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cdx-message--inline cdx-message--notice mw-fr-mobile-message-inline"><div class="cdx-message__content">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Swedish_language">reviewed</a> on 11 November 2024.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Swedish (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: svenska <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈsvɛ̂nːska]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e3\/Sv-svenska.ogg\/Sv-svenska.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-svenska.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Sv-svenska.ogg/Sv-svenska.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-svenska.ogg" title="File:Sv-svenska.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic language</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>, spoken predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It has at least 10 million native speakers, making it the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages#Statistics" title="Germanic languages">fourth most spoken Germanic language</a>, and the first among its type in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> overall.<a href="#cite_note-Wordminds_2019-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Swedish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Svenska</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈsvɛ̂nːska]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Native: 10 million (2012–2021)<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2 speakers</a>: 3 million<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Scandinavian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Scandinavian">East Scandinavian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Swedish</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Swedish" title="Modern Swedish">Modern Swedish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Braille">Swedish Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tecknad_svenska" title="Tecknad svenska">Tecknad svenska</a> (obsolete)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Language_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Language Council">Swedish Language Council</a> (in Sweden) <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> (in Sweden) <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" title="Institute for the Languages of Finland">Institute for the Languages of Finland</a> (in Finland)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=sv">sv</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=433">swe</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/swe" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:swe">swe</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/swed1254">swed1254</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-AAA-ck">to -cw 52-AAA-ck to -cw</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Swedish_language_map.svg/320px-Swedish_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Swedish_language_map.svg/480px-Swedish_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Swedish_language_map.svg/640px-Swedish_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="392"></a><div style="text-align:left;"> Regions where Swedish is an official language spoken by the majority of the population (Sweden, Åland, Western Finland) Regions where Swedish is an official language spoken by a minority of the population (Finland)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Swedish, like the other <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Nordic languages</a>, is a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, the common language of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. It is largely <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, although the degree of mutual intelligibility is dependent on the dialect and accent of the speaker. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Swedish" title="Standard Swedish">Standard Swedish</a>, spoken by most <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> that evolved from the Central <a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a> in the 19th century, and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> and rural dialects still exist, the written language is uniform and <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized</a>. Swedish is the most widely spoken second language in Finland where its status is co-<a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>. Swedish was long spoken in parts of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, although the current status of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedish" title="Estonian Swedish">Estonian Swedish</a> speakers is almost extinct. It is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_diaspora" title="Swedish diaspora">Swedish diaspora</a>, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway, with more than 50,000 Swedish residents.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classification">1 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Old_Norse">2.1 Old Norse</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Old_Swedish">2.2 Old Swedish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_Swedish">2.3 Modern Swedish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Contemporary_Swedish">2.4 Contemporary Swedish</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Geographic_distribution">3 Geographic distribution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Official_status">3.1 Official status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Regulatory_bodies">3.2 Regulatory bodies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Language_minorities_in_Estonia_and_Ukraine">3.3 Language minorities in Estonia and Ukraine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Phonology">4 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Grammar">5 Grammar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Vocabulary">6 Vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Writing_system">7 Writing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Dialects">8 Dialects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Standard_Swedish">8.1 Standard Swedish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Finland_Swedish">8.2 Finland Swedish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Immigrant_variants">8.3 Immigrant variants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sample">9 Sample</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Swedish is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. In the established classification, it belongs to the <a href="/wiki/East_Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Scandinavian languages">East Scandinavian languages</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, separating it from the <a href="/wiki/West_Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="West Scandinavian languages">West Scandinavian languages</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>. However, more recent analyses divide the North Germanic languages into two groups: Insular Scandinavian (Faroese and Icelandic), and Continental Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish), based on mutual intelligibility due to heavy influence of East Scandinavian (particularly Danish) on Norwegian during the last millennium and divergence from both Faroese and Icelandic.<a href="#cite_note-crystal-5">[5]</a> By many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of a common Scandinavian language. However, because of several hundred years of sometimes quite intense rivalry between <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and Sweden, including a long series of wars from the 16th to 18th centuries, and the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> ideas that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the languages have separate <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographies</a>, dictionaries, grammars, and regulatory bodies. Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are thus from a linguistic perspective more accurately described as a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> of Scandinavian (North Germanic), and some of the dialects, such as those on the border between Norway and Sweden, especially parts of <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalsland" title="Dalsland">Dalsland</a>, western <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, could be described as intermediate dialects of the national standard languages.<a href="#cite_note-crystal-5">[5]</a> Swedish pronunciations also vary greatly from one region to another, a legacy of the vast geographic distances and historical isolation. Even so, the vocabulary is standardized to a level that make dialects within Sweden virtually fully mutually intelligible. <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:95%; line-height:105%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> → </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swedish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Swedish" title="History of Swedish">History of Swedish</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Norse">Old Norse</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Norse" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/250px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/250px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/375px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/500px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_West_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old West Norse dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_East_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old East Norse dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility</div> </figcaption></figure> In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>, evolved into Old Norse. This language underwent more changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects: Old West Norse (Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). The dialects of Old East Norse spoken in Sweden are called <a href="/wiki/Runic_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic Swedish">Runic Swedish</a>, while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as "runic" because the main body of text appears in the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">runic alphabet</a>. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> alphabet, Old Norse was written with the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> alphabet, which had only 16 letters. Because the number of runes was limited, some runes were used for a range of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, such as the rune for the vowel u, which was also used for the vowels o, ø and y, and the rune for i, also used for e.<a href="#cite_note-Edlund2010p26-31-6">[6]</a> From 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark, creating a series of minor dialectal boundaries, or <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealand (Denmark)">Zealand</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Norrland" title="Norrland">Norrland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Österbotten</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-Edlund2010p26-31-6">[6]</a> An early change that separated Runic Danish from the other dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> æi to the <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a> é, as in stæinn to sténn "stone". This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin. There was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr "dead". This change is shown in runic inscriptions as a change from tauþr into tuþr. Moreover, the øy diphthong changed into a long, <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close</a> ø, as in the Old Norse word for "island". By the end of the period, these innovations had affected most of the Runic Swedish-speaking area as well, with the exception of the dialects spoken north and east of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren_Valley" title="Mälaren Valley">Mälardalen</a> where the diphthongs still exist in remote areas.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Swedish">Old Swedish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Old Swedish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg/220px-V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1133"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg/220px-V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg/330px-V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg/440px-V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen_blad_21.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The initial page of the first complete copy of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen" title="Västgötalagen">Västgötalagen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">law code</a> of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1280. It is one of the earliest texts in Swedish written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a></div> Old Swedish (Swedish: fornsvenska) is the term used for the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> Swedish language. The start date is usually set to 1225 since this is the year that <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6talagen" title="Västgötalagen">Västgötalagen</a> ("the Västgöta Law") is believed to have been compiled for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It is among the most important documents of the period written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> and the oldest Swedish <a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">law codes</a>. Old Swedish is divided into äldre fornsvenska (1225–1375) and yngre fornsvenska (1375–1526), "older" and "younger" Old Swedish.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Important outside influences during this time came with the firm establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Christian church</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> orders, introducing many <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> loanwords. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanseatic league">Hanseatic</a> power in the late 13th and early 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> became very influential. The Hanseatic league provided Swedish commerce and administration with a large number of <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>-speaking immigrants. Many became quite influential members of Swedish medieval society, and brought terms from their native languages into the vocabulary. Besides a great number of loanwords for such areas as warfare, trade and administration, general grammatical suffixes and even conjunctions were imported. The League also brought a certain measure of influence from Danish (at the time Swedish and Danish were much more similar than today).<a href="#cite_note-Edlund2010p29,31-10">[10]</a> Early Old Swedish was markedly different from the modern language in that it had a more complex <a href="/wiki/Case_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (linguistics)">case</a> structure and also retained the original Germanic three-<a href="/wiki/Gender_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender (grammar)">gender</a> system. <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numerals</a> were inflected in four cases; besides the extant <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, there were also the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Possessive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive case">possessive</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>. The gender system resembled that of modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, having masculine, feminine and neuter genders. The masculine and feminine genders were later merged into a common gender with the <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite suffix</a> -en and the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> den, in contrast with the neuter gender equivalents -et and det. The verb system was also more complex: it included <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> <a href="/wiki/Mood_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood (grammar)">moods</a> and verbs were conjugated according to <a href="/wiki/Person_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Person (grammar)">person</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Number_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Number (grammar)">number</a>. By the 16th century, the case and gender systems of the colloquial spoken language and the profane literature had been largely reduced to the two cases and two genders of modern Swedish.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> A transitional change of the Latin script in the Nordic countries was to spell the letter combination "ae" as æ – and sometimes as a' – though it varied between persons and regions. The combination "ao" was similarly rendered ao, and "oe" became oe. These three were later to evolve into the separate letters <a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The first time the new letters were used in print was in Aff dyäffwlsens frästilse ("By the Devil's temptation") published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gerson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Gerson (page does not exist)">Johan Gerson</a> in 1495.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Swedish">Modern Swedish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Swedish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Swedish" title="Modern Swedish">Modern Swedish</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg/170px-Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg/170px-Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg/255px-Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Front page of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a>'s Bible from 1541, using <a href="/wiki/Fraktur_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraktur (script)">Fraktur</a>. The title translated to English reads: "The Bible / That is / The Holy Scripture / in Swedish. Printed in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>. 