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help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B9%2580%25EB%2591%2590%25EB%25B4%2589" class="extiw" title="ko:김두봉">the corresponding article</a> in Korean</b>. <i><small>(May 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small> </div> <div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://translate.google.com/translate?%26u%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fko.wikipedia.org%252Fwiki%252F%25EA%25B9%2580%25EB%2591%2590%25EB%25B4%2589%26sl%3Dko%26tl%3Den%26prev%3D_t%26hl%3Den">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Korean article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" 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He was known in South Korean history as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a>, scholar, revolutionary and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politician">politician</a>. His most famous work was under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ju_Sigyeong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ju Sigyeong">Ju Sigyeong</a>; later, after participating in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/March_First_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a>, he with other Korean leaders of the time established a provisional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government-in-exile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> in China, and because of his communist beliefs he played an important role in the early North Korean communist government.</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"> <div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;"> Kim Tu-bong </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kim_Tu-bong_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kim_Tu-bong_2.jpg/220px-Kim_Tu-bong_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Kim_Tu-bong_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="437"></a></span> <div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"> Kim in 1955 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_and_Vice_Chairman_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea">Chairman of the Workers' Party of North Korea Central Committee</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br> 28 August 1946 – 30 June 1949</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly">Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br> 9 September 1948 – 20 September 1957</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Choe_Yong-gon_(official)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Choe Yong-gon (official)">Choe Yong-gon</a></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1889-02-16</span>)</span>16 February 1889<br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Busan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Busan">Busan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th> <td class="infobox-data">between March 1958 and 1960 (aged 69–71)<br> North Korea</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th> <td class="infobox-data">North Korean</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br> affiliations</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communist Party of Korea">Communist Party of Korea</a> (1925–1946)<br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workers' Party of North Korea">Workers' Party of North Korea</a> (1946–1949)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">김두봉</span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hancha</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">金枓奉</span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Gim Dubong</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Kim Tubong</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Art name">Art name</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">백연</span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hancha</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">白淵</span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Baekyeon</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Paegyŏn</i></span></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"> <div></div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>He and other members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yan%27an_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yan'an faction">Yan'an faction</a> formed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_People%27s_Party_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New People's Party of Korea">New People's Party</a> when they returned from exile. After the New People's Party merged into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workers_Party_of_North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers Party of North Korea">Workers Party of North Korea</a> (WPNK) in 1946 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea">1st WPNK Congress</a>, he became WPNK Chairman. He was the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of heads of state of North Korea">head of state</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Presidium_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly">Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly</a>) of North Korea from 1948 to 1957. He is most remembered in South Korea for his efforts in establishing the Korean linguistic field and especially that of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>. Much of his work both political and linguistically was done while living in China with the exiled government of Korea. He is also known by his pen name <b>Baekyeon</b>. He was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Purge">purged</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> in 1957.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_childhood_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early childhood and education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_linguistic_work"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early linguistic work</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Shanghai_and_the_exiled_Korean_government"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Shanghai and the exiled Korean government</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Return_home_and_the_new_government"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Return home and the new government</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Disappearance_and_death"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Disappearance and death</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Popular culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Early_childhood_and_education">Early childhood and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early childhood and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Born on 2 February 1889, in South Korea's South <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gyeongsang_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gyeongsang Province">Gyeongsang Province</a>, near modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Busan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Busan">Busan</a>, he spent his early years being homeschooled during the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean Empire">imperial rule</a>. He would move to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seoul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> at the age of 20 (1908) to attend both Geho School and Baechae School and in that same year graduate from Bogo High School. While he was in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seoul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> he would join the Korea Youth organization in 1913 and the following year (1914) leave Baechae School. He was also an editor for the <span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">So nyoun</span></span> magazine.