const t=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),500,{leading:!0});(0,T.sp)(e,t)}))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&p.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,x.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,Oe,O,M,ot,ct,Pe,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script><script data-test-id="interactive-resize-script" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"> // Resize iframes on articles with interactives when they send a RESIZE message window.addEventListener('message', (event) => { if (event.data.type === 'RESIZE') { const height = parseInt(event.data.payload.height, 10); Array.prototype.forEach.call(document.getElementsByTagName('iframe'), function (element) { if (element.contentWindow === event.source) { element.style.height = height + 'px'; } }); } }, false); </script><link rel="preload" href="/engassets/_next/static/css/2b781ad628c92a9b.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/engassets/_next/static/css/2b781ad628c92a9b.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="preload" href="/engassets/_next/static/css/d9d62e11dcca8414.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/engassets/_next/static/css/d9d62e11dcca8414.css" data-n-p=""/><link rel="preload" href="/engassets/_next/static/css/76946707374d3084.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/engassets/_next/static/css/76946707374d3084.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script data-test-id="sourcepoint-config-script" src="//cmp-cdn.p.aws.economist.com/latest/configs/economist.config.js" defer="" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script data-test-id="sourcepoint-script" src="//cmp-cdn.p.aws.economist.com/latest/cmp.min.js" defer="" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script data-test-id="optimizely-script" src="/optimizelyjs/19440972562.js" id="optimizely-script" defer="" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script src="https://wall-ui-cdn.p.aws.economist.com/latest/wall-ui.js" defer="" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/webpack-0de536be3b4acbef.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/framework-b0ec748c7a4c483a.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/main-80135fe65c660bc5.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-1a208214976f7fb9.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/109fbaa8-bc5e53bbca9b033b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/0175eaf9-1fe61fab6bcdf84b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/5078-fbe0a910bde2a3c2.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/4049-0861954399149991.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/530-1a0568fa664f8a85.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/2829-8673cc4bc660b39b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/8696-000c67c496b6abe0.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/8615-3e5c200c55f42533.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/6308-1b45f39350ca9683.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/8886-89a2fe39319c5e6c.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/5579-d111eb180c881681.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/158-85faf5be15551716.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/7609-7a2a39e3fa15fe9d.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/3817-126adaf02cb53f81.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/5008-98c38a71282031c1.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/chunks/pages/article/%5Bid%5D-740fffb57498680e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/hl7DyOkeNIsr4mYyopiBO/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/engassets/_next/static/hl7DyOkeNIsr4mYyopiBO/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body><div id="__next"><div><style data-emotion="css-global 1me4job">body{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-100);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-0);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}img{height:auto;max-width:100%;}.visually-hidden{clip:rect(0.0625rem,0.0625rem,0.0625rem,0.0625rem);height:0.0625rem;margin:-0.0625rem;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:0.0625rem;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global rxe3jc">.advert >div{display:inline-block;margin:0.75rem 0 0;}.advert--aside{grid-column:1/-1;margin:0;}.advert--inline{border:0.0625rem solid hsla(var(--ds-color-hsl-london-85),0.5);box-shadow:none;margin-bottom:2.1875rem;margin-top:1.3125rem;}.advert--regwall{border:0.0625rem solid hsla(var(--ds-color-hsl-london-85),0.5);box-shadow:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:2.25rem;}@media (max-width: 79.9375rem){.advert--regwall{background-color:#fafafa;border:1px solid #ededed;margin-top:2.1875rem;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1;}}.advert--leaderboard{display:none;}.advert--billboard{display:none;}.advert--full-width{margin:0 0 3rem 0;}.advert.hidden{margin:0;}@media (min-width: 60rem){.advert--leaderboard{display:block;height:9.8125rem;}.advert--full-width{margin-bottom:3.5rem;}}@media (max-width: 79.9375rem){.advert--right-rail,.layout-rhr-lower{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.advert--right-rail{grid-area:1/9/3/-1;height:40.9375rem;}.advert--right-rail .advert{box-shadow:none;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.advert--right-rail{grid-column-start:10;}}</style><div class="global-layout css-0 ekjxy6i0"><style data-emotion="css 74ni5d">.css-74ni5d:not(:has(+ .e1u2f09b0)){position:relative;z-index:2;background-color:#fff;}</style><div class="css-74ni5d ewonsmf0"><div class="adComponent_advert__kPVUI adComponent_top__0UnUy adComponent_hidden__Dp0GM"><div><div id="econtop-0" class="adComponent_adcontainer__eooQr"></div></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 19jxu7g">.css-19jxu7g{margin-bottom:1.5rem;}.css-19jxu7g:has(~ * .e12x4uka0){margin-bottom:0.5rem;}.css-19jxu7g:has(~ * .e1u8t96k0){margin-bottom:0rem;}.css-19jxu7g:has(~ * .eeph3kv0){margin-bottom:1rem;}@media (max-width: 79.9375rem){.css-19jxu7g:has(~ * .ebtuzf90){margin-bottom:0;}}</style><div class="css-19jxu7g euyzuip0"><header class="masthead_mb-masthead__HcsMD"><div><div class="nav-bar_mb-masthead__nav-bar__OAJzo nav-bar_mb-masthead__nav-bar--sticky__cNyyI" data-test-id="masthead-nav-bar-sticky"><div class="container_mb-container__Fo2_b container_mb-container--padded__mFgN3"><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--justify-content-space-between__ByTOc flex_mb-flex--align-items-center__XeK_G flex_mb-flex--gap-lg__P6OPa"><a class="nav-bar_mb-masthead__nav-bar-logo__Rq_R2" href="/"><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div><img src="https://marber-cdn.economist.com/foundations/latest/images/brand-identifiers/the-economist/signature-red.svg" alt="The Economist" class="nav-bar_mb-masthead__nav-bar-logo-signature__yUUZj" data-testid="sticky-logo"/></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><img src="https://marber-cdn.economist.com/foundations/latest/images/brand-identifiers/the-economist/monogram-square-red.svg" alt="The Economist" class="nav-bar_mb-masthead__nav-bar-logo-monogram__Cc7UC"/></div></a><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--align-items-center__XeK_G flex_mb-flex--gap-sm__rAZkB controls_mb-masthead__controls__Z_4Sq"><a class="call-to-action_mb-call-to-action__JMKot call-to-action_mb-call-to-action--primary__Hpuo3 call-to-action_mb-call-to-action--small__Dq0Sg" href="/api/auth/subscribe" data-test-id="masthead-cta"><span>Subscribe</span></a><hr/><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-lg__mm1MB"><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="/enterprise" data-test-id="masthead-enterprise-link">Enterprise</a></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-lg__mm1MB"><hr/></div><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="/api/auth/login" data-test-id="masthead-login-link">Log in</a><hr/><button class="button_mb-masthead__button__4sHC_" data-test-id="masthead-overlay-btn" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-controls="masthead-navigation" aria-expanded="false"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M3.333 23.641v-2h13.039v2H3.333Zm0-6.526v-2h6.308v2H3.333Zm0-6.525v-2h6.308v2H3.333Zm23.929 13.077-5.16-5.121a5.86 5.86 0 0 1-1.66.844c-.599.193-1.208.29-1.827.29-1.67 0-3.094-.584-4.272-1.752-1.177-1.167-1.766-2.586-1.766-4.255 0-1.67.589-3.087 1.767-4.255 1.178-1.168 2.603-1.751 4.274-1.751 1.672 0 3.096.583 4.272 1.751 1.176 1.168 1.764 2.584 1.764 4.249 0 .619-.097 1.228-.29 1.827a5.51 5.51 0 0 1-.856 1.647l5.159 5.12-1.405 1.406Zm-8.647-5.988c1.122 0 2.076-.388 2.861-1.166.785-.778 1.178-1.725 1.178-2.84 0-1.115-.393-2.062-1.178-2.84-.785-.777-1.739-1.166-2.86-1.166-1.122 0-2.076.389-2.861 1.166-.785.778-1.178 1.725-1.178 2.84 0 1.115.393 2.062 1.178 2.84.785.777 1.739 1.166 2.86 1.166Z" fill="#0D0D0D"></path></svg><span>Menu</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="nav-bar_mb-masthead__nav-bar__OAJzo" data-test-id="masthead-nav-bar"><div class="container_mb-container__Fo2_b container_mb-container--padded__mFgN3"><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--justify-content-space-between__ByTOc flex_mb-flex--align-items-center__XeK_G flex_mb-flex--gap-lg__P6OPa"><a class="nav-bar_mb-masthead__nav-bar-logo__Rq_R2" href="/"><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div><img src="https://marber-cdn.economist.com/foundations/latest/images/brand-identifiers/the-economist/logo-red.svg" alt="The Economist" class="nav-bar_mb-masthead__nav-bar-logo-standard__XMlRb" data-testid="standard-logo"/></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><img src="https://marber-cdn.economist.com/foundations/latest/images/brand-identifiers/the-economist/monogram-square-red.svg" alt="The Economist" class="nav-bar_mb-masthead__nav-bar-logo-monogram__Cc7UC"/></div></a><a href="#content" class="button_mb-button__seg6h button_mb-button--secondary__B_8oH button_mb-button--large__wSjqS button_mb-button--solid__IoHbD button_mb-button--text__ni08S skip-to-content_mb-masthead__skip-to-content__S9O6y"><span>Skip to content</span></a><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--align-items-center__XeK_G flex_mb-flex--gap-sm__rAZkB controls_mb-masthead__controls__Z_4Sq"><a class="call-to-action_mb-call-to-action__JMKot call-to-action_mb-call-to-action--primary__Hpuo3 call-to-action_mb-call-to-action--small__Dq0Sg" href="/api/auth/subscribe" data-test-id="masthead-cta"><span>Subscribe</span></a><hr/><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-lg__mm1MB"><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="/enterprise" data-test-id="masthead-enterprise-link">Enterprise</a></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-lg__mm1MB"><hr/></div><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="/api/auth/login" data-test-id="masthead-login-link">Log in</a><hr/><button class="button_mb-masthead__button__4sHC_" data-test-id="masthead-overlay-btn" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-controls="masthead-navigation" aria-expanded="false"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M3.333 23.641v-2h13.039v2H3.333Zm0-6.526v-2h6.308v2H3.333Zm0-6.525v-2h6.308v2H3.333Zm23.929 13.077-5.16-5.121a5.86 5.86 0 0 1-1.66.844c-.599.193-1.208.29-1.827.29-1.67 0-3.094-.584-4.272-1.752-1.177-1.167-1.766-2.586-1.766-4.255 0-1.67.589-3.087 1.767-4.255 1.178-1.168 2.603-1.751 4.274-1.751 1.672 0 3.096.583 4.272 1.751 1.176 1.168 1.764 2.584 1.764 4.249 0 .619-.097 1.228-.29 1.827a5.51 5.51 0 0 1-.856 1.647l5.159 5.12-1.405 1.406Zm-8.647-5.988c1.122 0 2.076-.388 2.861-1.166.785-.778 1.178-1.725 1.178-2.84 0-1.115-.393-2.062-1.178-2.84-.785-.777-1.739-1.166-2.86-1.166-1.122 0-2.076.389-2.861 1.166-.785.778-1.178 1.725-1.178 2.84 0 1.115.393 2.062 1.178 2.84.785.777 1.739 1.166 2.86 1.166Z" fill="#0D0D0D"></path></svg><span>Menu</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="overlay_mb-masthead__overlay__iYKDT" data-test-id="masthead-menu-overlay" id="masthead-navigation" aria-hidden="true"><div class="grid_mb-grid__RxwTt grid_mb-grid--padded__ReCwr"><hr class="rule_mb-rule__TPQVN rule_mb-rule--standard__amoIv" data-testid="rule-standard"/><form action="/search" method="get" class=""><div class="form-field_mb-form-field__6VNhn"><div class="combined-input_mb-combined-input__C_hbi"><input class="input_mb-input__yHoJc" type="text" placeholder="What do you want to learn more about?" name="q" aria-label="Search"/><button type="submit" class="button_mb-button__seg6h button_mb-button--secondary__B_8oH button_mb-button--large__wSjqS button_mb-button--solid__IoHbD button_mb-button--icon__IUNiD"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="search-outline"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5)" d="m19.6 21-6.3-6.3A6.096 6.096 0 0 1 9.5 16c-1.817 0-3.354-.63-4.612-1.887C3.629 12.854 3 11.317 3 9.5c0-1.817.63-3.354 1.888-4.612C6.146 3.629 7.683 3 9.5 3c1.817 0 3.354.63 4.613 1.888C15.37 6.146 16 7.683 16 9.5a6.096 6.096 0 0 1-1.3 3.8l6.3 6.3-1.4 1.4ZM9.5 14c1.25 0 2.313-.438 3.188-1.313C13.562 11.813 14 10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"></path></svg></button></div></div></form><hr class="rule_mb-rule__TPQVN rule_mb-rule--standard__amoIv" data-testid="rule-standard"/><div class="overlay_mb-masthead__overlay-featured__33ybD"><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--align-items-center__XeK_G flex_mb-flex--gap-sm__rAZkB feature_mb-masthead__feature__u6RBx"><img src="https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp045.png" class="image_mb-image__x8tHb" width="1024" height="1024"/><div><a href="https://www.economist.com/the-world-in-brief"><span class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-title-2__wW2Y_ text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-normal__512D0">The world in brief</span></a><p class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-label-2__Q9_PT text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-italic__gOhBt">Catch up on global daily news</p></div></div><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--align-items-center__XeK_G flex_mb-flex--gap-sm__rAZkB feature_mb-masthead__feature__u6RBx"><img src="https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp050.png" class="image_mb-image__x8tHb" width="1024" height="1024"/><div><a href="https://www.economist.com/topics/1843-magazine"><span class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-title-2__wW2Y_ text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-normal__512D0">1843 magazine</span></a><p class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-label-2__Q9_PT text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-italic__gOhBt">Dive into compelling long reads</p></div></div><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--align-items-center__XeK_G flex_mb-flex--gap-sm__rAZkB feature_mb-masthead__feature__u6RBx"><img src="https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp046.png" class="image_mb-image__x8tHb" width="1024" height="1024"/><div><a href="https://www.economist.com/audio/podcasts"><span class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-title-2__wW2Y_ text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-normal__512D0">Podcasts</span></a><p class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-label-2__Q9_PT text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-italic__gOhBt">Tune into engaging conversations</p></div></div><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--align-items-center__XeK_G flex_mb-flex--gap-sm__rAZkB feature_mb-masthead__feature__u6RBx"><img src="https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp044.png" class="image_mb-image__x8tHb" width="1024" height="1024"/><div><a href="https://www.economist.com/video"><span class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-title-2__wW2Y_ text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-normal__512D0">Video</span></a><p class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-label-2__Q9_PT text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-italic__gOhBt">Watch engaging short films</p></div></div><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--align-items-center__XeK_G flex_mb-flex--gap-sm__rAZkB feature_mb-masthead__feature__u6RBx"><img src="https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp048.png" class="image_mb-image__x8tHb" width="1024" height="1024"/><div><a href="https://www.economist.com/subscriber-events"><span class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-title-2__wW2Y_ text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-normal__512D0">Digital events</span></a><p class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-label-2__Q9_PT text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-italic__gOhBt">Gain insights from experts</p></div></div><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--align-items-center__XeK_G flex_mb-flex--gap-sm__rAZkB feature_mb-masthead__feature__u6RBx"><img src="https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp047.png" class="image_mb-image__x8tHb" width="1024" height="1024"/><div><a href="https://www.economist.com/newsletters"><span class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-title-2__wW2Y_ text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-normal__512D0">Newsletters</span></a><p class="text_mb-text__wleiI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-label-2__Q9_PT text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-italic__gOhBt">Curated news, direct to your inbox</p></div></div></div><nav class="overlay_mb-masthead__overlay-sections__jBOIr"><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--open__0ltEE link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="masthead-sections-link-list-43OdrHU6CTSr0HeAP9SOA-controls" id="masthead-sections-link-list-43OdrHU6CTSr0HeAP9SOA"><span>Current topics</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="collapse-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5)" d="M17.164 15.75 12 10.65l-5.164 5.1-1.586-1.57L12 7.5l6.75 6.68-1.586 1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button><nav id="masthead-sections-link-list-43OdrHU6CTSr0HeAP9SOA-controls" aria-labelledby="masthead-sections-link-list-43OdrHU6CTSr0HeAP9SOA"><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/war-in-the-middle-east">War in the Middle East</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/ukraine-at-war">War in Ukraine</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/the-world-ahead-2025">The World Ahead 2025</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/climate-change">Climate change</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/economy">The world economy</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/artificial-intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--large__Xt4wZ" href="https://www.economist.com/interactive/trump-approval-tracker/hundred-days">US presidential tracker</a></li></ul></nav></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ"><h2>Current topics</h2><nav id="masthead-sections-link-list--eyTv5PGxTEw9plj3pggi-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/war-in-the-middle-east">War in the Middle