CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="" lang="en-GB"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.bbc.co.uk:80/education/levels/zkdqxnb","20170819070549","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1503126349"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta name="description" content="Higher learning resources for adults, children, parents and teachers organised by level, subject and topic."/> <meta name="keywords" content="BBC Knowledge & Learning, Curriculum Application"/> <title>BBC Bitesize - Higher</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta property="fb:admins" content="100004154058350"/>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549cs_/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/3.21.26/orb/4/style/orb.min.css">   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549cs_/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/style/compiled/knowlearn.css" media="screen"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549cs_/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/style/compiled/print.css" media="print"/>  <script class="js-require-lib" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549js_/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/requirejs/lib.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> bbcRequireMap = {"jquery-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/jquery/0.4.1/sharedmodules/jquery-1.7.2", "jquery-1.4":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/jquery/0.4.1/sharedmodules/jquery-1.4", "jquery-1.9":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/jquery/0.4.1/sharedmodules/jquery-1.9.1", "jquery-1.12":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/jquery/0.4.1/sharedmodules/jquery-1.12.0.min", "jquery-2.2":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/jquery/0.4.1/sharedmodules/jquery-2.2.0.min", "istats-1":"//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/nav-analytics/0.1.0-43/js/istats-1", "swfobject-2":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/swfobject/0.1.10/sharedmodules/swfobject-2", "demi-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/demi/0.10.1/sharedmodules/demi-1", "gelui-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/gelui/0.9.13/sharedmodules/gelui-1", "cssp!gelui-1/overlay":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/gelui/0.9.13/sharedmodules/gelui-1/overlay.css", "relay-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/relay/0.2.6/sharedmodules/relay-1", "clock-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/clock/0.1.9/sharedmodules/clock-1", "canvas-clock-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/clock/0.1.9/sharedmodules/canvas-clock-1", "cssp!clock-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/clock/0.1.9/sharedmodules/clock-1.css", "jssignals-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/jssignals/0.3.6/modules/jssignals-1", "jcarousel-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/jcarousel/0.1.10/modules/jcarousel-1", "bump-3":"//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://emp.bbci.co.uk/emp/bump-3/bump-3", "clipList/clipList":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/clipList/clipList", "common":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/common", "credits":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/credits", "efo/efo":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/efo/efo", "media/smp":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/media/smp", "moreAv/moreAv":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/moreAv/moreAv", "navigation/navigation":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/navigation/navigation", "psm/psm":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/psm/psm", "responsiveEmp/responsiveEmp":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/responsiveEmp/responsiveEmp", "responsiveImages/responsiveImages":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/responsiveImages/responsiveImages", "sbl/sbl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/sbl/sbl", "submenu/submenu-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/submenu/submenu-1", "vendors/microajax-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules/vendors/microajax-1"}; require({ baseUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/', paths: bbcRequireMap, waitSeconds: 30 }); </script> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (typeof bbccookies_flag === 'undefined') { bbccookies_flag = 'ON'; } showCTA_flag = true; cta_enabled = (showCTA_flag && (bbccookies_flag === 'ON')); (function(){var m="ckns_policy",q="Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT",i={ads:true,personalisation:true,performance:true,necessary:true};function c(u){if(c.cache[u]){return c.cache[u]}var t=u.split("/"),v=[""];do{v.unshift((t.join("/")||"/"));t.pop()}while(v[0]!=="/");c.cache[u]=v;return v}c.cache={};function a(u){if(a.cache[u]){return a.cache[u]}var v=u.split("."),t=[];while(v.length&&"|co.uk|com|".indexOf("|"+v.join(".")+"|")===-1){if(v.length){t.push(v.join("."))}v.shift()}c.cache[u]=t;return t}a.cache={};function s(t,y,u){var E=[""].concat(a(window.location.hostname)),B=c(window.location.pathname),D="",w,C;for(var x=0,A=E.length;x<A;x++){w=E[x];for(var v=0,z=B.length;v<z;v++){C=B[v];D=t+"="+y+";"+(w?"domain="+w+";":"")+(C?"path="+C+";":"")+(u?"expires="+u+";":"");bbccookies.set(D,true)}}}window.bbccookies={POLICY_REFRESH_DATE_MILLIS:new Date(2015,4,21,0,0,0,0).getTime(),POLICY_EXPIRY_COOKIENAME:"ckns_policy_exp",_setEverywhere:s,cookiesEnabled:function(){var t="ckns_testcookie"+Math.floor(Math.random()*100000);this.set(t+"=1");if(this.get().indexOf(t)>-1){e(t);return true}return false},get:function(){return document.cookie},getCrumb:function(t){if(!t){return null}return decodeURIComponent(document.cookie.replace(new RegExp("(?:(?:^|.*;)\\s*"+encodeURIComponent(t).replace(/[\-\.\+\*]/g,"\\$&")+"\\s*\\=\\s*([^;]*).*$)|^.*$"),"$1"))||null},policyRequiresRefresh:function(){var u=new Date();u.setHours(0);u.setMinutes(0);u.setSeconds(0);u.setMilliseconds(0);if(bbccookies.POLICY_REFRESH_DATE_MILLIS<=u.getTime()){var t=bbccookies.getCrumb(bbccookies.POLICY_EXPIRY_COOKIENAME);if(t){t=new Date(parseInt(t));t.setYear(t.getFullYear()-1);return bbccookies.POLICY_REFRESH_DATE_MILLIS>=t.getTime()}else{return true}}else{return false}},_setPolicy:function(t){return f.apply(this,arguments)},readPolicy:function(){return l.apply(this,arguments)},_deletePolicy:function(){s(m,"",q)},_isConfirmed:function(){return n()!==null},_acceptsAll:function(){var t=l();return t&&!(j(t).indexOf("0")>-1)},_getCookieName:function(){return b.apply(this,arguments)},_showPrompt:function(){var t=((!this._isConfirmed()||this.policyRequiresRefresh())&&window.cta_enabled&&this.cookiesEnabled()&&!window.bbccookies_disable);return(window.orb&&window.orb.fig)?t&&(window.orb.fig("no")||window.orb.fig("ck")):t},_getPolicy:this.readPolicy};function b(u){var t=(""+u).match(/^([^=]+)(?==)/);return(t&&t.length?t[0]:"")}function j(t){return""+(t.ads?1:0)+(t.personalisation?1:0)+(t.performance?1:0)}function f(x){if(typeof x==="undefined"){x=i}if(typeof arguments[0]==="string"){var u=arguments[0],w=arguments[1];if(u==="necessary"){w=true}x=l();x[u]=w}else{if(typeof arguments[0]==="object"){x.necessary=true}}var v=new Date();v.setYear(v.getFullYear()+1);bbccookies.set(m+"="+j(x)+";domain=bbc.co.uk;path=/;expires="+v.toUTCString()+";");bbccookies.set(m+"="+j(x)+";domain=bbc.com;path=/;expires="+v.toUTCString()+";");bbccookies.set(m+"="+j(x)+";domain=bbci.co.uk;path=/;expires="+v.toUTCString()+";");var t=new Date(v.getTime());t.setMonth(t.getMonth()+1);bbccookies.set(bbccookies.POLICY_EXPIRY_COOKIENAME+"="+v.getTime()+";domain=bbc.co.uk;path=/;expires="+t.toUTCString()+";");bbccookies.set(bbccookies.POLICY_EXPIRY_COOKIENAME+"="+v.getTime()+";domain=bbc.com;path=/;expires="+t.toUTCString()+";");bbccookies.set(bbccookies.POLICY_EXPIRY_COOKIENAME+"="+v.getTime()+";domain=bbci.co.uk;path=/;expires="+t.toUTCString()+";");return x}function o(t){if(t===null){return null}var u=t.split("");return{ads:!!+u[0],personalisation:!!+u[1],performance:!!+u[2],necessary:true}}function n(){var t=new RegExp("(?:^|; ?)"+m+"=(\\d\\d\\d)($|;)"),u=document.cookie.match(t);if(!u){return null}return u[1]}function l(t){var u=o(n());if(!u){u=i}if(t){return u[t]}else{return u}}function e(t){return document.cookie=t+"=;expires="+q+";"}var g=!(window.bbccookies_flag==="ON"&&!bbccookies._acceptsAll()&&!window.bbccookies_disable);var k={},d={"personalisation":"ckps_.+|X-AB-iplayer-.+|ACTVTYMKR|BBC_EXAMPLE_COOKIE|BBCIplayer|BBCiPlayerM|BBCIplayerSession|BBCMediaselector|BBCPostcoder|bbctravel|CGISESSID|ed|food-view|forceDesktop|h4|IMRID|locserv|MyLang|myloc|NTABS|ttduserPrefs|V5|WEATHER|BBCScienceDiscoveryPlaylist_.+|bitratePref|correctAnswerCount|genreCookie|highestQuestionScore|incorrectAnswerCount|longestStreak|MSCSProfile|programmes-oap-expanded|quickestAnswer|score|servicePanel|slowestAnswer|totalTimeForAllFormatted|v|BBCwords|score|correctAnswerCount|highestQuestionScore|hploc|BGUID|BBCWEACITY|mstouch|myway|BBCNewsCustomisation|cbbc_anim|cbeebies_snd|bbcsr_usersx|cbeebies_rd|BBC-Latest_Blogs|zh-enc|pref_loc|m|bbcEmp.+|recs-.+|_lvd2|_lvs2|tick|_fcap_CAM1|_rcc2","performance":"ckpf_.