1541".</figcaption></figure> Modern Swedish (Swedish: nysvenska) begins with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> and the European <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>. After assuming power, the new monarch <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a> ordered a Swedish translation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was published in 1526, followed by a full <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> in 1541, usually referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa_Bible" title="Gustav Vasa Bible">Gustav Vasa Bible</a>, a translation deemed so successful and influential that, with revisions incorporated in successive editions, it remained the most common Bible translation until 1917. The main translators were <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreæ</a> and the brothers <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The Vasa Bible is often considered to be a reasonable compromise between old and new; while not adhering to the colloquial spoken language of its day, it was not overly conservative in its use of archaic forms.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It was a major step towards a more consistent <a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">Swedish orthography</a>. It established the use of the vowels "å", "ä", and "ö", and the spelling "ck" in place of "kk", distinguishing it clearly from the Danish Bible, perhaps intentionally, given the ongoing rivalry between the countries. All three translators came from central Sweden, which is generally seen as adding specific Central Swedish features to the new Bible.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Though it might seem as if the Bible translation set a very powerful precedent for orthographic standards, spelling actually became more inconsistent during the remainder of the century. It was not until the 17th century that spelling began to be discussed, around the time when the first grammars were written.<a href="#cite_note-Gr%C3%BCnbaum2012-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">Capitalization</a> during this time was not standardized. It depended on the authors and their background. Those influenced by <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> capitalized all nouns, while others capitalized more sparsely. It is also not always apparent which letters are capitalized owing to the Gothic or <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> typeface that was used to print the Bible. This typeface was in use until the mid-18th century, when it was gradually replaced with a Latin typeface (often <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a>).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Some important changes in sound during the Modern Swedish period were the gradual assimilation of several different consonant clusters into the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">fricative</a> [ʃ] and later into [ɧ]. There was also the gradual softening of [ɡ] and [k] into [j] and the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolopalatal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolopalatal fricative">fricative</a> [ɕ] before <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">velar fricative</a> [ɣ] was also transformed into the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">plosive</a> [ɡ].<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Strindberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/August_Strindberg.jpg/180px-August_Strindberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/August_Strindberg.jpg/180px-August_Strindberg.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/August_Strindberg.jpg/270px-August_Strindberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/August_Strindberg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>, one of the most influential writers in modern Swedish literature.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Swedish">Contemporary Swedish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary Swedish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dem-dom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dem-dom.jpg/220px-Dem-dom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="482"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dem-dom.jpg/220px-Dem-dom.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dem-dom.jpg/330px-Dem-dom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dem-dom.jpg/440px-Dem-dom.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A sign on the wall of a Swedish hotel, using both the recommended<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> dem and the colloquial dom for the word "them" on the same sign.</figcaption></figure> The period that includes Swedish as it is spoken today is termed nusvenska (lit., "Now-Swedish") in linguistics, and started in the last decades of the 19th century. It saw a democratization of the language with a less formal written form that approached the spoken one. The growth of a public school system also led to the evolution of so-called boksvenska (literally, "book Swedish"), especially among the working classes, where spelling to some extent influenced pronunciation, particularly in official contexts. With the industrialization and urbanization of Sweden well under way by the last decades of the 19th century, a new breed of authors made their mark on <a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish literature</a>. Many scholars, politicians and other public figures had a great influence on the emerging national language, among them prolific authors like the poet <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Fr%C3%B6ding" title="Gustaf Fröding">Gustaf Fröding</a>, Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a> and radical writer and playwright <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It was during the 20th century that a common, standardized national language became available to all Swedes. The orthography finally stabilized and became almost completely uniform, with some minor deviations, by the time of the spelling reform of 1906.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> With the exception of plural forms of verbs and a slightly different syntax, particularly in the written language, the language was the same as the Swedish of today. The plural verb forms appeared decreasingly in formal writing into the 1950s, when their use was removed from all official recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> A very significant change in Swedish occurred in the late 1960s, with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Du-reformen" title="Du-reformen">du-reformen</a>. Previously, the proper way to address people of the same or higher social status had been by title and surname. The use of herr ("Mr." or "Sir"), fru ("Mrs." or "Ma'am") or fröken ("Miss") was considered the only acceptable way to begin conversation with strangers of unknown occupation, academic title or military rank. The fact that the listener should preferably be referred to in the third person tended to further complicate spoken communication between members of society. In the early 20th century, an unsuccessful attempt was made to replace the insistence on titles with ni—the standard <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">second person plural</a> pronoun)—analogous to the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> vous (see <a href="/wiki/T-V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T-V distinction">T-V distinction</a>). Ni wound up being used as a slightly less familiar form of du, the singular second person pronoun, used to address people of lower social status. With the liberalization and radicalization of Swedish society in the 1950s and 1960s, these class distinctions became less important, and du became the standard, even in formal and official contexts. Though the reform was not an act of any centralized political decree, but rather the result of sweeping change in social attitudes, it was completed in just a few years, from the late 1960s to early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The use of ni as a polite form of address is sometimes encountered today in both the written and spoken language, particularly among older speakers.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Swedish is the sole official national language of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and one of two in Finland (alongside <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>). As of 2006, it was the sole native language of 83% of Swedish residents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkvall200924-27">[27]</a> In 2007, around 5.5% (c. 290,000) of the population of Finland were native speakers of Swedish,<a href="#cite_note-StatsFinland-28">[28]</a> partially due to a decline following the Russian annexation of Finland after the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> 1808–1809.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Fenno-Swedish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">speaking minority</a> is concentrated in the coastal areas and <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a> of southern and western Finland. In some of these areas, Swedish is the predominant language; in 19 <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a>, 16 of which are located <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_dialects" title="Åland dialects">in Åland</a>, Swedish is the sole official language. <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> county is an autonomous region of Finland.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> According to a rough estimation, as of 2010 there were up to 300,000 Swedish-speakers living outside Sweden and Finland. The largest populations were in the United States (up to 100,000), the UK, Spain and Germany (c. 30,000 each) and a large proportion of the remaining 100,000 in the Scandinavian countries, France, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Over three million people speak Swedish as a second language, with about 2,410,000 of those in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> According to a survey by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, 44% of respondents from Finland who did not have Swedish as a native language considered themselves to be proficient enough in Swedish to hold a conversation.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Due to the close relation between the Scandinavian languages, a considerable proportion of speakers of Danish and especially Norwegian are able to understand Swedish.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> There is considerable migration between the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, but owing to the similarity between the cultures and languages (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>), expatriates generally <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (sociology)">assimilate</a> quickly and do not stand out as a group. According to the 2000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a>, some 67,000 people over the age of five were reported as Swedish speakers, though without any information on the degree of language proficiency.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Similarly, there were 16,915 reported Swedish speakers in Canada from the 2001 census.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Although there are no certain numbers, some 40,000 Swedes are estimated to live in the London area in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Outside Sweden and Finland, there are about 40,000 active learners enrolled in Swedish language courses.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a significant Swedish-speaking immigrant population. This was notably true in states like <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, where many Swedish immigrants settled. By 1940, approximately 6% of Minnesota's population spoke Swedish.<a href="#cite_note-Census_1940_languages-38">[38]</a> Although the use of Swedish has significantly declined, it is not uncommon to find older generations and communities that still retain some use and knowledge of the language, particularly in rural communities like <a href="/wiki/Lindstr%C3%B6m,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindström, Minnesota">Lindström</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandia,_Minnesota" title="Scandia, Minnesota">Scandia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-College_of_Liberal_Arts_q544-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lindstrom,_MN_f027-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Official status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oikokatu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oikokatu.JPG/220px-Oikokatu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="1052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oikokatu.JPG/220px-Oikokatu.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oikokatu.JPG/330px-Oikokatu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oikokatu.JPG/440px-Oikokatu.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>/Swedish street sign in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </figcaption></figure> Swedish is the official main language of Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Swedish is also one of two official languages of Finland. In Sweden, it has long been used in local and state government, and most of the educational system, but remained only a de facto primary language with no official status in law until 2009. A bill was proposed in 2005 that would have made Swedish an official language, but failed to pass by the narrowest possible margin (145–147) due to a <a href="/wiki/Pair_(parliamentary_convention)" title="Pair (parliamentary convention)">pairing-off</a> failure.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> A proposal for a broader language law, designating Swedish as the main language of the country and bolstering the status of the minority languages, was submitted by an expert committee to the Swedish Ministry of Culture in March 2008. It was subsequently enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>, and entered into effect on 1 July 2009.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Swedish is the sole official language of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous entity">autonomous</a> province under the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> of Finland), where the vast majority of the 26,000 inhabitants speak Swedish as a first language. In Finland as a whole, Swedish is one of the two "national" languages, with the same official status as <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> (spoken by the majority) at the state level and an official language in some <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipalities</a>. Swedish is one of the official languages of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and one of the working languages of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Language_Convention" title="Nordic Language Convention">Nordic Language Convention</a>, citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> speaking Swedish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for interpretation or translation costs.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulatory_bodies">Regulatory bodies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regulatory bodies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_archipelago_(Saaremaa_and_Hiiumaa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Estonian_archipelago_%28Saaremaa_and_Hiiumaa%29.jpg/220px-Estonian_archipelago_%28Saaremaa_and_Hiiumaa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="516"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 321px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Estonian_archipelago_%28Saaremaa_and_Hiiumaa%29.jpg/220px-Estonian_archipelago_%28Saaremaa_and_Hiiumaa%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="321" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Estonian_archipelago_%28Saaremaa_and_Hiiumaa%29.jpg/330px-Estonian_archipelago_%28Saaremaa_and_Hiiumaa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Estonian_archipelago_%28Saaremaa_and_Hiiumaa%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago" title="West Estonian archipelago">Estonian islands</a>, which formerly housed "Coastal Swede" populations</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Language_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Language Council">Swedish Language Council</a> (Språkrådet) is the regulator of Swedish in Sweden but does not attempt to enforce control of the language, as for instance the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> does for <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. However, many organizations and agencies require the use of the council's publication Svenska skrivregler in official contexts, with it otherwise being regarded as a de facto orthographic standard. Among the many organizations that make up the Swedish Language Council, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> (established 1786) is arguably the most influential. Its primary instruments are the <a href="/wiki/Spelling#Spelling_standards_and_conventions" title="Spelling">spelling dictionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordlista" title="Svenska Akademiens ordlista">Svenska Akademiens ordlista</a> (SAOL, currently in its 14th edition) and the dictionary <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_Ordbok" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska Akademiens Ordbok">Svenska Akademiens Ordbok</a>, in addition to various books on grammar, spelling and manuals of style. Although the dictionaries have a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptive</a> element, they mainly describe current usage.