East</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/ukraine-at-war">War in Ukraine</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/the-world-ahead-2025">The World Ahead 2025</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/climate-change">Climate change</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/economy">The world economy</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/artificial-intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/interactive/trump-approval-tracker/hundred-days">US presidential tracker</a></li></ul></nav></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="masthead-sections-link-list-hkfUr7GfEWTZkeSCg-kMp-controls" id="masthead-sections-link-list-hkfUr7GfEWTZkeSCg-kMp"><span>World</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="expand-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5)" d="M17.164 8.25 12 13.35l-5.164-5.1L5.25 9.82 12 16.5l6.75-6.68-1.586-1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ"><h2>World</h2><nav id="masthead-sections-link-list-7abc1vCaqpEjqGWht4xvX-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/the-world-this-week">The world this week</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/china">China</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/united-states">United States</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/europe">Europe</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/britain">Britain</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa">Middle East & Africa</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/asia">Asia</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/the-americas">The Americas</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/international">International</a></li></ul></nav></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="masthead-sections-link-list-A6dn48waM1kqwxhMMdKhR-controls" id="masthead-sections-link-list-A6dn48waM1kqwxhMMdKhR"><span>Business & economics</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="expand-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5)" d="M17.164 8.25 12 13.35l-5.164-5.1L5.25 9.82 12 16.5l6.75-6.68-1.586-1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ"><h2>Business & economics</h2><nav id="masthead-sections-link-list-1R0qpl929XTBHxGvw0y4J-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics">Finance & economics</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/business">Business</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/interactive/big-mac-index">Big Mac index</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/economic-and-financial-indicators">Economic & financial indicators</a></li></ul></nav></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="masthead-sections-link-list-mJNXETigh85FWIZj8VDlt-controls" id="masthead-sections-link-list-mJNXETigh85FWIZj8VDlt"><span>Opinion</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="expand-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5)" d="M17.164 8.25 12 13.35l-5.164-5.1L5.25 9.82 12 16.5l6.75-6.68-1.586-1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ"><h2>Opinion</h2><nav id="masthead-sections-link-list-0Fq7ndcsRIk-yTspV_Lr5-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/leaders">Leaders</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/letters">Letters to the editor</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation">By Invitation</a></li></ul></nav></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="masthead-sections-link-list-SvmBDWscm5UGmrAjPHyPB-controls" id="masthead-sections-link-list-SvmBDWscm5UGmrAjPHyPB"><span>In depth</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="expand-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5)" d="M17.164 8.25 12 13.35l-5.164-5.1L5.25 9.82 12 16.5l6.75-6.68-1.586-1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ"><h2>In depth</h2><nav id="masthead-sections-link-list-nwI25BkruJh-GJ6yZEMhd-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology">Science & technology</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing">Briefing</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail">Graphic detail</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/interactives">Interactives</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains">The Economist explains</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/special-reports">Special reports</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly">Technology Quarterly</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/essay">Essay</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/schools-brief">Schools brief</a></li></ul></nav></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="masthead-sections-link-list-kBiEe9z8GC1KQcatqjN5Y-controls" id="masthead-sections-link-list-kBiEe9z8GC1KQcatqjN5Y"><span>Culture & society</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="expand-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5)" d="M17.164 8.25 12 13.35l-5.164-5.1L5.25 9.82 12 16.5l6.75-6.68-1.586-1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ"><h2>Culture & society</h2><nav id="masthead-sections-link-list-rV0nt4P6u1cMsIAnAyWVH-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/culture">Culture</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-reads">The Economist reads</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/obituary">Obituary</a></li></ul></nav></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="masthead-sections-link-list-zVH2AQEJUnWVLcNQb7AJy-controls" id="masthead-sections-link-list-zVH2AQEJUnWVLcNQb7AJy"><span>Weekly edition</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="expand-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5)" d="M17.164 8.25 12 13.35l-5.164-5.1L5.25 9.82 12 16.5l6.75-6.68-1.586-1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ"><h2>Weekly edition</h2><nav id="masthead-sections-link-list-ATquJ2Ev4ft_GlJCQdsSU-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/">This week</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/archive">Past editions</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></nav></div></div><nav class="quick-links_mb-masthead__quick-links__QJqE5"><div class="container_mb-container__Fo2_b container_mb-container--padded__mFgN3"><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/">Weekly edition</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/the-world-in-brief">The world in brief</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/war-in-the-middle-east">War in the Middle East</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/ukraine-at-war">War in Ukraine</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/economy">The world economy</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/artificial-intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/topics/climate-change">Climate change</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/interactive/archive-1945">Archive 1945</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/interactive/2025-german-election-polls-prediction-forecast">German election 2025</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="https://www.economist.com/interactive/dateline-history-quiz-game">Dateline quiz</a></li></ul></div></nav></div></header><dialog class="my-account_mb-my-account__AFmuM" data-test-id="masthead-my-account-menu"><div><div class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--justify-content-space-between__ByTOc"><h3 class="text_mb-text__wleiI margin_mb-u-margin-b-lg__qMuVb text_mb-text--typestyle-title-3__Lwl6I text_mb-text--typeface-sans__Rlix_ text_mb-text--style-normal__512D0">My Economist</h3><button class="control_mb-control__JIjs_ control_mb-control--sm__ZrhZa" data-testid="control" aria-label="Close my account menu"><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="close-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5)" d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41Z"></path></svg></span></button></div><div class="my-account_mb-my-account__wrapper__Ec8TY"><hr class="rule_mb-rule__TPQVN margin_mb-u-margin-b-sm__0K5gI rule_mb-rule--emphasised__Y_vSp" data-testid="rule-emphasised"/><div><p class="text_mb-text__wleiI margin_mb-u-margin-b-sm__0K5gI text_mb-text--colour-london-5__t4HRQ text_mb-text--typestyle-body-1__zZ7A8 text_mb-text--typeface-serif__P2Vq9 text_mb-text--style-normal__512D0">Unlimited digital access to all reporting, podcasts, newsletters and events</p><a class="call-to-action_mb-call-to-action__JMKot call-to-action_mb-call-to-action--primary__Hpuo3 call-to-action_mb-call-to-action--small__Dq0Sg" href="/api/auth/subscribe"><span>Subscribe</span></a><hr class="rule_mb-rule__TPQVN margin_mb-u-margin-t-lg__AH_9F margin_mb-u-margin-b-sm__0K5gI rule_mb-rule--emphasised__Y_vSp" data-testid="rule-emphasised"/></div><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ"><h2>SUBSCRIBER BENEFITS</h2><nav id="my-account-links-1-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="/audio/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="/newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="/video">Video</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="/subscriber-events">Live virtual events</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="/get-the-app">The Economist app</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="/get-the-espresso-app">Espresso app</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="/saved-stories">Saved stories</a></li></ul></nav></div><hr class="rule_mb-rule__TPQVN margin_mb-u-margin-t-lg__AH_9F margin_mb-u-margin-b-sm__0K5gI rule_mb-rule--emphasised__Y_vSp" data-testid="rule-emphasised"/><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ"><nav id="my-account-links-2-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="/api/my-account">Account</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe" href="/api/auth/logout">Log out</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></dialog></div><div><style data-emotion="css 9rt3sc">.css-9rt3sc{background-color:inherit;margin-bottom:7rem;}</style><div class="css-9rt3sc e10tor440"><script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/asia","name":"Asia"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"/weeklyedition/2009-07-25","name":"July 25th 2009 edition"}}]} </script><main role="main" id="content"><article data-test-id="Article" id="new-article-template"><style data-emotion="css beo71e">.css-beo71e{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:89.5rem;position:relative;padding-left:var(--mb-responsive-grid-gap);padding-right:var(--mb-responsive-grid-gap);}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-beo71e{padding-left:var(--mb-responsive-grid-gutter);padding-right:var(--mb-responsive-grid-gutter);}}</style><div class="css-beo71e eetis970" data-test-id="standard-article-template"><style data-emotion="css hcc5vn">.css-hcc5vn{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:row;grid-column-gap:var(--mb-responsive-grid-gutter);grid-row-gap:3rem;grid-row-gap:0;grid-auto-columns:1fr;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:89.5rem;overflow:visible;position:relative;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.css-hcc5vn{grid-template:auto/repeat(6, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 52.125rem){.css-hcc5vn{grid-template:auto/repeat(9, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-hcc5vn{grid-template:auto/repeat(12, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-hcc5vn{grid-template:auto/repeat(16, minmax(0, 1fr));}}</style><div class="css-hcc5vn e3mhczn0"><style data-emotion="css 129jqss">.css-129jqss{position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-start:1;}}@media (min-width: 52.125rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-start:2;}}@media (min-width: 68.5rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-start:3;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-start:3;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-start:4;}}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-end:7;}}@media (min-width: 52.125rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-end:9;}}@media (min-width: 68.5rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-end:8;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-end:9;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-129jqss{grid-column-end:12;}}.css-129jqss:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div class="css-129jqss e141dkbw0"><style data-emotion="css u7urgs">.css-u7urgs .eg03uz0{margin-top:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-u7urgs .eg03uz0{margin-top:1rem;}}</style><section class="css-u7urgs e12sbwn90"><style data-emotion="css b4a1pi">.css-b4a1pi{margin-bottom:0.25rem;white-space:pre-wrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-b4a1pi{margin-bottom:0.5rem;}}</style><div class="css-b4a1pi e1u9wqfn0"><style data-emotion="css x8vgju">.css-x8vgju{color:var(--ds-color-economist-red);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-0);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);}.css-x8vgju a{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:color var(--ds-interactions-transition);transition:color var(--ds-interactions-transition);outline:solid transparent;}.css-x8vgju a:hover,.css-x8vgju a:active{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);}.css-x8vgju a:hover span{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-x8vgju a:focus{color:var(--ds-color-london-10);background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);}</style><span class="css-x8vgju e6e0kfy0"><a href="/asia" data-analytics="sidebar:section"><span>Asia</span></a></span><style data-emotion="css rjcumh">.css-rjcumh{font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-0);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);color:var(--header-fly-color, var(--ds-color-london-5));}</style><span class="css-rjcumh e1vi1cqp0"> | <!-- -->China, the law and NGOs</span></div><style data-emotion="css 1p83fk8">.css-1p83fk8{color:var(--header-headline-color, var(--ds-color-london-5));font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-4);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-upper);}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-1p83fk8{font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-6);line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-upper);}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1p83fk8{font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-7);line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-upper);}}</style><h1 class="css-1p83fk8 e1r8fcie0">Open Constitution closed</h1><style data-emotion="css 1ms10sa">.css-1ms10sa{color:var(--header-rubric-color, var(--ds-color-london-5));font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-1);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);}</style><h2 class="css-1ms10sa eg03uz0">The state cracks down on civil society</h2></section></div><div class="css-129jqss e141dkbw0"><style data-emotion="css 13r0q4k">.css-13r0q4k .e8htone0{margin-bottom:1.25rem;padding-top:1.75rem;border-top:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);}.css-13r0q4k .e1d3rrj40{padding:1.25rem 0;border-top:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-13r0q4k .e1d3rrj40 +.em0l2j50{margin-top:0;}.css-13r0q4k .e12eqbp50{margin-top:1.3125rem;margin-bottom:2.1875rem;}</style><div class="css-13r0q4k ebbih0g0"><style data-emotion="css 191ofav">.css-191ofav{margin-top:1.5rem;}.css-191ofav +.ezpf5o0{margin-top:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-191ofav +.ezpf5o0{margin-top:1.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-191ofav{margin-top:2rem;}}</style><div class="css-191ofav e1oehc1h0"><style data-emotion="css jwv1ak">.css-jwv1ak{position:relative;border-bottom:0;color:var(--ds-color-london-35);}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-jwv1ak{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);}}.css-jwv1ak .ds-actioned-link{margin-right:0.625rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-jwv1ak .ds-actioned-link{margin-left:0.625rem;margin-right:0;}}.css-jwv1ak .ei4w8y0{margin-right:0.625rem;margin-top:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-jwv1ak .ei4w8y0{margin-right:0;}}.css-jwv1ak .ei4w8y0 .ds-actioned-link{margin-right:0;}.css-jwv1ak >.eygoqsu0>*{padding:1rem 0;}.css-jwv1ak >.eygoqsu0>*:nth-of-type(2){border-top:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-jwv1ak >.eygoqsu0>*:nth-of-type(2){border-top:0;}}</style><div class="css-jwv1ak eupm5sl0"><style data-emotion="css w0h03k">.css-w0h03k{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-w0h03k{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-w0h03k{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-w0h03k{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}}</style><div class="css-w0h03k eygoqsu0"><div><style data-emotion="css 1c8ktq7">.css-1c8ktq7{font-size:var(--ds-type-scale--1);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans-lining);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);color:var(--ds-color-london-35);}</style><time dateTime="2009-07-23T00:00:00.000Z" class="css-1c8ktq7 e4cw3vv0"> <!-- -->Jul 23rd 2009</time><style data-emotion="css tmjz0q">.css-tmjz0q{font-size:var(--ds-type-scale--1);margin:0 0.5rem;}</style><span class="css-tmjz0q e1oehc1h1">|</span><style data-emotion="css sy52uq">.css-sy52uq{font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans);font-weight:400;font-size:var(--ds-type-scale--1);font-variant:small-caps no-common-ligatures no-discretionary-ligatures no-historical-ligatures no-contextual;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);text-transform:lowercase;color:var(--ds-color-london-35);}</style><span class="css-sy52uq e1q31umy0">Beijing </span></div><div><style data-emotion="css 1902i5q">.css-1902i5q{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}</style><div class="css-1902i5q eygoqsu0"><style data-emotion="css 1s3lugw">.css-1s3lugw{display:none;}@media (max-width: 37.4375rem){.css-1s3lugw{display:block;}}</style><div class="css-1s3lugw e3e40d40"></div><style data-emotion="css jusp8i">.css-jusp8i{position:relative;display:inline;}.css-jusp8i .ecqelu90{z-index:100;position:fixed;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-jusp8i .ecqelu90{position:absolute;top:1.5rem;bottom:auto;left:auto;right:0;width:auto;border-radius:0.5rem;}}</style><div data-test-id="sharing-modal" class="css-jusp8i e756v990"><button class="ds-actioned-link ds-actioned-link--minor ds-actioned-link--share"><span>Share</span></button></div></div></div></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1xs6rxu">.css-1xs6rxu{margin-top:0.75rem;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.875rem;display:inline-block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-1xs6rxu{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-1xs6rxu:has(.e50l3u40:first-child),.css-1xs6rxu:has(.efyz8gm0:first-child),.css-1xs6rxu:has(.e1kg44ft0:first-child){margin-top:0.875rem;}}.css-1xs6rxu .e1wexn3l0{position:relative;}</style><section data-body-id="cp2" class="css-1xs6rxu e19oi8vf1"><style data-emotion="css 11m2wk0">.css-11m2wk0 *+*{margin-top:0.875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0{margin-top:0;}.css-11m2wk0 .e50l3u40:first-child,.css-11m2wk0 .efyz8gm0:first-child,.css-11m2wk0 .e1kg44ft0:first-child{margin:0;}.css-11m2wk0 .e50l3u40 +*,.css-11m2wk0 .efyz8gm0 +*,.css-11m2wk0 .e1kg44ft0 +*{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e50l3u40 +.e1mvczvy0,.css-11m2wk0 .efyz8gm0 +.e1mvczvy0,.css-11m2wk0 .e1kg44ft0 +.e1mvczvy0,.css-11m2wk0 .e50l3u40 +.e18kpe850,.css-11m2wk0 .efyz8gm0 +.e18kpe850,.css-11m2wk0 .e1kg44ft0 +.e18kpe850,.css-11m2wk0 .e50l3u40 +.e1xa31850,.css-11m2wk0 .efyz8gm0 +.e1xa31850,.css-11m2wk0 .e1kg44ft0 +.e1xa31850{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e50l3u40,.css-11m2wk0 *+.efyz8gm0,.css-11m2wk0 *+.e1kg44ft0{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0+*,.