+|optimizely.*|BBCLiveStatsClick|id|_em_.+|cookies_enabled|mbox|mbox-admin|mc_.+|omniture_unique|s_.+|sc_.+|adpolicyAdDisplayFrequency|s1|ns_session|ns_cookietest|ns_ux|NO-SA|tr_pr1|gvsurvey|bbcsurvey|si_v|sa_labels|obuid|mm_.+|mmid|mmcore.+|mmpa.+","ads":"ckad_.+|rsi_segs|c","necessary":"ckns_.+|BBC-UID|blq\\.dPref|SSO2-UID|BBC-H2-User|rmRpDetectReal|bbcComSurvey|IDENTITY_ENV|IDENTITY|IDENTITY-HTTPS|IDENTITY_SESSION|BBCCOMMENTSMODULESESSID|bbcBump.+|IVOTE_VOTE_HISTORY|pulse|BBCPG|BBCPGstat|ecos\\.dt"};function r(){var x=document.cookie.replace(/; +/g,";").split(";"),u,v=[];for(var w=0,t=x.length;w<t;w++){u=x[w];v.push(bbccookies._getCookieName(u))}return v}function h(w){var v=JSON.stringify(w);if(typeof(k[v])!=="undefined"){return k[v]}var u="";for(var t in w){if(w.hasOwnProperty(t)&&d[t]){if(w[t]===true){u+=(u?"|":"")+d[t]}}}k[v]=new RegExp("^("+(u?u:".*")+")$","i");return k[v]}bbccookies.getPolicyExpiryDateTime=function(){return bbccookies.POLICY_EXPIRY_COOKIENAME};bbccookies.purge=function(){var u=bbccookies.readPolicy(),w=r(),x;for(var v=0,t=w.length;v<t;v++){if(!bbccookies.isAllowed(w[v],u)){x=new Date();x.setTime(0);x=x.toUTCString();s(w[v],"deleted",x)}}};function p(){if(g){return}bbccookies.purge();contentLoaded(window,bbccookies.purge);if(window.addEventListener){window.addEventListener("beforeunload",bbccookies.purge,false)}else{if(window.attachEvent){window.attachEvent("onbeforeunload",bbccookies.purge)}else{window.onbeforeunload=bbccookies.purge}}}bbccookies.set=function(u,t){if(g){return document.cookie=u}var v=bbccookies._getCookieName(u);if(t||bbccookies.isAllowed(v)){return document.cookie=u}return null};bbccookies.isAllowed=function(v){var u=bbccookies.readPolicy();var t=h(u);return t.test(v)};p()})(); /*! * contentloaded.js * * Author: Diego Perini (diego.perini at gmail.com) * Summary: cross-browser wrapper for DOMContentLoaded * Updated: 20101020 * License: MIT * Version: 1.2 * * URL: * http://javascript.nwbox.com/ContentLoaded/ * http://javascript.nwbox.com/ContentLoaded/MIT-LICENSE * */ function contentLoaded(d,i){var c=false,h=true,k=d.document,j=k.documentElement,a=k.addEventListener,n=a?"addEventListener":"attachEvent",l=a?"removeEventListener":"detachEvent",b=a?"":"on",m=function(o){if(o.type==="readystatechange"&&k.readyState!="complete"){return}(o.type==="load"?d:k)[l](b+o.type,m,false);if(!c&&(c=true)){i.call(d,o.type||o)}},g=function(){try{j.doScroll("left")}catch(o){setTimeout(g,50);return}m("poll")};if(k.readyState==="complete"){i.call(d,"lazy")}else{if(!a&&j.doScroll){try{h=!d.frameElement}catch(f){}if(h){g()}}k[n](b+"DOMContentLoaded",m,false);k[n](b+"readystatechange",m,false);d[n](b+"load",m,false)}}if(typeof(require)==="function"&&!require.defined("orb/cookies")){define("orb/cookies",window.bbccookies)}; /*]]>*/</script> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){window.orb={};window.orb.figState={ad:0,ap:0,ck:1,eu:1,mb:0,tb:0,uk:1,df:1};window.orb.fig=function(a){return(arguments.length)?window.orb.figState[a]:window.orb.figState};window.orb.fig.device={};window.orb.fig.geo={};window.orb.fig.user={};window.orb.fig.isDefault=function(){return window.orb.fig("df")};window.orb.fig.device.isTablet=function(){return window.orb.fig("tb")};window.orb.fig.device.isMobile=function(){return window.orb.fig("mb")};window.orb.fig.geo.isUK=function(){return window.orb.fig("uk")};window.orb.fig.geo.isEU=function(){return window.orb.fig("eu")};window.fig=window.fig||{};window.fig.manager={include:function(e){e=e||window;var g=false;var j=e.document,k=j.cookie,i=k.match(/(?:^|; ?)ckns_orb_fig=([^;]+)/),h;if(i){i=this.deserialise(decodeURIComponent(RegExp.$1));this.setFig(e,i)}if(window.fig.async&&typeof JSON!="undefined"){var b=(document.cookie.match("(^|; )ckns_orb_cachedfig=([^;]*)")||0)[2];h=b?JSON.parse(b):null;if(h){this.setFig(e,h);g=true}}var a="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://fig.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/fig/1/fig.js";if(g){j.write('<script src="'+a+'" async><'+"/script>")}else{j.write('<script src="'+a+'"><'+"/script>")}},confirm:function(a){return true},setFig:function(a,b){(function(){a.orb=a.orb||{};a.orb.figState=b})()},deserialise:function(b){var a={};b.replace(/([a-z]{2}):([0-9]+)/g,function(){a[RegExp.$1]=+RegExp.$2});return a}}})();fig.manager.include();/*]]>*/</script>  <script type="text/javascript">window.bbcFlagpoles_istats="ON",require.config({paths:{"istats-1":"//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/nav-analytics/0.1.0-75/js/istats-1","megavolt-client":"//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/nav-analytics/0.1.0-75/js/megavolt-client"}}),require.defined("orb/cookies")||(window.bbccookies?define("orb/cookies",function(){return window.bbccookies}):define("orb/cookies",function(){return{isAllowed:function(e){return!1}}})),require(["megavolt-client","istats-1","orb/cookies"],function(e,t,o){if(o.isAllowed("s1")){e.setMegavoltUrl("https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://mvt.api.bbc.com");t.addCollector({name:"default",url:"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s",separator:"&"});var i="kl.education.levels.higher.page";t.setCountername(i),window.istats_countername&&t.setCountername(window.istats_countername),t.addLabels("ml_name=webmodule&ml_version=75")}});</script> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ window.bbcFlagpoles_istats = 'ON'; window.orb = window.orb || {}; if (typeof bbccookies !== 'undefined' && bbccookies.isAllowed('s1')) { var istatsTrackingUrl = '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s?name=kl.education.levels.higher.page&page_language=en-GB&page_type=index&co_level=higher&pal_route=curriculum&app_type=responsive&language=en-GB&pal_webapp=kandlcurriculum&prod_name=education&app_name=education'; require(['istats-1'], function (istats) { var counterName = (window.istats_countername) ? window.istats_countername : istatsTrackingUrl.match(/[\?&]name=([^&]*)/i)[1]; istats.setCountername(counterName); istats.addLabels('page_language=en-GB&page_type=index&co_level=higher&pal_route=curriculum&app_type=responsive&language=en-GB&pal_webapp=kandlcurriculum&prod_name=education&app_name=education'); var c = (document.cookie.match(/\bckns_policy=(\d\d\d)/) || []).pop() || ''; istats.addLabels({ 'blq_s': '4d', 'blq_r': '2.7', 'blq_v': 'default', 'blq_e': 'pal', 'bbc_mc': (c ? 'ad' + c.charAt(0) + 'ps' + c.charAt(1) + 'pf' + c.charAt(2) : 'not_set') } ); }); } /*]]>*/</script> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(undefined){if(!window.bbc){window.bbc={}}var ROLLING_PERIOD_DAYS=30;window.bbc.Mandolin=function(id,segments,opts){var now=new Date().getTime(),storedItem,DEFAULT_START=now,DEFAULT_RATE=1,COOKIE_NAME="ckpf_mandolin";opts=opts||{};this._id=id;this._segmentSet=segments;this._store=new window.window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage(COOKIE_NAME);this._opts=opts;this._rate=(opts.rate!==undefined)?+opts.rate:DEFAULT_RATE;this._startTs=(opts.start!==undefined)?new Date(opts.start).getTime():new Date(DEFAULT_START).getTime();this._endTs=(opts.end!==undefined)?new Date(opts.end).getTime():daysFromNow(ROLLING_PERIOD_DAYS);this._signupEndTs=(opts.signupEnd!==undefined)?new Date(opts.signupEnd).getTime():this._endTs;this._segment=null;if(typeof id!=="string"){throw new Error("Invalid Argument: id must be defined and be a string")}if(Object.prototype.toString.call(segments)!=="[object Array]"){throw new Error("Invalid Argument: Segments are required.")}if(opts.rate!==undefined&&(opts.rate<0||opts.rate>1)){throw new Error("Invalid Argument: Rate must be between 0 and 1.")}if(this._startTs>this._endTs){throw new Error("Invalid Argument: end date must occur after start date.")}if(!(this._startTs<this._signupEndTs&&this._signupEndTs<=this._endTs)){throw new Error("Invalid Argument: SignupEnd must be between start and end date")}removeExpired.call(this,now);var overrides=window.bbccookies.get().match(/ckns_mandolin_setSegments=([^;]+)/);if(overrides!==null){eval("overrides = "+decodeURIComponent(RegExp.$1)+";");if(overrides[this._id]&&this._segmentSet.indexOf(overrides[this._id])==-1){throw new Error("Invalid Override: overridden segment should exist in segments array")}}if(overrides!==null&&overrides[this._id]){this._segment=overrides[this._id]}else{if((storedItem=this._store.getItem(this._id))){this._segment=storedItem.segment}else{if(this._startTs<=now&&now<this._signupEndTs&&now<=this._endTs&&this._store.isEnabled()===true){this._segment=pick(segments,this._rate);if(opts.end===undefined){this._store.setItem(this._id,{segment:this._segment})}else{this._store.setItem(this._id,{segment:this._segment,end:this._endTs})}log.call(this,"mandolin_segment")}}}log.call(this,"mandolin_view")};window.bbc.Mandolin.prototype.getSegment=function(){return this._segment};function log(actionType,params){var that=this;require(["istats-1"],function(istats){istats.log(actionType,that._id+":"+that._segment,params?params:{})})}function removeExpired(expires){var items=this._store.getItems(),expiresInt=+expires;for(var key in items){if(items[key].end!