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In Finland, a special branch of the <a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Institute for the Languages of Finland">Research Institute for the Languages of Finland</a> has official status as the regulatory body for Swedish in Finland. Among its highest priorities is to maintain intelligibility with the language spoken in Sweden. It has published Finlandssvensk ordbok, a dictionary about the differences between Swedish in Finland and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_minorities_in_Estonia_and_Ukraine">Language minorities in Estonia and Ukraine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language minorities in Estonia and Ukraine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From the 13th to 20th century, there were <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedes" title="Estonian Swedes">Swedish-speaking communities in Estonia</a>, particularly on the islands (e. g., <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vormsi" title="Vormsi">Vormsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruhnu" title="Ruhnu">Ruhnu</a>; in Swedish, known as Dagö, Ormsö, Runö, respectively) along the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>, communities that today have all disappeared. The Swedish-speaking minority was represented in <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>, and entitled to use their native language in parliamentary debates. After the loss of Estonia to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the early 18th century, around 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedish" title="Estonian Swedish">Estonian Swedish</a> speakers were forced to march to southern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, where they founded a village, <a href="/wiki/Gammalsvenskby" title="Gammalsvenskby">Gammalsvenskby</a> ("Old Swedish Village"). A few elderly people in the village still speak a <a href="/wiki/Gammalsvenska" title="Gammalsvenska">Swedish dialect</a> and observe the holidays of the Swedish calendar, although their dialect is most likely facing extinction.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> From 1918 to 1940, when Estonia was independent, the small Swedish community was well treated. Municipalities with a Swedish majority, mainly found along the coast, used Swedish as the administrative language and Swedish-Estonian culture saw an upswing. However, most Swedish-speaking people fled to Sweden before the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, that is, before the invasion of Estonia by the Soviet army in 1944. Only a handful of speakers remain.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg/300px-Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg/300px-Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg/450px-Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg/600px-Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The vowel phonemes of Central Standard Swedish<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> Swedish dialects have either 17 or 18 vowel <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, 9 long and 9 short. As in the other Germanic languages, including English, most long vowels are phonetically paired with one of the short vowels, and the pairs are such that the two vowels are of similar <a href="/wiki/Vowel_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel quality">quality</a>, but with the short vowel being slightly lower and slightly centralized. In contrast to e.g. Danish, which has only tense vowels, the short vowels are slightly more lax, but the tense vs. lax contrast is not nearly as pronounced as in English, German or Dutch. In many dialects, the short vowel sound pronounced [ɛ] or [æ] has merged with the short /e/ (transcribed ⟨ɛ⟩ in the chart below).<a href="#cite_note-AndersonEngstrand-52">[52]</a> There are 18 consonant phonemes, two of which, /<a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a>/ and /r/, vary considerably in pronunciation depending on the dialect and social status of the speaker. In many dialects, sequences of /r/ (pronounced alveolarly) with a dental consonant result in <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a>; alveolarity of the pronunciation of /r/ is a precondition for this retroflexion. /r/ has a <a href="/wiki/Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">guttural</a> or "French R" pronunciation in the <a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_dialects" title="South Swedish dialects">South Swedish dialects</a>; consequently, these dialects lack <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Swedish is a <a href="/wiki/Stress-timed" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress-timed">stress-timed</a> language, where the time intervals between <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed syllables</a> are equal. However, when casually spoken, it tends to be <a href="/wiki/Syllable-timed" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable-timed">syllable-timed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Any stressed syllable carries one of two <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>, which gives Swedish much of its characteristic sound. <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a> is often one of the most noticeable differences between dialects.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">(ɳ)</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">(ʈ)</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">(ɖ)</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">(ʂ)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish grammar</a></div> The standard word order is, as in most <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2</a>, which means that the <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verb</a> (V) appears in the second position (2) of a declarative <a href="/wiki/Main_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Main clause">main clause</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swedish_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish morphology">Swedish morphology</a> is similar to English; that is, words have comparatively few <a href="/wiki/Inflections" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflections">inflections</a>. Swedish has two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and is generally seen to have two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical cases">grammatical cases</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> (except for pronouns that, as in English, also are inflected in the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> form) – although it is debated if the genitive in Swedish should be seen as a genitive case or just the nominative plus the so-called genitive s, then seen as a <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a>. Swedish has two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical numbers</a> – <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">Adjectives</a> have discrete <a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">comparative and superlative</a> forms and are also inflected according to gender, number and <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a>. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through <a href="/wiki/Suffixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixes">suffixes</a> (endings), complemented with separate definite and indefinite <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> features both <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a comparatively large <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> inventory. Swedish is also notable for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dorso-palatal_velar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative">voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative</a>, a highly variable consonant <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>. Swedish <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> are declined in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. Nouns are of <a href="/wiki/Common_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Common gender">common gender</a> (en form) or <a href="/wiki/Neuter_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter gender">neuter gender</a> (ett form).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The gender determines the declension of the <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>. For example, the word fisk ("fish") is a noun of common gender (en fisk) and can have the following forms: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite form </th> <td>fisk </td> <td>fiskar </td></tr> <tr> <th>Definite form </th> <td>fisken </td> <td>fiskarna </td></tr></tbody></table> The definite singular form of a noun is created by adding a suffix (-en, -n, -et or -t), depending on its gender and if the noun ends in a vowel or not. The definite articles den, det, and de are used for variations to the definitiveness of a noun. They can double as <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> or <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(class)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (class)">demonstrative determiners</a> when used with <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> such as här ("here") or där ("there") to form den/det här (can also be "denna/detta") ("this"), de här (can also be "dessa") ("these"), den/det där ("that"), and de där ("those"). For example, den där fisken means "that fish" and refers to a specific fish; den fisken is less definite and means "that fish" in a more abstract sense, such as that set of fish; while fisken means "the fish". In certain cases, the definite form indicates possession, e. g., jag måste tvätta håret ("I must wash my hair").<a href="#cite_note-Haugen-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> are inflected in two declensions – indefinite and definite – and they must match the noun they modify in gender and number. The indefinite neuter and plural forms of an adjective are usually created by adding a suffix (-t or -a) to the common form of the adjective, e. g., en grön stol (a green chair), ett grönt hus (a green house), and gröna stolar ("green chairs"). The definite form of an adjective is identical to the indefinite plural form, e. g., den gröna stolen ("the green chair"), det gröna huset ("the green house"), and de gröna stolarna ("the green chairs").<a href="#cite_note-Haugen-58">[58]</a> Swedish <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> are similar to those of English. Besides the two natural genders han and hon ("he" and "she"), there are also the two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a> den and det, usually termed <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Danish_and_Swedish" title="Gender in Danish and Swedish">common and neuter</a>. In recent years, a <a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-neutral">gender-neutral</a> pronoun hen has been introduced, particularly in literary Swedish. Unlike the nouns, pronouns have an additional <a href="/wiki/Object_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (linguistics)">object</a> form, derived from the old <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> form. Hon, for example, has the following nominative, possessive, and object forms:<a href="#cite_note-Haugen-58">[58]</a> <dl><dd>hon – hennes – henne</dd></dl> Swedish also uses third-person possessive <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronouns</a> that refer to the subject in a clause, a trait that is restricted to North Germanic languages: <dl><dd>Anna gav Maria sin bok.; "Anna gave Maria her [Anna's] book." (reflexive)</dd> <dd>Anna gav Maria hennes bok.; "Anna gave Maria her [Maria's] book." (not reflexive)</dd></dl> Swedish used to have a <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> that was placed at the end of the head of a noun phrase. In modern Swedish, it has become an <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a> -s, which attaches to the end of the noun phrase, rather than the noun itself.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <dl><dd>hästen; "the horse" – hästens "the horse's"</dd> <dd>hästen på den blommande ängens svarta man; "the horse in the flowering meadow's black mane"</dd></dl> In formal written language, it used to be considered correct to place the genitive -s after the head of the noun phrase (hästen), though this is today considered dated, and different grammatical constructions are often used.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Verbs are <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>. One group of verbs (the ones ending in -er in present tense) has a special <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> form (generally the verb <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a>), but with most verbs the imperative is identical to the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> form. <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">Perfect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a> as adjectival verbs are very common:<a href="#cite_note-Haugen-58">[58]</a> <dl><dd>Perfect participle: en stekt fisk; "a fried fish" (steka = to fry)</dd> <dd>Present participle: en stinkande fisk; "a stinking fish" (stinka = to stink)</dd></dl> In contrast to English and many other languages, Swedish does not use the perfect participle to form the present perfect and past perfect. Rather, the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> har ("have"), hade ("had") is followed by a special form, called the <a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">supine</a>, used solely for this purpose (although often identical to the neuter form of the perfect participle):<a href="#cite_note-Haugen-58">[58]</a> <dl><dd>Perfect participle: målad, "painted" – supine målat, present perfect har målat; "have painted"</dd> <dd>Perfect participle: stekt, "fried" – supine stekt, present perfect har stekt; "have fried"</dd> <dd>Perfect participle: skriven, "written" – supine skrivit, present perfect har skrivit; "have written"</dd></dl> When building the compound passive voice using the verb att bli, the past participle is used: <dl><dd>den blir målad; "it's being painted"</dd> <dd>den blev målad; "it was painted"</dd></dl> There exists also an inflected passive voice formed by adding -s, replacing the final r in the present tense: <dl><dd>den målas; "it's being painted"</dd> <dd>den målades; "it was painted"</dd></dl> In a subordinate <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>, the auxiliary har is optional and often omitted, particularly in written Swedish. <dl><dd>Jag ser att han (har) stekt fisken; "I see that he has fried the fish"</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">Subjunctive mood</a> is occasionally used for some verbs, but its use is in sharp decline and few speakers perceive the handful of commonly used verbs (as for instance: vore, månne) as separate conjugations, most of them remaining only as set of <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiomatic expressions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haugen-58">[58]</a> Where other languages may use <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical cases">grammatical cases</a>, Swedish uses numerous <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, similar to those found in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. As in modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, prepositions formerly determined case in Swedish, but this feature can only be found in certain idiomatic expressions like till fots ("on foot", genitive).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> As Swedish is a Germanic language, the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> shows similarities to both English and German. Like English, Swedish has a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> basic word order, but like German it utilizes <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">verb-second word order</a> in main clauses, for instance after <a href="/wiki/Adverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbs">adverbs</a> and adverbial phrases, and <a href="/wiki/Dependent_clauses" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent clauses">dependent clauses</a>. (Adverbial phrases denoting time are usually placed at the beginning of a main clause that is at the head of a sentence.) <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional phrase">Prepositional phrases</a> are placed in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place%E2%80%93manner%E2%80%93time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place–manner–time (page does not exist)">place–manner–time</a> order, as in English (but not German). Adjectives precede the noun they modify.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Verb-second (inverted) word order is also used for questions.<a href="#cite_note-Stensson_2013-63">[63]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> of Swedish is mainly Germanic, either through common Germanic heritage or through loans from German, Middle Low German, and to some extent, English. Examples of Germanic words in Swedish are mus ("mouse"), kung ("king"), and gås ("goose"). A significant part of the religious and scientific vocabulary is of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> origin, often borrowed from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and, lately, English. Some 1–200 words are also borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, often as slang varieties; a commonly used word from Romani is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tjej" class="extiw" title="wikt:tjej">tjej</a> ("girl").<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A large number of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> words were imported into Sweden around the 18th century. These words have been <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcribed</a> to the Swedish spelling system and are therefore pronounced recognizably to a French-speaker. Most of them are distinguished by a "French accent", characterized by emphasis on the last syllable. For example, nivå (fr. niveau, "level"), fåtölj (fr. fauteuil, "armchair") and affär ("shop; affair"), etc. Cross-borrowing from other Germanic languages has also been common, at first from Middle Low German, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic league</a> and later from <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>. Some compounds are translations of the elements (<a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a>) of German original compounds into Swedish, like bomull from German Baumwolle ("cotton"; literally, tree-wool).