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Early_linguistic_work">Early linguistic work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early linguistic work" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>After graduating from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korea_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korea University">Bosungkobo</a> (Bosung College) in 1908, Kim Tu-bong worked closely with a linguistics professor from Bosungkobo named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ju_Sigyeong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ju Sigyeong">Ju Sigyeong</a>, who was at that time beginning his work in the study of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, for which his name would later be known, as he would dedicate his life to bring it about (the Korean script made by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sejong_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sejong the Great">King Sejong</a> during the 15th century). He also worked as a teacher. In 1916 he spent a majority of his time working on compiling MalMoi, the first Korean dictionary.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Shanghai_and_the_exiled_Korean_government">Shanghai and the exiled Korean government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Shanghai and the exiled Korean government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:28.08.1946_Labour_Party_North_Korea.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/28.08.1946_Labour_Party_North_Korea.jpg/300px-28.08.1946_Labour_Party_North_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="288"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 188px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/28.08.1946_Labour_Party_North_Korea.jpg/300px-28.08.1946_Labour_Party_North_Korea.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/28.08.1946_Labour_Party_North_Korea.jpg/450px-28.08.1946_Labour_Party_North_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/28.08.1946_Labour_Party_North_Korea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Kim Tu-bong (right) sitting next to Kim Il Sung (center) </figcaption> </figure> <p>After the 1919 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/March_First_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a>, he and other members of the independence club fled into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> and in April 1919 set up a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">provisional government</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. During that time, he was first exposed to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communism">communism</a> and eventually accepted it in 1920 after he had first supported the Democratic Party. In 1924, he was entrusted with the department of children education and schooling where he served as the president and also taught both Korean and Korean History. After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese invaded China</a> he and other members of the Korean government in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> fled to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yan%27an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, headquarters of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, and Kim would become the head of the independence club and a very important figure in combining the conflicting views of both communist and democratic ideas.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Return_home_and_the_new_government">Return home and the new government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Return home and the new government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E2%80%9C%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E2%80%9D%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E2%80%9C%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E2%80%9D%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A.jpg/300px-%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E2%80%9C%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E2%80%9D%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="297"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 190px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E2%80%9C%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E2%80%9D%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A.jpg/300px-%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E2%80%9C%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E2%80%9D%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E2%80%9C%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E2%80%9D%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A.jpg/450px-%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E2%80%9C%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E2%80%9D%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E2%80%9C%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E2%80%9D%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> From left to right: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pak_Chang-ok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pak Chang-ok">Pak Chang-ok</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Jishen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a>, Kim Tu-bong, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhu_De?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Averky_Aristov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Averky Aristov">Averky Aristov</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pak_Ch%C5%8Fng_Ae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pak Chŏng Ae">Pak Chŏng Ae</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Choe_Yong-gon_(army_commander)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Choe Yong-gon (army commander)">Choe Yong-gon</a> in 1955. </figcaption> </figure> <p>The December following <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the Japanese's surrender (15 August 1945) Kim Tu-bong and other members returned to the now-divided Korea. Like many other communist-minded people of the time, Kim Tu-bong and other communist leaders took residence in what is now North Korea under the Soviet occupation. In February 1946, Kim Tu-bong became the chairman of the new People's Party. Later that year in August, it merged to form the Workers' Party. He would become the chairman in 1948, but from the outset the real power was held by Premier Kim Il Sung.</p> <p>Kim Il Sung became chairman of the Workers' Party after it had merged with its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workers' Party of South Korea">southern counterpart</a> in 1949, thus becoming in name as well as in fact the country's leader. In most communist states, the party leader is understood to be the most powerful man in the country.