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe850+*,.css-11m2wk0 .e1xa31850+*{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1gvmbw00+*{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e1gvmbw00{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e15xa22h0{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e15xa22h0+*{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.eeajri10{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e1xa31850{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1xa31850+*{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1xa31850+.e1mvczvy0{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0+.e1xa31850{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 >.e1nk3r6v0+*{margin-top:0;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1v7vv2r0+*{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1v7vv2r0+.e1v7vv2r0{margin-top:0.875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 >.e16ilo480+*{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .eeajri10+.e1tt35bk0{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e16ilo480+.e15xa22h0{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e16ilo480+.e1gvmbw00{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1xa31850+.e1xa31850{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .eeajri10+.e16ilo480{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .eeajri10+.e1nk3r6v0{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1nk3r6v0+.e16ilo480{margin-top:0.875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1nk3r6v0+.e1gvmbw00{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe850+*,.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0+*{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e18kpe850,.css-11m2wk0 *+.e1mvczvy0{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe850+.e18kpe850,.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0+.e1mvczvy0,.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe850+.e1mvczvy0,.css-11m2wk0 .e1mvczvy0+.e18kpe850{margin-top:1.3125rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe851{margin-bottom:0.875rem;}}.css-11m2wk0 .eeajri10+.e18kpe851{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .eeajri10+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1xa31850+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0+.e16ilo480{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e15xa22h0+.e18kpe851,.css-11m2wk0 .e15xa22h0+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0,.css-11m2wk0 .e1gvmbw00+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0,.css-11m2wk0 .e1gvmbw00+.e18kpe851{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1tt35bk0+.e18kpe851,.css-11m2wk0 .e1tt35bk0+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0,.css-11m2wk0 .e16ilo480+.e18kpe851,.css-11m2wk0 .e16ilo480+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0{margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1tt35bk0+.e1v7vv2r0{margin-top:1.75rem;}@media (max-width: 37.4375rem){.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0,.css-11m2wk0 .e1gvmbw00+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0,.css-11m2wk0 .e15xa22h0+.e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0{margin-top:0.875rem;}}.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe851+*:not(.e1tt35bk0),.css-11m2wk0 .e18kpe851+.e1tt35bk0+*:not(.e1tt35bk0){clear:both;}.css-11m2wk0 *:not(.ezpf5o0)+.e1tt35bk0:has([data-caps='initial']:first-child),.css-11m2wk0 *:not(.ezpf5o0)+.e1tt35bk0:has(.drop-cap:first-child){margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1v7vv2r0+.e1tt35bk0:has([data-caps='initial']:first-child),.css-11m2wk0 .e1v7vv2r0+.e1tt35bk0:has(.drop-cap:first-child){margin-top:1.3125rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1cbnkh80{clear:both;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.e1cbnkh80{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .e1cbnkh80+*{margin-top:2.1875rem;}.css-11m2wk0 *+.ezpf5o0{margin-top:1.75rem;}.css-11m2wk0 .ezpf5o0+*{margin-top:0.875rem;}</style><div class="css-11m2wk0 e19oi8vf2"><style data-emotion="css 1f0x4sl">.css-1f0x4sl{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif);font-weight:400;font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-1);line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);}.css-1f0x4sl del,.css-1f0x4sl s{-webkit-text-decoration:strikethrough;text-decoration:strikethrough;}.css-1f0x4sl strong,.css-1f0x4sl b{font-weight:700;}.css-1f0x4sl em,.css-1f0x4sl i{font-style:italic;}.css-1f0x4sl sup{font-feature-settings:'sups' 1;}.css-1f0x4sl sub{font-feature-settings:'subs' 1;}.css-1f0x4sl small,.css-1f0x4sl .small-caps{display:inline;font-size:inherit;font-variant:small-caps no-common-ligatures no-discretionary-ligatures no-historical-ligatures no-contextual;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);text-transform:lowercase;}.css-1f0x4sl u,.css-1f0x4sl .underline{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:0.125rem;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1f0x4sl a{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-45);text-decoration-thickness:0.125rem;text-underline-offset:0.125rem;}.css-1f0x4sl a:hover{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1f0x4sl a:focus{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-45);text-decoration-thickness:0.125rem;}.css-1f0x4sl a:active{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1f0x4sl [data-caps='initial'],.css-1f0x4sl .drop-cap{float:left;font-feature-settings:'ss08' 1;font-size:3.5rem;height:3.25rem;line-height:1;margin:0.0625rem 0.2rem 0 0;text-transform:uppercase;}.css-1f0x4sl [data-ornament='ufinish'],.css-1f0x4sl .ufinish{color:var(--ds-color-economist-red);}.css-1f0x4sl [data-ornament='ufinish']::before,.css-1f0x4sl .ufinish::before{font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-1);content:' ';}</style><p data-component="paragraph" class="css-1f0x4sl e1tt35bk0">ONE of the more hopeful flickering signs of democracy in China in the past few years has been the growth of public-interest lawyers willing to challenge in court examples of abuse and corruption by the state or local governments. Now, the empire is striking back.</p></div></section><style data-emotion="css 1bdax0c">.css-1bdax0c{margin:0.875rem 0;}.css-1bdax0c .eikojtn0+*{margin-top:0.875rem;}.e1t0la761+.css-1bdax0c{margin-top:0;}</style><div class="css-1bdax0c e13p72us0"><style data-emotion="css 1i4m1tx">.css-1i4m1tx{color:var(--ds-color-london-20);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-sans);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale--1);line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);}.css-1i4m1tx s,.css-1i4m1tx del{-webkit-text-decoration:line-through;text-decoration:line-through;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1i4m1tx b{font-weight:600;}.css-1i4m1tx i{font-style:italic;}.css-1i4m1tx sup{font-feature-settings:'sups' 1;}.css-1i4m1tx sub{font-feature-settings:'subs' 1;}.css-1i4m1tx u{text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1i4m1tx a{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1i4m1tx a:hover{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1i4m1tx a:focus,.css-1i4m1tx a:active{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-london-5);}.css-1i4m1tx a:focus{outline:solid transparent;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1i4m1tx a:active{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}</style><p class="css-1i4m1tx eikojtn0">This article appeared in the Asia section of the print edition under the headline “Open Constitution closed”</p></div><style data-emotion="css 1ijq0b9">.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-chapter-list__item a span{border:0;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-chapter-list__item a:hover span{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-chapter-list__item a:focus span{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);box-shadow:none;color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:solid transparent;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-chapter-list__item a:active span{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-section-headline a{border-bottom:0;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-section-headline a:hover{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-section-headline a:focus{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);box-shadow:none;color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:solid transparent;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1ijq0b9 .ds-section-headline a:active{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);}</style><div data-tracking-id="content-well-chapter-list" class="css-1ijq0b9 e8htone0"><div class="ds-chapter-list"><h2 class="ds-section-headline ds-section-headline--rule-accent"><a href="/asia" class="ds-section-headline-link">Asia</a> <span class="ds-section-subheadline">July 25th 2009</span></h2><ul><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/asia/2009/07/23/on-the-charge-in-malakand"><span>On the charge in Malakand</span></a></li><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/asia/2009/07/23/the-solar-eclipse-in-china"><span>The solar eclipse in China</span></a></li><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--selected ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/asia/2009/07/23/open-constitution-closed"><span>Open Constitution closed</span></a></li><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/asia/2009/07/23/dripping-healing-oil"><span>Dripping healing oil</span></a></li><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/asia/2009/07/23/doubled-up"><span>Doubled up</span></a></li><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/asia/2009/07/23/after-the-bombings"><span>After the bombings</span></a></li><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/asia/2009/07/23/the-thoughts-of-chairman-ma"><span>The thoughts of Chairman Ma</span></a></li><li class="ds-chapter-list__item"><a class="ds-link-with-arrow ds-link-with-arrow--minor ds-link-with-arrow--text-right" href="/asia/2009/07/23/the-lady-should-be-for-turning"><span>The Lady should be for turning</span></a></li></ul></div></div><style data-emotion="css wcxg11">.css-wcxg11{font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif);position:relative;}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon{cursor:pointer;font-weight:500;}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon span{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon::before{color:var(--ds-color-economist-red);}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:hover span{color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:focus span{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);box-shadow:none;color:var(--ds-color-london-5);outline:solid transparent;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:active span{background-color:var(--ds-color-chicago-95);color:var(--ds-color-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:hover span,.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:focus span,.css-wcxg11 .ds-link-with-arrow-icon:active span{border:0;}</style><div data-test-id="vertical" class="css-wcxg11 e1d3rrj40"><style data-emotion="css vsh08d">.css-vsh08d{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:column;-ms-flex-pack:column;-webkit-justify-content:column;justify-content:column;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:center;-webkit-column-gap:1.25rem;column-gap:1.25rem;}</style><div orientation="vertical" class="css-vsh08d e1d3rrj41"><style data-emotion="css s61v3v">.css-s61v3v{border-radius:0.125rem;box-shadow:-0.125rem 0.125rem 0.25rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.4);margin-bottom:0.75rem;min-width:10rem;max-width:12rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-s61v3v{min-width:12rem;}}.css-s61v3v img{display:block;max-width:100%;}</style><div orientation="vertical" class="css-s61v3v e1d3rrj43"><style data-emotion="css j0a8mg">.css-j0a8mg img{display:block;}.css-j0a8mg .egmy3ck2{margin-top:0.25rem;}</style><figure class="css-j0a8mg e1197rjj0"><img alt="Waking from its sleep" loading="lazy" width="400" height="526" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" sizes="300px" srcSet="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=16,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 16w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=32,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 32w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=48,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 48w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=64,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 64w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=96,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 96w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=128,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 128w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 256w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=360,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 360w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=384,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 384w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=480,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 480w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=600,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 600w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=834,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 834w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=960,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 960w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1096,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 1096w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1280,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 1280w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg 1424w" src="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg"/></figure></div><style data-emotion="css std7t4">.css-std7t4{max-width:16rem;}</style><div orientation="vertical" class="css-std7t4 e1d3rrj42"><style data-emotion="css zqomh4">.css-zqomh4{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);font-family:var(--ds-type-system-serif-lining);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-2);font-weight:500;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-upper);margin-bottom:0.25rem;}</style><h3 orientation="vertical" class="css-zqomh4 e1d3rrj44">From the July 25th 2009 edition</h3><style data-emotion="css 12b2bkb">.css-12b2bkb{color:var(--ds-color-london-5);font-size:var(--ds-type-scale-0);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--ds-type-leading-lower);margin-bottom:1.5rem;}</style><p orientation="vertical" class="css-12b2bkb e1d3rrj45">Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contents</p><a class="ds-link-with-arrow-icon ds-link-with-arrow-icon--minor" href="/weeklyedition/2009-07-25" data-analytics="sidebar:weekly_edition"><span>Explore the edition</span></a></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1cmx12d">.css-1cmx12d{margin-top:0.875rem;}.css-1cmx12d +.eq1asik0{margin-top:3rem;padding-bottom:0;}.e1t0la761+.css-1cmx12d{margin-top:0;}</style><div class="css-1cmx12d em0l2j50"><style data-emotion="css 19gx9y0">.css-19gx9y0{position:relative;border-bottom:0;border-top:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);color:var(--ds-color-london-35);}.css-19gx9y0 .ds-actioned-link{margin-right:0.625rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-19gx9y0 .ds-actioned-link{margin-left:0.625rem;margin-right:0;}}.css-19gx9y0 .ei4w8y0{margin-right:0.625rem;margin-top:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-19gx9y0 .ei4w8y0{margin-right:0;}}.css-19gx9y0 .ei4w8y0 .ds-actioned-link{margin-right:0;}.css-19gx9y0 >.eygoqsu0>*{padding:1rem 0;}.css-19gx9y0 >.eygoqsu0>*:nth-of-type(2){border-top:0.0625rem solid var(--ds-color-london-85);}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-19gx9y0 >.eygoqsu0>*:nth-of-type(2){border-top:0;}}</style><div class="css-19gx9y0 eupm5sl0"><style data-emotion="css 15sn8g1">.css-15sn8g1{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-15sn8g1{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-15sn8g1{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.css-15sn8g1{-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}</style><div class="css-15sn8g1 eygoqsu0"><div><style data-emotion="css 9mn5vp">.css-9mn5vp{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;row-gap:0.6rem;}</style><div class="css-9mn5vp eygoqsu0"><div class="css-1s3lugw e3e40d40"></div><div data-test-id="sharing-modal" class="css-jusp8i e756v990"><button class="ds-actioned-link ds-actioned-link--minor ds-actioned-link--share"><span>Share</span></button></div><a class="ds-actioned-link ds-actioned-link--minor ds-actioned-link--reuse-this-content" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=economist&publication=economist&title=Open%20Constitution%20closed&publicationDate=2009-07-23&contentID=%2Fcontent%2Fphmavs40ei72ql30rcu6o5vc2bmi7bka&type=A&orderBeanReset=TRUE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-analytics="end_of_article:reuse_this_content"><span>Reuse this content</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 169lzn0">.css-169lzn0{position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;display:none;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-column-start:9;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-column-start:13;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-column-end:13;}}@media (min-width: 89rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-column-end:17;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-row-start:1;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-169lzn0{grid-row-end:span 4;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-169lzn0{display:block;}}.css-169lzn0:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div data-test-id="right-hand-rail-ads" class="css-169lzn0 e141dkbw0"><style data-emotion="css 1higg57">.css-1higg57{display:inline;}.css-1higg57 >*+*{margin-top:2rem;}.css-1higg57 >*:only-child{margin-top:3rem;}.css-1higg57 >*:last-child{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:1.5rem;}</style><div class="css-1higg57 epfkve70"><div class="adComponent_advert__kPVUI adComponent_right__A3uJw adComponent_hidden__Dp0GM"><div><div id="econright-r0" class="adComponent_adcontainer__eooQr"></div></div></div><div class="adComponent_advert__kPVUI