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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Armed opposition (2001–2021)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_opposition_(2001–2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_Taliban_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_Taliban_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>2021 Taliban offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_Taliban_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panjshir_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panjshir_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Panjshir conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panjshir_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sexual violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Northern Alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO_and_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_and_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>NATO and allies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-NATO_and_allies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle NATO and allies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-NATO_and_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2002_prisoner_torture_at_Bagram_Theater_Internment_Facility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_prisoner_torture_at_Bagram_Theater_Internment_Facility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>2002 prisoner torture at Bagram Theater Internment Facility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_prisoner_torture_at_Bagram_Theater_Internment_Facility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_homicide_of_Abdul_Wali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_homicide_of_Abdul_Wali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>2003 homicide of Abdul Wali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_homicide_of_Abdul_Wali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_Kandahar_homicides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_Kandahar_homicides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>2010 Kandahar homicides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_Kandahar_homicides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_Helmand_murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_Helmand_murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>2011 Helmand murder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_Helmand_murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_Kandahar_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_Kandahar_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>2012 Kandahar massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_Kandahar_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_Amnesty_International_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_Amnesty_International_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>2014 Amnesty International allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_Amnesty_International_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_Kunduz_hospital_airstrike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_Kunduz_hospital_airstrike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>2015 Kunduz hospital airstrike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_Kunduz_hospital_airstrike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_US_snub_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_US_snub_of_the_International_Criminal_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>2018 US snub of the International Criminal Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_US_snub_of_the_International_Criminal_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_by_the_Australian_Defence_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_by_the_Australian_Defence_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>War crimes by the Australian Defence Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_by_the_Australian_Defence_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2012_homicide_of_Dad_Mohammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_homicide_of_Dad_Mohammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>2012 homicide of Dad Mohammad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_homicide_of_Dad_Mohammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_phosphorus_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_phosphorus_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>White phosphorus use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_phosphorus_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal investigations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_investigations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal investigations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Criminal_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Criminal_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>International Criminal Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Criminal_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghan_Unlawful_Killings_inquiry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghan_Unlawful_Killings_inquiry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghan_Unlawful_Killings_inquiry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_by_the_Taliban&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes by the Taliban">War crimes by the Taliban</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1979 to present, multiple conflicts</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>War crimes in Afghanistan</b> covers the period of conflict from <a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">1979 to the present</a>. Starting with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a> in 1979, 40 years of civil war in various forms has wracked Afghanistan. <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a> have been committed by all sides. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>'s emergence in the 1990s, its crimes include <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> of civilians during its period running the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_first_day_of_takeover_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_first_day_of_takeover-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRW_massacres_of_Hazaras_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_massacres_of_Hazaras-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> systematic killing of civilians and <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">wartime sexual violence</a> during the 2010s,<sup id="cite_ref-AI_Taliban_war_crimes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI_Taliban_war_crimes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_Kunduz2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_Kunduz2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and executions of civilians during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIHRC_AF_civilians_midyear2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIHRC_AF_civilians_midyear2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN_interpreter_beheaded_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_interpreter_beheaded-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRW_revenge_killings_comedian_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_revenge_killings_comedian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taliban">Taliban</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taliban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extrajudicial_killings_of_civilians">Extrajudicial killings of civilians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extrajudicial killings of civilians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996–2001)"><span id="Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_.281996.E2.80.932001.29"></span>Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)#Government" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) § Government</a></div> <p>In its military takeover of <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> starting on 8 August 1998, the Taliban shot dead and slit the throats of civilians, mostly <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, from around 10:30 until midday. Executions continued through 13 or 14 August.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_first_day_of_takeover_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_first_day_of_takeover-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taliban carried out massacres in May 2000 and January 2001, primarily of Hazaras. In the May 2000 <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazara_people#Robatak_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Hazara people">Robotak Pass</a> massacre, 31 people were killed by Taliban forces, among whom 26 were "positively identified as civilians" by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW). For four days starting on 8 January 2001, Taliban forces shot dead 170 civilians in <a href="/wiki/Yakawlang" title="Yakawlang">Yakawlang</a> by firing squad.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_massacres_of_Hazaras_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_massacres_of_Hazaras-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armed_opposition_(2001–2021)"><span id="Armed_opposition_.282001.E2.80.932021.29"></span>Armed opposition (2001–2021)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Armed opposition (2001–2021)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIGRC) called the Taliban's terrorism against the Afghan civilian population a war crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolonews_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolonews-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Amnesty International, the Taliban commit war crimes by targeting civilians, including killing teachers, abducting aid workers and burning school buildings. Amnesty International said that 756 civilians were killed in 2006 from Taliban road bombs or suicide bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the Taliban systematically killed civilians in Afghanistan, usually based on claims of the victims supporting the Afghan government. A journalist interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> said that village elders refusing to cooperate with the Taliban were executed and posthumously accused of being "American spies".<sup id="cite_ref-AI_Taliban_war_crimes_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI_Taliban_war_crimes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NATO has alleged that the Taliban have used civilians as <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a>. As an example, NATO pointed to the victims of NATO air strikes in Farah province in May 2009, during which the Afghan government claims up to 150 civilians were killed. NATO stated it had evidence the Taliban forced civilians into buildings likely to be targeted by NATO aircraft involved in the battle. A spokesman for the ISAF commander said: "This was a deliberate plan by the Taliban to create a civilian casualty crisis. These were not human shields; these were human sacrifices. We have intelligence that points to this."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the US State Department, the Taliban committed human rights violations against women in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, <i>The New York Times</i> reported that the Taliban was responsible for three-quarters of all civilian deaths in the war in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kegley_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kegley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United Nations reports have consistently blamed the Taliban and other anti-government forces for the majority of civilian deaths in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_casualties_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_casualties-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_casualties_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_casualties-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 the UN stated that the Taliban had been placing bombs along transit routes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Amnesty International reported that the Taliban committed mass murder and gang rape of Afghan civilians in Kunduz.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taliban fighters killed and raped female relatives of police commanders and soldiers as well as midwives.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One female human rights activist described the situation in the following manner:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"When the Taliban asserted their control over Kunduz, they claimed to be bringing law and order and Shari'a to the city. But everything they've done has violated both. I don't know who can rescue us from this situation."