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As with many Germanic languages, new words can be formed by compounding, e. g., nouns like nagellackborttagningsmedel ("nail polish remover") or verbs like smyglyssna ("to eavesdrop").<a href="#cite_note-CompoundNoun-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Compound nouns take their <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a>, which in Swedish is always the last morpheme.<a href="#cite_note-CompoundNoun-66">[66]</a> New words can also be coined by <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">derivation</a> from other established words, such as the <a href="/wiki/Verbification" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbification">verbification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> by the adding of the <a href="/wiki/Suffix#Derivational_suffixes" title="Suffix">suffix</a> -a, as in bil ("car") and bila ("travel (recreationally) by car").<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The opposite, making nouns of verbs, is also possible, as in tänk ("way of thinking; concept") from tänka ("to think").<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">Swedish orthography</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish alphabet</a> is a 29-letter <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>, using the 26-letter <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a> plus the three additional letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩, and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩ constructed in the 16th century by writing ⟨o⟩ and ⟨e⟩ on top of an ⟨a⟩, and an ⟨e⟩ on top of an ⟨o⟩. Though these combinations are historically modified versions of ⟨<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a>⟩ according to the English range of usage for the term <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a>, these three characters are not considered to be diacritics within the Swedish application, but rather separate letters, and are independent letters following ⟨z⟩. Before the release of the 13th edition of <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordlista" title="Svenska Akademiens ordlista">Svenska Akademiens ordlista</a> in April 2006, ⟨w⟩ was treated as merely a variant of ⟨v⟩ used only in names (such as "Wallenberg") and foreign words ("bowling"), and so was both sorted and pronounced as a ⟨v⟩. Other <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> (to use the broader English term usage referenced here) are unusual in Swedish; ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>⟩ is sometimes used to indicate that the stress falls on a terminal syllable containing ⟨e⟩, especially when the stress changes the meaning (ide vs. idé, "winter lair" vs. "idea") as well as in some names, like Kastrén; occasionally other <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accents</a> and, less often, <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accents</a> can be seen in names and some foreign words. The letter ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a>⟩ is used to refer to unit cost (a loan from the French), equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a> (⟨@⟩) in English.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The German ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩ is treated as a variant of ⟨<a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a>⟩ and sometimes retained in foreign names and words, e. g., müsli ("muesli/granola"). A proper <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> may very exceptionally be seen in elaborated style (for instance: "Aïda"). The German convention of writing ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ as ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ if the characters are unavailable is an unusual convention for speakers of modern Swedish. Despite the availability of all these characters in the Swedish national <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level Internet domain</a> and other such domains, Swedish sites are frequently labelled using ⟨a⟩ and ⟨o⟩, based on visual similarity, though Swedish domains could be registered using the characters ⟨å⟩, ⟨ä⟩, and ⟨ö⟩ from 2003.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In Swedish <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> is used in a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">similar manner as in English</a>, with some exceptions: the colon is used for some abbreviations, such as 3:e for tredje ("third") and S:t for Sankt ("Saint"), and for all types of <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">endings</a> that can be added to numbers, letters and abbreviations, such as a:et ("the a") and CD:n ("the CD"), or the genitive form USA:s ("USA's").<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R-pronounciation_in_Swedish_language.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/R-pronounciation_in_Swedish_language.JPG/220px-R-pronounciation_in_Swedish_language.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="860"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/R-pronounciation_in_Swedish_language.JPG/220px-R-pronounciation_in_Swedish_language.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/R-pronounciation_in_Swedish_language.JPG/330px-R-pronounciation_in_Swedish_language.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/R-pronounciation_in_Swedish_language.JPG/440px-R-pronounciation_in_Swedish_language.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">Isogloss</a> for the pronunciation of "R" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1960), being <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar</a> north of the boundary and <a href="/wiki/Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">uvular</a> ("French R") south of it. It follows that the R+S combination is pronounced as spelled south of the boundary, while pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>] (similar to "sh" in "shark") north of it. This isogloss is the most imperative of all Swedish pronunciation differences.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></div> According to a traditional division of Swedish <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, there are six main groups of dialects:<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norrland_dialects" title="Norrland dialects">Norrland dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Finland Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svealand_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Svealand Swedish">Svealand dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gotland dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tam%C3%A5l_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Götamål dialect">Götaland dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_dialects" title="South Swedish dialects">South Swedish dialects</a></li></ul> The traditional definition of a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> has been a local variant that has not been heavily influenced by the standard language and that can trace a separate development all the way back to <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. Many of the genuine rural dialects, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Orsa,_Sweden" title="Orsa, Sweden">Orsa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a> or <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rpes" title="Närpes">Närpes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Österbotten</a>, have very distinct phonetic and grammatical features, such as plural forms of verbs or archaic <a href="/wiki/Case_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (linguistics)">case</a> inflections. These dialects can be near-incomprehensible to a majority of Swedes, and most of their speakers are also fluent in Standard Swedish. The different dialects are often so localized that they are limited to individual <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> and are referred to by Swedish linguists as sockenmål (lit., "parish speech"). They are generally separated into six major groups, with common characteristics of prosody, grammar and vocabulary. One or several examples from each group are given here. Though each example is intended to be also representative of the nearby dialects, the actual number of dialects is several hundred if each individual community is considered separately.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> This type of classification, however, is based on a somewhat romanticized <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> view of ethnicity and language. The idea that only rural variants of Swedish should be considered "genuine" is not generally accepted by modern scholars. No dialects, no matter how remote or obscure, remained unchanged or undisturbed by a minimum of influences from surrounding dialects or the standard language, especially not from the late 19th century onwards with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> and advanced forms of transport. The differences are today more accurately described by a scale that runs from "standard language" to "rural dialect" where the speech even of the same person may vary from one extreme to the other depending on the situation. All Swedish dialects with the exception of the highly diverging forms of speech in <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a> and, to some extent, <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> can be considered to be part of a common, mutually intelligible <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. This continuum may also include <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The samples linked below have been taken from SweDia, a research project on Swedish modern dialects available for download (though with information in Swedish only), with many more samples from 100 different dialects with recordings from four different speakers: older female, older male, younger female and younger male. The dialect groups are those traditionally used by dialectologists.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Swedish_dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_of_Swedish_dialects.png/350px-Map_of_Swedish_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="408" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="538"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 408px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_of_Swedish_dialects.png/350px-Map_of_Swedish_dialects.png" data-width="350" data-height="408" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Map_of_Swedish_dialects.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map showing location of the various modern dialect samples</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96verkalix" title="Överkalix">Överkalix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Norrland/Norrbotten/Overkalix/yw.html">younger female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burtr%C3%A4sk" title="Burträsk">Burträsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Västerbotten">Västerbotten</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Norrland/Vasterbotten/Burtrask/ow.html">older female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asp%C3%A5s" title="Aspås">Aspås</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Norrland/Jamtland/Aspas/yw.html">younger female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4rila" title="Färila">Färila</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Norrland/Halsingland/Farila/om.html">older male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen" title="Älvdalen">Älvdalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Svealand/Dalarna/Alvdalen/ow.html">older female</a>; traditionally considered a dialect, but now often recognized as <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a>, a separate language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A4s%C3%B6" title="Gräsö">Gräsö</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Svealand/Uppland/Graso/om.html">older male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorunda" title="Sorunda">Sorunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Svealand/Sodermanland/Sorunda/ym.html">younger male</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Köla (page does not exist)">Köla</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Svealand/Varmland/Kola/yw.html">younger female</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viby,_N%C3%A4rke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viby, Närke (page does not exist)">Viby</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rke" title="Närke">Närke</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Svealand/Narke/Viby/om.html">older male</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sproge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sproge (page does not exist)">Sproge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Gotaland/Gotland/Sproge/yw.html">younger female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rpes" title="Närpes">Närpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Finland/Osterbotten/Narpes/yw.html">younger female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragsfj%C3%A4rd" title="Dragsfjärd">Dragsfjärd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Finland/Aboland/Dragsfjard/om.html">older male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg%C3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgå">Borgå</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Uusimaa" title="Eastern Uusimaa">Eastern Uusimaa</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Finland/Nyland/Borga/ym.html">younger male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orust" title="Orust">Orust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Gotaland/Bohuslan/Orust/om.html">older male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floby" title="Floby">Floby</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Gotaland/Vastergotland/Floby/ow.html">older female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimforsa" title="Rimforsa">Rimforsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Gotaland/Ostergotland/Rimforsa/ow.html">older female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85rstad,_Falkenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Årstad, Falkenberg">Årstad</a>-<a href="/wiki/Heberg" title="Heberg">Heberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Gotaland/Halland/Arstad/ym.html">younger male</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stenberga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stenberga (page does not exist)">Stenberga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Gotaland/Smaland/Stenberga/yw.html">younger female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4msh%C3%B6g" title="Jämshög">Jämshög</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Gotaland/Blekinge/Jamshog/ow.html">older female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara,_Scania" title="Bara, Scania">Bara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Gotaland/Skane/Bara/om.html">older male</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Swedish">Standard Swedish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Standard Swedish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Swedish" title="Standard Swedish">Standard Swedish</a> is the language used by virtually all Swedes and most <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedish-speaking Finns</a>. It is called rikssvenska or standardsvenska ("Standard Swedish") in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In Finland, högsvenska ("High Swedish") is used for the Finnish variant of standard Swedish and rikssvenska refers to Swedish as spoken in Sweden in general.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In a poll conducted in 2005 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Retail_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish Retail Institute (page does not exist)">Swedish Retail Institute</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hui.se/">Handelns Utredningsinstitut</a>), the attitudes of Swedes to the use of certain dialects by salesmen revealed that 54% believed that rikssvenska was the variety they would prefer to hear when speaking with salesmen over the phone, even though dialects such as gotländska or <a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">skånska</a> were provided as alternatives in the poll.