adComponent_right__A3uJw adComponent_hidden__Dp0GM"><div><div id="econright-r1" class="adComponent_adcontainer__eooQr"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-optimizely="related-articles-section"><style data-emotion="css mqgbir">.css-mqgbir{margin-top:6rem;}.css-mqgbir .ds-section-headline{margin-bottom:1rem;}</style><div class="css-mqgbir ekf19570"><h2 class="ds-section-headline ds-section-headline--rule-emphasised"><a href="/asia" class="ds-section-headline-link">More from Asia</a></h2><style data-emotion="css 1os14tz">@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1os14tz .e141dkbw0 .e141dkbw0:last-of-type{padding-bottom:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1os14tz .e141dkbw0 .e141dkbw0{padding-bottom:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-1os14tz .e141dkbw0 .e141dkbw0{padding-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1os14tz .e141dkbw0>hr+.e11kl3g90:last-of-type{padding-bottom:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1os14tz .e141dkbw0:nth-of-type(5){padding-bottom:1.5rem;}}.css-1os14tz .e3mhczn0 .e3mhczn0{margin-top:-0.25rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-1os14tz .e141dkbw0:nth-of-type(3) .e3mhczn0{margin-top:0;}}</style><div class="css-1os14tz e1sxhytt1"><style data-emotion="css 114o6rp">.css-114o6rp{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:row;grid-column-gap:var(--mb-responsive-grid-gutter);grid-row-gap:2.75rem;grid-auto-columns:1fr;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:89.5rem;overflow:hidden;position:relative;grid-row-gap:1.5rem;grid-template-areas:"group1" "line" "group2" "line2" "group3";}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-114o6rp{grid-template:auto/repeat(12, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-114o6rp{grid-template-areas:"group1 group1 group1 group1 group1 group1 group2 group2 group2 group2 group2 group2" "line line line line line line line line line line line line" "group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3 group3";}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-114o6rp{grid-template-areas:"group1 group1 group1 group1 group2 group2 group2 group2 group2 group3 group3 group3";}}</style><div class="css-114o6rp e3mhczn0"><style data-emotion="css 1f07iwu">.css-1f07iwu{grid-area:group1;position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}.css-1f07iwu::after{background-color:var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-85);content:'';height:100%;position:absolute;right:-1rem;right:calc(-1 * var(--ds-grid-gap));top:0;width:1px;}.css-1f07iwu:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div class="css-1f07iwu e141dkbw0"><style data-emotion="css 12lyffs">.css-12lyffs{position:relative;width:100%;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;display:block;}.eeawncf0 .css-12lyffs,.e1ns5z760 .css-12lyffs{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.eeawncf0 .css-12lyffs,.e1ns5z760 .css-12lyffs{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.eeawncf0 .css-12lyffs,.e1ns5z760 .css-12lyffs{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.eeawncf0 .css-12lyffs,.e1ns5z760 .css-12lyffs{margin-top:-0.25rem;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.eeawncf0 .css-12lyffs,.e1ns5z760 .css-12lyffs{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}.e1ft9m2r0 .css-12lyffs{margin-left:0.75rem;margin-top:0;}@media (max-width:29.9375rem){.e1ft9m2r0 .css-12lyffs{padding-top:0.375rem;}}</style><div class="css-12lyffs e11kl3g90"><style data-emotion="css koo8ga">.css-koo8ga{position:relative;float:none;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;}.css-koo8ga img{display:block;}.css-koo8ga svg{bottom:0;display:block;left:0;position:absolute;width:15%;}.css-koo8ga+.exn4l0u0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-koo8ga+style+.exn4l0u0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-koo8ga+.e9vcwtd0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-koo8ga+style+.e9vcwtd0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-koo8ga+.e1etum70{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-koo8ga+style+.e1etum70{margin-top:0.5rem;}</style><div class="css-koo8ga e1v3hvd50"><figure class="css-j0a8mg e1197rjj0"><img theme="[object Object]" alt="Cook Islands Prime Minister Mark Brown" loading="lazy" width="1280" height="720" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 700px, (min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 960px) 66vw, 95vw" srcSet="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg 256w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=360,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg 360w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=384,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg 384w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=480,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg 480w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=600,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg 600w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=834,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg 834w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=960,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg 960w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1096,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg 1096w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1280,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg 1280w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg 1424w" src="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg"/></figure></div><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><style data-emotion="css fjl2tu">.css-fjl2tu{font-family:var(--mb-typeface-serif);font-size:var(--mb-typestyle-title-4-size);font-variant:var(--mb-typestyle-title-4-figures);font-weight:normal;line-height:var(--mb-typestyle-title-4-leading);}.css-fjl2tu a{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5);display:block;}.css-fjl2tu a:hover,.css-fjl2tu a:hover{color:var(--mb-colour-base-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-fjl2tu a:focus,.css-fjl2tu a:focus{background-color:var(--mb-colour-base-chicago-95);color:var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5);outline:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-fjl2tu a:active,.css-fjl2tu a:active{color:var(--mb-colour-base-chicago-30);}.css-fjl2tu a::before{bottom:0;content:'';display:block;left:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;text-indent:-999em;top:0;white-space:nowrap;z-index:1;}.css-fjl2tu+.esimp700,.css-fjl2tu+style+.esimp700{margin-top:0.5rem;}.e1p220na0 .css-fjl2tu+.esimp700{margin-top:0;}</style><h3 class="css-fjl2tu e9vcwtd0"><a href="/asia/2025/02/13/new-zealand-and-the-cook-islands-fall-out-over-china" data-analytics="more_from:headline_1">New Zealand and the Cook Islands fall out over China</a></h3><style data-emotion="css 1p38euj">.css-1p38euj{color:var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5);font-family:var(--mb-typeface-serif);max-width:43.75rem;font-size:var(--mb-typestyle-body-1-size);font-variant:var(--mb-typestyle-body-1-figures);line-height:var(--mb-typestyle-body-1-leading);}</style><p class="css-1p38euj esimp700">That is New Zealand’s second diplomatic dispute in the Pacific this year</p></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css o65eh1">.css-o65eh1{grid-area:group2;position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}.css-o65eh1::after{background-color:var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-85);content:'';height:100%;position:absolute;right:-1rem;right:calc(-1 * var(--ds-grid-gap));top:0;width:1px;}.css-o65eh1:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div class="css-o65eh1 e141dkbw0"><style data-emotion="css 153odn9">.css-153odn9{position:relative;width:100%;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;display:block;}.eeawncf0 .css-153odn9,.e1ns5z760 .css-153odn9{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.eeawncf0 .css-153odn9,.e1ns5z760 .css-153odn9{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.eeawncf0 .css-153odn9,.e1ns5z760 .css-153odn9{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 60rem){.eeawncf0 .css-153odn9,.e1ns5z760 .css-153odn9{margin-top:-0.25rem;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.eeawncf0 .css-153odn9,.e1ns5z760 .css-153odn9{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}}.e1ft9m2r0 .css-153odn9{margin-left:0.75rem;margin-top:0;}@media (max-width:29.9375rem){.e1ft9m2r0 .css-153odn9{padding-top:0.375rem;}}</style><div class="css-153odn9 e11kl3g90"><style data-emotion="css 1gl472l">.css-1gl472l{position:relative;float:none;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;}.css-1gl472l img{display:block;}.css-1gl472l svg{bottom:0;display:block;left:0;position:absolute;width:15%;}.css-1gl472l+.exn4l0u0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1gl472l+style+.exn4l0u0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1gl472l+.e9vcwtd0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1gl472l+style+.e9vcwtd0{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1gl472l+.e1etum70{margin-top:0.5rem;}.css-1gl472l+style+.e1etum70{margin-top:0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 30rem){.css-1gl472l{float:right;margin:0.25rem 0 0 1.5rem;width:33%;padding:0;}.css-1gl472l+.exn4l0u0{margin-top:0;}.css-1gl472l+.e9vcwtd0{margin-top:0;}.css-1gl472l+.e1etum70{margin-top:0;}}</style><div class="css-1gl472l e1v3hvd50"><figure class="css-j0a8mg e1197rjj0"><img theme="[object Object]" alt="Illustration of an aircraft carrier in a shopping cart" loading="lazy" width="1280" height="720" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 700px, (min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 960px) 66vw, 95vw" srcSet="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg 256w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=360,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg 360w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=384,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg 384w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=480,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg 480w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=600,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg 600w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=834,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg 834w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=960,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg 960w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1096,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg 1096w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1280,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg 1280w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg 1424w" src="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg"/></figure></div><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><style data-emotion="css 1mxvqtz">.css-1mxvqtz{font-family:var(--mb-typeface-serif);font-size:var(--mb-typestyle-title-3-size);font-variant:var(--mb-typestyle-title-3-figures);font-weight:normal;line-height:var(--mb-typestyle-title-3-leading);}.css-1mxvqtz a{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5);display:block;}.css-1mxvqtz a:hover,.css-1mxvqtz a:hover{color:var(--mb-colour-base-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1mxvqtz a:focus,.css-1mxvqtz a:focus{background-color:var(--mb-colour-base-chicago-95);color:var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5);outline:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1mxvqtz a:active,.css-1mxvqtz a:active{color:var(--mb-colour-base-chicago-30);}.css-1mxvqtz a::before{bottom:0;content:'';display:block;left:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;text-indent:-999em;top:0;white-space:nowrap;z-index:1;}.css-1mxvqtz+.esimp700,.css-1mxvqtz+style+.esimp700{margin-top:0.5rem;}.e1p220na0 .css-1mxvqtz+.esimp700{margin-top:0;}</style><h3 class="css-1mxvqtz e9vcwtd0"><a href="/asia/2025/02/13/can-indonesia-make-its-top-gun-dreams-a-reality" data-analytics="more_from:headline_2">Can Indonesia make its Top Gun dreams a reality?</a></h3><p class="css-1p38euj esimp700">An aircraft-carrier is the last thing its navy needs</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1r8cil5">.css-1r8cil5{border-width:0;border-top:1px solid var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-85);margin:1.5rem 0;margin:1.5rem 0 1.25rem;width:100%;}</style><hr class="css-1r8cil5 e3mhczn1"/><div class="css-153odn9 e11kl3g90"><div class="css-1gl472l e1v3hvd50"><figure class="css-j0a8mg e1197rjj0"><img theme="[object Object]" alt="A woman browses Chinese clothing on sale in Bangkok, Thailand" loading="lazy" width="1280" height="720" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 700px, (min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 960px) 66vw, 95vw" srcSet="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg 256w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=360,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg 360w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=384,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg 384w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=480,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg 480w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=600,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg 600w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=834,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg 834w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=960,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg 960w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1096,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg 1096w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1280,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg 1280w, https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg 1424w" src="https://www.economist.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1424,quality=80,format=auto/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg"/></figure></div><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><h3 class="css-1mxvqtz e9vcwtd0"><a href="/asia/2025/02/13/south-east-asian-producers-are-being-hammered-by-chinese-imports" data-analytics="more_from:headline_3">South-East Asian producers are being hammered by Chinese imports</a></h3><p class="css-1p38euj esimp700">Deep ties with China stymie a protectionist response</p></div></div><hr class="css-1r8cil5 e3mhczn1"/><div class="css-12lyffs e11kl3g90"><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><style data-emotion="css tmnt5q">.css-tmnt5q{font-family:var(--mb-typeface-serif);font-size:var(--mb-typestyle-title-2-size);font-variant:var(--mb-typestyle-title-2-figures);font-weight:500;line-height:var(--mb-typestyle-title-2-leading);}.css-tmnt5q a{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5);display:block;}.css-tmnt5q a:hover,.css-tmnt5q a:hover{color:var(--mb-colour-base-chicago-30);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tmnt5q a:focus,.css-tmnt5q a:focus{background-color:var(--mb-colour-base-chicago-95);color:var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-5);outline:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tmnt5q a:active,.css-tmnt5q a:active{color:var(--mb-colour-base-chicago-30);}.css-tmnt5q a::before{bottom:0;content:'';display:block;left:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;text-indent:-999em;top:0;white-space:nowrap;z-index:1;}.css-tmnt5q+.esimp700,.css-tmnt5q+style+.esimp700{margin-top:0.25rem;}.e1p220na0 .css-tmnt5q+.esimp700{margin-top:0;}</style><h3 class="css-tmnt5q e9vcwtd0"><a href="/asia/2025/02/11/is-maga-great-for-india" data-analytics="more_from:headline_4">Is MAGA great for India? </a></h3><p class="css-1p38euj esimp700">Ahead of an Oval Office confab, we explore the next chapter of the Trump-Modi bromance</p></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css xxci4">.css-xxci4{grid-area:group3;position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}.css-xxci4::after{background-color:var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-85);content:'';height:100%;position:absolute;right:-1rem;right:calc(-1 * var(--ds-grid-gap));top:0;width:1px;}.css-xxci4:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div class="css-xxci4 e141dkbw0"><style data-emotion="css tlw2sg">.css-tlw2sg{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:row;grid-column-gap:var(--mb-responsive-grid-gutter);grid-row-gap:2.75rem;grid-auto-columns:1fr;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:89.5rem;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-tlw2sg{grid-template:auto/repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-tlw2sg{grid-template:auto/repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));}}</style><div class="css-tlw2sg e3mhczn0"><style data-emotion="css 1smej6r">.css-1smej6r{position:relative;-webkit-align-self:auto;-ms-flex-item-align:auto;align-self:auto;}.css-1smej6r::after{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);bottom:-1.5rem;content:"";height:1px;position:absolute;left:0;width:calc(110% + var(--ds-grid-gap));}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-1smej6r::before{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);content:"";height:100%;position:absolute;right:calc(-1 * var(--ds-grid-gap));top:0;width:1px;}.css-1smej6r::after{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);bottom:-1.5rem;content:"";height:1px;position:absolute;left:0;width:calc(110% + var(--ds-grid-gap));}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-1smej6r::after{background-color:var(--ds-color-london-85);bottom:-1.5rem;content:"";height:1px;position:absolute;left:0;width:calc(110% + var(--ds-grid-gap));}}.css-1smej6r:last-child::after{height:0;}</style><div data-test-id="grid-item" class="css-1smej6r e141dkbw0"><div class="css-12lyffs e11kl3g90"><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><h3 class="css-tmnt5q e9vcwtd0"><a href="/asia/2025/02/06/china-is-infiltrating-taiwans-armed-forces" data-analytics="more_from:headline_5">China is infiltrating Taiwan’s armed forces</a></h3><p class="css-1p38euj esimp700">And Taiwan is struggling to deal with the growing number of spies</p></div></div></div><div data-test-id="grid-item" class="css-1smej6r e141dkbw0"><div class="css-12lyffs e11kl3g90"><div class="css-0 exn4l0u0"><h3 class="css-tmnt5q e9vcwtd0"><a href="/asia/2025/02/06/donald-trump-and-japans-ishiba-shigeru-make-for-an-odd-couple" data-analytics="more_from:headline_6">Donald Trump and Japan’s Ishiba Shigeru make for an odd couple</a></h3><p class="css-1p38euj esimp700">But shared interests can help keep America and Japan close</p></div></div></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 15mtz82">.css-15mtz82{border-width:0;border-top:1px solid var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-85);grid-area:line;margin:0;margin:1.5rem 0 1.25rem;margin:0;width:100%;display:block;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.css-15mtz82{display:none;}}</style><hr class="css-15mtz82 e3mhczn1"/><style data-emotion="css kph0pz">.css-kph0pz{border-width:0;border-top:1px