</p></blockquote> <p>In 2015 in <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a>, Taliban death squads used a hit list of civilians – "activists, journalists and civil servants", carried out house-to-house searches and killed them. Taliban forces entered the house of a wounded woman and shot her fatally in the head.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_Kunduz2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_Kunduz2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021_Taliban_offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2021 Taliban offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a></div> <p>During the first half of 2021, Taliban forces were responsible for killing 699 civilians according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_in_Afghanistan" title="United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan">United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan</a> (UNAMA)<sup id="cite_ref-AAN_UNAMA_civilians_report_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAN_UNAMA_civilians_report-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 917 according to the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission">Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission</a> (AIHRC).<sup id="cite_ref-AIHRC_AF_civilians_midyear2021_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIHRC_AF_civilians_midyear2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taliban were responsible for "the vast majority" of the destruction and looting of private homes and civilian infrastructure during May and June, according to UNAMA.<sup id="cite_ref-AAN_UNAMA_civilians_report_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAN_UNAMA_civilians_report-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US and other countries started to pull out remaining troops in early 2021. </p><p>On 12 May 2021, Sohail Pardis, who had worked for 16 months as a translator for <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> armed forces in Afghanistan, was <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheaded</a> by the Taliban after being pulled out of his car.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_interpreter_beheaded_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_interpreter_beheaded-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 June, in <a href="/wiki/Dawlat_Abad_District" title="Dawlat Abad District">Dawlat Abad</a>, 22 unarmed Afghan Special Forces commandos were executed while attempting to surrender to Taliban forces. A video of the event circulated widely and was broadcast by <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Samira Hamidi of Amnesty International described the event as "the cold-blooded murder of surrendering soldiers – a war crime". She called for the event to be investigated as part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Afghanistan" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan">International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_22_commandos_executed_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_22_commandos_executed-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2021 in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, Taliban forces <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicially executed</a> critics and people thought to have been members of province-level governments and their relatives. Patricia Gossman of <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">HRW</a> stated that the "Taliban commanders with oversight over such atrocities are also responsible for war crimes". She described the executions as "demonstrat[ing] the willingness of Taliban commanders to violently crush even the tamest criticism or objection".<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_revenge_killings_comedian_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_revenge_killings_comedian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tolo_killed_800to900_TadinKhan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolo_killed_800to900_TadinKhan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the number of civilians arbitrarily detained in the Taliban mid-July takeover of <a href="/wiki/Spin_Boldak" title="Spin Boldak">Spin Boldak</a> range from 380<sup id="cite_ref-Tolo_sources_allege_100_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolo_sources_allege_100-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 900,<sup id="cite_ref-Tolo_killed_800to900_TadinKhan_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolo_killed_800to900_TadinKhan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the number arbitrarily executed ranging from 40<sup id="cite_ref-AIHRC_SpinBoldak_July2021_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIHRC_SpinBoldak_July2021-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 100.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolo_sources_allege_100_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolo_sources_allege_100-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early July 2021 in <a href="/wiki/Malestan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Malestan District">Malestan District</a>, Taliban forces killed civilians, looted private properties, set them on fire, and destroyed and looted shops.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolo_43_killed_by_Taliban_Ghazni_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolo_43_killed_by_Taliban_Ghazni-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 4–6 July 2021 in Mundarakht in Malestan District, the Taliban <a href="/wiki/Mundarakht_massacre" title="Mundarakht massacre">extrajudicially executed nine Hazaras</a>. Hazaras have <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazara_people#Mazar-i-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Hazara people">previously been persecuted by the Taliban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_severely_persecuted_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_severely_persecuted-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three were tortured by Taliban security forces prior to their executions: Wahed Qaraman's legs and arms were broken, his hair was pulled out and he was beaten in the face; Jaffar Rahimi was severely beaten and strangled to death with his scarf; Sayed Abdul Hakim was beaten, had his arms tied and his legs shot before he was shot in the chest. Three were executed at a Taliban checkpoint and the other three were executed in Mundarakht.<sup id="cite_ref-AmnestyInt_massacre_Hazara_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmnestyInt_massacre_Hazara-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 July 2021, <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Danish_Siddiqui" title="Danish Siddiqui">Danish Siddiqui</a> was killed in Spin Boldak, either in crossfire between <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces" title="Afghan National Security Forces">Afghan National Security Forces</a> (ANSF) and the Taliban or by execution after being captured by the Taliban. His body was mutilated, leaving his face unrecognisable and tyre marks on his face and chest.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_body_Reuters_mutilated_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_body_Reuters_mutilated-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 July 2021, a popular comedian, Nazar Mohammad,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as "Khasha Zwan", was executed by the Taliban in Kandahar Province.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_revenge_killings_comedian_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_revenge_killings_comedian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tolo_EU_says_govt_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolo_EU_says_govt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reported,with fighting raging on the outskirts of Kandahar, the second city, Nazar Mohammad, an entertainer, was dragged from his home and killed, by suspected Taliban forces.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late July, four security force personnel and a hospital worker from <a href="/wiki/Shakardara_District" title="Shakardara District">Shakardara District</a> were <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> by Taliban forces and executed. The cousin of one of the victims, Abdul Rahman, stated that the Taliban removed his cousin's eyes and tongue and ran a car over him before shooting him.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolo_Taliban_killed_5_Kabul_district_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolo_Taliban_killed_5_Kabul_district-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commander in the Afghan forces, Abdul Hamid, was executed by the Taliban near <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> after being taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolo_Taliban_closer_Herat_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolo_Taliban_closer_Herat-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 August 2021, Taliban forces claimed responsibility for the 5 August assassination of Dawa Khan Menapal, head of the governmental media and information centre, in Kabul.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolo_head_media_assassinated_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolo_head_media_assassinated-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, during which the Taliban took control of <a href="/wiki/Zaranj" title="Zaranj">Zaranj</a>, human rights activist Laal Gul Laal stated that the execution of 30 soldiers by the Taliban was a war crime. According to <a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a>, some of the soldiers were tortured and had their eyes removed by the Taliban before they were killed. The Taliban stated that the soldiers had been killed in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolo_Taliban_take_Nimroz_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolo_Taliban_take_Nimroz-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 August 2021, a video showing Haji Mullah Achakzai, the ex-police chief of Badghis province, was shown blindfolded and restrained before he was shot to death by Taliban fighters at close range.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported on 30 August 2021 that Ghulam Sakhi Akbari, ex-police chief of Farha province, was killed at the Kabul-Kandahar highway.<sup id="cite_ref-ITA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 September 2021, folk singer Fawad Andarab was executed by Taliban fighters after being taken from his house in Andarab Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 September 2021, Arabic-speaking Taliban fighters were singled out as the culprits for murdering a pregnant ex-police officer named Banu Negar in Firozkoh. According to Negar's family, she was eight months pregnant when three Taliban gunmen arrived at her family's house and tied up all of its occupants, before beating and shooting Negar dead in front of her husband and children.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a Human Rights Watch's report released in November 2021, the Taliban killed or forcibly disappeared more than 100 former members of the Afghan security forces in the three months since the takeover in just the four provinces of Ghazni, Helmand, Kandahar, and Kunduz. According to the report, the Taliban identified targets for arrest and execution through intelligence operations and access to employment records that were left behind. Former members of the security forces were also killed by the Taliban within days of registering with them to receive a letter guaranteeing their safety.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panjshir_conflict">Panjshir conflict</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Panjshir conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjshir conflict">Panjshir conflict</a></div> <p>During the Panjshir conflict, the Taliban were accused of extrajudicial executions and blocking food supplies. A tribal elder said eight civilians were executed by them on 7 September.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amrullah_Saleh" title="Amrullah Saleh">Amrullah Saleh</a>'s son Shuresh stated that his father's brother Rohullah Azizi, who had been executed alongside his driver on 9 September by the Taliban, after being stopped at a checkpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An investigative report published by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> on 13 September concluded that the Taliban had executed at least 30 civilians in Panjshir since they entered the valley at the beginning of September.