==undefined&&+items[key].end<expiresInt){this._store.removeItem(key)}}}function getLastExpirationDate(data){var winner=0,rollingExpire=daysFromNow(ROLLING_PERIOD_DAYS);for(var key in data){if(data[key].end===undefined&&rollingExpire>winner){winner=rollingExpire}else{if(+data[key].end>winner){winner=+data[key].end}}}return(winner)?new Date(winner):new Date(rollingExpire)}window.bbc.Mandolin.prototype.log=function(params){log.call(this,"mandolin_log",params)};window.bbc.Mandolin.prototype.convert=function(params){log.call(this,"mandolin_convert",params);this.convert=function(){}};function daysFromNow(n){var endDate;endDate=new Date().getTime()+(n*60*60*24)*1000;return endDate}function pick(segments,rate){var picked,min=0,max=segments.length-1;if(typeof rate==="number"&&Math.random()>rate){return null}do{picked=Math.floor(Math.random()*(max-min+1))+min}while(picked>max);return segments[picked]}window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage=function(name){validateCookieName(name);this._cookieName=name;this._isEnabled=(bbccookies.isAllowed(this._cookieName)===true&&bbccookies.cookiesEnabled()===true)};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.setItem=function(key,value){var storeData=this.getItems();storeData[key]=value;this.save(storeData);return value};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.isEnabled=function(){return this._isEnabled};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.getItem=function(key){var storeData=this.getItems();return storeData[key]};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.removeItem=function(key){var storeData=this.getItems();delete storeData[key];this.save(storeData)};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.getItems=function(){return deserialise(this.readCookie(this._cookieName)||"")};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.save=function(data){window.bbccookies.set(this._cookieName+"="+encodeURIComponent(serialise(data))+"; expires="+getLastExpirationDate(data).toUTCString()+";")};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.readCookie=function(name){var nameEq=name+"=",ca=window.bbccookies.get().split("; "),i,c;validateCookieName(name);for(i=0;i<ca.length;i++){c=ca[i];if(c.indexOf(nameEq)===0){return decodeURIComponent(c.substring(nameEq.length,c.length))}}return null};function serialise(o){var str="";for(var p in o){if(o.hasOwnProperty(p)){str+='"'+p+'"'+":"+(typeof o[p]==="object"?(o[p]===null?"null":"{"+serialise(o[p])+"}"):'"'+o[p].toString()+'"')+","}}return str.replace(/,\}/g,"}").replace(/,$/g,"")}function deserialise(str){var o;str="{"+str+"}";if(!validateSerialisation(str)){throw"Invalid input provided for deserialisation."}eval("o = "+str);return o}var validateSerialisation=(function(){var OBJECT_TOKEN="<Object>",ESCAPED_CHAR='"\\n\\r\\u2028\\u2029\\u000A\\u000D\\u005C',ALLOWED_CHAR="([^"+ESCAPED_CHAR+"]|\\\\["+ESCAPED_CHAR+"])",KEY='"'+ALLOWED_CHAR+'+"',VALUE='(null|"'+ALLOWED_CHAR+'*"|'+OBJECT_TOKEN+")",KEY_VALUE=KEY+":"+VALUE,KEY_VALUE_SEQUENCE="("+KEY_VALUE+",)*"+KEY_VALUE,OBJECT_LITERAL="({}|{"+KEY_VALUE_SEQUENCE+"})",objectPattern=new RegExp(OBJECT_LITERAL,"g");return function(str){if(str.indexOf(OBJECT_TOKEN)!==-1){return false}while(str.match(objectPattern)){str=str.replace(objectPattern,OBJECT_TOKEN)}return str===OBJECT_TOKEN}})();function validateCookieName(name){if(name.match(/ ,;/)){throw"Illegal name provided, must be valid in browser cookie."}}})(); /*]]>*/</script> <script type="text/javascript"> document.documentElement.className += (document.documentElement.className? ' ' : '') + 'orb-js'; fig.manager.confirm(); </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549js_/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/3.21.26/orb/4/script/orb/api.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549js_/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/3.21.26/orb/4/script/orb/font.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var blq = { environment: function() { return 'live'; } } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ function oqsSurveyManager(w, flag) { if (flag !== 'OFF' && (w.orb.fig("no") || w.orb.fig("uk"))) { w.document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/3.21.26/orb/4/script/vendor/edr.min.js"><'+'/script>'); } } oqsSurveyManager(window, 'ON'); /*]]>*/ </script> <script> require(['istats-1'], function (istats) { istats.setSite('bitesize'); }); /* Modernizr 2.8.3 (Custom Build) | MIT & BSD * Build: http://modernizr.com/download/#-cssanimations-svg-shiv-cssclasses-testprop-testallprops-domprefixes-cssclassprefix:k! */ ;window.Modernizr=function(a,b,c){function y(a){j.cssText=a}function z(a,b){return y(prefixes.join(a+";")+(b||""))}function A(a,b){return typeof a===b}function B(a,b){return!!~(""+a).indexOf(b)}function C(a,b){for(var d in a){var e=a[d];if(!B(e,"-")&&j[e]!==c)return b=="pfx"?e:!0}return!1}function D(a,b,d){for(var e in a){var f=b[a[e]];if(f!==c)return d===!1?a[e]:A(f,"function")?f.bind(d||b):f}return!1}function E(a,b,c){var d=a.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+a.slice(1),e=(a+" "+n.join(d+" ")+d).split(" ");return A(b,"string")||A(b,"undefined")?C(e,b):(e=(a+" "+o.join(d+" ")+d).split(" "),D(e,b,c))}var d="2.8.3",e={},f=!0,g=b.documentElement,h="modernizr",i=b.createElement(h),j=i.style,k,l={}.toString,m="Webkit Moz O ms",n=m.split(" "),o=m.toLowerCase().split(" "),p={svg:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"},q={},r={},s={},t=[],u=t.slice,v,w={}.hasOwnProperty,x;!A(w,"undefined")&&!A(w.call,"undefined")?x=function(a,b){return w.call(a,b)}:x=function(a,b){return b in a&&A(a.constructor.prototype[b],"undefined")},Function.prototype.bind||(Function.prototype.bind=function(b){var c=this;if(typeof c!="function")throw new TypeError;var d=u.call(arguments,1),e=function(){if(this instanceof e){var a=function(){};a.prototype=c.prototype;var f=new a,g=c.apply(f,d.concat(u.call(arguments)));return Object(g)===g?g:f}return c.apply(b,d.concat(u.call(arguments)))};return e}),q.cssanimations=function(){return E("animationName")},q.svg=function(){return!!b.createElementNS&&!!b.createElementNS(p.svg,"svg").createSVGRect};for(var F in q)x(q,F)&&(v=F.toLowerCase(),e[v]=q[F](),t.push((e[v]?"":"no-")+v));return e.addTest=function(a,b){if(typeof a=="object")for(var d in a)x(a,d)&&e.addTest(d,a[d]);else{a=a.toLowerCase();if(e[a]!==c)return e;b=typeof b=="function"?b():b,typeof f!="undefined"&&f&&(g.className+=" k-"+(b?"":"no-")+a),e[a]=b}return e},y(""),i=k=null,function(a,b){function l(a,b){var c=a.createElement("p"),d=a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]||a.documentElement;return c.innerHTML="x<style>"+b+"</style>",d.insertBefore(c.lastChild,d.firstChild)}function m(){var a=s.elements;return typeof a=="string"?a.split(" "):a}function n(a){var b=j[a[h]];return b||(b={},i++,a[h]=i,j[i]=b),b}function o(a,c,d){c||(c=b);if(k)return c.createElement(a);d||(d=n(c));var g;return d.cache[a]?g=d.cache[a].cloneNode():f.test(a)?g=(d.cache[a]=d.createElem(a)).cloneNode():g=d.createElem(a),g.canHaveChildren&&!e.test(a)&&!g.tagUrn?d.frag.appendChild(g):g}function p(a,c){a||(a=b);if(k)return a.createDocumentFragment();c=c||n(a);var d=c.frag.cloneNode(),e=0,f=m(),g=f.length;for(;e<g;e++)d.createElement(f[e]);return d}function q(a,b){b.cache||(b.cache={},b.createElem=a.createElement,b.createFrag=a.createDocumentFragment,b.frag=b.createFrag()),a.createElement=function(c){return s.shivMethods?o(c,a,b):b.createElem(c)},a.createDocumentFragment=Function("h,f","return function(){var n=f.cloneNode(),c=n.createElement;h.shivMethods&&("+m().join().replace(/[\w\-]+/g,function(a){return b.createElem(a),b.frag.createElement(a),'c("'+a+'")'})+");return n}")(s,b.frag)}function r(a){a||(a=b);var c=n(a);return s.shivCSS&&!g&&!c.hasCSS&&(c.hasCSS=!!l(a,"article,aside,dialog,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section{display:block}mark{background:#FF0;color:#000}template{display:none}")),k||q(a,c),a}var c="3.7.0",d=a.html5||{},e=/^<|^(?:button|map|select|textarea|object|iframe|option|optgroup)$/i,f=/^(?:a|b|code|div|fieldset|h1|h2|h3|h4|h5|h6|i|label|li|ol|p|q|span|strong|style|table|tbody|td|th|tr|ul)$/i,g,h="_html5shiv",i=0,j={},k;(function(){try{var a=b.createElement("a");a.innerHTML="<xyz></xyz>",g="hidden"in a,k=a.childNodes.length==1||function(){b.createElement("a");var a=b.createDocumentFragment();return typeof a.cloneNode=="undefined"||typeof a.createDocumentFragment=="undefined"||typeof a.createElement=="undefined"}()}catch(c){g=!0,k=!0}})();var s={elements:d.elements||"abbr article aside audio bdi canvas data datalist details dialog figcaption figure footer header hgroup main mark meter nav output progress section summary template time video",version:c,shivCSS:d.shivCSS!==!1,supportsUnknownElements:k,shivMethods:d.shivMethods!==!1,type:"default",shivDocument:r,createElement:o,createDocumentFragment:p};a.html5=s,r(b)}(this,b),e._version=d,e._domPrefixes=o,e._cssomPrefixes=n,e.testProp=function(a){return C([a])},e.testAllProps=E,g.className=g.className.replace(/(^|\s)no-js(\s|$)/,"$1$2")+(f?" k-js k-"+t.join(" k-"):""),e}(this,this.document); require({paths : {"kandl" : "https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/modules"}}); function cutsMustard(){ return ('querySelector' in document && 'localStorage' in window && 'addEventListener' in window); } </script> <script> var _sf_startpt=(new Date()).getTime(); </script>   <script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ var _sf_startpt = (new Date()).getTime(); /*]]>*/ </script><style type="text/css">.bbccom_display_none{display:none;}</style><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ var bbcdotcomConfig, googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; var bbcdotcom = false; (function(){ if(typeof require !