solid var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-85);grid-area:line2;margin:0;margin:1.5rem 0 1.25rem;margin:0;width:100%;display:block;}@media (min-width: 60rem){.css-kph0pz{display:none;}}</style><hr class="css-kph0pz e3mhczn1"/></div></div></div></div></div></article></main></div></div><footer class="footer_mb-footer__x9bgP ds-footer" data-test-id="footer"><div class="container_mb-container__Fo2_b container_mb-container--padded__mFgN3"><div class="footer_mb-footer__top__p3k5f"><div class="social-link-navigation_mb-footer__social-link-navigation__pvbwT"><nav aria-label="Social links"><ul><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-economist/" data-analytics="footer:linkedin" class="platform-link_mb-platform-link__qSVKO platform-link_mb-platform-link--inverse__DvDEW" data-testid="linkedin-link" aria-label="linkedin link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="linkedin-london-100"><title>LinkedIn</title><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" d="M22.7999 21.8H18.3265V14.7837C18.3265 13.1098 18.2959 10.9578 16.0005 10.9578C13.6709 10.9578 13.3142 12.7806 13.3142 14.6626V21.8H8.84092V7.37207H13.1352V9.34329H13.1947C13.792 8.20914 15.2522 7.01306 17.4301 7.01306C21.9631 7.01306 22.7999 10.0013 22.7999 13.886V21.8ZM3.79613 5.39982C2.36128 5.39982 1.19995 4.23439 1.19995 2.79917C1.19995 1.36501 2.36128 0.200001 3.79613 0.200001C5.2272 0.200001 6.3902 1.36501 6.3902 2.79917C6.3902 4.23439 5.2272 5.39982 3.79613 5.39982ZM1.55684 21.8H6.03344V7.37208H1.55684V21.8Z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/theeconomist" data-analytics="footer:instagram" class="platform-link_mb-platform-link__qSVKO platform-link_mb-platform-link--inverse__DvDEW" data-testid="instagram-link" aria-label="instagram link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="instagram-london-100"><title>Instagram</title><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12 5.838a6.162 6.162 0 1 0 0 12.324 6.162 6.162 0 0 0 0-12.324ZM12 16a4 4 0 1 1 0-8 4 4 0 0 1 0 8Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" d="M18.405 7.033a1.44 1.44 0 1 0 0-2.879 1.44 1.44 0 0 0 0 2.88Z"></path><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12 0C8.741 0 8.332.014 7.052.072 5.775.13 4.902.333 4.14.63a5.882 5.882 0 0 0-2.126 1.384A5.882 5.882 0 0 0 .63 4.14c-.297.763-.5 1.635-.558 2.912C.014 8.332 0 8.741 0 12c0 3.259.014 3.668.072 4.948.058 1.277.261 2.15.558 2.912.307.79.717 1.459 1.384 2.126A5.88 5.88 0 0 0 4.14 23.37c.763.297 1.635.5 2.912.558C8.332 23.986 8.741 24 12 24c3.259 0 3.668-.014 4.948-.072 1.277-.059 2.15-.261 2.912-.558a5.88 5.88 0 0 0 2.126-1.384 5.88 5.88 0 0 0 1.384-2.126c.297-.763.5-1.635.558-2.912.058-1.28.072-1.689.072-4.948 0-3.259-.014-3.668-.072-4.948-.059-1.277-.261-2.15-.558-2.912a5.88 5.88 0 0 0-1.384-2.126A5.881 5.881 0 0 0 19.86.63c-.763-.297-1.635-.5-2.912-.558C15.668.014 15.259 0 12 0Zm0 2.162c3.204 0 3.584.012 4.849.07 1.17.053 1.805.249 2.228.413.56.218.96.478 1.38.898.42.42.68.82.898 1.38.164.423.36 1.058.413 2.228.058 1.265.07 1.645.07 4.849s-.012 3.584-.07 4.849c-.053 1.17-.249 1.805-.413 2.228-.218.56-.478.96-.898 1.38-.42.42-.82.68-1.38.898-.423.164-1.058.36-2.228.413-1.265.058-1.645.07-4.849.07s-3.584-.012-4.85-.07c-1.17-.053-1.804-.249-2.227-.413a3.717 3.717 0 0 1-1.38-.898c-.42-.42-.68-.82-.898-1.38-.164-.423-.36-1.058-.413-2.228-.058-1.265-.07-1.645-.07-4.849s.012-3.584.07-4.849c.053-1.17.249-1.805.413-2.228.218-.56.478-.96.898-1.38.42-.42.82-.68 1.38-.898.423-.164 1.058-.36 2.228-.413 1.265-.058 1.645-.07 4.849-.07Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/TheEconomist/" data-analytics="footer:facebook" class="platform-link_mb-platform-link__qSVKO platform-link_mb-platform-link--inverse__DvDEW" data-testid="facebook-link" aria-label="facebook link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="facebook-london-100"><title>Facebook</title><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" d="M13.3084 24V13.0524H17.0822L17.6472 8.78598H13.3084V6.06211C13.3084 4.82687 13.6606 3.9851 15.4798 3.9851L17.8 3.98411V0.168157C17.3987 0.116164 16.0214 0 14.419 0C11.0738 0 8.78349 1.98827 8.78349 5.63958V8.78598H5V13.0524H8.78349V24H13.3084Z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="https://x.com/theeconomist" data-analytics="footer:x" class="platform-link_mb-platform-link__qSVKO platform-link_mb-platform-link--inverse__DvDEW" data-testid="x-link" aria-label="x link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="x-london-100"><title>X</title><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" d="M13.758 10.341 21.613 1.2h-1.861l-6.82 7.937L7.482 1.2H1.2l8.238 12.002L1.2 22.788h1.862l7.203-8.382 5.753 8.382H22.3l-8.543-12.447Zm-2.55 2.967-.834-1.195-6.642-9.51h2.86l5.36 7.675.834 1.195 6.967 9.976h-2.86l-5.685-8.14v-.001Z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@theeconomist" data-analytics="footer:tik_tok" class="platform-link_mb-platform-link__qSVKO platform-link_mb-platform-link--inverse__DvDEW" data-testid="tik-tok-link" aria-label="tik-tok link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="tik-tok-london-100"><title>TikTok</title><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" d="M22.8 9.71c-.193.018-.388.03-.586.03a6.354 6.354 0 0 1-5.326-2.897v9.865c0 4.027-3.244 7.292-7.244 7.292-4 0-7.244-3.265-7.244-7.292 0-4.026 3.243-7.291 7.244-7.291.151 0 .299.013.448.023v3.593c-.149-.018-.295-.045-.448-.045-2.042 0-3.697 1.665-3.697 3.721s1.655 3.722 3.697 3.722 3.846-1.62 3.846-3.676L13.525 0h3.412c.321 3.07 2.784 5.494 5.863 5.717V9.71Z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/economistmagazine" data-analytics="footer:youtube" class="platform-link_mb-platform-link__qSVKO platform-link_mb-platform-link--inverse__DvDEW" data-testid="youtube-link" aria-label="youtube link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="youtube-london-100"><title>YouTube</title><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M21.377 4.101a3.006 3.006 0 0 1 2.121 2.122C24 8.095 24 12 24 12s0 3.905-.502 5.777a3.005 3.005 0 0 1-2.121 2.121C19.505 20.4 12 20.4 12 20.4s-7.505 0-9.377-.502a3.005 3.005 0 0 1-2.121-2.121C0 15.905 0 12 0 12s0-3.905.502-5.777a3.006 3.006 0 0 1 2.121-2.122C4.495 3.6 12 3.6 12 3.6s7.505 0 9.377.501Zm-5.462 7.848-6.235 3.6v-7.2l6.235 3.6Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="https://www.whatsapp.com/channel/0029VacYweLAe5VlfOBglq3h" data-analytics="footer:whats_app" class="platform-link_mb-platform-link__qSVKO platform-link_mb-platform-link--inverse__DvDEW" data-testid="whats-app-link" aria-label="whats-app link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="whats-app-london-100"><title>WhatsApp</title><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.77 13.783c-.287-.143-1.694-.832-1.956-.927-.262-.095-.453-.142-.644.143-.19.285-.739.926-.906 1.117-.167.19-.334.213-.62.07-.286-.142-1.208-.443-2.301-1.413-.85-.755-1.425-1.687-1.592-1.973-.167-.285-.018-.439.126-.58.128-.128.286-.333.429-.5.143-.166.19-.285.286-.475.095-.19.048-.356-.024-.499-.071-.142-.644-1.544-.882-2.114-.232-.555-.468-.48-.644-.489-.167-.008-.358-.01-.548-.01-.191 0-.501.071-.763.356-.263.286-1.002.974-1.002 2.376s1.026 2.756 1.169 2.946c.143.19 2.017 3.066 4.888 4.3.683.293 1.216.469 1.631.6.685.217 1.31.186 1.802.113.55-.082 1.693-.69 1.932-1.354.238-.666.238-1.236.167-1.354-.072-.12-.263-.19-.549-.333Zm-5.222 7.095h-.004a9.538 9.538 0 0 1-4.844-1.32l-.348-.206-3.602.94.961-3.495-.226-.359a9.417 9.417 0 0 1-1.455-5.041c.002-5.223 4.272-9.472 9.522-9.472 2.542 0 4.932.987 6.73 2.778a9.394 9.394 0 0 1 2.785 6.702c-.003 5.223-4.273 9.473-9.519 9.473ZM20.65 3.341A11.405 11.405 0 0 0 12.548 0C6.236 0 1.098 5.112 1.096 11.396c0 2.009.526 3.97 1.529 5.698L1 23l6.07-1.585a11.485 11.485 0 0 0 5.473 1.387h.005c6.312 0 11.45-5.113 11.452-11.397a11.301 11.301 0 0 0-3.351-8.063Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="app-cta_mb-footer__app-cta__PF87s">Get <span>The Economist</span> app on<!-- --> <a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--underline__M9hvq link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/the-economist-news-podcasts/id1239397626?source_caller=ui&shortlink=hpmr1dtw&c=standalone-app-page+iPhone+bottom&pid=standalone-app-page&af_xp=custom" data-analytics="footer:i_os">iOS</a> <!-- -->or<!-- --> <a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--underline__M9hvq link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.economist.lamarr&source_caller=ui&shortlink=1oggayn5&c=Standalone%20app%20promo%20Android%20link%20bottom&pid=standalone-app-page&af_xp=custom" data-analytics="footer:android">Android</a></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><hr class="rule_mb-rule__TPQVN rule_mb-rule--standard__amoIv rule_mb-rule--dark__HqLyv" data-testid="rule-standard"/></div><div class="footer_mb-footer__middle__IwM03"><div class="grid_mb-grid__RxwTt"><div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--inverse__zhh_W link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="footer-link-list-0-controls" id="footer-link-list-0"><span>The Economist</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="expand-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" d="M17.164 8.25 12 13.35l-5.164-5.1L5.25 9.82 12 16.5l6.75-6.68-1.586-1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--inverse__zhh_W"><h2>The Economist</h2><nav id="footer-link-list-0-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/about-us" data-analytics="footer:about">About</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economist.com/syndication" data-analytics="footer:reuse_our_content">Reuse our content</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economist.com/api/auth/subscribe" data-analytics="footer:subscribe">Subscribe</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economist.com/enterprise" data-analytics="footer:economist_enterprise">Economist Enterprise</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economist.com/securedrop" data-analytics="footer:secure_drop">SecureDrop</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div><div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--inverse__zhh_W link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="footer-link-list-1-controls" id="footer-link-list-1"><span>The Economist Group</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="expand-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" d="M17.164 8.25 12 13.35l-5.164-5.1L5.25 9.82 12 16.5l6.75-6.68-1.586-1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--inverse__zhh_W"><h2>The Economist Group</h2><nav id="footer-link-list-1-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economistgroup.com" data-analytics="footer:the_economist_group">The Economist Group</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.eiu.com/n/" data-analytics="footer:economist_intelligence">Economist Intelligence</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://impact.economist.com" data-analytics="footer:economist_impact">Economist Impact</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://events.economist.com/?RefID=e.com-home&utm_source=e.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=group-aff&utm_content=footer-link" data-analytics="footer:economist_impact_events">Economist Impact Events</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://education.economist.com" data-analytics="footer:economist_education_courses">Economist Education Courses</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div><div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--inverse__zhh_W link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="footer-link-list-2-controls" id="footer-link-list-2"><span>Contact</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="expand-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" d="M17.164 8.25 12 13.35l-5.164-5.1L5.25 9.82 12 16.5l6.75-6.68-1.586-1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--inverse__zhh_W"><h2>Contact</h2><nav id="footer-link-list-2-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://myaccount.economist.com/s/help" data-analytics="footer:help_and_support">Help and support</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://impact.economist.com" data-analytics="footer:advertise">Advertise</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/group-news" data-analytics="footer:press_centre">Press centre</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div><div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--max-sm__qaH55"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--inverse__zhh_W link-list_mb-link-list--accordion__OAVoK"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="footer-link-list-3-controls" id="footer-link-list-3"><span>Careers</span><span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" data-testid="expand-solid"><path fill="var(--mb-colour-greyscale-london-100)" d="M17.164 8.25 12 13.35l-5.164-5.1L5.25 9.82 12 16.5l6.75-6.68-1.586-1.57Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><div class="link-list_mb-link-list__ZHptZ link-list_mb-link-list--inverse__zhh_W"><h2>Careers</h2><nav id="footer-link-list-3-controls" aria-labelledby=""><ul><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/careers" data-analytics="footer:working_here">Working here</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--medium__q8DSe link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://jobs.economist.com" data-analytics="footer:executive_jobs">Executive Jobs</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div></div><div class="media-query_mb-media-query--min-sm__VZplZ"><hr class="rule_mb-rule__TPQVN rule_mb-rule--standard__amoIv rule_mb-rule--dark__HqLyv" data-testid="rule-standard"/></div><div class="cookie-notice_mb-footer__cookie-notice__pjvfZ"><p>To enhance your experience and ensure our website runs smoothly, we use cookies and similar technologies.</p><button type="button" class="button_mb-button__seg6h button_mb-button--primary__VTNYJ button_mb-button--inverse__UWXrU button_mb-button--small__bwC29 button_mb-button--outline__8HZoJ button_mb-button--text__ni08S js-cmp-manage-cookies"><span>Manage cookies</span></button></div><hr class="rule_mb-rule__TPQVN rule_mb-rule--standard__amoIv rule_mb-rule--dark__HqLyv" data-testid="rule-standard"/><nav class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--column__8zHD7 flex_mb-flex--gap-sm__rAZkB legal_mb-footer__legal__WOOKE"><ul class="flex_mb-flex__6laMs flex_mb-flex--row__44kW8 flex_mb-flex--gap-sm__rAZkB flex_mb-flex--wrap__pcDfg"><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--small__uRO_1 link_mb-link--underline__M9hvq link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/terms-of-use" data-analytics="footer:terms_of_use">Terms of use</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--small__uRO_1 link_mb-link--underline__M9hvq link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/privacy-policy" data-analytics="footer:privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--small__uRO_1 link_mb-link--underline__M9hvq link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/cookies-policy" data-analytics="footer:cookie_policy">Cookie Policy</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--small__uRO_1 link_mb-link--underline__M9hvq link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/accessibility-policy" data-analytics="footer:accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--small__uRO_1 link_mb-link--underline__M9hvq link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economistgroup.com/esg/modern-slavery-act-statement" data-analytics="footer:modern_slavery_statement">Modern Slavery Statement</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--small__uRO_1 link_mb-link--underline__M9hvq link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economist.com/sitemap" data-analytics="footer:sitemap">Sitemap</a></li><li><a class="link_mb-link__EG0v0 link_mb-link--small__uRO_1 link_mb-link--underline__M9hvq link_mb-link--inverse___VS3Y" href="https://www.economist.com/privacyportal" data-analytics="footer:your_data_rights">Your Data Rights</a></li></ul><p>Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited <!-- -->2025<!-- -->. All rights reserved.</p></nav></div></footer><style data-emotion="css ex89im">.css-ex89im{position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:96;bottom:0;}</style><div class="css-ex89im ejqhfnb0"><div id="zephr-ribbon"></div></div></div></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"readerId":"","contactId":"","pageUrl":"https://www.economist.com","domain":"https://www.economist.com","auth":{"loggedIn":false,"verified":false,"isAnonymous":true,"isSubscriber":false,"bulkSubscriber":false,"userType":"anonymous"},"isSubscriber":false,"region":"SG","cp2Content":{"id":"64e54d41-01b8-4f49-8193-cebb153ab349","tegId":"phmavs40ei72ql30rcu6o5vc2bmi7bka","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":null,"articleType":null},"section":{"id":"d9bc56c3-2d42-4064-8905-f36f7839d535","tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia","url":"/asia"},"authors":[],"headline":"Open Constitution closed","rubric":"The state cracks down on civil society","flyTitle":"China, the law and NGOs","url":"/asia/2009/07/23/open-constitution-closed","leadComponent":null,"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2009-07-23T00:00:00.000Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2009-07-23T00:00:00.000Z","podcast":null,"byline":null,"dateline":"Beijing\n","layout":{"headerStyle":"STANDARD"},"ads":{"channels":[]},"narration":null,"dateModified":"2024-05-22T10:37:56.465Z","dateCreated":"2024-05-22T09:58:20.144Z","body":[{"type":"PARAGRAPH","text":"ONE of the more hopeful flickering signs of democracy in China in the past few years has been the growth of public-interest lawyers willing to challenge in court examples of abuse and corruption by the state or local governments. Now, the empire is striking back.","textHtml":"ONE of the more hopeful flickering signs of democracy in China in the past few years has been the growth of public-interest lawyers willing to challenge in court examples of abuse and corruption by the state or local governments. Now, the empire is striking back."