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> reporters, allowed into Panjshir on 15 September, interviewed residents who claimed the Taliban had executed 19 civilians between the village of Khenj and Bazarak, and prevented civilians from fleeing the province in order to use them as human shields.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_violence">Sexual violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sexual violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Afghanistan#Afghan_Taliban" title="Rape in Afghanistan">Rape in Afghanistan § Afghan Taliban</a></div> <p>In 2015 in Kunduz, Taliban forces carried out rape, including <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang rape</a>. One woman was gang-raped and executed by the Taliban as punishment for having provided <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">reproductive health</a> services to women.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_Kunduz2015_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_Kunduz2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officially, the Taliban has policies forbidding its members from killing civilians, cutting off certain body parts (e.g., noses and ears), or employing <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a> against targets lacking significant military value. It has established nominally independent commissions and disseminated phone numbers for anonymous reporting of incidents involving civilian attacks by its members, many of whom have been expelled or severely punished for violations. </p><p>Despite these efforts, thousands of Afghan civilians have been killed in Taliban attacks since 2001, with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_in_Afghanistan" title="United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan">United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan</a> (UNAMA) attributing 74% of Afghan civilian casualties in 2013 to the Taliban. <a href="/wiki/Max_Abrahms" title="Max Abrahms">Max Abrahms</a> states that the Taliban's leadership suffers from acute <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a> problems due to the fractious nature of the organization and the impact of <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">targeted killings</a> of high-ranking Taliban officials by the U.S. military, which have tended to empower younger commanders more inclined to lash out against the civilian population. Abrahms found that when civilians are harmed, the Taliban often denies responsibility for attacks, sometimes even retracting initial claims of responsibility due to a mounting civilian death toll.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Afghans_during_the_Soviet-Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Afghans during the Soviet-Afghan War">Genocide of Afghans during the Soviet-Afghan War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_Alliance">Northern Alliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Northern Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Dasht-i-Leili_massacre" title="Dasht-i-Leili massacre">Dasht-i-Leili massacre</a> took place, where between 250 and 3,000 Taliban fighters who had surrendered, were shot and/or suffocated to death in metal truck containers during transportation by Northern Alliance forces. Reports place US ground troops at the scene.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iol2002-05-02_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iol2002-05-02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phr01_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phr01-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Massacre:_The_Convoy_of_Death" title="Afghan Massacre: The Convoy of Death">Afghan Massacre: The Convoy of Death</a></i> investigated these allegations and claimed that <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass graves</a> of thousands of victims were found by UN investigators<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the US blocked investigations into the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NATO_and_allies">NATO and allies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: NATO and allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gul_Mudin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gul_Mudin.jpg/220px-Gul_Mudin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gul_Mudin.jpg/330px-Gul_Mudin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gul_Mudin.jpg/440px-Gul_Mudin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Afghan boy murdered on 15 January 2010 by a group of US Army soldiers called the <i><a href="/wiki/Maywand_District_murders" title="Maywand District murders">Kill Team</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002_prisoner_torture_at_Bagram_Theater_Internment_Facility">2002 prisoner torture at Bagram Theater Internment Facility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2002 prisoner torture at Bagram Theater Internment Facility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, two unarmed civilian Afghan prisoners were tortured and later killed by <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">US armed forces</a> personnel at the <a href="/wiki/Bagram_Theater_Internment_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagram Theater Internment Facility">Bagram Theater Internment Facility</a> (also <i>Bagram Collection Point</i> or <i>B.C.P.</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Bagram" title="Bagram">Bagram</a>, Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prisoners, <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_(Afghan_detainee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habibullah (Afghan detainee)">Habibullah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dilawar_(torture_victim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilawar (torture victim)">Dilawar</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Bagram_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Bagram torture and prisoner abuse">chained to the ceiling and beaten, which caused their deaths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">coroners</a> ruled that both the prisoners' deaths were homicides.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsies</a> revealed severe trauma to both prisoners' legs, describing the trauma as comparable to being run over by a bus. Fifteen soldiers were charged, of which six were convicted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003_homicide_of_Abdul_Wali">2003 homicide of Abdul Wali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2003 homicide of Abdul Wali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 June 2003, <a href="/wiki/David_Passaro" class="mw-redirect" title="David Passaro">David Passaro</a>, a <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> contractor and former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Ranger" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Ranger">United States Army Ranger</a>, killed Abdul Wali, a prisoner at a US base 16 km (10 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Asadabad,_Afghanistan" title="Asadabad, Afghanistan">Asadabad</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar Province</a>. Passaro was found guilty of one count of felony assault with a dangerous weapon and three counts of misdemeanor assault. On 10 August 2009, he was sentenced to 8 years and 4 months in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Weigl_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weigl-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-starnews_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starnews-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_Kandahar_homicides">2010 Kandahar homicides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2010 Kandahar homicides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the summer of 2010, ISAF charged five United States Army soldiers with the murder of three Afghan civilians in Kandahar province and collecting their body parts as trophies in what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Maywand_District_murders" title="Maywand District murders">Maywand District murders</a>. In addition, seven soldiers were charged with crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a> use, impeding an investigation and attacking the <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Specialist_(rank)" title="Specialist (rank)">Specialist</a> Justin Stoner.<sup id="cite_ref-Cnn-2010-09-10_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cnn-2010-09-10-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SeattleTimes2010-08-24_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeattleTimes2010-08-24-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eleven of the twelve soldiers were convicted on various counts.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianWagnon_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianWagnon-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_Helmand_murder">2011 Helmand murder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2011 Helmand murder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A British Royal Marine Sergeant, identified as Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blackman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Blackman">Alexander Blackman</a> from Taunton, Somerset,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was convicted at court martial in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> of the murder of an unarmed, reportedly wounded, Afghan fighter in <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand Province</a> in September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, he received a life sentence from the court martial in Bulford, Wiltshire, and was <a href="/wiki/Dishonourable_discharge#Naval_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishonourable discharge">dismissed with disgrace</a> from the Royal Marines. In 2017, after appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Court_Martial_Appeal_Court" title="Court Martial Appeal Court">Court Martial Appeal Court</a> (CMAC), his conviction was lessened to manslaughter on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility_in_English_law" title="Diminished responsibility in English law">diminished responsibility</a> and the sentence was reduced to seven years effectively releasing Blackman due to time served.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_Kandahar_massacre">2012 Kandahar massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2012 Kandahar massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_massacre" title="Kandahar massacre">Kandahar massacre</a></div> <p>On 11 March 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_massacre" title="Kandahar massacre">Kandahar massacre</a> occurred when sixteen civilians were killed and six wounded in the <a href="/wiki/Panjwayi_District" title="Panjwayi District">Panjwayi District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar Province</a>, Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_Names_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_Names-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine of the victims were children,<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_Names_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_Names-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eleven of the dead were from the same family.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Staff_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff Sergeant">Staff Sergeant</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bales" title="Robert Bales">Robert Bales</a> was taken into custody and charged with sixteen counts of <a href="/wiki/Premeditated_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Premeditated murder">premeditated murder</a>. Bales pleaded guilty to sixteen counts of premeditated murder as part of a plea deal to avoid a death sentence, and was subsequently sentenced to life in prison without parole and dishonorably discharged from the United States Army.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_Amnesty_International_allegations">2014 Amnesty International allegations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2014 Amnesty International allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2014, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> accused <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> of covering up evidence related to <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and unlawful killings in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_Kunduz_hospital_airstrike">2015 Kunduz hospital airstrike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2015 Kunduz hospital airstrike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike" title="Kunduz hospital airstrike">Kunduz hospital airstrike</a></div> <p>On 3 October 2015, a <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> airstrike hit a <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike" title="Kunduz hospital airstrike">hospital</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors Without Borders">Doctors Without Borders</a> in Kunduz during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunduz_(2015)" title="Battle of Kunduz (2015)">Battle of Kunduz</a>. 