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland_Swedish">Finland Swedish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Finland Swedish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Finland Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Åland Swedish">Åland Swedish</a></div> Finland was a part of Sweden from the 13th century until the loss of the Finnish territories to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 1809. Swedish was the sole administrative language until 1902 as well as the dominant language of culture and education until Finnish independence in 1917. The percentage of Swedish speakers in Finland has steadily decreased since then. The Swedish-speaking population is mainly concentrated in the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Nyland</a> where the percentage of Finland Swedes partly is high, with Swedish being spoken by more than 90% of the population in several municipalities, and on Åland, where Swedish is spoken by a vast majority of the population and is the only official language. Swedish is an official language also in the rest of Finland, though, with the same official status as <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The country's public broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a>, provides two Swedish-language radio stations, <a href="/wiki/Yle_Vega" title="Yle Vega">Yle Vega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yle_X3M" title="Yle X3M">Yle X3M</a>, as well a TV channel, <a href="/wiki/Yle_Fem" title="Yle Fem">Yle Fem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigrant_variants">Immigrant variants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Immigrant variants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkeby Swedish</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Rinkeby" title="Rinkeby">Rinkeby</a>, a suburb of northern Stockholm with a large immigrant population) is a common name among linguists for varieties of Swedish spoken by young people of foreign heritage in certain suburbs and urban districts in the major cities of Stockholm, <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>. These varieties could alternatively be classified as <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a>, because the immigrant dialects share common traits independent of their geographical spread or the native country of the speakers. However, some studies have found distinctive features and led to terms such as Rosengård Swedish (after <a href="/wiki/Roseng%C3%A5rd" title="Rosengård">Rosengård</a> in Malmö), a variant of <a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> A survey made by the Swedish linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulla-Britt_Kotsinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulla-Britt Kotsinas (page does not exist)">Ulla-Britt Kotsinas</a> showed that foreign learners had difficulties in guessing the origins of Rinkeby Swedish speakers in Stockholm. The greatest difficulty proved to be identifying the speech of a boy speaking Rinkeby Swedish whose parents were both Swedish; only 1.8% guessed his native language correctly.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> New linguistic practices in multilingual urban contexts in fiction and hip-hop culture and rap lyrics have been introduced that go beyond traditional socio-linguistic domains.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> See also Källström (Chapter 12) and Knudsen (Chapter 13). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Sample">Sample</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sample" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Excerpt from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barfotabarn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barfotabarn (page does not exist)">Barfotabarn</a> (1933), by <a href="/wiki/Nils_Ferlin" title="Nils Ferlin">Nils Ferlin</a> (1898–1961):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlin1976-86">[86]</a> <table border="0" style="width:100%; text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Original </th> <th>Free, prosaic translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Du har tappat ditt ord och din papperslapp, </td> <td>"You have lost your word and your paper note, </td></tr> <tr> <td>du barfotabarn i livet. </td> <td>you barefooted child in life. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Så sitter du åter på handlar'ns trapp </td> <td>So you sit on the porch of the grocer anew </td></tr> <tr> <td>och gråter så övergivet. </td> <td>and cry so abandoned. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vad var det för ord – var det långt eller kort, </td> <td>What word was it – was it long or short, </td></tr> <tr> <td>var det väl eller illa skrivet? </td> <td>was it well or poorly written? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tänk efter nu – förr'n vi föser dig bort, </td> <td>Think twice now – before we shove you away, </td></tr> <tr> <td>du barfotabarn i livet. </td> <td>you barefooted child in life." </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_as_a_foreign_language" title="Swedish as a foreign language">Swedish as a foreign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swenglish" title="Swenglish">Swenglish</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/swe">Swedish</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><noscript><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" data-alt="Closed access icon" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svenskaspraket.si.se/finlandssvenska/">"Svenska talas också i Finland"</a>. Svenska språket (in Swedish). 7 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816144545/https://svenskaspraket.si.se/finlandssvenska/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Svenska+spr%C3%A5ket&rft.atitle=Svenska+talas+ocks%C3%A5+i+Finland&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvenskaspraket.si.se%2Ffinlandssvenska%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wordminds_2019-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Wordminds_2019_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordminds.com/blog/difference-nordic-languages">"Nordic Languages: What's The Difference?"</a>. Wordminds. 25 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203053536/https://wordminds.com/blog/difference-nordic-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wordminds&rft.atitle=Nordic+Languages%3A+What%27s+The+Difference%3F&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordminds.com%2Fblog%2Fdifference-nordic-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214654/https://sverige-norge.se/var-tionde-oslobo-ar-nu-svensk/">"Var tionde Oslobo är nu svensk"</a> (in Swedish). Sverige-Norge Personalförmedling. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sverige-norge.se/var-tionde-oslobo-ar-nu-svensk/">the original</a> on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Var+tionde+Oslobo+%C3%A4r+nu+svensk&rft.pub=Sverige-Norge+Personalf%C3%B6rmedling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsverige-norge.se%2Fvar-tionde-oslobo-ar-nu-svensk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crystal-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrystal1999">Crystal 1999</a>, Scandinavian </li> <li id="cite_note-Edlund2010p26-31-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edlund2010p26-31_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edlund2010p26-31_6-1">b</a> Lars-Erik Edlund, "Språkhistorisk översikt" in <a href="#CITEREFDahlEdlund2010">Dahl & Edlund 2010</a>, pp. 26–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergman1984">Bergman 1984</a>, pp. 21–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The oldest dated fragments are from 1250 and the oldest complete manuscript is from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1280 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Lars-Erik Edlund, "Språkhistorisk översikt" in <a href="#CITEREFDahlEdlund2010">Dahl & Edlund 2010</a>, pp. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Edlund2010p29,31-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Edlund2010p29,31_10-0">^</a> Lars-Erik Edlund, "Språkhistorisk översikt" in <a href="#CITEREFDahlEdlund2010">Dahl & Edlund 2010</a>, pp. 29, 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPettersson1996">Pettersson 1996</a>, pp. 150–157 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPettersson1996">Pettersson 1996</a>, p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Lars-Erik Edlund, "Språkhistorisk översikt" in <a href="#CITEREFDahlEdlund2010">Dahl & Edlund 2010</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Lars-Erik Edlund, "Språkhistorisk översikt" in <a href="#CITEREFDahlEdlund2010">Dahl & Edlund 2010</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPettersson1996">Pettersson 1996</a>, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z17C7s3r_nwC&pg=PA1900">The Nordic Languages</a>. Walter de Gruyter. 2005. p. 1900. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019706-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019706-8"><bdi>978-3-11-019706-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Languages&rft.pages=1900&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019706-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ17C7s3r_nwC%26pg%3DPA1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grünbaum2012-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Gr%C3%BCnbaum2012_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünbaun,_Katharina2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grünbaun, Katharina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025181238/http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/otherlanguages/factsheets/SI/Svenska_spraket.pdf">"Svenska språket"</a> [The Swedish language] (PDF) (in Swedish). Svenska institutet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/otherlanguages/factsheets/SI/Svenska_spraket.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svenska+spr%C3%A5ket&rft.pub=Svenska+institutet&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Gr%C3%BCnbaun%2C+Katharina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sweden.se%2Fupload%2FSweden_se%2Fotherlanguages%2Ffactsheets%2FSI%2FSvenska_spraket.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandleElmevikWidmark2002" class="citation book cs1">Bandle, Oskar; Elmevik, Lennart; Widmark, Gun (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqkBXIJkkuEC&pg=PA517">The Nordic Languages</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014876-3"><bdi>978-3-11-014876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Languages&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014876-3&rft.aulast=Bandle&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft.au=Elmevik%2C+Lennart&rft.au=Widmark%2C+Gun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqkBXIJkkuEC%26pg%3DPA517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPettersson1996">Pettersson 1996</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvanlund2013" class="citation book cs1">Svanlund, Jan, ed. (2013). Språkriktighetsboken (2 ed.). Svenska språknämnden and Norstedts. pp. 210–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-1-304370-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-1-304370-8"><bdi>978-91-1-304370-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spr%C3%A5kriktighetsboken&rft.pages=210-211&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Svenska+spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mnden+and+Norstedts&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-91-1-304370-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJosephson2005">Josephson 2005</a>, chapter 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGl35Q3W5twC&pg=PA1751">Sociolinguistics</a>. Walter de Gruyter. 2006. p. 1751. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019987-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019987-1"><bdi>978-3-11-019987-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics&rft.pages=1751&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019987-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMGl35Q3W5twC%26pg%3DPA1751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaavitsainenMelchersPahta2000" class="citation book cs1">Taavitsainen, Irma; Melchers, Gunnel; Pahta, Päivi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5cQ9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA302">Writing in Nonstandard English</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9903-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9903-1"><bdi>978-90-272-9903-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+in+Nonstandard+English&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-272-9903-1&rft.aulast=Taavitsainen&rft.aufirst=Irma&rft.au=Melchers%2C+Gunnel&rft.au=Pahta%2C+P%C3%A4ivi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5cQ9AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandleBraunmullerJahr2005" class="citation book cs1">Bandle, Oskar; Braunmuller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Hakon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC&pg=PA1805">The Nordic Languages</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1805. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017149-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017149-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017149-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Languages&rft.pages=1805&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017149-5&rft.aulast=Bandle&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft.au=Braunmuller%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Jahr%2C+Ernst+Hakon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6b7WwBC5tRAC%26pg%3DPA1805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Nationalencyklopedin, du-tilltal and ni-tilltal </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesHinchliffe2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Philip; Hinchliffe, Ian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGasMbSR-8gC&pg=PA86">Swedish: An Essential Grammar</a>. Psychology Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45800-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45800-9"><bdi>978-0-415-45800-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swedish%3A+An+Essential+Grammar&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45800-9&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Hinchliffe%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGasMbSR-8gC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkvall200924-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkvall200924_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParkvall2009">Parkvall 2009</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-StatsFinland-28"><a href="#cite_ref-StatsFinland_28-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html#structure">Population structure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611010801/https://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html#structure">Archived</a> 11 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Finland" title="Statistics Finland">Statistics Finland</a> (29 March 2007). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Multilingual+and+Multicultural+Development&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+Linguistic+Factors+to+the+Intelligibility+of+Closely+Related+Languages&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=445-467&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.414.7645%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18875358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2167%2Fjmmd511.0&rft.aulast=Gooskens&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.rug.nl%2Fgooskens%2Fpdf%2Fpubl_JMMD_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usefoundation.org/userdata/file/Research/Languages/swedish.pdf">Swedish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved 9 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swedish+Grammar+%7C+Syntax&rft.pub=Lysator+Society%2C+Link%C3%B6ping+University&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=Stensson&rft.aufirst=Leif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lysator.liu.se%2Flanguage%2FLanguages%2FSwedish%2FGrammar.html%23syntax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWess%C3%A9n1998">Wessén 1998</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Nationalencyklopedin, svenska: språkhistoria </li> <li id="cite_note-CompoundNoun-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CompoundNoun_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompoundNoun_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/194349317/Minor-Grammar-English-Swedish">"Minor Grammar English-Swedish"</a>. Scribd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807203447/https://www.scribd.com/document/194349317/Minor-Grammar-English-Swedish">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minor+Grammar+English-Swedish&rft.pub=Scribd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F194349317%2FMinor-Grammar-English-Swedish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ordbok.woxikon.se/sv-en/smyglyssna">"Smyglyssna"</a>. Woxikon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164735/http://ordbok.woxikon.se/sv-en/smyglyssna">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woxikon&rft.atitle=Smyglyssna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fordbok.woxikon.se%2Fsv-en%2Fsmyglyssna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomerMorris-Nygren1976" class="citation book cs1">Gomer, Eva; Morris-Nygren, Mona, eds. (1976). Bila. Modern Svensk Engelsk Ordbok. Prisma. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bila&rft.series=Modern+Svensk+Engelsk+Ordbok&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Prisma&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304054810/https://www.sprakinstitutet.fi/sv/aktuellt/spraket_lever/tank.20235.news">"Språket lever | tänk"</a> (in Swedish). Institutet för de inhemska språken. 18 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sprakinstitutet.fi/sv/aktuellt/spraket_lever/tank.20235.news">the original</a> on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spr%C3%A5ket+lever+%7C+t%C3%A4nk&rft.pub=Institutet+f%C3%B6r+de+inhemska+spr%C3%A5ken&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakinstitutet.fi%2Fsv%2Faktuellt%2Fspraket_lever%2Ftank.20235.news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSvenska_spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mnden2000">Svenska språknämnden 2000</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iis.se/english/domains/se/idn/">"Domain names with characters like å, ä, ö (IDN)"</a>. iiS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225156/https://www.iis.se/english/domains/se/idn/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domain+names+with+characters+like+%C3%A5%2C+%C3%A4%2C+%C3%B6+%28IDN%29&rft.pub=iiS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iis.se%2Fenglish%2Fdomains%2Fse%2Fidn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSvenska_spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mnden2000">Svenska språknämnden 2000</a>, pp. 154–156 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeinonen2011">Leinonen 2011</a>;<a href="#CITEREFDahl2000">Dahl 2000</a>, pp. 117–119; Lars-Erik Edlund "Språklig variation i tid och rum" in <a href="#CITEREFDahlEdlund2010">Dahl & Edlund 2010</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/sprak/dialekter/fragor-och-svar-om-dialekter/faq/2013-10-21-hur-manga-dialekter-finns-det-i-sverige-var-gar-gransen-mellan-olika-dialekter.html">"Hur många dialekter finns det i Sverige? Var går gränsen mellan olika dialekter?"</a> (in Swedish). Institutet för språk och folkminnen. 