}],"footer":[],"seo":null,"tags":[],"printHeadline":"Open Constitution closed","printRubric":null,"printFlyTitle":"China, the law and NGOs","specialReport":null,"weeklyEdition":{"headline":"Waking from its sleep","rubric":null,"issueDate":"2009-07-25T00:00:00.000Z","datePublished":"2009-07-25T00:00:00.000Z","editionType":"WEEKLY","cover":{"url":"https://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/20090725issuecovFE400.jpg","altText":"Waking from its sleep","width":400,"height":526},"squareCover":{"url":null,"altText":null,"width":null,"height":null},"articles":[{"id":"56e37b93-e836-4707-b35d-fdf788e0edb5","tegId":"p4dqqpn73ajlvot7gc5nc66o0c2qpan8","url":"/the-world-this-week/2009/07/23/politics-this-week","headline":"Politics this week","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"t7k3hnfcdgka3o3cer33n8oaipiqit5u","name":"The world this week"}},{"id":"34c28baf-24e5-4608-ba7f-71b3bc011a33","tegId":"sf5vm5p3tp13bscr7rvubkrpnsb8asn4","url":"/the-world-this-week/2009/07/23/business-this-week","headline":"Business this week","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"t7k3hnfcdgka3o3cer33n8oaipiqit5u","name":"The world this week"}},{"id":"a7dbc071-038c-45e4-95f6-d7b985d0dc89","tegId":"0vcn49maboa6if3rd6o8c6kerurqoa88","url":"/the-world-this-week/2009/07/23/kals-cartoon","headline":"KAL's cartoon","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"t7k3hnfcdgka3o3cer33n8oaipiqit5u","name":"The world this week"}},{"id":"76a3d5fb-0856-4a69-9c4c-aef53d65cacf","tegId":"ilb69dcijaddcoqh2i7ele9g5pov39ek","url":"/leaders/2009/07/23/waking-from-its-sleep","headline":"Waking from its sleep","flyTitle":"The Arab world","section":{"tegId":"0eqdc3kshoq96naup34ruco7pktc6n51","name":"Leaders"}},{"id":"abcb3908-43ff-4dbc-af04-90101ba21921","tegId":"ccc38hjkkhi3umnbait0ce5ore6s0kc5","url":"/leaders/2009/07/23/why-and-how-to-reinstate-zelaya","headline":"Why and how to reinstate Zelaya","flyTitle":"Reversing Honduras's coup","section":{"tegId":"0eqdc3kshoq96naup34ruco7pktc6n51","name":"Leaders"}},{"id":"7f99c8fa-a7c3-46f8-babc-822763b3a409","tegId":"9v638mnbdgfr8parcn92e8q854hn9fva","url":"/leaders/2009/07/23/a-long-way-to-go","headline":"A long way to go","flyTitle":"Rebalancing global growth","section":{"tegId":"0eqdc3kshoq96naup34ruco7pktc6n51","name":"Leaders"}},{"id":"3bb5775c-6891-45b1-9729-a07d70e7ed18","tegId":"ft1ii1n6nt9bencgqediap855q13ajtg","url":"/leaders/2009/07/23/better-news-from-the-frontier","headline":"Better news from the frontier","flyTitle":"Pakistan and the Taliban","section":{"tegId":"0eqdc3kshoq96naup34ruco7pktc6n51","name":"Leaders"}},{"id":"c34ac80d-13c6-4138-afa2-fd42b0164de4","tegId":"djsg3v681sd1md1c6tf45pj9jn14km2d","url":"/leaders/2009/07/23/rulers-of-last-resort","headline":"Rulers of last resort","flyTitle":"Central banks and regulation","section":{"tegId":"0eqdc3kshoq96naup34ruco7pktc6n51","name":"Leaders"}},{"id":"955ff802-8950-43aa-af8a-ab482f677baa","tegId":"7bevjep135s6irt77aqij8ohqdbsvl68","url":"/letters/2009/07/23/on-retirement-democracy-sonia-sotomayor-americas-economy-scientists-evolution","headline":"On retirement, democracy, Sonia Sotomayor, America's economy, scientists, evolution","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"trkdsp1g40t56londn8gqi686s2p21vb","name":"Letters"}},{"id":"4d3340ad-0615-4fb7-aa2f-ab3b81ff13bb","tegId":"i2m0ha5hghntonqqlbjgje57tp6gbuq5","url":"/briefing/2009/07/23/war-and-peace-through-the-bravest-eyes","headline":"War and peace through the bravest eyes","flyTitle":"Natalia Estemirova on Chechnya","section":{"tegId":"ig92fd080i1j2q35gel3sev1e8r72j9r","name":"Briefing"}},{"id":"8e1c0997-a5aa-4bd1-8407-53d007a8c3f8","tegId":"0nn7fnhn53cjcrfu70mpd56frue54cfu","url":"/asia/2009/07/23/on-the-charge-in-malakand","headline":"On the charge in Malakand","flyTitle":"Pakistan takes on the Taliban","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"d9db72d1-a975-4991-9b98-3a0038282e95","tegId":"6scr1gc2o4gq0c6pdfdfeklltpn77mjr","url":"/asia/2009/07/23/the-solar-eclipse-in-china","headline":"The solar eclipse in China","flyTitle":"China's eclipse","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"64e54d41-01b8-4f49-8193-cebb153ab349","tegId":"phmavs40ei72ql30rcu6o5vc2bmi7bka","url":"/asia/2009/07/23/open-constitution-closed","headline":"Open Constitution closed","flyTitle":"China, the law and NGOs","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"f3ac38c7-31b0-4e67-ade1-6b752fb57285","tegId":"ts5r04npu8q3fafecvm0d86hmk4vmb9u","url":"/asia/2009/07/23/dripping-healing-oil","headline":"Dripping healing oil","flyTitle":"India and America","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"6b24550a-21ac-414a-a242-cff1a9966c22","tegId":"9k92brvhmn4hv4hac99ucevcatdthlj7","url":"/asia/2009/07/23/doubled-up","headline":"Doubled up","flyTitle":"China and America","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"01723ab2-1080-4a44-9ee1-72b785b40458","tegId":"405b6ap67grqhh0kp9p14ab2u05nrgam","url":"/asia/2009/07/23/after-the-bombings","headline":"After the bombings","flyTitle":"Terrorism in South-East Asia","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"c015518f-96dd-4155-9f81-7eb29da0ffd0","tegId":"rgm7dga2fhu63k5eddlf42nufdn5l6gp","url":"/asia/2009/07/23/the-thoughts-of-chairman-ma","headline":"The thoughts of Chairman Ma","flyTitle":"Taiwan, China and Ma Ying-jeou","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"e4a8d1f1-48d7-46d2-98ab-57497538dfdb","tegId":"ha0l4q83743jaqle0a3dmh9o0djj9g0s","url":"/asia/2009/07/23/the-lady-should-be-for-turning","headline":"The Lady should be for turning","flyTitle":"Banyan","section":{"tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia"}},{"id":"341b17ce-4197-41cb-ae9e-b448eb48a791","tegId":"cf3edev5lurmk915sef92lgseoiusvs0","url":"/united-states/2009/07/23/falls-the-shadow","headline":"Falls the shadow","flyTitle":"The deficit and health care","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"733f966c-c342-4998-afd0-9033133b780f","tegId":"v7esp3k2mjtecpt8pgi6nkl1j6cdnmbu","url":"/united-states/2009/07/23/the-young-guns-go-for-it","headline":"The Young Guns go for it","flyTitle":"Saving the Republicans","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"bd95b1a2-55e9-4ffe-984b-20f44b2e0e8f","tegId":"64keefp1r5t7h43hmo7c1i31e55ttenf","url":"/united-states/2009/07/23/smoothly-does-it","headline":"Smoothly does it","flyTitle":"California's tax system","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"ba28a799-0f3e-4a92-8636-e97755aef5da","tegId":"m5l34al4jrog5ookt859f3mkbi83ob31","url":"/united-states/2009/07/23/the-triumph-of-optimism","headline":"The triumph of optimism","flyTitle":"Tourism in Michigan","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"aa40a5fc-790f-474e-8f37-d884043a37f7","tegId":"jafpd3fkt6csfddoi1qpa0n11j4icuqp","url":"/united-states/2009/07/23/the-truth-shall-make-you-thin","headline":"The truth shall make you thin","flyTitle":"Labelling menus","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"01092ef9-144a-44b3-abf0-a61754ae2176","tegId":"kmdq72p6mqs3luun0c5ci2u1phtr8ll1","url":"/united-states/2009/07/23/the-target","headline":"The target","flyTitle":"New Jersey's race for governor","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"bc0580d2-4aac-447c-bd62-082d2f957ef8","tegId":"6v27k331jt6lsb261rtr11emv2k8254v","url":"/united-states/2009/07/23/brass-in-pocket","headline":"Brass in pocket","flyTitle":"Music festivals","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"86c8c686-d891-4c1c-98fe-59a0911e0638","tegId":"eqp5l6486eq78d1593bkts8l5p1i5g5h","url":"/united-states/2009/07/23/the-obama-cult","headline":"The Obama cult","flyTitle":"Lexington","section":{"tegId":"h4j4itd8schld2m55dnrjg1ro8nlttoc","name":"United States"}},{"id":"a137d3cc-9e0c-4114-b0ad-06d572924717","tegId":"c6n43923p327hk9vt8gl2546367i3nfa","url":"/middle-east-and-africa/2009/07/23/a-battle-for-control-has-begun","headline":"A battle for control has begun","flyTitle":"South Africa's economy","section":{"tegId":"d65luhl1jc8au03dch2vom7g21h40h3h","name":"Middle East \u0026 Africa"}},{"id":"24055b79-07e5-4a97-949d-4d0384fb51d3","tegId":"kg75auvh3vl0o31juc6bi63o3gqffv81","url":"/the-americas/2009/07/23/taking-on-the-unholy-family","headline":"Taking on the unholy family","flyTitle":"Mexico's drug gangs","section":{"tegId":"u9avqma9ca3p14gs9dp3hjvt3ebg1mr5","name":"The Americas"}},{"id":"46d46608-839c-40a3-9f43-b3a540dae710","tegId":"3sekau3v9tsj55ipga9rsv4vj81uuoo6","url":"/the-americas/2009/07/23/oil-and-revolution","headline":"Oil and revolution","flyTitle":"Brazil's Petrobras","section":{"tegId":"u9avqma9ca3p14gs9dp3hjvt3ebg1mr5","name":"The Americas"}},{"id":"d081c76a-aaff-4d91-b637-8f6d61ddea87","tegId":"a1upebu8buqpbdvrda5ci32jdgdaui07","url":"/middle-east-and-africa/2009/07/23/all-is-rather-easily-forgiven","headline":"All is rather easily forgiven","flyTitle":"Mauritania and the African Union","section":{"tegId":"d65luhl1jc8au03dch2vom7g21h40h3h","name":"Middle East \u0026 Africa"}},{"id":"423efc94-fabd-4f46-a5c7-8b1dfb13fc06","tegId":"lhca8a5477rdoigkeqn19r43vd24342a","url":"/the-americas/2009/07/23/from-the-guerrillas-mouth","headline":"From the guerrilla's mouth","flyTitle":"Ecuador, Colombia and the FARC","section":{"tegId":"u9avqma9ca3p14gs9dp3hjvt3ebg1mr5","name":"The Americas"}},{"id":"52564812-b447-4b9a-917a-b18dedeb472a","tegId":"cpcgr5avq2up7kuoh0gn7s643p5f7ph9","url":"/middle-east-and-africa/2009/07/23/an-awful-lot","headline":"An awful lot","flyTitle":"Detainees in Saudi Arabia","section":{"tegId":"d65luhl1jc8au03dch2vom7g21h40h3h","name":"Middle East \u0026 Africa"}},{"id":"e8d87415-9284-44df-b0bb-9aa7fd790f75","tegId":"s8s6nl1bqbt1nlt6fh9r37r6ofla3ss8","url":"/middle-east-and-africa/2009/07/23/put-a-proper-procedure-in-place","headline":"Put a proper procedure in place","flyTitle":"Egypt after Hosni Mubarak","section":{"tegId":"d65luhl1jc8au03dch2vom7g21h40h3h","name":"Middle East \u0026 Africa"}},{"id":"cfaf45ca-7d7a-4273-aa86-877bfc529b08","tegId":"bjspob3s1avjdo5cr558l07qbcturs2r","url":"/the-americas/2009/07/23/back-to-a-dusty-future","headline":"Back to a dusty future","flyTitle":"Canada's prairie drought","section":{"tegId":"u9avqma9ca3p14gs9dp3hjvt3ebg1mr5","name":"The Americas"}},{"id":"4c02f36a-7984-4cb6-92cf-a4e3ae716513","tegId":"4hshpkrvrq9hkhc2aejsqmi398q0e8cm","url":"/middle-east-and-africa/2009/07/23/qom-all-ye-faithful","headline":"Qom all ye faithful","flyTitle":"Iran's holiest city","section":{"tegId":"d65luhl1jc8au03dch2vom7g21h40h3h","name":"Middle East \u0026 Africa"}},{"id":"f21dc298-6f59-49ee-ae0e-2166dc7a33bc","tegId":"45s1qu1pk8fa34367psh4tqb0c1a177t","url":"/middle-east-and-africa/2009/07/23/co-operation-in-the-ether","headline":"Co-operation in the ether","flyTitle":"Israel and Palestine","section":{"tegId":"d65luhl1jc8au03dch2vom7g21h40h3h","name":"Middle East \u0026 Africa"}},{"id":"4ad549d7-03ab-42f8-b6ff-991c6aef5bae","tegId":"b4av939n9sak7vi90456mr40n7thk7ef","url":"/europe/2009/07/23/dreams-from-their-fathers","headline":"Dreams from their fathers","flyTitle":"Turkish foreign policy","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"f2565107-23f9-4790-aa85-d097666fb2f3","tegId":"sog4u505cat3cqpk97p3g6svokuri2f4","url":"/europe/2009/07/23/all-things-to-althingi","headline":"All things to Althingi","flyTitle":"Iceland and the European Union","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"e03f3c40-f78b-49a6-bec6-f50aee70fdc1","tegId":"drb5th149pdmtve09tsm3ucf0ge2moqr","url":"/europe/2009/07/23/left-behind","headline":"Left behind","flyTitle":"Struggling French Socialists","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"a5701b52-be2a-4a37-8e00-4b26855726ad","tegId":"a096u6mdsghau0v6i9tohr9er01a1jib","url":"/europe/2009/07/23/rocky-horror-show","headline":"Rocky horror show","flyTitle":"Spain and Gibraltar","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"69b63f85-9fea-4606-880d-c7d3315e56d5","tegId":"50k6cnc2lmtn9e5pcdnavkctgkmhoiqg","url":"/europe/2009/07/23/constitutional-concerns","headline":"Constitutional concerns","flyTitle":"Germany and Europe","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"f63a9ba2-55de-4b5a-bfb3-8e430418cd7f","tegId":"cn9htc2kt2m0iann8488m4q2qu7i91n9","url":"/europe/2009/07/23/the-awkward-squad","headline":"The awkward squad","flyTitle":"Poles, Czechs and the Lisbon treaty","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"aac83a8c-1db1-4e0d-a2c8-c30dd86ea1e1","tegId":"ba6d1qdokoa1st0t0j93egmd235p4epm","url":"/europe/2009/07/23/battle-of-the-big-beasts","headline":"Battle of the big beasts","flyTitle":"Charlemagne","section":{"tegId":"75ks360ifh4d6k3c3n17b7s7uqcvb61a","name":"Europe"}},{"id":"426b9c49-374c-4320-b3fa-18ed26dd4450","tegId":"sapopfjuf5ai85oa90d4cl8ntgjlaa7o","url":"/britain/2009/07/23/the-town-without-news","headline":"The town without news","flyTitle":"Local newspapers in peril","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"1ae40912-2e70-4c1d-9171-8987a3c60ae1","tegId":"ocd9qjsje3lfn9eg4b9ej664se8i7s8i","url":"/britain/2009/07/23/true-grit","headline":"True grit","flyTitle":"Papers that prosper","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"604b7117-2886-4acc-8f4e-fe66dcb3e269","tegId":"f8q4uhchh851babivuttqoi9stlqqj20","url":"/britain/2009/07/23/more-to-do","headline":"More to do","flyTitle":"Financial reform","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"9a231811-9352-434e-8703-9c694afbe4c2","tegId":"n49u7vbrnoh2dduhklluam5nekpcod3n","url":"/britain/2009/07/23/the-75-year-itch","headline":"The 75-year itch","flyTitle":"Cricket in transition","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"e1122542-3dd0-464c-ba4b-c6bebd9cb375","tegId":"7ak9tk02smjos2baaliulvntehhp09ff","url":"/britain/2009/07/23/red-tops-and-blue-blood","headline":"Red tops and blue blood","flyTitle":"Posh journalists","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"b16d7766-e574-46f3-ba5f-ccad1c215f85","tegId":"nodlpp9ua1khph564g5s389pf3o45a0u","url":"/britain/2009/07/23/when-to-call-a-halt","headline":"When to call a halt","flyTitle":"The impact of quantitative easing","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"267cb2b3-023c-40e3-a6df-cc7f4b42774b","tegId":"77unbq6nh62pf3l6jcub7eis1naua2gm","url":"/britain/2009/07/23/of-green-men-and-policemen","headline":"Of Green Men and policemen…","flyTitle":"The rise of paganism","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"34774ad7-7618-4db1-802f-fe553b340148","tegId":"603fj2t1pkkqif8fmfip29h04b7f2duh","url":"/britain/2009/07/23/no-representation-without-taxation","headline":"No representation without taxation","flyTitle":"Bagehot","section":{"tegId":"2ldk64u3gt7tku874lf6kfi40e2nvts6","name":"Britain"}},{"id":"33490acd-64b6-4191-9209-e4f8b46ea160","tegId":"df60m1lkfgpvh86a1svk9gp9lr0vu20h","url":"/international/2009/07/23/an-idea-whose-time-has-come-and-gone","headline":"An idea whose time has come—and gone?","flyTitle":"Responsibility to protect","section":{"tegId":"rak941tjj66itoj6cbc8e8nb40kuij19","name":"International"}},{"id":"6add172e-9e7f-42c6-b076-26bc40e9dd55","tegId":"q90m1fk1ujct6i3kbuairuhqvlb0dbav","url":"/international/2009/07/23/blue-briefcases","headline":"Blue briefcases","flyTitle":"Establishing peace","section":{"tegId":"rak941tjj66itoj6cbc8e8nb40kuij19","name":"International"}},{"id":"48ea7b05-b6e7-4011-9509-8ff73f57ad6d","tegId":"j39tff0qia95t576913i1s6fncijf4ak","url":"/international/2009/07/23/crackles-of-hatred","headline":"Crackles of hatred","flyTitle":"Radio propaganda","section":{"tegId":"rak941tjj66itoj6cbc8e8nb40kuij19","name":"International"}},{"id":"4067cf4c-d120-442c-b497-5cf0af1c633a","tegId":"hoka62sm6bcg858ccutdvp5pmt10k343","url":"/special-report/2009/07/25/waking-from-its-sleep","headline":"Waking from its sleep","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"ak20usde603e242i79e6aq83sbjgoos9","name":"Special report"}},{"id":"0dfe222f-29c0-4b4c-8d7f-a8ec4dcfa2da","tegId":"c6oan3gq9m7v6ucfq2uibv4us42oj8hd","url":"/special-report/2009/07/25/the-world-of-the-arabs","headline":"The world of the Arabs","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"ak20usde603e242i79e6aq83sbjgoos9","name":"Special report"}},{"id":"bd867c12-3313-496f-b9d9-7e0267bf4f9b","tegId":"0kgojl4sg6f4mlt713lk3qt00lne4ksq","url":"/special-report/2009/07/25/imposing-freedom","headline":"Imposing freedom","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"ak20usde603e242i79e6aq83sbjgoos9","name":"Special report"}},{"id":"930a8f97-164a-4b15-b5a7-89bfda3b140a","tegId":"4jr6teidk1gngrablndn5po06abuii8a","url":"/special-report/2009/07/25/all-change-no-change","headline":"All change, no change","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"ak20usde603e242i79e6aq83sbjgoos9","name":"Special report"}},{"id":"e54167a2-1ded-4b9b-8e1c-7b38eb6b2e0b","tegId":"ksgiudm7004vkvplgc9aqkrb57mo51u8","url":"/special-report/2009/07/25/how-to-stay-in-charge","headline":"How to stay in charge","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"ak20usde603e242i79e6aq83sbjgoos9","name":"Special report"}},{"id":"10c04f0c-5e25-4dab-9f2b-be15e18240da","tegId":"c61kilh6s93ht7s2jgd7lpua854o06or","url":"/special-report/2009/07/25/the-fever-under-the-surface","headline":"The fever under the surface","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"ak20usde603e242i79e6aq83sbjgoos9","name":"Special report"}},{"id":"db22b6d3-6218-4050-a956-f3e916c8824e","tegId":"u59hfcm7q5nffpvj99om597dgvv8kofd","url":"/special-report/2009/07/25/which-way-will-they-go","headline":"Which way will they go?","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"ak20usde603e242i79e6aq83sbjgoos9","name":"Special report"}},{"id":"2a9a6a04-ea0e-455a-9aea-31a1d2196048","tegId":"89k1ceht1dldc8e9vfuqjpqtnlbro8q6","url":"/special-report/2009/07/25/sources","headline":"Sources","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"ak20usde603e242i79e6aq83sbjgoos9","name":"Special report"}},{"id":"1125a4fe-6d96-4299-b59d-58eb9731cc7d","tegId":"68vikfgeu52l1svg1mr9bilnb720ba7s","url":"/business/2009/07/23/tweeting-all-the-way-to-the-bank","headline":"Tweeting all the way to the bank","flyTitle":"Monetising social networks","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"cc86f61d-74d8-4a32-a83f-56100f5fb475","tegId":"f52lfg4v1svc8rimm4atcrqrualmgs3d","url":"/business/2009/07/23/online-playgrounds","headline":"Online playgrounds","flyTitle":"Virtual worlds for children","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"cfedd81a-ef8a-4391-b605-86bae72a7af4","tegId":"vbk9j0jg0i2qjmtoufvgrjk5nh4rej3l","url":"/business/2009/07/23/a-disputed-bid","headline":"A disputed bid","flyTitle":"GM auctions Opel","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"116add08-d23c-46bf-81b3-e4ef80feced1","tegId":"3d7p77mc9p4gjg8tilqke9ig4gpu05qd","url":"/business/2009/07/23/animal-welfare","headline":"Animal welfare","flyTitle":"America's faltering livestock industry","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"1530ccdc-cffe-401e-86cd-2616a218d802","tegId":"avqt92o7hhgio6rl0ob8pl13rud1f8v8","url":"/business/2009/07/23/exit-wiedeking-1","headline":"Exit Wiedeking","flyTitle":"Upheaval at Porsche","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"13b30fce-1a70-4672-b96c-c9fc5845f20d","tegId":"2j1f7dgprdd7gjkm65uokgj9esjlrb9o","url":"/business/2009/07/23/gone-tomorrow","headline":"Gone tomorrow","flyTitle":"The spread of pop-up retailing","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"638d4899-362c-4bd8-aa3e-cc430b1bd1d4","tegId":"gnbiqkjgorbm7rf1u95rri74jm1l5imn","url":"/business/2009/07/23/smother-of-invention","headline":"Smother of invention","flyTitle":"Europe's unwieldy patent regime","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"ede45c01-84d7-4cc7-9a10-b9352b7e1b04","tegId":"l57svnojgi30vd5kogfua6rhqsa99lrl","url":"/business/2009/07/23/flush-with-ambition","headline":"Flush with ambition","flyTitle":"Face value","section":{"tegId":"79244csej12lltat5mgqtckdp41aagcj","name":"Business"}},{"id":"6e313c94-ebc2-43c5-b420-435c7df1c01e","tegId":"bbmsfepse3lo5hc1m178bqf98lipgtim","url":"/briefing/2009/07/23/unpredictable-tides","headline":"Unpredictable tides","flyTitle":"World trade","section":{"tegId":"ig92fd080i1j2q35gel3sev1e8r72j9r","name":"Briefing"}},{"id":"679ce699-48ae-4e33-9d23-d13712307238","tegId":"moj8rh0o1memb802ql8jr5am4mb1vr2l","url":"/finance-and-economics/2009/07/23/a-reluctant-patient","headline":"A reluctant patient","flyTitle":"Germany's looming credit