42 people were killed and over 30 were injured in the airstrike.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zeid_Ra%E2%80%99ad_al-Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein">Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> said the airstrike may have been a war crime.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eleven days after the airstrike, a US tank entered the hospital compound. Doctors Without Borders officials said: "Their unannounced and forced entry damaged property, destroyed potential evidence and caused stress and fear for the MSF team."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a>'s investigation concluded that personnel failed to comply with the rules of engagement and the law of armed conflict, but that the airstrike was not a war crime, due to the lack of intentionality. The investigation found that the incident resulted from a mixture of human errors and equipment failures, and that none of the personnel knew they were striking a medical facility,<sup id="cite_ref-CENTCOM-KunduzHospitalAttack_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CENTCOM-KunduzHospitalAttack-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desk analysis by law professor <a href="/wiki/Jens_David_Ohlin" title="Jens David Ohlin">Jens David Ohlin</a> was inconclusive about a war crime being committed.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doctors without Borders rejected the US internal investigation, noting that it was undertaken by a party to the conflict and stated the bombing of a hospital was a violation of <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_US_snub_of_the_International_Criminal_Court">2018 US snub of the International Criminal Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2018 US snub of the International Criminal Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2018, the United States threatened to arrest and impose sanctions on <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) judges and other officials if they charged any US soldiers who served in Afghanistan with war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US further stated it would not cooperate with the ICC if it carried out an investigation into allegations of war crimes by the US in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 April 2019 a panel of ICC judges decided not to open an investigation regarding Afghanistan. The Court's chief prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Fatou_Bensouda" title="Fatou Bensouda">Fatou Bensouda</a> provided a report that established "a reasonable basis" that crimes had been committed, but they decided against continuing because the US and other parties would not cooperate.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2020, senior judges at the ICC called for the investigation into war crimes by the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a>, Afghan and Taliban troops in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, overturning the previous rejection of a probe into the US’ role in committing <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes_by_the_Australian_Defence_Force">War crimes by the Australian Defence Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: War crimes by the Australian Defence Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, Dr Samantha Crompvoets was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> to write a report on the culture of Special Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through her interviews with soldiers, Crompvoets documented "competition killing and blood lust" along with "inhumane and unnecessary treatment of prisoners".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allegations in Crompvoets' report involved soldiers in Australian, American and British armed forces. The findings would become the basis for the independent commission, known as the <a href="/wiki/Brereton_Report" title="Brereton Report">Brereton Report</a>, into war crimes committed by Australian Defence Forces. </p><p>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> published a series of articles called <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Files_(Australia)" title="Afghan Files (Australia)">The Afghan Files</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The findings came from documents leaked to the ABC by Australian Defence Force lawyer <a href="/wiki/David_McBride_(whistleblower)" title="David McBride (whistleblower)">David McBride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the leak, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police" title="Australian Federal Police">Australian Federal Police</a> raided the ABC's offices in June 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2018, Australia's most decorated soldier <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roberts-Smith" title="Ben Roberts-Smith">Ben Roberts-Smith</a> was linked in articles published by the <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra Times">Canberra Times</a></i> to a series of war crimes committed in Afghanistan during his tours of duty.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts-Smith subsequently launched a defamation lawsuit against the papers involved. The Publications filed a truth defence which was upheld by Justice Anthony Besanko in June 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Guard-defamation_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard-defamation-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Besanko determined that based on civil standard of the "balance of probabilities" the claims were proven.<sup id="cite_ref-Guard-defamation_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard-defamation-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2020, the Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force publicly released a redacted version of the Brereton Report<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> detailing misconduct by Australian troops in Afghanistan. Findings would predominantly focus on the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">SAS.</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence was established for 39 unlawful killings by Australian forces, including murdering non-combatants and the execution of prisoners. </p><p>Following the reports release, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Scott Morrison</a> established the Office of the Special Investigator to explore the possibility for criminal prosecution of Australian soldiers involved in the deaths of 12 afghan non-combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Moraitis" title="Chris Moraitis">Chris Moraitis</a> was appointed as the Director General in January 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During an Australian <a href="/wiki/Senate_Estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Estimates">Senate Estimates</a> hearing in February 2023, Moraitis described the agency as "an investigative body trying to enforce Australian criminal law" and stated that they were investigating between 40 and 50 alleged offences, with the first brief of evidence being due to be handed to prosecutors in the middle of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012_homicide_of_Dad_Mohammad">2012 homicide of Dad Mohammad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2012 homicide of Dad Mohammad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Dad_Mohammad" title="Killing of Dad Mohammad">Killing of Dad Mohammad</a></div> <p>In May 2012, unarmed Afghan civilian Dad Mohammad was executed by an Australian soldier, who falsely told investigators that he acted in self-defence. Mohammad was shot three times while lying on the ground from a range of two metres.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The killing was exposed in 2020 by a <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners_(Australian_TV_program)" title="Four Corners (Australian TV program)">Four Corners</a></i> documentary which focussed on atrocities committed by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a>. On 20 March 2023 a former Australian soldier was charged with murder in relation to the shooting in the first case of an ADF soldier facing charges for war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_phosphorus_use">White phosphorus use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: White phosphorus use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">White phosphorus</a> has been condemned by human rights organizations as cruel and inhumane because it causes severe burns. White phosphorus burns on the bodies of civilians wounded in clashes near <a href="/wiki/Bagram" title="Bagram">Bagram</a> were confirmed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The US claimed at least 44 instances in which militants used or stored white phosphorus in weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2009, the US confirmed that Western military forces in Afghanistan use white phosphorus to illuminate targets or as an incendiary to destroy bunkers and enemy equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US forces used white phosphorus to screen a retreat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganjgal" title="Battle of Ganjgal">Battle of Ganjgal</a> when regular smoke munitions were not available.<sup id="cite_ref-pinned_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinned-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_investigations">Legal investigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legal investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Criminal_Court">International Criminal Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International Criminal Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Afghanistan" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan">International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) investigation in Afghanistan was authorised to proceed in 2020, after the collection of information from victims during 2017 and 2018, a 2019 request to open an investigation, a rejection of the request, and an overturning of the rejection of the request. The investigation concerns <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> committed since 1 May 2003, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">war in Afghanistan</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and affiliated armed groups, war crimes by the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces" title="Afghan National Security Forces">Afghan National Security Forces</a>, and war crimes committed in Afghanistan, Poland, Romania and Lithuania by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> and the United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA).<sup id="cite_ref-ICC_Afghanistan_201904_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICC_Afghanistan_201904-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AJE_ICC_Afghan_reopened_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJE_ICC_Afghan_reopened-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission">Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission">Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission</a> (AIHRC) published a brief report after investigating the Taliban takeover of <a href="/wiki/Spin_Boldak" title="Spin Boldak">Spin Boldak</a> on 14 July 2021 through "reliable local sources", and interviews with witnesses and victims' families. The AIHRC found that the Taliban forces killed 40 civilians and looted private properties, in violation of international humanitarian law.<sup id="cite_ref-AIHRC_SpinBoldak_July2021_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIHRC_SpinBoldak_July2021-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghan_Unlawful_Killings_inquiry">Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Unlawful_Killings_inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry">Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry</a></div> <p>On 22 March 2023, the British government launched <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Unlawful_Killings_inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry">a public inquiry</a> into alleged extrajudicial killings committed by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Special_Forces" title="United Kingdom Special Forces">UKSF</a> personnel in Afghanistan between 2010 and 2013, including during the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Shesh_Aba_raid" title="Shesh Aba raid">Shesh Aba raid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province#Claimed_and_alleged_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province#Claimed and alleged attacks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HRW_first_day_of_takeover-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_first_day_of_takeover_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_first_day_of_takeover_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-02.htm">"III. The first day of the takeover"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i>. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624074305/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-02.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=III.+The+first+day+of+the+takeover&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports98%2Fafghan%2FAfrepor0-02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW_massacres_of_Hazaras-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_massacres_of_Hazaras_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_massacres_of_Hazaras_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghanistan/afghan101.htm">"Afghanistan – Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan – Summary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i>. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805205919/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghanistan/afghan101.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+Massacres+of+Hazaras+in+Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fafghanistan%2Fafghan101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_Taliban_war_crimes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AI_Taliban_war_crimes_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AI_Taliban_war_crimes_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2010/08/procesar-talibanes-crimenes-guerra-afganistan">"Taliban Leaders Should Be Prosecuted for War Crimes in Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i>. 10 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204145420/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2010/08/procesar-talibanes-crimenes-guerra-afganistan">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Taliban+Leaders+Should+Be+Prosecuted+for+War+Crimes+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2010-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2010%2F08%2Fprocesar-talibanes-crimenes-guerra-afganistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amnesty_Kunduz2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_Kunduz2015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_Kunduz2015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_Kunduz2015_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/afghanistan-harrowing-accounts-emerge-of-the-talibans-reign-of-terror-in-kunduz">"Afghanistan: Harrowing accounts emerge of the Taliban's reign of terror in Kunduz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i>. 1 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126014459/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/afghanistan-harrowing-accounts-emerge-of-the-talibans-reign-of-terror-in-kunduz">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAMA&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+Protection+of+civilians+in+armed+conflict+midyear+update%3A+1+January+to+30+June+2021&rft.date=2021-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funama.unmissions.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Funama_poc_midyear_report_2021_26_july.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIHRC_AF_civilians_midyear2021-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIHRC_AF_civilians_midyear2021_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIHRC_AF_civilians_midyear2021_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aihrc.org.af/home/research_report/91124">"Summary Report on Civilian Casualties in the First Six Months of 2021"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission">Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission</a></i>. 1 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805224750/https://www.aihrc.org.af/home/research_report/91124">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Others fear they will be hunted down too"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805234744/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/22/asia/afghanistan-interpreters-taliban-reprisals-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Mounting+Taliban+Revenge+Killings+%E2%80%93+Insurgents+Beat%2C+Execute+Popular+Comedian+in+Kandahar&rft.date=2021-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2021%2F07%2F30%2Fafghanistan-mounting-taliban-revenge-killings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolonews-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tolonews_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624161358/http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/1591-aihrc-calls-civilian-deaths-war-crime">"AIHRC Calls Civilian Deaths War Crime"</a>. <i>Tolonews</i>. 13 January 2011. 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Reuters. 24 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070419/wl_nm/afghan_rights_dc_2">the original</a> on 14 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taliban+attack+civilians+to+spread+fear%3A+Amnesty&rft.date=2007-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fnm%2F20070419%2Fwl_nm%2Fafghan_rights_dc_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarterGertz2009" class="citation news cs1">Carter, Sara A.; Gertz, Bill (12 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washingtontimes.com/news/2009/may/12/ousted-commanders-aide-blames-deaths-on-taliban/">"Afghan commander's aide blames deaths on Taliban"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517232146/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/may/12/ousted-commanders-aide-blames-deaths-on-taliban/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Afghan+commander%27s+aide+blames+deaths+on+Taliban&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009-05-12&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Sara+A.&rft.au=Gertz%2C+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwashingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fmay%2F12%2Fousted-commanders-aide-blames-deaths-on-taliban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27943.htm">"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"</a>. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816013846/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27943.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2003%2F27943.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRod_Nordland2011" class="citation news cs1">Rod Nordland (10 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/asia/10afghanistan.html">"Afghan Rights Groups Shift Focus to Taliban"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614213613/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/asia/10afghanistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Afghan+Rights+Groups+Shift+Focus+to+Taliban&rft.pages=A6&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft.au=Rod+Nordland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F10%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F10afghanistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kegley-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kegley_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKegleyShannon_L_Blanton2011" class="citation book cs1">Kegley, Charles W.; Shannon L Blanton (2011). <i>World Politics: Trend and Transformation</i>. Cengage. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90655-1"><bdi>978-0-495-90655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Politics%3A+Trend+and+Transformation&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-495-90655-1&rft.aulast=Kegley&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft.au=Shannon+L+Blanton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al_Jazeera_casualties-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_casualties_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/afghan-civilian-casualties-2016-170206062807210.html">"Afghan civilian casualties at record high in 2016: UN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>. 6 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206100518/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/afghan-civilian-casualties-2016-170206062807210.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Afghan+civilian+casualties+at+record+high+in+2016%3A+UN&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F02%2Fafghan-civilian-casualties-2016-170206062807210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_casualties-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_casualties_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39036&Cr=Afghan&Cr1">"Afghan civilian deaths rise, insurgents responsible for most casualties – UN"</a>. <i>U.N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.N.+News+Centre&rft.atitle=Afghan+civilian+deaths+rise%2C+insurgents+responsible+for+most+casualties+%E2%80%93+UN&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D39036%26Cr%3DAfghan%26Cr1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_Ackerman2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Spencer Ackerman (19 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/02/afghanistan-civilians/">"Afghanistan Gets Safer for Civilians as U.N. Warns Taliban of 'War Crimes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929152438/http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/02/afghanistan-civilians/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"This is a war crime and people will be held responsible in the future for this war crime," said Ján Kubiš, the U.N.'s man in Afghanistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+Gets+Safer+for+Civilians+as+U.N.+Warns+Taliban+of+%27War+Crimes%27&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft.au=Spencer+Ackerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fdangerroom%2F2013%2F02%2Fafghanistan-civilians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/afghanistan-harrowing-accounts-emerge-of-the-talibans-reign-of-terror-in-kunduz/">"Afghanistan: Harrowing accounts emerge of the Taliban's reign of terror in Kunduz"</a>. <i>Amnesty International</i>. 1 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209230457/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/afghanistan-harrowing-accounts-emerge-of-the-talibans-reign-of-terror-in-kunduz/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Harrowing+accounts+emerge+of+the+Taliban%27s+reign+of+terror+in+Kunduz&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2Fafghanistan-harrowing-accounts-emerge-of-the-talibans-reign-of-terror-in-kunduz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAN_UNAMA_civilians_report-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAN_UNAMA_civilians_report_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAN_UNAMA_civilians_report_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/war-and-peace/new-unama-civilian-casualties-report-the-human-cost-of-the-taleban-push-to-take-territory">"New UNAMA Civilian Casualties report: The human cost of the Taleban push to take territory"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan_Analysts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghanistan Analysts (page does not exist)">Afghanistan Analysts</a></i>. 26 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726020133/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/war-and-peace/new-unama-civilian-casualties-report-the-human-cost-of-the-taleban-push-to-take-territory">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghanistan+Analysts&rft.atitle=New+UNAMA+Civilian+Casualties+report%3A+The+human+cost+of+the+Taleban+push+to+take+territory&rft.date=2021-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanistan-analysts.