3 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105756/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/sprak/dialekter/fragor-och-svar-om-dialekter/faq/2013-10-21-hur-manga-dialekter-finns-det-i-sverige-var-gar-gransen-mellan-olika-dialekter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hur+m%C3%A5nga+dialekter+finns+det+i+Sverige%3F+Var+g%C3%A5r+gr%C3%A4nsen+mellan+olika+dialekter%3F&rft.pub=Institutet+f%C3%B6r+spr%C3%A5k+och+folkminnen&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakochfolkminnen.se%2Fsprak%2Fdialekter%2Ffragor-och-svar-om-dialekter%2Ffaq%2F2013-10-21-hur-manga-dialekter-finns-det-i-sverige-var-gar-gransen-mellan-olika-dialekter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand2004">Engstrand 2004</a>, p. 120; <a href="#CITEREFPettersson1996">Pettersson 1996</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahl2000">Dahl 2000</a>, pp. 117–119 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPettersson1996">Pettersson 1996</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/standardspr%C3%A5k">"standardspråk"</a> (in Swedish). Nationalencyklopedin AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225120/https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/standardspr%C3%A5k">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=standardspr%C3%A5k&rft.pub=Nationalencyklopedin+AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fstandardspr%25C3%25A5k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattfolk" class="citation web cs1">Mattfolk, Leila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041102231321/http://www.nordiska.uu.se/ICLaVE2/Kristiansen_w/Mattfolkw.pdf">"Do answers to a questionnaire give reliable data?"</a> (PDF). Helsinki University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordiska.uu.se/ICLaVE2/Kristiansen_w/Mattfolkw.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 November 2004. Retrieved 3 March 2018. <q>Employees on radio and television do not always follow the same Swedish norm. What do you think about them using their own ordinary spoken language instead of standard Finland-Swedish (högsvenska) in the broadcasted programs?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+answers+to+a+questionnaire+give+reliable+data%3F&rft.pub=Helsinki+University&rft.aulast=Mattfolk&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordiska.uu.se%2FICLaVE2%2FKristiansen_w%2FMattfolkw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronsson2005" class="citation cs2">Aronsson, Cecilia (3 May 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013152413/http://www.di.se/Nyheter/?page=%2FAvdelningar%2FArtikel.aspx%3FArticleID%3D2005%5C05%5C03%5C142710&words=rikssvenska&SectionID=Ettan&menusection=Startsidan%3BHuvudnyheter">"Norrländska låter bäst"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagens_Industri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagens Industri">Dagens Industri</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.di.se/Nyheter/?page=/Avdelningar/Artikel.aspx%3FArticleID%3D2005%5C05%5C03%5C142710%26words%3Drikssvenska%26SectionID%3DEttan%26menusection%3DStartsidan%3BHuvudnyheter">the original</a> on 13 October 2007, retrieved 24 August 2007, <q>Norrländska och rikssvenska är de mest förtroendeingivande dialekterna. Men gotländska och värmländska gör svenskarna misstänksamma, enligt en ny riksomfattande undersökning. Handelns utredningsinstitut (HUI) har frågat 800 svenskar om hur de uppfattar olika dialekter som de hör i telefonservicesamtal, exempelvis från försäljare eller upplysningscentraler. Undersökningen visar att 54 procent föredrar att motparten pratar rikssvenska, vilket troligen hänger ihop med dess tydlighet. Men även norrländskan plockar höga poäng – 25 procent tycker att det är den mest förtroendeingivande dialekten. Tilltron till norrländska är ännu större hos personer under 29 år, medan stödet för rikssvenska är störst bland personer över 55 år.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagens+Industri&rft.atitle=Norrl%C3%A4ndska+l%C3%A5ter+b%C3%A4st&rft.date=2005-05-03&rft.aulast=Aronsson&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.di.se%2FNyheter%2F%3Fpage%3D%2FAvdelningar%2FArtikel.aspx%253FArticleID%253D2005%255C05%255C03%255C142710%2526words%253Drikssvenska%2526SectionID%253DEttan%2526menusection%253DStartsidan%253BHuvudnyheter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009035525/http://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/ajantasa/1999/19990731">"Finlands grundlag – Constitution of Finland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/ajantasa/1999/19990731">the original</a> on 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finlands+grundlag+%E2%80%93+Constitution+of+Finland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finlex.fi%2Fsv%2Flaki%2Fajantasa%2F1999%2F19990731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> 17 § Rätt till eget språk och egen kultur Finlands nationalspråk är finska och svenska. Vars och ens rätt att hos domstol och andra myndigheter i egen sak använda sitt eget språk, antingen finska eller svenska, samt att få expeditioner på detta språk skall tryggas genom lag. Det allmänna skall tillgodose landets finskspråkiga och svenskspråkiga befolknings kulturella och samhälleliga behov enligt lika grunder. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svenska.yle.fi/">"Svenska Yle, scroll to the bottom of the page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160726004333/https://svenska.yle.fi/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svenska+Yle%2C+scroll+to+the+bottom+of+the+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvenska.yle.fi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodén" class="citation cs2">Bodén, Petra, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506132803/http://person.sol.lu.se/PetraBoden/papers/Ey_mannen_wazzup.htm">Ey, mannen! Wazzup? / På jakt efter "rosengårdssvenskan"</a>, Institutionen för nordiska språk och Institutionen för lingvistik, <a href="/wiki/Lunds_universitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunds universitet">Lunds universitet</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://person.sol.lu.se/PetraBoden/papers/Ey_mannen_wazzup.htm">the original</a> on 6 May 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ey%2C+mannen%21+Wazzup%3F+%2F+P%C3%A5+jakt+efter+%22roseng%C3%A5rdssvenskan%22&rft.pub=Institutionen+f%C3%B6r+nordiska+spr%C3%A5k+och+Institutionen+f%C3%B6r+lingvistik%2C+Lunds+universitet&rft.aulast=Bod%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Petra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperson.sol.lu.se%2FPetraBoden%2Fpapers%2FEy_mannen_wazzup.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotsinas1994">Kotsinas 1994</a>, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvendsen" class="citation journal cs1">Svendsen, Bente Ailin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13820691">"Multilingual urban Scandinavia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307095648/https://www.academia.edu/13820691">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multilingual+urban+Scandinavia&rft.aulast=Svendsen&rft.aufirst=Bente+Ailin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13820691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlin1976-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlin1976_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerlin1976">Ferlin 1976</a>. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson2002" class="citation cs2">Andersson, Erik (2002), "Swedish", in König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.), The Germanic Languages, Routledge language family descriptions, Routledge, pp. 271–312, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28079-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28079-2"><bdi>978-0-415-28079-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swedish&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+Languages&rft.series=Routledge+language+family+descriptions&rft.pages=271-312&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28079-2&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman1984" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bergman, Gösta (1984), Kortfattad svensk språkhistoria, Prisma Magnum (in Swedish) (4th ed.), Stockholm: Prisma, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-518-1747-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-518-1747-7"><bdi>978-91-518-1747-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13259382">13259382</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kortfattad+svensk+spr%C3%A5khistoria&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.series=Prisma+Magnum&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prisma&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13259382&rft.isbn=978-91-518-1747-7&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6sta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolander2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bolander, Maria (2002), Funktionell svensk grammatik (in Swedish), Stockholm: Liber, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-47-05054-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-47-05054-3"><bdi>978-91-47-05054-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67138445">67138445</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funktionell+svensk+grammatik&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Liber&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67138445&rft.isbn=978-91-47-05054-3&rft.aulast=Bolander&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">Crystal, David</a> (1999), The Penguin dictionary of language (2nd ed.), London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051416-2"><bdi>978-0-14-051416-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59441560">59441560</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+dictionary+of+language&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59441560&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051416-2&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahl, Östen (2000), Språkets enhet och mångfald (in Swedish), Lund: <a href="/wiki/Studentlitteratur" title="Studentlitteratur">Studentlitteratur</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-44-01158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-44-01158-5"><bdi>978-91-44-01158-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61100963">61100963</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spr%C3%A5kets+enhet+och+m%C3%A5ngfald&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61100963&rft.isbn=978-91-44-01158-5&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlEdlund2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahl, Östen; Edlund, Lars-Erik, eds. (2010), Sveriges nationalatlas. Språken i Sverige (in Swedish), Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-87-76057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-87-76057-0"><bdi>978-91-87-76057-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+nationalatlas.+Spr%C3%A5ken+i+Sverige&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Kungl.+Vitterhets+historie+och+antikvitets+akademien&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-91-87-76057-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElert2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elert, Claes-Christian (2000), Allmän och svensk fonetik (in Swedish) (8th ed.), Stockholm: Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-1-300939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-1-300939-1"><bdi>978-91-1-300939-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allm%C3%A4n+och+svensk+fonetik&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Norstedts+Akademiska+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-91-1-300939-1&rft.aulast=Elert&rft.aufirst=Claes-Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngstrand1999" class="citation cs2">Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63751-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40305532">40305532</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swedish&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+Guide+to+the+usage+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=140-142&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40305532&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63751-0&rft.aulast=Engstrand&rft.aufirst=Olle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngstrand2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-44-04238-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-44-04238-1"><bdi>978-91-44-04238-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/66026795">66026795</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonetikens+grunder&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F66026795&rft.isbn=978-91-44-04238-1&rft.aulast=Engstrand&rft.aufirst=Olle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerlin1976" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferlin, Nils (1976) [1933], Barfotabarn (in Swedish), Stockholm: Bonnier, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-0-024187-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-0-024187-2"><bdi>978-91-0-024187-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barfotabarn&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Bonnier&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-91-0-024187-2&rft.aulast=Ferlin&rft.aufirst=Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlén1988" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garlén, Claes (1988), Svenskans fonologi (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-44-28151-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-44-28151-3"><bdi>978-91-44-28151-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67420810">67420810</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenskans+fonologi&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67420810&rft.isbn=978-91-44-28151-3&rft.aulast=Garl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Claes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranberry1991" class="citation cs2">Granberry, Julian (1991), Essential Swedish Grammar, New York: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26953-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26953-5"><bdi>978-0-486-26953-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23692877">23692877</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Swedish+Grammar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23692877&rft.isbn=978-0-486-26953-5&rft.aulast=Granberry&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaugen2009" class="citation book cs1">Haugen, Einar (2009). "Danish, Norwegian and Swedish". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu00comr_362">The World's Major Languages</a>. New York: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu00comr_362/page/n141">125</a>–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35339-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35339-7"><bdi>978-0-415-35339-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Danish%2C+Norwegian+and+Swedish&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=125-144&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35339-7&rft.aulast=Haugen&rft.aufirst=Einar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsmajorlangu00comr_362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultman2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hultman, Tor G. (2003), Svenska Akademiens språklära (in Swedish), Stockholm: Norstedts, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9172273511" title="Special:BookSources/978-9172273511"><bdi>978-9172273511</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55849724">55849724</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+Akademiens+spr%C3%A5kl%C3%A4ra&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Norstedts&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55849724&rft.isbn=978-9172273511&rft.aulast=Hultman&rft.aufirst=Tor+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Josephson, Olle (2005), Ju: ifrågasatta självklarheter om svenskan, engelskan och alla andra språk i Sverige (in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Stockholm: Nordstedts ordbok, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7227-446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7227-446-4"><bdi>978-91-7227-446-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ju%3A+ifr%C3%A5gasatta+sj%C3%A4lvklarheter+om+svenskan%2C+engelskan+och+alla+andra+spr%C3%A5k+i+Sverige&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Nordstedts+ordbok&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-91-7227-446-4&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Olle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotsinas1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kotsinas, Ulla-Britt (1994), Ungdomsspråk (in Swedish), Uppsala: Hallgren & Fallgren, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7382-718-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7382-718-8"><bdi>978-91-7382-718-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60994967">60994967</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ungdomsspr%C3%A5k&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pub=Hallgren+%26+Fallgren&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60994967&rft.isbn=978-91-7382-718-8&rft.aulast=Kotsinas&rft.aufirst=Ulla-Britt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinonen2011" class="citation cs2">Leinonen, Therese (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/osla/article/view/101">"Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects"</a>, Oslo Studies in Language, 3 (2), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5617%2Fosla.101">10.5617/osla.101</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627060923/https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/osla/article/view/101">archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2013, retrieved 20 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oslo+Studies+in+Language&rft.atitle=Aggregate+analysis+of+vowel+pronunciation+in+Swedish+dialects&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5617%2Fosla.101&rft.aulast=Leinonen&rft.aufirst=Therese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uio.no%2Findex.php%2Fosla%2Farticle%2Fview%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/svenska">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401085317/http://www.ne.se/svenska">Archived</a> 1 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Swedish)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkvall2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Parkvall, Mikael (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xn--sprkfrsvaret-vcb4v.se/sf/fileadmin/PDF/Parkvall_spraakstatistik.pdf">"Sveriges språk. Vem talar vad och var?"