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Disappearance_and_death">Disappearance and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Disappearance and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, Kim Tu-bong had served his usefulness in the government, and, whether real or imagined, many scholars believe that he had become a perceived threat to Kim Il Sung's dictatorship. Rumors began that it had to do with a scandal, as he had married a much younger woman later in life. Whatever the reason, he was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purged?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Purged">purged</a> in March 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accused of involvement in the 1956 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August_Faction_Incident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="August Faction Incident">August Faction Incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many others of Kim Il Sung's political opponents, he disappeared with no records to indicate whether he had been sentenced to hard labor or exile. He is believed either to have been executed or to have died sometime in the 1960s in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detention</a> within North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li>Portrayed by actor Park Yeong-ji in the 1981–82 TV series, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Republic_(TV_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1st Republic (TV series)">1st Republic</a></i>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_independence_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZow0AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522kim%2Btu%2Bbong%2522">"Journal of Korean Affairs"</a>. 22 May 1975 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Korean+Affairs&rft.date=1975-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZow0AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522kim%2Btu%2Bbong%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Tu-bong" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2013" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Charles K. (18 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D23PRnGPxSd0C%26q%3D%2522kim%2Btu%2Bbong%2522%26pg%3DPT165"><i>Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801468933?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780801468933"><bdi>9780801468933</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyranny+of+the+Weak%3A+North+Korea+and+the+World%2C+1950%E2%80%931992&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.isbn=9780801468933&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23PRnGPxSd0C%26q%3D%2522kim%2Btu%2Bbong%2522%26pg%3DPT165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Tu-bong" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanʹkov2018" class="citation book cs1">Lanʹkov, Andreĭ Nikolaevich (22 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dua8NK2-F3KYC%26q%3Dkim%2Btu%2Bbong%2B1960%26pg%3DPA103"><i>From Stalin to Kim Il Song: The Formation of North Korea, 1945-1960</i></a>. Hurst & Company. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850655633?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781850655633"><bdi>9781850655633</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Stalin+to+Kim+Il+Song%3A+The+Formation+of+North+Korea%2C+1945-1960&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft.isbn=9781850655633&rft.aulast=Lan%CA%B9kov&rft.aufirst=Andre%C4%AD+Nikolaevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dua8NK2-F3KYC%26q%3Dkim%2Btu%2Bbong%2B1960%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Tu-bong" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <ul> <li>Dae-Sook Suh. <i>Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader</i>. Columbia University Press, 1988. pg. 351</li> <li>n.d. <i>Kim Dubong (김두봉).</i> Naver encolopidia. 20 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://terms.naver.com/">http://terms.naver.com/</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DKim_Tu-bong%26oldid%3D1257637308">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&oldid=1257637308</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kim_Tu-bong&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Seefooddiet" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731713584"> <span>Last edited on 15 November 2024, at 23:33</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Du-bong" title="Kim Du-bong – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kim Du-bong" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kim Tu-bong" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Du-bong" title="Kim Du-bong – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kim Du-bong" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kim Tu-bong" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Du-bong" title="Kim Du-bong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kim Du-bong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2587%2591%25E6%259E%2593%25E5%25A5%2589" title="金枓奉 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="金枓奉" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B9%2580%25EB%2591%2590%25EB%25B4%2589" title="김두봉 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="김두봉" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kim Tu-bong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kim Tu-bong" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2585_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588_%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC" title="كيم تو بونج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيم تو بونج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tubong" title="Kim Tubong – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kim Tubong" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2587%2591%25E6%259E%2593%25E5%25A5%2589" title="金枓奉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金枓奉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Du-bong" title="Kim Du-bong – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kim Du-bong" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Du-bong" title="Kim Du-bong – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kim Du-bong" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu_Bong" title="Kim Tu Bong – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kim Tu Bong" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kim Tu-bong" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%2594%25D1%2583_%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Ким Ду Бон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ким Ду Бон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kim Tu-bong" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kim Tu-bong" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kim Tu-bong" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kim Tu-bong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kim Tu-bong" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu_Bong" title="Kim Tu Bong – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim Tu Bong" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2587%2591%25E6%259E%2593%25E5%25A5%2589" title="金枓奉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金枓奉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2587%2591%25E6%259E%2593%25E5%25A5%2589" title="金枓奉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="金枓奉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2587%2591%25E6%259E%2593%25E5%25A5%2589" title="金枓奉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金枓奉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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