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Fwar-and-peace%2Fnew-unama-civilian-casualties-report-the-human-cost-of-the-taleban-push-to-take-territory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_22_commandos_executed-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_22_commandos_executed_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorenSidhuListerBina2021" class="citation news cs1">Coren, Anna; Sidhu, Sandi; Lister, Tim; Bina, Abdul Basir (14 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/13/asia/afghanistan-taliban-commandos-killed-intl-hnk/index.html">"Taliban fighters execute 22 Afghan commandos as they try to surrender"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805235522/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/13/asia/afghanistan-taliban-commandos-killed-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Taliban+fighters+execute+22+Afghan+commandos+as+they+try+to+surrender&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft.aulast=Coren&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Sidhu%2C+Sandi&rft.au=Lister%2C+Tim&rft.au=Bina%2C+Abdul+Basir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2021%2F07%2F13%2Fasia%2Fafghanistan-taliban-commandos-killed-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolo_killed_800to900_TadinKhan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tolo_killed_800to900_TadinKhan_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolo_killed_800to900_TadinKhan_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaheed2021" class="citation news cs1">Shaheed, Anisa (4 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-173981">"Taliban Killed 'Possibly 800-900 People' in Kandahar: Tadin Khan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805230004/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-173981">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=Taliban+Killed+%27Possibly+800-900+People%27+in+Kandahar%3A+Tadin+Khan&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Shaheed&rft.aufirst=Anisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Fafghanistan-173981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolo_sources_allege_100-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tolo_sources_allege_100_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolo_sources_allege_100_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaheed2021" class="citation news cs1">Shaheed, Anisa (22 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-173674">"Sources Allege 100 Civilians Killed After Fall of Spin Boldak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805232054/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-173674">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=Sources+Allege+100+Civilians+Killed+After+Fall+of+Spin+Boldak&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft.aulast=Shaheed&rft.aufirst=Anisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Fafghanistan-173674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIHRC_SpinBoldak_July2021-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIHRC_SpinBoldak_July2021_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIHRC_SpinBoldak_July2021_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aihrc.org.af/home/thematic-reports/91121">"Violations of International Humanitarian Law in Spin Boldak District of Kandahar Province"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission">Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission</a></i>. 31 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805215622/https://www.aihrc.org.af/home/thematic-reports/91121">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghan+Independent+Human+Rights+Commission&rft.atitle=Violations+of+International+Humanitarian+Law+in+Spin+Boldak+District+of+Kandahar+Province&rft.date=2021-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aihrc.org.af%2Fhome%2Fthematic-reports%2F91121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolo_43_killed_by_Taliban_Ghazni-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tolo_43_killed_by_Taliban_Ghazni_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahimi2021" class="citation news cs1">Rahimi, Zahra (22 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-173736">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'43 People Killed by Taliban' in Ghazni, Residents Claim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725183714/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-173736">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=%2743+People+Killed+by+Taliban%27+in+Ghazni%2C+Residents+Claim&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft.aulast=Rahimi&rft.aufirst=Zahra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Fafghanistan-173736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_severely_persecuted-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_severely_persecuted_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58277463">"Afghanistan: Taliban 'tortured and massacred' men from Hazara minority"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 20 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820122140/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58277463">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Taliban+%27tortured+and+massacred%27+men+from+Hazara+minority&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-58277463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmnestyInt_massacre_Hazara-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmnestyInt_massacre_Hazara_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/08/afghanistan-taliban-responsible-for-brutal-massacre-of-hazara-men-new-investigation/">"Afghanistan: Taliban responsible for brutal massacre of Hazara men – new investigation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i>. 19 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820114827/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/08/afghanistan-taliban-responsible-for-brutal-massacre-of-hazara-men-new-investigation/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Taliban+responsible+for+brutal+massacre+of+Hazara+men+%E2%80%93+new+investigation&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2021%2F08%2Fafghanistan-taliban-responsible-for-brutal-massacre-of-hazara-men-new-investigation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_body_Reuters_mutilated-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_body_Reuters_mutilated_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMashal2021" class="citation news cs1">Mashal, Mujib (31 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/31/world/asia/danish-siddiqui-afghanistan-photographer.html">"Body of Reuters Photographer Was Mutilated in Taliban Custody, Officials Say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804134644/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/31/world/asia/danish-siddiqui-afghanistan-photographer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Body+of+Reuters+Photographer+Was+Mutilated+in+Taliban+Custody%2C+Officials+Say&rft.date=2021-07-31&rft.aulast=Mashal&rft.aufirst=Mujib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2F31%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fdanish-siddiqui-afghanistan-photographer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesk2021" class="citation web cs1">Desk, Sentinel Digital (5 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/international/afghanistans-famous-comedian-nazar-mohammad-aka-khasha-zwan-brutally-killed-by-taliban-549502">"Afghanistan's Famous Comedian Nazar Mohammad Aka 'Khasha Zwan' Brutally Killed By Taliban"</a>. <i>Sentinel Assam</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sentinel+Assam&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+Famous+Comedian+Nazar+Mohammad+Aka+%27Khasha+Zwan%27+Brutally+Killed+By+Taliban&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft.aulast=Desk&rft.aufirst=Sentinel+Digital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sentinelassam.com%2Fmore-news%2Finternational%2Fafghanistans-famous-comedian-nazar-mohammad-aka-khasha-zwan-brutally-killed-by-taliban-549502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolo_EU_says_govt-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tolo_EU_says_govt_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnsar2021" class="citation news cs1">Ansar, Massoud (29 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/attack-mediajournalists-173812">"EU Says Govt Can't Tell Media What The National Interest Is"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806003157/https://tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/attack-mediajournalists-173812">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=EU+Says+Govt+Can%27t+Tell+Media+What+The+National+Interest+Is&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft.aulast=Ansar&rft.aufirst=Massoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Findex.php%2Fafghanistan%2Fattack-mediajournalists-173812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/28/nazar-khasha-afghanistan-comedian/">"After 'comedian' is killed by Taliban, videos of his treatment spark outrage across Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=After+%27comedian%27+is+killed+by+Taliban%2C+videos+of+his+treatment+spark+outrage+across+Afghanistan&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2F07%2F28%2Fnazar-khasha-afghanistan-comedian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daily-sun.com/post/567049/Afghanistan:-Taliban-militants-kill-comedian-Nazar-Mohammad-social-media-users-condemn">"Afghanistan: Taliban militants kill comedian Nazar Mohammad, social media users condemn"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Sun">Daily Sun</a></i>. 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sun&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Taliban+militants+kill+comedian+Nazar+Mohammad%2C+social+media+users+condemn&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daily-sun.com%2Fpost%2F567049%2FAfghanistan%3A-Taliban-militants-kill-comedian-Nazar-Mohammad-social-media-users-condemn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolo_Taliban_killed_5_Kabul_district-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tolo_Taliban_killed_5_Kabul_district_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnsar2021" class="citation news cs1">Ansar, Massoud (23 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-173730">"Residents Claim Taliban Killed 5 People in Kabul District"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725183634/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-173730">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=Residents+Claim+Taliban+Killed+5+People+in+Kabul+District&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft.aulast=Ansar&rft.aufirst=Massoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Fafghanistan-173730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolo_Taliban_closer_Herat-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tolo_Taliban_closer_Herat_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalehi2021" class="citation news cs1">Salehi, Naser Ahmad (31 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-173868">"Taliban Gets Closer to Herat City as Clashes Intensify"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806003948/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-173868">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=Taliban+Gets+Closer+to+Herat+City+as+Clashes+Intensify&rft.date=2021-07-31&rft.aulast=Salehi&rft.aufirst=Naser+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Fafghanistan-173868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolo_head_media_assassinated-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tolo_head_media_assassinated_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174017">"Head of Govt's Media, Information Center Assassinated"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a></i>. 6 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806155445/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174017">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=Head+of+Govt%27s+Media%2C+Information+Center+Assassinated&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Fafghanistan-174017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolo_Taliban_take_Nimroz-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tolo_Taliban_take_Nimroz_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174026">"Taliban Captures Capital of Nimroz Province"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a></i>. 6 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806155403/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174026">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=Taliban+Captures+Capital+of+Nimroz+Province&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Fafghanistan-174026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/afghanistan-taliban-execute-police-chief-despite-promising-not-to-seek-retribution/news-story/7473f8a8c66ec8d87a502cdfa6186112">"Afghanistan: Taliban execute police chief despite promising not to seek retribution"</a>. new.au.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021001955/https://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/afghanistan-taliban-execute-police-chief-despite-promising-not-to-seek-retribution/news-story/7473f8a8c66ec8d87a502cdfa6186112">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+Taliban+execute+police+chief+despite+promising+not+to+seek+retribution&rft.pub=new.au.