crunch","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"a27c65ad-ea30-4bb9-a147-42e74ba5bf0e","tegId":"6ko74lfg0c1r63duert43ff0fq49tpjq","url":"/finance-and-economics/2009/07/23/cold-comfort","headline":"Cold comfort","flyTitle":"Buttonwood","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"15faed8b-5731-414f-807c-87187eeab625","tegId":"9otdr2jd3oddefce74kf7meb3bruac51","url":"/finance-and-economics/2009/07/23/afloat-but-not-buoyant","headline":"Afloat but not buoyant","flyTitle":"CIT's punitive private rescue","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"f5d23106-f6cd-4841-bbe5-0b8cd8e9a24f","tegId":"b82sgibiccg4bc153len2ikkbn1mgv5u","url":"/finance-and-economics/2009/07/23/in-their-sights","headline":"In their sights","flyTitle":"American tax policy in Asia","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"7e1087b2-1b64-4ed6-98f2-cdaebe7692e9","tegId":"jct4es2qv9afee0qd3q84asgpvpaoatc","url":"/finance-and-economics/2009/07/23/downgraded","headline":"Downgraded","flyTitle":"Reforming finance: Rating agencies","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"8a7c90fc-eb09-4518-8a13-b606ba3b8145","tegId":"v1f78j8pj66os9h0p5kv2qsf99afq5s3","url":"/finance-and-economics/2009/07/23/pelt-tightening","headline":"Pelt tightening","flyTitle":"Iceland's banking crisis","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"a66e41b7-eddc-4922-ab77-07bd39259a5a","tegId":"o2jqvgpq58v1bjgnt0f97u72ln8n4tll","url":"/finance-and-economics/2009/07/23/dropping-the-shopping","headline":"Dropping the shopping","flyTitle":"Rebalancing the world economy: America","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"6ac1a718-7258-4995-8693-be0340289f99","tegId":"03kvju7bmqq5282pk4iea4mf3qgfe8iu","url":"/finance-and-economics/2009/07/23/great-barrier-grief","headline":"Great barrier grief","flyTitle":"Economics focus","section":{"tegId":"h4u9v391l483f78oe4pku4pu3jsqgj9k","name":"Finance \u0026 economics"}},{"id":"428c1939-332d-4544-b88b-2baecda06890","tegId":"iqpvlk6b3t7t5ck4j6h4afkgqub1ne27","url":"/science-and-technology/2009/07/23/unlucky-for-some","headline":"Unlucky for some","flyTitle":"Diagnosing comas","section":{"tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology"}},{"id":"d03efb1a-05ae-4871-948e-788c930b6363","tegId":"61flkn4v99u4840lkpam1s336l8lrrmo","url":"/science-and-technology/2009/07/23/its-a-knockout","headline":"It's a knockout","flyTitle":"Solar energy in Israel","section":{"tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology"}},{"id":"45e0dc46-2a5e-40d5-8c09-dabedca44f77","tegId":"nnu6a6chpo1hosb8jhhd8kn8dtuukopl","url":"/science-and-technology/2009/07/23/clone-rangers","headline":"Clone rangers","flyTitle":"Creating mice from artificial stem cells","section":{"tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology"}},{"id":"c278adb3-ac03-48db-8778-8991938b0b18","tegId":"t1q8clcoduiv188s747820n4n6a17rdf","url":"/science-and-technology/2009/07/22/a-total-eclipse-of-the-brain","headline":"A total eclipse of the brain","flyTitle":"Superstition and finance","section":{"tegId":"0q9q05sn1pkml185ggkt9md42em318ff","name":"Science \u0026 technology"}},{"id":"2bf8dd83-fa86-4e4e-bdca-5c8e6bfad207","tegId":"coq49b2ckbc9ep7de1pkvpojl55mv28j","url":"/culture/2009/07/23/the-road-to-hell","headline":"The road to hell","flyTitle":"Andrew Roberts on the second world war","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"43b9f65d-92cf-4992-9238-64b3dcff2582","tegId":"7fp72860i3gumjhjq1nd7siop55a4qfk","url":"/books-and-arts/2009/07/23/whistle-stop-tour","headline":"Whistle-stop tour","flyTitle":"Alan Beattie's economic history","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"a02df600-74e7-4d8b-8dc2-62c48e1249d8","tegId":"ksaqoapvjqk0a86jsd34p5cv8kq14k0f","url":"/culture/2009/07/23/a-life-of-labour","headline":"A life of labour","flyTitle":"Frances Perkins","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"2ae467ef-996b-419c-9396-4710a344b3a8","tegId":"vpg561pqngvchbarl4hliam5o9v9o9ns","url":"/culture/2009/07/23/ready-aim-miss","headline":"Ready, aim, miss","flyTitle":"Richard Dawkins under fire","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"fff68653-3509-4170-bbc3-0267ef0cf181","tegId":"rbpvm0lia67p4pkkhj0vh8c9rrm0ng98","url":"/culture/2009/07/23/caucasian-circle","headline":"Caucasian circle","flyTitle":"Valery Gergiev's “Ring”","section":{"tegId":"rvj2s19g2lkbek4tevm6sn1va1se84sl","name":"Culture"}},{"id":"b4020866-1aa0-45af-93c2-a33064ba0798","tegId":"skmeu625epsvh2ps25coj4m1ed9n3iej","url":"/economic-and-financial-indicators/2009/07/23/overview","headline":"Overview","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"5tid6aob4kglh030jftj69gb3210l68g","name":"Economic \u0026 financial indicators"}},{"id":"e5c6af5d-004c-4429-afa0-335eb3ebe4e3","tegId":"jg61um8q4hm45h10ig2ckphbb17onk3m","url":"/economic-and-financial-indicators/2009/07/23/output-prices-and-jobs","headline":"Output, prices and jobs","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"5tid6aob4kglh030jftj69gb3210l68g","name":"Economic \u0026 financial indicators"}},{"id":"c0bbcc54-1a93-4280-a119-84217793197f","tegId":"f56o8rpm5vr4b1odj37qvhbt1933pfu8","url":"/economic-and-financial-indicators/2009/07/23/the-economist-commodity-price-index","headline":"The Economist commodity-price index","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"5tid6aob4kglh030jftj69gb3210l68g","name":"Economic \u0026 financial indicators"}},{"id":"fbc651c5-1b24-47e8-a232-87074b6cf361","tegId":"6rnbpfdjmt90fu5o3vmsv08gc8bohuta","url":"/economic-and-financial-indicators/2009/07/23/agricultural-subsidies","headline":"Agricultural subsidies","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"5tid6aob4kglh030jftj69gb3210l68g","name":"Economic \u0026 financial indicators"}},{"id":"2eb7f755-e750-4c62-afe0-05cdeac9a7bc","tegId":"pf5tvtdsrmusc96q2bruugjpkg0mskls","url":"/economic-and-financial-indicators/2009/07/23/trade-exchange-rates-budget-balances-and-interest-rates","headline":"Trade, exchange rates, budget balances and interest rates","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"5tid6aob4kglh030jftj69gb3210l68g","name":"Economic \u0026 financial indicators"}},{"id":"0dc2fce5-6bbe-4980-8fbc-7a2e7612ffb5","tegId":"30dt0cpfgsbg67aj2rcbb8m7cm45c39p","url":"/economic-and-financial-indicators/2009/07/23/markets","headline":"Markets","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"5tid6aob4kglh030jftj69gb3210l68g","name":"Economic \u0026 financial indicators"}},{"id":"9b7a9b92-de72-4c44-9be7-d340c5f75a45","tegId":"jpf424i806skf4ic4qo8tcji6m8h365q","url":"/economic-and-financial-indicators/2009/07/23/stockmarket-listings","headline":"Stockmarket listings","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"5tid6aob4kglh030jftj69gb3210l68g","name":"Economic \u0026 financial indicators"}},{"id":"b983226b-5b04-408f-825b-568ff2995cf7","tegId":"5mh5nb42q67cfakba3vnjlvp4kvbq8re","url":"/obituary/2009/07/23/walter-cronkite","headline":"Walter Cronkite","flyTitle":null,"section":{"tegId":"s33as8tdjsff9k3h7jqa3gfbsljq3nsv","name":"Obituary"}}]},"technologyQuarterly":null,"sectionArticles":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"8ebc2606-af91-45cf-b8b7-0bace4bc224e","tegId":"rtrpbptrnlqofb16m0kjnd067l43ltdm","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"d9bc56c3-2d42-4064-8905-f36f7839d535","tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia","url":"/asia"},"authors":[],"headline":"New Zealand and the Cook Islands fall out over China","rubric":"That is New Zealand’s second diplomatic dispute in the Pacific this year","flyTitle":"Three’s a crowd","url":"/asia/2025/02/13/new-zealand-and-the-cook-islands-fall-out-over-china","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP503.jpg","altText":"Cook Islands Prime Minister Mark Brown","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"AP","source":"AP","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2025-02-13T14:42:19.751Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2025-02-13T14:42:22.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"ec7021e9-f001-4b03-a10c-4b8ef4a4ce0c","tegId":"c9upq99n3igh88gt7k7kahd9t028tejq","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"d9bc56c3-2d42-4064-8905-f36f7839d535","tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia","url":"/asia"},"authors":[],"headline":"Can Indonesia make its Top Gun dreams a reality?","rubric":"An aircraft-carrier is the last thing its navy needs","flyTitle":"Banyan","url":"/asia/2025/02/13/can-indonesia-make-its-top-gun-dreams-a-reality","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250215_ASD001.jpg","altText":"Illustration of an aircraft carrier in a shopping cart","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"ILLUSTRATION","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"Lan Truong","source":null,"width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2025-02-13T14:42:19.751Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2025-02-13T14:42:22.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"7fd81b63-58bc-4ee5-b390-d2c2d4a266c6","tegId":"mbp0skm49nqu2jqenkl346dhv6lftsf9","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"d9bc56c3-2d42-4064-8905-f36f7839d535","tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia","url":"/asia"},"authors":[],"headline":"South-East Asian producers are being hammered by Chinese imports","rubric":"Deep ties with China stymie a protectionist response","flyTitle":"A tidal wave of trade","url":"/asia/2025/02/13/south-east-asian-producers-are-being-hammered-by-chinese-imports","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP001.jpg","altText":"A woman browses Chinese clothing on sale in Bangkok, Thailand","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"Getty Images","source":"Getty Images","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2025-02-13T14:42:19.750Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2025-02-13T14:42:22.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"02d22924-d9b6-4f71-b462-e5105499a678","tegId":"btkrrk8btekhaq4us52mj778s26br1l4","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"d9bc56c3-2d42-4064-8905-f36f7839d535","tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia","url":"/asia"},"authors":[],"headline":"Is MAGA great for India? ","rubric":"Ahead of an Oval Office confab, we explore the next chapter of the Trump-Modi bromance","flyTitle":"America and India","url":"/asia/2025/02/11/is-maga-great-for-india","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250215_ASP002.jpg","altText":"President Donald Trump and Narendra Modi","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":"Not quite a bed of roses"},"credit":"Reuters","source":"Reuters","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2025-02-11T18:55:08.153Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2025-02-13T14:42:22.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"8dc06f24-3d04-40eb-8202-f50ae58135e7","tegId":"h2mq45kuldi6sn7itoupq51m001gsnv6","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"d9bc56c3-2d42-4064-8905-f36f7839d535","tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia","url":"/asia"},"authors":[],"headline":"China is infiltrating Taiwan’s armed forces","rubric":"And Taiwan is struggling to deal with the growing number of spies","flyTitle":"Tai, spy","url":"/asia/2025/02/06/china-is-infiltrating-taiwans-armed-forces","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250208_ASP002.jpg","altText":"Taiwanese soldiers during live ammunition artillery training","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":"One by one"},"credit":"Getty Images","source":"Getty Images","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2025-02-06T14:08:56.768Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2025-02-06T18:31:57.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"9b513416-06d1-4b07-b01c-048920f38722","tegId":"osdk5f3ss6nle2ri0fo8v69k7v5li98p","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"d9bc56c3-2d42-4064-8905-f36f7839d535","tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia","url":"/asia"},"authors":[],"headline":"Donald Trump and Japan’s Ishiba Shigeru make for an odd couple","rubric":"But shared interests can help keep America and Japan close","flyTitle":"Banyan","url":"/asia/2025/02/06/donald-trump-and-japans-ishiba-shigeru-make-for-an-odd-couple","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250208_ASD002.jpg","altText":"illustration of a golf course with a golf ball on a tee, sand bunkers, a water hazard, and a USA flag in the distance","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"ILLUSTRATION","caption":{"textHtml":""},"credit":"Lan Truong","source":null,"width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2025-02-06T14:08:56.760Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2025-02-06T18:31:56.000Z","podcast":null}},{"node":{"id":"721f15fa-7676-4e33-816f-6c65dcec6032","tegId":"ars0sgcb4n5eirflat4gna2fjqrbee6g","brand":"ECONOMIST","contentIdentity":{"leadMediaType":"NONE","articleType":"OTHER"},"section":{"id":"d9bc56c3-2d42-4064-8905-f36f7839d535","tegId":"rs4nm4v2h4rdrnt5hrncvqkmtr2sbrr4","name":"Asia","url":"/asia"},"authors":[],"headline":"India’s attempt to save the tiger has been a remarkable success","rubric":"The predator is now thriving in many parts of the country, even alongside humans","flyTitle":"Big cats, big lessons","url":"/asia/2025/02/06/indias-attempt-to-save-the-tiger-has-been-a-remarkable-success","leadComponent":{"type":"IMAGE","url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250208_ASP001.jpg","altText":"A bengal tiger in Ranthambhore National Park, Rajasthan, India","mode":"NORMAL","imageType":"PHOTOGRAPH","caption":{"textHtml":"Burning bright"},"credit":"Alamy","source":"Alamy","width":1280,"height":720},"teaserImage":null,"dateFirstPublished":"2025-02-06T14:08:56.759Z","dateRevised":null,"datePublished":"2025-02-06T18:31:57.000Z","podcast":null}}]},"moreFromTagData":{},"isInteractive":false},"featureFlags":["SF_SIGNPOSTING","SOURCEPOINT","CP2_ARTICLE","REGISTRANT_ONBOARDING","TWA_HOMEPAGE","TOPIC_PAGE","CUE_HOMEPAGE","ARTICLE_TAGS","GROUP_SUBSCRIBER_WELCOME_MODAL","GROUP_ONE_TIME_COOKIE_BANNER","SINGLE_ARTICLE_ROUTE","CP2_ARTICLE_EDITION","TEASER_CARD_TIME_FIELD","TWIB_TIMEZONE","CP2_TYPE_QUERY","SEARCH_PROXY_API","ZEPHR_ACQUISITION_BANNERS","LOAD_SOURCEPOINT_SCRIPTS_HIGHER","REDUCE_FETCH_TIMEOUT_TO_2S","RICH_TOPICS","CP2_CACHED_URL","CP2_AUDIO","CP2_ARTICLE_MORE_FROM","CP2_SECTION","B2B_PERSONALISED_RECOMMENDATIONS","CP2_HOMEPAGE","AIRSHIP","SHOW_GIFT_GIVING_BUTTON","ERROR_PAGE_MOST_READ","CP1_ARTICLE_FALLBACK","CAROUSEL_VIDEO_URL","NEW_MASTHEAD"],"mastheadContent":{"featured":[{"description":"Catch up on global daily news","image":{"height":1024,"url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp045.png","width":1024,"src":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp045.png"},"text":"The world in brief","url":"https://www.economist.com/the-world-in-brief"},{"description":"Dive into compelling long reads","image":{"height":1024,"url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp050.png","width":1024,"src":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp050.png"},"text":"1843 magazine","url":"https://www.economist.com/topics/1843-magazine"},{"description":"Tune into engaging conversations","image":{"height":1024,"url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp046.png","width":1024,"src":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp046.png"},"text":"Podcasts","url":"https://www.economist.com/audio/podcasts"},{"description":"Watch engaging short films","image":{"height":1024,"url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp044.png","width":1024,"src":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp044.png"},"text":"Video","url":"https://www.economist.com/video"},{"description":"Gain insights from experts","image":{"height":1024,"url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp048.png","width":1024,"src":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp048.png"},"text":"Digital events","url":"https://www.economist.com/subscriber-events"},{"description":"Curated news, direct to your inbox","image":{"height":1024,"url":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp047.png","width":1024,"src":"https://www.economist.com/content-assets/images/20250123_drp047.png"},"text":"Newsletters","url":"https://www.economist.com/newsletters"}],"quickLinks":[{"text":"Weekly edition","href":"https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/"},{"text":"The world in brief","href":"https://www.economist.com/the-world-in-brief"},{"text":"War in the Middle East","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/war-in-the-middle-east"},{"text":"War in Ukraine","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/ukraine-at-war"},{"text":"The world economy","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/economy"},{"text":"Artificial intelligence","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/artificial-intelligence"},{"text":"Climate change","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/climate-change"},{"text":"Archive 1945","href":"https://www.economist.com/interactive/archive-1945"},{"text":"German election 2025","href":"https://www.economist.com/interactive/2025-german-election-polls-prediction-forecast"},{"text":"Dateline quiz","href":"https://www.economist.com/interactive/dateline-history-quiz-game"}],"sections":[{"items":[{"text":"War in the Middle East","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/war-in-the-middle-east"},{"text":"War in Ukraine","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/ukraine-at-war"},{"text":"The World Ahead 2025","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/the-world-ahead-2025"},{"text":"Climate change","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/climate-change"},{"text":"Geopolitics","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/geopolitics"},{"text":"The world economy","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/economy"},{"text":"Artificial intelligence","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/artificial-intelligence"},{"text":"US presidential tracker","href":"https://www.economist.com/interactive/trump-approval-tracker/hundred-days"}],"title":"Current topics"},{"items":[{"text":"The world this week","href":"https://www.economist.com/the-world-this-week"},{"text":"China","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/china"},{"text":"United States","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/united-states"},{"text":"Europe","href":"https://www.economist.com/europe"},{"text":"Britain","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/britain"},{"text":"Middle East \u0026 Africa","href":"https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa"},{"text":"Asia","href":"https://www.economist.com/asia"},{"text":"The Americas","href":"https://www.economist.com/the-americas"},{"text":"International","href":"https://www.economist.com/international"}],"title":"World"},{"items":[{"text":"Finance \u0026 economics","href":"https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics"},{"text":"Business","href":"https://www.economist.com/business"},{"text":"Big Mac index","href":"https://www.economist.com/interactive/big-mac-index"},{"text":"Economic \u0026 financial indicators","href":"https://www.economist.com/economic-and-financial-indicators"}],"title":"Business \u0026 economics"},{"items":[{"text":"Leaders","href":"https://www.economist.com/leaders"},{"text":"Letters to the editor","href":"https://www.economist.com/letters"},{"text":"By Invitation","href":"https://www.economist.com/by-invitation"}],"title":"Opinion"},{"items":[{"text":"Science \u0026 technology","href":"https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology"},{"text":"Briefing","href":"https://www.economist.com/briefing"},{"text":"Graphic detail","href":"https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail"},{"text":"Interactives","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/interactives"},{"text":"The Economist explains","href":"https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains"},{"text":"Special reports","href":"https://www.economist.com/special-reports"},{"text":"Technology Quarterly","href":"https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly"},{"text":"Essay","href":"https://www.economist.com/essay"},{"text":"Schools brief","href":"https://www.economist.com/schools-brief"}],"title":"In depth"},{"items":[{"text":"Culture","href":"https://www.economist.com/topics/culture"},{"text":"The Economist reads","href":"https://www.economist.com/the-economist-reads"},{"text":"Obituary","href":"https://www.economist.com/obituary"}],"title":"Culture \u0026 society"},{"items":[{"text":"This week","href":"https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/"},{"text":"Past editions","href":"https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/archive"}],"title":"Weekly edition"}]},"newsletters":{"newsletters":[{"code":"opinion","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"opinion","title":"Opinion","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/opinion?