</a> (PDF), RAPPLING 1. Rapporter Från Institutionen för Lingvistik Vid Stockholms Universitet. (in Swedish), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011110906/http://www.xn--sprkfrsvaret-vcb4v.se/sf/fileadmin/PDF/Parkvall_spraakstatistik.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 30 January 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAPPLING+1.+Rapporter+Fr%C3%A5n+Institutionen+f%C3%B6r+Lingvistik+Vid+Stockholms+Universitet.&rft.atitle=Sveriges+spr%C3%A5k.+Vem+talar+vad+och+var%3F&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Parkvall&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xn--sprkfrsvaret-vcb4v.se%2Fsf%2Ffileadmin%2FPDF%2FParkvall_spraakstatistik.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettersson1996" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pettersson, Gertrud (1996), Svenska språket under sjuhundra år: en historia om svenskan och dess utforskande (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-44-48221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-44-48221-7"><bdi>978-91-44-48221-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36130929">36130929</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+spr%C3%A5ket+under+sjuhundra+%C3%A5r%3A+en+historia+om+svenskan+och+dess+utforskande&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36130929&rft.isbn=978-91-44-48221-7&rft.aulast=Pettersson&rft.aufirst=Gertrud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpråkrådet2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Sweden" title="Language Council of Sweden">Språkrådet</a> (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/svenskaskrivregl0000unse">Svenska skrivregler</a> (in Swedish) (3rd ed.), Stockholm: Liber, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-47-08460-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-47-08460-9"><bdi>978-91-47-08460-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+skrivregler&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Liber&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-91-47-08460-9&rft.au=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsvenskaskrivregl0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvenska_språknämnden2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Sweden" title="Language Council of Sweden">Svenska språknämnden</a> (2000), Svenska skrivregler (in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Stockholm: Liber (published 2002), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-47-04974-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-47-04974-5"><bdi>978-91-47-04974-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+skrivregler&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liber&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-91-47-04974-5&rft.au=Svenska+spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mnden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvensson1974" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Svensson, Lars (1974), Nordisk paleografi: Handbok med transkriberade och kommenterade skriftprov (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-44-05391-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-44-05391-2"><bdi>978-91-44-05391-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1303752">1303752</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordisk+paleografi%3A+Handbok+med+transkriberade+och+kommenterade+skriftprov&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1303752&rft.isbn=978-91-44-05391-2&rft.aulast=Svensson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessén1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wessén, Elias (1998) [1973], Våra ord: deras uttal och ursprung : kortfattad etymologisk ordbok (in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Stockholm: Norstedts, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7227-053-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7227-053-4"><bdi>978-91-7227-053-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%A5ra+ord%3A+deras+uttal+och+ursprung+%3A+kortfattad+etymologisk+ordbok&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Norstedts&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-91-7227-053-4&rft.aulast=Wess%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li>Swedish Essentials of Grammar Viberg, Åke; et al. (1991) Chicago: Passport Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-8539-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-8539-0">0-8442-8539-0</a></li> <li>Swedish: An Essential Grammar. Holmes, Philip; Hinchliffe, Ian; (2000). London; New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16048-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16048-0">0-415-16048-0</a>.</li> <li>Swedish: A Comprehensive Grammar Second Edition. Holmes, Philip; Hinchliffe, Ian; (2003). London; New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27884-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27884-8">0-415-27884-8</a>.</li> <li>Svenska utifrån. Schematic grammar-Swedish structures and everyday phrases Byrman, Gunilla; Holm, Britta; (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-520-0519-4" title="Special:BookSources/91-520-0519-4">91-520-0519-4</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sv:"> Swedish edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Swedish">Swedish</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Swedish language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Swedish_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Swedish language">Swedish language category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Swedish_phrasebook#Q9027" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Swedish phrasebook">Swedish</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article about "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Swedish_Language_and_Literature" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Swedish Language and Literature">Swedish language</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swedish_Swadesh_list">Swadesh list of Swedish basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexin2.nada.kth.se/swe-eng.html">Swedish-English</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexin2.nada.kth.se/sve-ara.html">Swedish-Arabic</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexin2.nada.kth.se/sve-rys.html">Swedish-Russian</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexin2.nada.kth.se/sve-spa.html">Swedish-Spanish</a> Dictionaries from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexin2.nada.kth.se/">Språkrådet – Institute for Language and Folklore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folkets-lexikon.csc.kth.se/folkets/folkets.en.html">People's dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saob.se">Online version</a> of <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordbok" title="Svenska Akademiens ordbok">Svenska Akademiens ordbok</a> (in Swedish)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div></section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&oldid=1256868277">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&oldid=1256868277</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 11 November 2024, at 23:46 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Шуэцэбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Шуэцэбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeds" title="Sweeds – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sweeds" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwedische_Sprache" title="Schwedische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwedische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8A%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ስዊድንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስዊድንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruot%C3%A2kiel%C3%A2" title="Ruotâkielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ruotâkielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वीडिश भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्वीडिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C4%93onisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Swēonisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Swēonisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Ашвед бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ашвед бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السويدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السويدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sueco" title="Idioma sueco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma sueco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܝܕܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܝܕܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A8dou%C3%A8s" title="Suèdouès – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Suèdouès" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_suecu" title="Idioma suecu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma suecu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suesia%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Suesiañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Suesiañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7_dili" title="İsveç dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsveç dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سوئد دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوئد دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sw%C3%A9dia" title="Basa Swédia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Swédia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সুইডীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুইডীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABi-ti%C3%A1n-g%C3%AD" title="Sūi-tián-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sūi-tián-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Швед теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Швед теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шведская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шведская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Швэдзкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Швэдзкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шведски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шведски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwedisch" title="Schwedisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwedisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedski_jezik" title="Švedski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Švedski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedeg" title="Svedeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Svedeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Швед хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Швед хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suec" title="Suec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Швед чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Швед чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Sweko" title="Pinulongang Sweko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Sweko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9d%C5%A1tina" title="Švédština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švédština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_svedese" title="Lingua svedese – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua svedese" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedeg" title="Swedeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swedeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svensk_(sprog)" title="Svensk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svensk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السويدية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="السويدية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A7agiella" title="Ruoŧagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ruoŧagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwedische_Sprache" title="Schwedische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwedische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%9D%DE%B0" title="ސުވެޑިޝް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސުވެޑިޝް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0wed%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Šwedšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Šwedšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootsi_keel" title="Rootsi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rootsi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σουηδική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουηδική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aved%C3%A9%C5%9B" title="Śvedéś – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Śvedéś" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Шведэнь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Шведэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sueco" title="Idioma sueco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma sueco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveda_lingvo" title="Sveda lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sveda lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediera" title="Suediera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suediera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedgbe" title="Swedgbe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Swedgbe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان سوئدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سوئدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_bhasa" title="Swedish bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Swedish bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Svenskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Svenskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9dois" title="Suédois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suédois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweedsk" title="Sweedsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sweedsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_svedese" title="Lenghe svedese – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe svedese" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSualainnis" title="An tSualainnis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSualainnis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soolynnish" title="Soolynnish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Soolynnish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suainis" title="Suainis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Suainis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sueca" title="Lingua sueca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua sueca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞典語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="瑞典語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8A%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سۊئدي زوان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سۊئدي زوان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6" title="સ્વીડિશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વીડિશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui-ti%C3%AAn-ng%C3%AE" title="Sui-tiên-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sui-tiên-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%A8%EB%8D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="스웨덴어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스웨덴어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Kuekene" title="ʻŌlelo Kuekene – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Kuekene" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Շվեդերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շվեդերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वीडिश भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वीडिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0wed%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Šwedšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Šwedšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedski_jezik" title="Švedski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Švedski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueda_linguo" title="Sueda linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sueda linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Sueko" title="Pagsasao a Sueko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Sueko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Swedia" title="Bahasa Swedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Swedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_svedese" title="Lingua svedese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua svedese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sved" title="Sved – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sved" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%85%E1%95%97%E1%93%90%E1%94%85%E1%91%AD%E1%91%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᔅᕗᓐᔅᑭᑐᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔅᕗᓐᔅᑭᑐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Шведаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шведаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiSwidishi" title="IsiSwidishi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiSwidishi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6nska" title="Sænska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sænska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_svedese" title="Lingua svedese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua svedese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שוודית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שוודית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sw%C3%A8dhen" title="Basa