== 'undefined') { require({ paths:{ "bbcdotcom":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom/1.62.0/script" } }); } })(); /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ var bbcdotcom = { adverts: { keyValues: { set: function() {} } }, advert: { write: function () {}, show: function () {}, isActive: function () { return false; }, layout: function() { return { reset: function() {} } } }, config: { init: function() {}, isActive: function() {}, setSections: function() {}, isAdsEnabled: function() {}, setAdsEnabled: function() {}, isAnalyticsEnabled: function() {}, setAnalyticsEnabled: function() {}, setAssetPrefix: function() {}, setVersion: function () {}, setJsPrefix: function() {}, setSwfPrefix: function() {}, setCssPrefix: function() {}, setConfig: function() {}, getAssetPrefix: function() {}, getJsPrefix: function () {}, getSwfPrefix: function () {}, getCssPrefix: function () {} }, survey: { init: function(){ return false; } }, data: {}, init: function() {}, objects: function(str) { return false; }, locale: { set: function() {}, get: function() {} }, setAdKeyValue: function() {}, utils: { addEvent: function() {}, addHtmlTagClass: function() {}, log: function () {} }, addLoadEvent: function() {} }; /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (typeof orb !== 'undefined' && typeof orb.fig === 'function') { if (orb.fig('ad') && orb.fig('uk') == 0) { bbcdotcom.data = { ads: (orb.fig('ad') ? 1 : 0), stats: (orb.fig('uk') == 0 ? 1 : 0), statsProvider: orb.fig('ap') }; } } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="'+('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://www.bbc.com' : 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://tps.bbc.com')+'/wwscripts/data">\x3C/script>'); } })(); /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (typeof orb === 'undefined' || typeof orb.fig !== 'function') { bbcdotcom.data = { ads: bbcdotcom.data.a, stats: bbcdotcom.data.b, statsProvider: bbcdotcom.data.c }; } if (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="'+('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://www.bbc.co.uk' : 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk')+'/wwscripts/flag">\x3C/script>'); } })(); /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (window.bbcdotcom && (typeof bbcdotcom.flag == 'undefined' || (typeof bbcdotcom.data.ads !== 'undefined' && bbcdotcom.flag.a != 1))) { bbcdotcom.data.ads = 0; } if (/[?|&]ads/.test(window.location.href) || /(^|; )ads=on; /.test(document.cookie) || /; ads=on(; |$)/.test(document.cookie)) { bbcdotcom.data.ads = 1; bbcdotcom.data.stats = 1; } if (window.bbcdotcom && (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 || bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1)) { bbcdotcom.assetPrefix = "https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom/1.62.0/"; if (/(sandbox|int)(.dev)*.bbc.co*/.test(window.location.href) || /[?|&]ads-debug/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ads-debug=') !== -1) { document.write('<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom/1.62.0/style/dist/bbcdotcom.dev.css" />'); } else { document.write('<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom/1.62.0/style/dist/bbcdotcom.css" />'); } (function() { var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; var src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; document.write('<scr' + 'ipt src="' + src + '">\x3C/script>'); })(); if (/(sandbox|int)(.dev)*.bbc.co*/.test(window.location.href) || /[?|&]ads-debug/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ads-debug=') !== -1) { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom/1.62.0/script/dist/bbcdotcom.dev.js">\x3C/script>'); } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom/1.62.0/script/dist/bbcdotcom.js">\x3C/script>'); } } })(); /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1) { document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://secure-us.imrworldwide.com/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://me-cdn.effectivemeasure.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://ssc.api.bbc.com/">'); } if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.googletagservices.com/">'); } </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (window.bbcdotcom && (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 || bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1)) { bbcdotcomConfig = {"adFormat":"standard","adKeyword":"","adMode":"smart","adsEnabled":true,"appAnalyticsSections":"","asyncEnabled":false,"disableInitialLoad":false,"advertInfoPageUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170819070549\/http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/privacy\/cookies\/international\/","advertisementText":"Advertisement","analyticsEnabled":true,"appName":"kandlcurriculum","assetPrefix":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170819070549\/http:\/\/static.bbci.co.uk\/bbcdotcom\/1.62.0\/","customAdParams":[],"customStatsParams":[],"headline":"","id":"","inAssociationWithText":"in association with","keywords":"","language":"","orbTransitional":false,"outbrainEnabled":true,"adsenseEnabled":true,"adsportappEnabled":true,"palEnv":"live","productName":"","sections":[],"comScoreEnabled":true,"comscoreSite":"bbc","comscoreID":"19293874","comscorePageName":"","slots":"","sponsoredByText":"is sponsored by","adsByGoogleText":"Ads by Google","summary":"","type":"","features":{"testfeature":{"name":"testfeature","envs":["sandbox","int","test"],"on":true,"options":{},"override":null},"lxadverts":{"name":"lxadverts","envs":[],"on":true,"options":{},"override":null}},"staticBase":"\/bbcdotcom","staticHost":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170819070549\/http:\/\/static.bbci.co.uk","staticVersion":"1.62.0","staticPrefix":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170819070549\/http:\/\/static.bbci.co.uk\/bbcdotcom\/1.62.0","dataHttp":"tps.bbc.com","dataHttps":"www.bbc.com","flagHttp":"www.bbc.co.uk","flagHttps":"www.bbc.co.uk","analyticsHttp":"sa.bbc.com","analyticsHttps":"ssa.bbc.com"}; bbcdotcom.config.init(bbcdotcomConfig, bbcdotcom.data, window.location, window.document); bbcdotcom.config.setAssetPrefix("https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom/1.62.0/"); bbcdotcom.config.setVersion("1.62.0"); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); if (/[?|&]ex-dp/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ex-dp=') !== -1) { bbcdotcom.utils.addHtmlTagClass('bbcdotcom-ex-dp'); } } })(); /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.head = true; }()); /*]]>*/ </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> // Globally available search context window.SEARCHBOX={"variant":"default","locale":"en","navSearchboxStaticPrefix":"//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/1.0.0-131","searchboxAppStaticPrefix":"//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://search.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox-app/1.0.16","searchFormHtml":"<div tabindex=\"-1\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg\" data-react-checksum=\"1923032532\"><div data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0\"><section class=\"se-searchbox-panel\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0\"><div class=\"se-g-wrap\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0\"><div class=\"se-g-layout\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0.0\"><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox-title\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0.0.0\">search</div><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0.0.1\"><form accept-charset=\"utf-8\" id=\"searchboxDrawerForm\" method=\"get\" action=\"//search.bbc.co.uk/search\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0.0.1.0\"><label class=\"se-searchbox__input\" for=\"se-searchbox-input-field\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0.0.1.0.0\"><span class=\"se-sr-only\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.0\">Search Term</span><input name=\"q\" type=\"text\" value=\"\" id=\"se-searchbox-input-field\" class=\"se-searchbox__input__field\" maxlength=\"512\" autocomplete=\"off\" autocorrect=\"off\" autocapitalize=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.1\"/></label><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"scope\" value=\"\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0.0.1.0.2\"/><button type=\"submit\" class=\"se-searchbox__submit\" tabindex=\"0\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0.0.1.0.3\">Search</button><button type=\"button\" class=\"se-searchbox__clear se-searchbox__clear--visible\" tabindex=\"0\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.0.0.0.1.0.4\">Close</button></form></div></div></div></section><div aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" class=\"se-suggestions-container\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.1\"><section class=\"se-g-wrap\" data-reactid=\".2fvssx2jgg.0.1.0\"></section></div></div></div>","searchScopePlaceholder":"<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"scope\" id=\"orb-search-scope\" value=\"all:learning\">","searchScopeParam":"?scope=all:learning","searchScopeTemplate":"all:learning","searchPlaceholderWrapperStart":"","searchPlaceholderWrapperEnd":""}; window.SEARCHBOX.suppress = false; window.SEARCHBOX.searchScope = SEARCHBOX.searchScopeTemplate.split('-')[0]; </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549cs_/http://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/1.0.0-131/css/main.css">    <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549cs_/http://static.bbc.co.uk/id/0.37.24/style/id-cta.