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"opinion","hasPreview":false,"isNew":false,"category":"Editor's Pick","categorySortOrder":0,"description":"Editorials, columns, guest opinions and your letters, all in one place","promo":{"title":"Sign up to our Opinion newsletter","description":"Editorials, columns, guest opinions and your letters, all in one place","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Opinion","Letters"],"priority":99,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"cover_story","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"cover-story","title":"Cover Story","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Cover_Story?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"cover-story","hasPreview":false,"category":"Editor's Pick","categorySortOrder":3,"description":"A behind-the-scenes look at how we chose and designed this week’s cover","promo":{"title":"How we chose this week’s cover image","description":"Delivered to your inbox every weekend","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":[],"priority":3,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":true,"live":true},{"code":"espresso","availableTo":["espresso","studentEspresso","core"],"ident":"the-world-in-brief","title":"The World in Brief","frequency":"Daily","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/the_world_in_brief?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"the-world-in-brief","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":0,"description":"Catch up quickly on the global stories that matter","promo":{"title":"Catch up quickly on the stories that matter","description":"Sign up to enjoy a mind-expanding mix of stories, delivered six days a week","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":[],"priority":-1,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"us_in_brief","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"us-in-brief","title":"The US in brief","frequency":"Daily","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/US_in_brief?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"us-in-brief","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":1,"description":"A sharp round-up of the most important US political news","promo":{"title":"A sharp round-up of the most important US political news","description":"Sign up for updates from our correspondents and data journalists, poll tracker and election-forecast model as the 2024 race unfolds","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":[],"priority":99,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"te_this_week","availableTo":["anonymous","registered","espresso","studentEspresso","podcast","core"],"ident":"the-economist-this-week","title":"The Economist this week","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/The_Economist_This_Week?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","slug":"the-economist-this-week","hasPreview":false,"category":"Editor's Pick","categorySortOrder":1,"description":"Highlights from the latest weekly issue, introduced by our editor","promo":{"title":"Highlights from the latest weekly issue, introduced by our editor","description":"Directly to your inbox every week","tagline":""},"keywords":[],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":true,"live":true},{"code":"te_today","availableTo":["anonymous","registered","espresso","studentEspresso","podcast","core"],"ident":"the-economist-today","title":"The Economist today","frequency":"Daily","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/The_Economist_Today?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","slug":"the-economist-today","hasPreview":false,"category":"Editor's Pick","categorySortOrder":2,"description":"The very best of our journalism, handpicked for you each weekday","promo":{"title":"Handpicked stories, in your inbox","description":"A daily newsletter with the best of our journalism","tagline":""},"keywords":[],"priority":0,"isKeywordFallback":true,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"the_bottom_line","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"the-bottom-line","title":"The Bottom Line","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/the_bottom_line?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"the-bottom-line","hasPreview":false,"category":"Business and Finance","categorySortOrder":0,"description":"Your essential guide to global business and technology","promo":{"title":"Need to track the megatrends shaping business and technology?","description":"From supply chains to semiconductors, The Bottom Line newsletter has you covered","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Business"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"money_talks","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"money-talks","title":"Money Talks","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/money_talks?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"money-talks","hasPreview":false,"category":"Business and Finance","categorySortOrder":1,"description":"Expert analysis of the biggest stories in economics and markets","promo":{"title":"Expert analysis of the biggest stories in economics and markets","description":"Delivered to your inbox every week","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Finance \u0026 economics"],"priority":100,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"checks_and_balance","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"checks-and-balance","title":"Checks and Balance","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Checks_and_Balance?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"checks-and-balance","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":2,"description":"Exclusive insight from our correspondents in America","promo":{"title":"Exclusive insight and reading recommendations from our correspondents in America","description":"Delivered to your inbox every week","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["United States","United States Senate","Republican Party","Donald Trump","Joe Biden","Democratic Party","Executive Office of the President of the United States"],"priority":6,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"blighty","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"blighty","title":"Blighty","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Blighty?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"blighty","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":3,"description":"Analysing the challenges facing Britain and what needs to be done to overcome them","promo":{"title":"Stay informed with our weekly Britain newsletter","description":"Analysing the challenges facing Britain and what needs to be done to overcome them","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Britain"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"the_war_room","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"the-war-room","title":"The War Room","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/the_war_room?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"the-war-room","hasPreview":false,"category":"Editor's Pick","categorySortOrder":4,"description":"The best of \u003cem\u003eThe Economist\u003c/em\u003e’s defence coverage, in one place","promo":{"title":"","description":"","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":[],"priority":-1,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"essential_india","availableTo":["anonymous","registered","espresso","studentEspresso","podcast","core"],"ident":"essential-india","title":"Essential India","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/essential_india?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","slug":"essential-india","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":4,"description":"Your guide to an emerging great power","promo":{"title":"Stay informed with our weekly India newsletter","description":"Understand a vast and complicated country that will increasingly shape the future","tagline":""},"keywords":["Asia"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"drum_tower","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"drum-tower","title":"Drum Tower","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/drumtower?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"drum-tower","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":5,"description":"Understand what the world makes of China—and what China makes of the world","promo":{"title":"Stay informed with our weekly China newsletter","description":"Understand what the world makes of China—and what China makes of the world","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["China"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"cafe_europa","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"cafe-europa","title":"Café Europa","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/cafeeuropa?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"cafe-europa","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":6,"description":"Inside Europe, from the front lines in Ukraine to the corridors of power in Brussels","promo":{"title":"Stay informed with our weekly Europe newsletter","description":"Inside Europe, from the front lines in Ukraine to the corridors of power in Brussels","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Europe"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"simply_science","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"simply-science","title":"Simply Science","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Simply_Science2?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"simply-science","hasPreview":false,"category":"Data and Science","categorySortOrder":0,"description":"A weekly fix of our mind-expanding science coverage","promo":{"title":"Curious about the world? Enjoy a weekly fix of our mind-expanding science coverage","description":"Delivered to you every week","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["science and technology","Science \u0026 technology","biology","astronomy","philosophy","chemistry","diseases and conditions","genetics","cancer","medicine","physics"],"priority":4,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"plot_twist","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"plot-twist","title":"Plot Twist","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Plot_Twist?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"plot-twist","hasPreview":false,"category":"Culture","categorySortOrder":0,"description":"A weekly conversation about culture. Because culture is a serious business","promo":{"title":"Broaden your perspective with our weekly culture newsletter","description":"Exploring trends and connections across entertainment, the arts and politics","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Culture"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"analysing_africa","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"analysing-africa","title":"Analysing Africa","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/analysing_africa?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"analysing-africa","hasPreview":false,"isNew":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":7,"description":"Weekly insights into a continent that is reshaping our world","promo":{"title":"Exclusive insights into a continent that is reshaping our world","description":"Our weekly newsletter will help you make sense of the sweeping changes taking place across Africa","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Nigeria","Egypt","South Africa","Congo","Uganda","Kenya","Ethiopia","Morocco","South Sudan","Sudan","Somalia","Tanzania","Senegal"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"middle_east_dispatch","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"middle-east-dispatch","title":"Middle East Dispatch","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Middle_East_Dispatch?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"middle-east-dispatch","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":8,"description":"Get to grips with a region where capital, climate and geopolitics collide","promo":{"title":"Sign up to our Middle East newsletter","description":"Go deeper with our Middle East newsletter. Every week our correspondents delve into the political, social and economic stories of a region that is rarely out of the news.","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Israel","Iran","Saudi Arabia","Qatar"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"off_the_charts","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"off-the-charts","title":"Off the Charts","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Off_the_charts2?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"off-the-charts","hasPreview":false,"category":"Data and Science","categorySortOrder":1,"description":"Taking you behind the scenes of our data journalism","promo":{"title":"Taking you behind the scenes of our data journalism","description":"Directly to your inbox every week","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["Graphic detail"],"priority":99,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"el_boletin","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"el-boletin","title":"El Boletín","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/El_Boletin?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"el-boletin","hasPreview":false,"category":"World","categorySortOrder":9,"description":"Follow the action in Latin America, from the depths of the Brazilian Amazon to the Mexican-American border","promo":{"title":"Stay informed with our weekly Latin America newsletter","description":"Every week our correspondents share insights on politics, economics and business from an increasingly complex region","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["The Americas"],"priority":2,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"climate_change","availableTo":["core"],"ident":"the-climate-issue","title":"The Climate Issue","frequency":"Fortnightly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/Climate_issue?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","tagline":"Subscriber only","slug":"the-climate-issue","hasPreview":false,"category":"Data and Science","categorySortOrder":2,"description":"Climate-change analysis that you won’t read elsewhere in \u003cem\u003eThe Economist\u003c/em\u003e","promo":{"title":"Climate-change analysis that you won’t read elsewhere in \u003cem\u003eThe Economist\u003c/em\u003e","description":"Delivered to your inbox every fortnight","tagline":"Subscriber only"},"keywords":["energy industry","migration of people","weather","energy and resource","plant","synthetic and plastic chemicals","forestry and timber","climate change","global warming","environment","environmental politics","environmental pollution"],"priority":5,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true},{"code":"the_extraordinary_story","availableTo":["anonymous","registered","espresso","studentEspresso","podcast","core"],"ident":"the-extraordinary-story","title":"The Extraordinary Story","frequency":"Weekly","imageUrl":"https://myaccount.economist.com/file-asset-public/the_extraordinary_story?oid=00D3z000002JvyiEAC","slug":"the-extraordinary-story","hasPreview":false,"category":"Culture","categorySortOrder":1,"description":"Long reads and life from \u003cem\u003e1843 magazine\u003c/em\u003e","promo":{"title":"Long reads and life from \u003cem\u003e1843 magazine\u003c/em\u003e","description":"Delivered to your inbox every weekend","tagline":""},"keywords":["1843 magazine"],"priority":100,"isKeywordFallback":false,"onboardingPreSelect":false,"live":true}],"status":"ok"},"statusCode":200,"paywallCheck":{"shouldDropPaywall":false},"walled":true},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[id]","query":{"id":"64e54d41-01b8-4f49-8193-cebb153ab349"},"buildId":"hl7DyOkeNIsr4mYyopiBO","assetPrefix":"/engassets","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[{"strategy":"afterInteractive","data-test-id":"airship-snippet-script","children":"!function(n,r,e,t,c){var i,o=\"Promise\"in n,u={then:function(){return u},catch:function(n){\n return n(new Error(\"Airship SDK Error: Unsupported browser\")),u}},s=o?new Promise((function(n,r){i=function(e,t){e?r(e):n(t)}})):u\n ;s._async_setup=function(n){if(o)try{i(null,n(c))}catch(n){i(n)}},n[t]=s;var a=r.createElement(\"script\");a.src=e,a.async=!0,a.id=\"_uasdk\",\n a.rel=t,r.head.appendChild(a)}(window,document,'https://aswpsdkeu.com/notify/v2/ua-sdk.min.js',\n 'UA', {\n vapidPublicKey: 'BK_fZVSB30_KwTzMfW_XmzKcnHfNJ_7kRXafI6KyUlDKuxoa0JnmQSIseuvyJ26xXLoJ86wK4F9lZ4u0qdisUQU=',\n appKey: 'SgU0PKXvSeGccyIPRc5inA',\n token: 'MTpTZ1UwUEtYdlNlR2NjeUlQUmM1aW5BOlEyUGhibk9TUVA4a25QbXpHUGhjbE1nTmFlYkp6SDdEM0gzWllUVk9lX1U'\n });"}]}</script><script type="text/javascript"> window.wallInfo = {"status":"walled","type":"walled-regwall","country":"SG","metadata":{"heading":"Continue with a free trial","subheading":"Explore all our independent journalism for free for one month","loginSubheading":"Already have an account?","loginCta":"Log in","subscribeCta":"Get started","secondarySubheading":"Or continue reading this article","registerCta":"Register now","hasButton":"false"}}; </script> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'913b6ca1c8a740eb',t:'MTczOTg1NDUyMS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>