Swèdhen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Swèdhen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ವೀಡಿಶ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ವೀಡಿಶ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Sweku" title="Amanung Sweku – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Sweku" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="შვედური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შვედური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Швед тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Швед тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedek" title="Swedek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Swedek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiswidi" title="Kiswidi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiswidi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Швед кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Швед кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigava" title="Sverigava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sverigava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_sw%C3%AAd%C3%AE" title="Zimanê swêdî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê swêdî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Википедия:Сомо/Швед тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Сомо/Швед тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_svedesc" title="Lingaz svedesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz svedesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Швед маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Швед маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedu_vol%C5%ABda" title="Švedu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Švedu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Suecica" title="Lingua Suecica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Suecica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zviedru_valoda" title="Zviedru valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zviedru valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweedesch" title="Schweedesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schweedesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ved%C5%B3_kalba" title="Švedų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švedų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_svedeise" title="Lengua svedeise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua svedeise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweeds" title="Zweeds – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zweeds" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svensce_(lingua)" title="Svensce (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Svensce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C4%8Din_kieli" title="Ruočin kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ruočin kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_svedesa" title="Lengua svedesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua svedesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A9d_nyelv" title="Svéd nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Svéd nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шведски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шведски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_soedo%C3%A0" title="Fiteny soedoà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny soedoà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="സ്വീഡിഷ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വീഡിഷ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Huitene" title="Reo Huitene – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Huitene" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वीडिश भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वीडिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="შვედური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შვედური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89" title="سويدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سويدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سوئدی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوئدی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sweden" title="Bahasa Sweden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Sweden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁ꯭ꯋꯦꯗꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯋꯦꯗꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Swedia" title="Bahaso Swedia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Swedia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4i-di%C4%93ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Sôi-diēng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sôi-diēng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Шведонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шведонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Швед хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Швед хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweeds" title="Zweeds – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zweeds" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweeds" title="Zweeds – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zweeds" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्विडेनी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्विडेनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वीडिश भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्वीडिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="スウェーデン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スウェーデン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Шведийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шведийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweedsk_spriik" title="Sweedsk spriik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sweedsk spriik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiidish" title="Swiidish – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Swiidish" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svensk" title="Svensk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svensk" title="Svensk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9douais" title="Suédouais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Suédouais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sued%C3%A9s" title="Suedés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Suedés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Швед йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Швед йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shved_tili" title="Shved tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shved tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سونسکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سونسکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueko" title="Sueko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sueko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%89%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سویډني ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سویډني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%8F" title="ភាសាស៊ុយអែត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាស៊ុយអែត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9do%C3%A9" title="Suédoé – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Suédoé" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_sved%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga svedèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga svedèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Swidan" title="Tok Swidan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Swidan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_szwedzki" title="Język szwedzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język szwedzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_sueca" title="Língua sueca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua sueca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shved_tili" title="Shved tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shved tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7_tili" title="İsveç tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İsveç tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_suedez%C4%83" title="Limba suedeză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba suedeză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_svedaisa" title="Lingua svedaisa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua svedaisa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwiriqi_simi" title="Suwiriqi simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suwiriqi simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Шведьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шведьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Шведский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шведский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Suetena" title="Faʻa Suetena – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Suetena" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_isvedesa" title="Limba isvedesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba isvedesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadish_leid" title="Swadish leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Swadish leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedisk" title="Swedisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Swedisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_suedeze" title="Gjuha suedeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha suedeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_svidisa" title="Lingua svidisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua svidisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Swedish language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%8A%D8%B4_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="سويڊش ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سويڊش ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9d%C4%8Dina" title="Švédčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Švédčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ved%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Švedščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Švedščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Свєньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Свєньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwedzko_godka" title="Szwedzko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szwedzko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Iswiidhan" title="Af-Iswiidhan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Iswiidhan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی سوێدی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سوێدی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шведски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шведски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedski_jezik" title="Švedski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Švedski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sw%C3%A9dia" title="Basa Swédia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Swédia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruotsin_kieli" title="Ruotsin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruotsin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska" title="Svenska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svenska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Suweko" title="Wikang Suweko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Suweko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சுவீடிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவீடிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_taswidt" title="Tutlayt taswidt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt taswidt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Швед теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Швед теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาสวีเดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสวีเดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Забони шведӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони шведӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7%C3%A7e" title="İsveççe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsveççe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Швед кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Швед кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шведська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шведська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سونسکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سونسکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="شۋېتسىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شۋېتسىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_svedeze" title="Łéngua svedeze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua svedeze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%8Din_kel%27" title="Ročin kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ročin kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Th%E1%BB%A5y_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n" title="Tiếng Thụy Điển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Thụy Điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sved%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Svedänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Svedänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roodsi_kiil" title="Roodsi kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Roodsi kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwedw%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Suwedwès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Suwedwès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweeds" title="Zweeds – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zweeds" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suweko" title="Suweko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Suweko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD" title="瑞典语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瑞典语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9" title="שוועדיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוועדיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%A9%B1" title="瑞典話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑞典話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0swecki" title="İswecki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İswecki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweeds" title="Zweeds – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zweeds" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedu_kalba" title="Švedu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Švedu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞典語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑞典語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Swedia" title="Bahasa Swedia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Swedia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isveci_zyvon" title="Isveci zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Isveci zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 23:46 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7b5ccf54-425qc","wgBackendResponseTime":246,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.603","walltime":"1.916","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11921,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":388027,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9902,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":310962,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1576.656 1 -total"," 22.93% 361.509 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.78% 311.837 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 17.50% 275.956 1 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[\"CITEREFGomerMorris-Nygren1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooskens2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranberry1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrünbaun,_Katharina2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaugen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmesHinchliffe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHultman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotsinas1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeinonen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattfolk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkvall2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettersson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpråkrådet2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStensson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvanlund2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvanlund2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvendsen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvenska_språknämnden2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvensson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaavitsainenMelchersPahta2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWessén1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFaf_Hällström2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Angbr IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Germanic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 35,\n [\"IPA\"] = 17,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 22,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 37,\n [\"Languages of Finland\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Sweden\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend0\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"NIE Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"North Germanic clade\"] = 1,\n [\"Old Norse language map\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 2,\n [\"Small\"] = 4,\n [\"Swedish language\"] = 1,\n [\"Swedish language sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vr\"] = 29,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary category\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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