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549cs_/http://static.bbc.co.uk/id/0.37.24/style/id-cta-v5.css"/>  <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var map = {}; if (typeof(map['jssignals-1']) == 'undefined') { map['jssignals-1'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/jssignals/0.3.6/modules/jssignals-1'; } require({paths: map}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549js_/http://static.bbc.co.uk/id/0.37.24/modules/idcta/dist/idcta-1.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { if (!window.require) { throw new Error('idcta: could not find require module'); } if(typeof(map) == 'undefined') { var map = {}; } if(!!document.createElementNS && !!document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', "svg").createSVGRect) { document.documentElement.className += ' id-svg'; } var ptrt = RegExp("[\\?&]ptrt=([^&#]*)").exec(document.location.href); var ENDPOINT_URL = '//' + ((window.location.protocol == "https:") ? ('ssl.bbc.co.uk').replace("www.", "ssl.") : ('ssl.bbc.co.uk').replace("ssl.", "www.")); var ENDPOINT_CONFIG = ('/idcta/config?callback&locale=en-GB&ptrt=' + encodeURI((ptrt ? ptrt[1] : document.location.href))).replace(/\&/g, '&'); var ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS = '/idcta/translations?callback&locale=en-GB'; map['idapp-1'] = '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbc.co.uk/idapp/0.72.58/modules/idapp/idapp-1'; map['idcta'] = '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbc.co.uk/id/0.37.24/modules/idcta'; map['idcta/config'] = [ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_CONFIG, '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbc.co.uk/id/0.37.24/modules/idcta/fallbackConfig']; map['idcta/translations'] = [ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS, '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbc.co.uk/id/0.37.24/modules/idcta/fallbackTranslations']; require({paths: map}); /* * Temporary code * To be removed when old id-statusbar-config is no longer supported */ define('id-statusbar-config', ['idcta/id-config'], function(conf) { return conf; }); define('idcta/id-statusbar-config', ['idcta/id-config'], function(conf) { return conf; }); })(); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549cs_/http://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/3.8.1/css/main.min.css"/> <script type="text/javascript"> (function (window, undefined) { function cutsMustard(){ return ('querySelector' in document && 'localStorage' in window && 'addEventListener' in window); } if (cutsMustard()) { document.documentElement.className += ' k-cuts-mustard'; } })(window); </script> </head> <body> <div id="bbccom_interstitial_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_interstitial" class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isActive('ads')) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bbccom_interstitial'); }); } }()); /*]]>*/ </script></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper" class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { var wallpaper; if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isActive('ads')) { if (bbcdotcom.config.isAsync()) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bbccom_wallpaper'); }); } else if (typeof googletag !== "undefined" && typeof googletag.display === "function") { googletag.display("wallpaper"); } wallpaper = bbcdotcom.adverts.adRegister.getAd('wallpaper'); } }()); /*]]>*/ </script></div><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isActive('ads')) { document.write(unescape('%3Cscript id="gnlAdsEnabled" class="bbccom_display_none"%3E%3C/script%3E')); } if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isActive('analytics')) { document.write(unescape('%3Cscript id="gnlAnalyticsEnabled" class="bbccom_display_none"%3E%3C/script%3E')); } }()); /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.bodyFirst = true; }()); /*]]>*/ </script> <div id="blq-global"> <div id="blq-pre-mast"> </div> </div> <script type="text/html" id="blq-bbccookies-tmpl"><![CDATA[ <section> <div id="bbccookies" class="bbccookies-banner orb-banner-wrapper bbccookies-d"> <div id="bbccookies-prompt" class="orb-banner b-g-p b-r b-f"> <h2 class="orb-banner-title"> Cookies on the BBC website </h2> <p class="orb-banner-content" dir="ltr"> The BBC has updated its cookie policy. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This includes cookies from third party social media websites if you visit a page which contains embedded content from social media. Such third party cookies may track your use of the BBC website.<span class="bbccookies-international-message"> We and our partners also use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you.</span> If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the BBC website. However, you can change your cookie settings at any time. </p> <ul class="orb-banner-options"> <li id="bbccookies-continue"> <button type="button" id="bbccookies-continue-button">Continue</button> </li> <li id="bbccookies-settings"> <a href="/privacy/cookies/managing/cookie-settings.html">Change settings</a> </li> <li id="bbccookies-more"><a href="/privacy/cookies/bbc">Find out more</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </section> ]]></script> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){if(bbccookies._showPrompt()){var g=document,b=g.getElementById("blq-pre-mast"),e=g.getElementById("blq-bbccookies-tmpl"),a,f;if(b&&g.createElement){a=g.createElement("div");f=e.innerHTML;f=f.replace("<"+"![CDATA[","").replace("]]"+">","");a.innerHTML=f;b.appendChild(a);blqCookieContinueButton=g.getElementById("bbccookies-continue-button");blqCookieContinueButton.onclick=function(){a.parentNode.removeChild(a);return false};bbccookies._setPolicy(bbccookies.readPolicy())}var c=g.getElementById("bbccookies");if(c&&!window.orb.fig("uk")){c.className=c.className.replace(/\bbbccookies-d\b/,"");c.className=c.className+(" bbccookies-w")}}})(); /*]]>*/</script> <noscript><p style="position: absolute; top: -999em"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s?name=kl.education.levels.higher.page&ml_name=webmodule&ml_version=75&blq_js_enabled=0&blq_s=4d&blq_r=2.7&blq_v=default&blq_e=pal&page_language=en-GB&page_type=index&co_level=higher&pal_route=curriculum&app_type=responsive&language=en-GB&pal_webapp=kandlcurriculum&prod_name=education&app_name=education" height="1" width="1" alt=""></p></noscript>  <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (typeof bbccookies !== 'undefined' && bbccookies.isAllowed('s1')) { (function () { require(['istats-1'], function (istats) { istatsTrackingUrl = istats.getDefaultURL(); if (istats.isEnabled() && bbcFlagpoles_istats === 'ON') { sitestat(istatsTrackingUrl); } else { window.ns_pixelUrl = istatsTrackingUrl; /* used by Flash library to track */ } function sitestat(n) { var j = document, f = j.location, b = ""; if (j.cookie.indexOf("st_ux=") != -1) { var k = j.cookie.split(";"); var e = "st_ux", h = document.domain, a = "/"; if (typeof ns_ != "undefined" && typeof ns_.ux != "undefined") { e = ns_.ux.cName || e; h = ns_.ux.cDomain || h; a = ns_.ux.cPath || a } for (var g = 0, f = k.length; g < f; g++) { var m = k[g].indexOf("st_ux="); if (m != -1) { b = "&" + decodeURI(k[g].substring(m + 6)) } } bbccookies.set(e + "=; expires=" + new Date(new Date().getTime() - 60).toGMTString() + "; path=" + a + "; domain=" + h); } window.ns_pixelUrl = n; } }); })(); } else { window.istats = {enabled: false}; } /*]]>*/</script>   <header id="orb-banner" role="banner">   <div id="orb-header" class="orb-nav-pri orb-nav-pri-grey b-header--grey--white orb-nav-empty"> <div class="orb-nav-pri-container b-r b-g-p"> <div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-blocks"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/"> <img class="orb-nav-theme-dynamic" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/3.21.26/orb/4/img/bbc-blocks-light.png" width="84" height="24" alt="BBC" data-activesrc="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/3.21.26/orb/4/img/bbc-blocks-dark.png"/> </a> </div> <section> <div class="orb-skip-links"> <h2>Accessibility links</h2> <ul> <li><a href="#aria-role-main">Skip to content</a></li> <li><a id="orb-accessibility-help" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div id="mybbc-wrapper" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-id orb-nav-focus"> <div id="idcta-statusbar" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-focus"> <a id="idcta-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://account.bbc.com/account?ptrt=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Feducation%2Flevels%2Fzkdqxnb"> <span