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fafghanistan-taliban-execute-police-chief-despite-promising-not-to-seek-retribution%2Fnews-story%2F7473f8a8c66ec8d87a502cdfa6186112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITA-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITA_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/growing-reports-of-detentions-and-taliban-reprisals-against-former-regime-officials-1.4659245">"Growing reports of detentions and Taliban reprisals against former regime officials"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130061235/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/growing-reports-of-detentions-and-taliban-reprisals-against-former-regime-officials-1.4659245">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growing+reports+of+detentions+and+Taliban+reprisals+against+former+regime+officials&rft.pub=The+Irish+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fgrowing-reports-of-detentions-and-taliban-reprisals-against-former-regime-officials-1.4659245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2021/09/02/fear-of-music-afghan-folk-singer-executed-by-the-taliban.html">"Fear of music: Afghan folk singer executed by the Taliban"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903065531/https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2021/09/02/fear-of-music-afghan-folk-singer-executed-by-the-taliban.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fear+of+music%3A+Afghan+folk+singer+executed+by+the+Taliban&rft.pub=The+Jakarta+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Flife%2F2021%2F09%2F02%2Ffear-of-music-afghan-folk-singer-executed-by-the-taliban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58455826">"Afghanistan: Taliban accused of killing pregnant police officer"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019061310/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58455826">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Taliban+accused+of+killing+pregnant+police+officer&rft.date=2021-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-58455826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/11/30/no-forgiveness-people-you/executions-and-enforced-disappearances-afghanistan">"Executions and Enforced Disappearances in Afghanistan under the Taliban"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 30 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228194005/https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/11/30/no-forgiveness-people-you/executions-and-enforced-disappearances-afghanistan">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Executions+and+Enforced+Disappearances+in+Afghanistan+under+the+Taliban&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2021%2F11%2F30%2Fno-forgiveness-people-you%2Fexecutions-and-enforced-disappearances-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNawaz_KhanFahimHudson2021" class="citation news cs1">Nawaz Khan, Haq; Fahim, Kareem; Hudson, John (10 September 2021). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/10/taliban-crackdown-protests-united-nations/">"Taliban fighters tighten grip in rebellious Panjshir region with killings and food control, witness says"</a></span>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911160051/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/10/taliban-crackdown-protests-united-nations/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Taliban+fighters+tighten+grip+in+rebellious+Panjshir+region+with+killings+and+food+control%2C+witness+says&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.aulast=Nawaz+Khan&rft.aufirst=Haq&rft.au=Fahim%2C+Kareem&rft.au=Hudson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2F09%2F10%2Ftaliban-crackdown-protests-united-nations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/brother-of-former-afghan-vp-killed-by-taliban/a-59152335">"Brother of former Afghan VP killed by Taliban"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 11 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210914133512/https://www.dw.com/en/brother-of-former-afghan-vp-killed-by-taliban/a-59152335">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Brother+of+former+Afghan+VP+killed+by+Taliban&rft.date=2021-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fbrother-of-former-afghan-vp-killed-by-taliban%2Fa-59152335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58545892">"Afghanistan crisis: Taliban kill civilians in resistance stronghold"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 13 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927210312/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58545892">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+crisis%3A+Taliban+kill+civilians+in+resistance+stronghold&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-58545892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/no-one-left-afghanistan-panjshir-ghost-towns-old-men-taliban-1853860-2021-09-17">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'No one left': Afghanistan's Panjshir is now the realm of ghost towns and old men"</a>. <i>Agence France-Presse</i>. India Today. 17 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918074500/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/no-one-left-afghanistan-panjshir-ghost-towns-old-men-taliban-1853860-2021-09-17">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agence+France-Presse&rft.atitle=%27No+one+left%27%3A+Afghanistan%27s+Panjshir+is+now+the+realm+of+ghost+towns+and+old+men&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fworld%2Fstory%2Fno-one-left-afghanistan-panjshir-ghost-towns-old-men-taliban-1853860-2021-09-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrahms2018" class="citation book cs1">Abrahms, Max (2018). <i>Rules for Rebels: The Science of Victory in Militant History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>160, <span class="nowrap">173–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192539441" title="Special:BookSources/9780192539441"><bdi>9780192539441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+for+Rebels%3A+The+Science+of+Victory+in+Militant+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E160%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780192539441&rft.aulast=Abrahms&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarding2002" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Luke (14 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/14/afghanistan.lukeharding">"Afghan Massacre Haunts Pentagon"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826161631/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/14/afghanistan.lukeharding">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Afghan+Massacre+Haunts+Pentagon&rft.date=2002-09-14&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fsep%2F14%2Fafghanistan.lukeharding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iol2002-05-02-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iol2002-05-02_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613223632/http://iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=qw1020329461747B212">"Starved, hurt and buried alive in Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Online" title="Independent Online">Independent Online</a></i>. 2 May 2002. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsobserver.com/497/story/543038.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+and+Observer&rft.atitle=Passaro+will+serve+8+years+for+beating&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft.aulast=Weigl&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsobserver.com%2F497%2Fstory%2F543038.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-starnews-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-starnews_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunbar2007" class="citation news cs1">Dunbar, Elizabeth (14 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9wtPAAAAIBAJ&dq=passaro%208%20years&pg=6945%2C3814390">"Passaro Sentenced To 8-plus Years"</a>. <i>Star News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125144442/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9wtPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ESAEAAAAIBAJ&dq=passaro%208%20years&pg=6945%2C3814390">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+News&rft.atitle=Passaro+Sentenced+To+8-plus+Years&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D9wtPAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dpassaro%25208%2520years%26pg%3D6945%252C3814390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cnn-2010-09-10-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cnn-2010-09-10_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Starr2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Starr" title="Barbara Starr">Barbara Starr</a> (10 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/09/09/afghan.coverup/">"Army: 12 soldiers killed Afghans, mutilated corpses"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Army%3A+12+soldiers+killed+Afghans%2C+mutilated+corpses&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.au=Barbara+Starr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FUS%2F09%2F09%2Fafghan.coverup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeattleTimes2010-08-24-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SeattleTimes2010-08-24_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100829195759/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2012712933_additionalcharges25m.html">"Additional charges filed in Afghan civilians' deaths"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Times">Seattle Times</a></i>. 24 August 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Additional+charges+filed+in+Afghan+civilians%27+deaths&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Flocalnews%2F2012712933_additionalcharges25m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHal_Bernton2010" class="citation news cs1">Hal Bernton (8 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100912152240/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2012845630_stryker9m.html">"Stryker soldiers allegedly took corpses' fingers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+military+drops+%27kill+team%27+charges+against+soldier&rft.date=2012-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F04%2Fus-military-drops-kill-team-charges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25232808">"Marine convicted of Afghan murder named"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205184825/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25232808">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Marine+convicted+of+Afghan+murder+named&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-25232808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24888089">"Marine guilty of Afghanistan murder"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111010404/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24888089">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Marine+guilty+of+Afghanistan+murder&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-24888089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39417239">"Royal Marine Alexander Blackman to be free in weeks after new sentence"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 28 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527220524/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39417239">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Army+drops+one+charge+against+soldier+accused+in+Afghan+massacre&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-crime-afghanistan-idUSBRE8501D520120601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al_Jazeera_Names-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_Names_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_Names_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.aljazeera.com/blog/asia/no-one-asked-their-names">"No one asked their names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. 19 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120615142736/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/blog/asia/no-one-asked-their-names">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+one+asked+their+names&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.aljazeera.com%2Fblog%2Fasia%2Fno-one-asked-their-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaimoor_ShahGraham_Bowley2012" class="citation news cs1">Taimoor Shah; Graham Bowley (12 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/world/asia/us-army-sergeant-suspected-in-afghanistan-shooting.html?_r=1">"An Afghan Comes Home to a Massacre"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208022518/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/world/asia/us-army-sergeant-suspected-in-afghanistan-shooting.