id="idcta-username">BBC iD</span> </a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> require(['idcta/statusbar'], function(statusbar) { new statusbar.Statusbar({"id":"idcta-statusbar","publiclyCacheable":true}); }); </script> <a id="notification-link" class="js-notification-link animated three" href="#"> <span class="hidden-span">Notifications</span> <div class="notification-link--triangle"></div> <div class="notification-link--triangle"></div> <span id="not-num"></span> </a> </div> <nav role="navigation" class="orb-nav"> <div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-links orb-nav-focus" id="orb-nav-links"> <h2>BBC navigation</h2> <ul> <li class="orb-nav-home orb-d"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-homedotcom orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/">Home</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-news orb-d"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/news">News</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-sport"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/">Sport</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-weather"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/">Weather</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-shop orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://shop.bbc.com/">Shop</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-earthdotcom orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/earth/">Earth</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-travel-dotcom orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/travel/">Travel</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-capital orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/capital/">Capital</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-iplayer orb-d"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/">iPlayer</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-culture orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/culture/">Culture</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-autos orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/autos/">Autos</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-future orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/future/">Future</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-tv"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tv/">TV</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-radio"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/">Radio</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-cbbc"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-food"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/">Food</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/iwonder">iWonder</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education">Bitesize</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-travel orb-d"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/travel/">Travel</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-music"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/">Music</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-earth orb-d"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/earth/">Earth</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-arts"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/">Arts</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-makeitdigital"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/makeitdigital">Make It Digital</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-nature orb-w"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/">Nature</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-local"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/local/">Local</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-tomorrowsworld orb-d"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tomorrowsworld">Tomorrow's World</a> </li> <li id="orb-nav-more"><a href="#orb-footer" data-alt="More">Menu<span class="orb-icon orb-icon-arrow"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-search"> <a class="orb-search__button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://search.bbc.co.uk/search?scope=all:learning" title="Search the BBC">Search</a> <form class="b-f" id="orb-search-form" role="search" method="get" action="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://search.bbc.co.uk/search" accept-charset="utf-8"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="scope" id="orb-search-scope" value="all:learning"> <label for="orb-search-q">Search the BBC</label> <input id="orb-search-q" type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" name="q" placeholder="Search"> <button id="orb-search-button" class="orb-search__button">Search the BBC</button> <input type="hidden" name="suggid" id="orb-search-suggid"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="orb-panels"> <script type="text/template" id="orb-panel-template"><![CDATA[ <div id="orb-panel-<%= panelname %>" class="orb-panel" aria-labelledby="orb-nav-<%= panelname %>"> <div class="orb-panel-content b-g-p b-r"> <%= panelcontent %> </div> </div> ]]></script> </div> </div> </header>  <div id="orb-modules">  <div class="c-hero"> <div class="c-hero-panel-wrap b-g-m k-content"> <header class="masthead"> <h1 class="masthead__heading"> <a class="masthead__logo" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education">Bitesize</a> </h1> </header> <div class="k-spl-container b-g-m"> </div> <div class="c-context-panel k-clearfix"> <div class="crumbtrail"> <ol class="k-type-body-index"> <li itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb" class="first-child last-child"><a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education" itemprop="url"><span><span class="crumbtrail-last-word">Home</span></span><meta itemprop="title" content="Bitesize"/></a></li> </ol> </div> <h1 class="context-panel--header k-type-header">Higher</h1> <p class="c-context-panel-synopsis k-type-body-article">Highers are national school-leaving certificate exams and university entrance qualifications taken by 16 to 18 year olds in Scotland.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="k-curriculum-content"> <div id="aria-role-main" class="b-r b-g-m k-content k-main" role="main"> <div class="c-content-panel-wrap"> <div class="k-psm-1"> <div class="concept-list k-clearfix"> <ol class="inactive k-type-body-strong k-lp"> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zhfb87h"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017b76j.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017b76j.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017b76j.jpg" alt=""/> Art and Design </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zm6tyrd"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017b793.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017b793.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017b793.jpg" alt=""/> Biology </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zw26n39"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017b7l9.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017b7l9.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017b7l9.jpg" alt=""/> Business management </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zjmtsbk"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017b7my.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017b7my.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017b7my.jpg" alt=""/> Chemistry </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zxmh34j"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p01g2mrj.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p01g2mrj.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p01g2mrj.jpg" alt=""/> Computing Science </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zrkqhyc"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p01qc6ps.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p01qc6ps.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p01qc6ps.jpg" alt=""/> Dance </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zwd7pv4"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dpg5.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dpg5.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dpg5.jpg" alt=""/> Design and manufacture </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zgnv9j6"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017b7w7.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017b7w7.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017b7w7.jpg" alt=""/> Drama </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/z7qxfg8"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017b7tn.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017b7tn.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017b7tn.jpg" alt=""/> Engineering science </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zqxhfg8"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dmql.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dmql.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dmql.jpg" alt=""/> English </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zm2tvcw"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dpw3.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dpw3.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dpw3.jpg" alt=""/> Fashion and textile technology </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/z43cjxs"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dmrl.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dmrl.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dmrl.jpg" alt=""/> French </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zpscdmn"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dmry.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dmry.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dmry.jpg" alt=""/> Gaelic (Learners) </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zmhs34j"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dmsh.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dmsh.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dmsh.jpg" alt=""/> Geography </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/z7v42hv"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dmtl.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dmtl.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dmtl.jpg" alt=""/> German </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/z276yrd"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dmtx.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dmtx.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dmtx.jpg" alt=""/> Graphic communication </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zjw2n39"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dmrb.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dmrb.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dmrb.jpg" alt=""/> Health and food technology </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zxpfb9q"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dmvq.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dmvq.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dmvq.jpg" alt=""/> History </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/z6nygk7"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dn1n.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dn1n.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dn1n.jpg" alt=""/> Maths </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/z7cwhyc"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dn4z.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dn4z.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dn4z.jpg" alt=""/> Modern Languages </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/ztsvr82"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dn60.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dn60.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dn60.jpg" alt=""/> Modern Studies </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/z8hv9j6"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dn6c.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dn6c.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dn6c.jpg" alt=""/> Music </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/z34qn39"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p01qc6fl.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p01qc6fl.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p01qc6fl.jpg" alt=""/> Music Technology </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zhf3cdm"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dn77.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dn77.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dn77.jpg" alt=""/> Physical Education </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zpyb4wx"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dpcb.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dpcb.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dpcb.jpg" alt=""/> Physics </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/z782fg8"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dpjh.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dpjh.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dpjh.jpg" alt=""/> Religious, moral and philosophical studies </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zchv87h"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017dptn.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017dptn.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017dptn.jpg" alt=""/> Spanish </a> </li> <li class="concept"> <a class="concept__link" href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zk9w6sg"> <img class="resp" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/16x9/p017b7tn.jpg" data-src-d="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/144x81/p017b7tn.jpg" data-src-t="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/400x225/p017b7tn.jpg" alt=""/> Technologies </a> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="k-content k-kl-lpp-1-container k-type-body-index k-clearfix k-border-box"> <h2>Languages:</h2> <ol class="k-type-body-index k-clearfix"> <li><a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/language/cy" lang="cy-GB">Cymraeg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/language/ga" lang="ga-GB">Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/language/gd" lang="gd-GB">G脿idhlig</a></li> </ol> </div>  </div> <div id="orb-footer" class="orb-footer orb-footer-transparent-dark b-footer--transparent--dark-grey"> <div id="navp-orb-footer-promo" class="orb-footer-transparent-dark"></div> <aside role="complementary"> <div id="orb-aside" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"> <div class="orb-footer-inner" role="navigation"> <h2 class="orb-footer-lead">Explore the BBC</h2> <div class="orb-footer-primary-links"> <ul> <li class="orb-nav-home orb-d"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-homedotcom orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/">Home</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-news orb-d"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/news">News</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-sport"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/">Sport</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-weather"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/">Weather</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-shop orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://shop.bbc.com/">Shop</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-earthdotcom orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/earth/">Earth</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-travel-dotcom orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/travel/">Travel</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-capital orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/capital/">Capital</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-iplayer orb-d"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/">iPlayer</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-culture orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/culture/">Culture</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-autos orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/autos/">Autos</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-future orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/future/">Future</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-tv"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tv/">TV</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-radio"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/">Radio</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-cbbc"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-food"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/">Food</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/iwonder">iWonder</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education">Bitesize</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-travel orb-d"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/travel/">Travel</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-music"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/">Music</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-earth orb-d"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.com/earth/">Earth</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-arts"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/">Arts</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-makeitdigital"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/makeitdigital">Make It Digital</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-nature orb-w"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/">Nature</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-local"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/local/">Local</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-tomorrowsworld orb-d"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tomorrowsworld">Tomorrow's World</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </aside> <footer role="contentinfo"> <div id="orb-contentinfo" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"> <div class="orb-footer-inner"> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/terms/">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/">About the BBC</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/privacy/cookies/about">Cookies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidance/">Parental Guidance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/contact/">Contact the BBC</a> </li> <li class=" orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://advertising.bbcworldwide.com/">Advertise with us</a> </li> <li class=" orb-w"> <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/privacy/cookies/international/">Ad choices</a> </li> </ul> <small> <span class="orb-hilight">Copyright © 2017 BBC.