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soldier+Sentenced+to+Life+Without+Parole+in+Deaths+of+Afghan+Civilians&rft.date=2013-08-23&rft.au=Jack+Healy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F08%2F24%2Fus%2Fsoldier-gets-life-without-parole-in-deaths-of-afghan-civilians.html%3Femc%3Dedit_na_20130823%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/obamas-pentagon-covered-up-war-crimes-in-afghanistan-says-amnesty-international">"Obama's Pentagon Covered Up War Crimes in Afghanistan, Says Amnesty International"</a>. The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826191612/http://www.thedailybeast.com/obamas-pentagon-covered-up-war-crimes-in-afghanistan-says-amnesty-international">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Pentagon+Covered+Up+War+Crimes+in+Afghanistan%2C+Says+Amnesty+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fobamas-pentagon-covered-up-war-crimes-in-afghanistan-says-amnesty-international&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msf.org/kunduz-updated-death-toll-42-people-killed-us-airstrikes-kunduz-hospital">"Updated death toll – 42 people killed in the US airstrikes on Kunduz hospital"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Updated+death+toll+%E2%80%93+42+people+killed+in+the+US+airstrikes+on+Kunduz+hospital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msf.org%2Fkunduz-updated-death-toll-42-people-killed-us-airstrikes-kunduz-hospital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/doctors-without-borders-airstrike-hits-afghan-hospital-killing-3-staffers/2015/10/03/2ed13104-b50a-48ec-9eb9-92db8ee3a876_story.html?noredirect=on">"Doctors Without Borders says US airstrike hit hospital in Afghanistan; at least 19 dead"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224745/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/doctors-without-borders-airstrike-hits-afghan-hospital-killing-3-staffers/2015/10/03/2ed13104-b50a-48ec-9eb9-92db8ee3a876_story.html?noredirect=on">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Doctors+Without+Borders+says+US+airstrike+hit+hospital+in+Afghanistan%3B+at+least+19+dead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fdoctors-without-borders-airstrike-hits-afghan-hospital-killing-3-staffers%2F2015%2F10%2F03%2F2ed13104-b50a-48ec-9eb9-92db8ee3a876_story.html%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-us-tank-entered-compound-of-bombed-afghan-hospital-without-permission-msf-2135621">"US tank entered compound of bombed Afghan hospital without permission: MSF"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+tank+entered+compound+of+bombed+Afghan+hospital+without+permission%3A+MSF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fworld%2Freport-us-tank-entered-compound-of-bombed-afghan-hospital-without-permission-msf-2135621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+crimes+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CENTCOM-KunduzHospitalAttack-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CENTCOM-KunduzHospitalAttack_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.publicintelligence.net/CENTCOM-KunduzHospitalAttack.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331041350/https://info.publicintelligence.net/CENTCOM-KunduzHospitalAttack.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_crimes5980" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_crimes" title="Template:War crimes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_crimes" title="Template talk:War crimes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_crimes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War crimes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_crimes5980" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International<br />humanitarian law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868" title="Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868">Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 Geneva Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Geneva_Convention" title="Second Geneva Convention">Second (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" title="Protocol II">Protocol II (1977)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">Responsibility to protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">Civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty" title="Civilian casualty">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">Distinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hors_de_combat" title="Hors de combat">Hors de combat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">Intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_neutrality" title="Medical neutrality">Medical neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">Military necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">Protected persons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">Safe conduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Attacks on <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">humanitarian workers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists" title="Attacks on parachutists">parachutists</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_order_(international_law)" title="Criminal order (international law)">Criminal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">Death flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_healthcare_system" title="Destruction of the healthcare system">Destruction of the healthcare system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trophy_collecting" title="Human trophy collecting">Human trophy collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">Indiscriminate attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">No quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shield_(law)" title="Human shield (law)">Use of human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes<br />committed by...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_war_crimes" title="Croatian war crimes">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">Germany</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_war_crimes" title="Palestinian war crimes">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes" title="Serbian war crimes">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_war_crimes" title="United Arab Emirates war crimes">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War_crimes_and_terrorism" title="Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Korean_War" title="War crimes in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_2006_Lebanon_War" title="War crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan civil war (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war (2021–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="War crimes in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">2008–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_war" title="War crimes in the Gaza war">2023–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Gaza_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war">by Israel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="War crimes in the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">Tigray war‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis war crimes">Axis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trial" title="War crimes trial">War crimes trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime_apologia" title="War crime apologia">War crime apologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-conflict_reception_of_war_criminals" title="Post-conflict reception of war criminals">Post-conflict reception of war criminals</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_international_crimes361" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>‡ Does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a>) <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_crimes" title="Category:War crimes">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_world1696" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_world1696" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extrajudicial killings in the world</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a 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plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taliban" title="Template:Taliban"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taliban" title="Template talk:Taliban"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taliban" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taliban"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taliban209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decrees_by_Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="List of decrees by Hibatullah Akhundzada">decrees</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Rabbani" title="Mohammad Rabbani">Mohammad Rabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaidullah_Akhund" title="Obaidullah Akhund">Obaidullah Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kabir" title="Abdul Kabir">Abdul Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayyab_Agha" title="Tayyab Agha">Tayyab Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahabuddin_Delawar" title="Shahabuddin Delawar">Shahabuddin Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani" title="Abdul Hakim Haqqani">Abdul Hakim Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Hasan Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Amir_Khan_Muttaqi_as_Acting_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan" title="List of international trips made by Amir Khan Muttaqi as Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakil_Ahmed_Muttawakil" title="Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil">Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qari_Ahmadullah" title="Qari Ahmadullah">Qari Ahmadullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Mohammad_Abbas_Stanikzai" title="Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai">Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li>Commanders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadullah" title="Dadullah">Dadullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_(Taliban_commander)" title="Shahzada (Taliban commander)">Shahzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Zakir" title="Abdul Qayyum Zakir">Abdul Qayyum Zakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zain-Ul-Abideen" title="Zain-Ul-Abideen">Zain-Ul-Abideen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Taliban" title="History of the Taliban">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan#Islamic_Emirate_(2021–present)" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet (2021–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_propaganda" title="Taliban propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Afghanistan" title="Emblem of Afghanistan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights/violations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan#Destruction" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">Treatment of women</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Taliban">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Army" title="Afghan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Air_Force" title="Afghan Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/055_Brigade" title="055 Brigade">55th Arab Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Unit" title="Red Unit">Red Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badri_313_Battalion" title="Badri 313 Battalion">Badri 313 Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_conscription" title="Taliban conscription">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Taliban" title="Category:Wars involving the Taliban">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Civil War</a> (1996–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> (2001–2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taliban_insurgency_leaders" title="List of Taliban insurgency leaders">leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Taliban_offensive" title="2006 Taliban offensive">2006 offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Conflict with IS</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency in Afghanistan</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> (2004–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_in_Qatar" title="Taliban in Qatar">Taliban in Qatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guantanamo_detainees_who_were_previously_Taliban_prisoners" title="List of Guantanamo detainees who were previously Taliban prisoners">Guantanamo detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_safe_house" title="Al-Qaeda safe house">Safe house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan" title="Waziristan">Waziristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&oldid=1265970496">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_Afghanistan&oldid=1265970496</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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