</span> The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. <a href="/web/20170819070549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/help/web/links/" class="orb-hilight">Read about our approach to external linking.</a> </small> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && window.bbcdotcom.analytics && bbcdotcom.config && !bbcdotcom.config.isSportApp()) { bbcdotcom.analytics.page(); } /*]]>*/ </script><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549im_/http://ssc.api.bbc.com/?c1=2&c2=19293874&ns_site=bbc&name=" height="1" width="1" alt=""></noscript><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.currencyProviders) { bbcdotcom.currencyProviders.write(); } /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.currencyProviders) { bbcdotcom.currencyProviders.postWrite(); } /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.stats && bbcdotcom.data.stats === 1 && bbcdotcom.utils && window.location.pathname === '/' && window.bbccookies && bbccookies.readPolicy('performance') ) { var wwhpEdition = bbcdotcom.utils.getMetaPropertyContent('wwhp-edition'); var _sf_async_config={}; /** CONFIGURATION START **/ _sf_async_config.uid = 50924; _sf_async_config.domain = "bbc.co.uk"; _sf_async_config.title = "Homepage"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? ' - '+wwhpEdition : ''); _sf_async_config.sections = "Homepage"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? ', Homepage - '+wwhpEdition : ''); _sf_async_config.region = wwhpEdition; _sf_async_config.path = "/"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? '?'+wwhpEdition : ''); /** CONFIGURATION END **/ (function(){ function loadChartbeat() { window._sf_endpt=(new Date()).getTime(); var e = document.createElement("script"); e.setAttribute("language", "javascript"); e.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript"); e.setAttribute('src', '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'); document.body.appendChild(e); } var oldonload = window.onload; window.onload = (typeof window.onload != "function") ? loadChartbeat : function() { oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); }; })(); } /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.bodyLast = true; }()); /*]]>*/ </script></div> <script type="text/javascript" id="orb-js-script" data-assetpath="http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/3.21.26/orb/4/" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549js_/http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/3.21.26/orb/4/script/orb.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { 'use strict'; var promoManager = { url: '', promoLoaded: false, makeUrl: function (theme, site, win) { var loc = win? win.location : window.location, proto = loc.protocol, host = loc.host, url = proto + '//' + ((proto.match(/s:/i) && !host.match(/^www\.(int|test)\./i))? 'ssl.' : 'www.'), themes = ['light', 'dark']; if ( host.match(/^(?:www|ssl|m)\.(int|test|stage|live)\.bbc\./i) ) { url += RegExp.$1 + '.'; } else if ( host.match(/^pal\.sandbox\./i) ) { url += 'test.'; } theme = themes[ +(theme === themes[0]) ]; return url + 'bbc.co.uk/navpromo/card/' + site + '/' + theme; }, init: function(node) { var disabledByCookie = (document.cookie.indexOf('ckns_orb_nopromo=1') > -1), that = this; if (window.promomanagerOverride) { for (var p in promomanagerOverride) { that[p] = promomanagerOverride[p]; } } if ( window.orb.fig('uk') && !disabledByCookie ) { require(['orb/async/_footerpromo', 'istats-1'], function(promo, istats) { var virtualSite = istats.getSite() || 'default'; that.url = (window.promomanagerOverride || that).makeUrl('dark', virtualSite); if (that.url) { promo.load(that.url, node, { onSuccess: function(e) { if(e.status === 'success') { node.parentNode.className = node.parentNode.className + ' orb-footer-promo-loaded'; promoManager.promoLoaded = true; promoManager.event('promo-loaded').fire(e); } }, onError: function() { istats.log('error', 'orb-footer-promo-failed'); bbccookies.set('ckns_orb_nopromo=1; expires=' + new Date(new Date().getTime() + 1000 * 60 * 10).toGMTString() + ';path=/;'); } }); } }); } } }; define('orb/promomanager', ['orb/lib/_event'], function (event) { event.mixin(promoManager); return promoManager; }); require(['orb/promomanager'], function (promoManager) { promoManager.init(document.getElementById('navp-orb-footer-promo')); }) })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> require.config({ paths: { "mybbc/templates": '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/3.8.1/templates', "mybbc/notifications": '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/3.8.1/js' } }); require(['mybbc/notifications/NotificationsMain', 'idcta/idcta-1'], function (NotificationsMain, idcta) { var loadNotifications = function (fig) { if (fig.geo.isUK()) { NotificationsMain.run(idcta, '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/3.8.1/'); } }; var orbFig = window.orb.fig; if (typeof orbFig.load === 'function') { // Use new async API from Orbit orbFig.load(loadNotifications, loadNotifications); } else { // Use old sync-only API from PAL orbfig project loadNotifications(orbFig); } }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof require !== 'undefined') { require(['istats-1'], function(istats){ istats.track('external', { region: document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0] }); istats.track('download', { region: document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0] }); }); } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.SEARCHBOX.suppress === false && window.SEARCHBOX.locale && /^en-?.*?/.test(window.SEARCHBOX.locale)) { require.config({ paths: { "search/searchbox": window.SEARCHBOX.searchboxAppStaticPrefix, "disco-layer": "//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/discovery-layer/0.0.1-42.ded288e/app" } }); require(['search/searchbox/searchboxDrawer'], function (SearchboxDrawer) { SearchboxDrawer.run(window.SEARCHBOX); }); } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (cutsMustard()) { var bodyElement = document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]; bodyElement.className += (bodyElement.className? ' ' : '') + 'js'; } </script> <script> if (cutsMustard()) { require(["kandl/responsiveImages/responsiveImages"], function(ri) { ri.init(); }); } </script>  <script> if (!cutsMustard()) { require(["kandl/psm/psm"], function(psm) { psm.init(); }); } </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070549js_/http://static.bbci.co.uk/kandlcurriculum/2.3.45/js/education.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { require(['education'], function (education) { education.init(); }) })(); </script> <script> if (bbccookies && bbccookies.cookiesEnabled()) { var _sf_async_config={}, noCookies = true; if ("object" === typeof bbccookies && typeof bbccookies.readPolicy == 'function') { noCookies = !bbccookies.readPolicy().performance; } /** CONFIGURATION START **/ _sf_async_config.noCookies = noCookies; _sf_async_config.uid = 50924; _sf_async_config.domain = 'bbc.co.uk'; _sf_async_config.useCanonical = true; _sf_async_config.sections = 'bitesize'; _sf_async_config.authors = ''; _sf_async_config.mobileApp = false; /** CONFIGURATION END **/ (function(){ function loadChartbeat() { window._sf_endpt=(new Date()).getTime(); var e = document.createElement('script'); e.setAttribute('language', 'javascript'); e.setAttribute('type', 'text/javascript'); e.setAttribute('src', '//web.archive.org/web/20170819070549/http://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'); document.body.appendChild(e); } var oldonload = window.onload; window.onload = (typeof window.onload != 'function') ? loadChartbeat : function() { oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); }; })(); } </script> <script type="text/javascript">require(["megavolt-client","istats-1","orb/cookies"],function(t,e,i){function o(){return"true"===l&&a&&t&&"function"==typeof t.getMVTIStatsLabels}function n(){!c&&o()?setTimeout(function(){e.invoke()},"1000"):e.invoke()}var s=navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(),a=!(s.indexOf("msie")>-1)||parseInt(s.split("msie")[1],10)>10,c=!1,l="true";if(i.isAllowed("s1"))try{if(o()&&t.getMVTIStatsLabels(function(t){e.addLabels(t),c=!0}),!require.s.contexts._.config.paths.idcta)return void n();require(["idcta/idcta-1"],function(t){t&&"function"==typeof t.getIStatsLabels&&e.addLabels(t.getIStatsLabels()),n()},function(t){throw t})}catch(t){console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&console.log("an exception occurred while adding idcta labels to istats, invoking istats without them",t),n()}});</script> </body> </html>