CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pope John Paul II - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"52b618ed-0d2c-4c51-886a-2c353cfa5472","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pope_John_Paul_II","wgTitle":"Pope John Paul II","wgCurRevisionId":1258991270,"wgRevisionId":1258991270,"wgArticleId":23805,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: generic name","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","EngvarB from January 2017", "Use dmy dates from August 2022","Articles containing Latin-language text","Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes","Articles with hCards","Articles using infobox templates with no data rows","Pages using ordination template and denomination parameter","Pages with template ordination embedded","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Pages with Polish IPA","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Articles needing additional references from October 2022","All articles needing additional references","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from April 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2008","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles lacking reliable references from August 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022", "CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2024","People appearing on C-SPAN","Pages using S-rel template with ca parameter","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pope John Paul II","1920 births","2005 deaths","20th-century Polish cardinals","20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights","20th-century Polish male writers","20th-century Polish philosophers","20th-century popes","21st-century venerated Christians","21st-century popes","Academic staff of Jagiellonian University","Academic staff of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin","Anti-apartheid activists","Archbishops of Kraków","Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI","Burials at St. Peter's Basilica","Canonizations by Pope Francis","Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI","Catholic Church and ecumenism","Catholic Mariology","Catholic philosophers","Congressional Gold Medal recipients","Deaths from sepsis", "Deaths from circulatory collapse","Divine Mercy (Catholic devotion)","Infectious disease deaths in Vatican City","Jagiellonian University alumni","John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin alumni","Members of the underground Labor Party","Nonviolence advocates","Papal saints","Participants in the Second Vatican Council","Patrons of World Youth Day","People from Wadowice County","People in interfaith dialogue","People of the Cold War","Phenomenologists","Polish anti-communists","Polish anti-fascists","Polish anti-poverty advocates","Polish anti-war activists","Polish beatified people","Polish democracy activists","Polish Esperantists","Polish human rights activists","Polish male dramatists and playwrights","Polish male poets","Polish people of World War II","Polish popes","Polish Roman Catholic archbishops","Polish Roman Catholic saints","Polish Roman Catholic theologians","Polish Roman Catholic writers","Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni","Popes", "Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients","Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)","Shooting survivors","Sustainability advocates","Time Person of the Year","Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI","Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, 1st class"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Pope_John_Paul_II","wgRelevantArticleId":23805,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q989","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="933"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="747"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pope John Paul II - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pope_John_Paul_II rootpage-Pope_John_Paul_II skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pope+John+Paul+II" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pope+John+Paul+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pope+John+Paul+II" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pope+John+Paul+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priesthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priesthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Priesthood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priesthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopate_and_cardinalate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopate_and_cardinalate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Episcopate and cardinalate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Episcopate_and_cardinalate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Episcopate and cardinalate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Episcopate_and_cardinalate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Call_to_the_episcopate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call_to_the_episcopate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Call to the episcopate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call_to_the_episcopate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_in_Vatican_II_and_subsequent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_in_Vatican_II_and_subsequent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Participation in Vatican II and subsequent events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_in_Vatican_II_and_subsequent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Papacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Papacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastoral_journeys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastoral_journeys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pastoral journeys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastoral_journeys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Youth_Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Youth_Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 World Youth Days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Youth_Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedicated_Years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedicated_Years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Dedicated Years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedicated_Years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Music albums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Jubilee_of_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Jubilee_of_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Great Jubilee of 2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Jubilee_of_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Teachings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Teachings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Social and political stances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apartheid_in_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Apartheid in South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid_in_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Capital punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Environment and ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Iraq War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Liberation theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organised_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organised_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Organised crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organised_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Persian Gulf War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwandan_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwandan_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Rwandan genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwandan_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12 Views on sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_of_canon_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_of_canon_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reform of canon law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reform_of_canon_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reform of canon law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reform_of_canon_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983_Code_of_Canon_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 1983 Code of Canon Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983_Code_of_Canon_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastor_bonus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastor_bonus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Pastor bonus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastor_bonus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Catechism of the Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_American_and_Caribbean_dictatorships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_American_and_Caribbean_dictatorships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 South American and Caribbean dictatorships </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-South_American_and_Caribbean_dictatorships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle South American and Caribbean dictatorships subsection </button> <ul id="toc-South_American_and_Caribbean_dictatorships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Paraguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_fall_of_Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_fall_of_Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Role in the fall of Communism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_the_fall_of_Communism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Role in the fall of Communism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_fall_of_Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_as_spiritual_inspiration_and_catalyst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_as_spiritual_inspiration_and_catalyst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Role as spiritual inspiration and catalyst </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_as_spiritual_inspiration_and_catalyst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_attempt_to_compromise_John_Paul_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_attempt_to_compromise_John_Paul_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Communist attempt to compromise John Paul II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_attempt_to_compromise_John_Paul_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_Christian_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_Christian_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Relations with other Christian denominations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_other_Christian_denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relations with other Christian denominations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_Christian_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches_of_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches_of_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Churches of the East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches_of_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Eastern Orthodox Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_Apostolic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_Apostolic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Armenian Apostolic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_Apostolic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Protestantism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Lutheranism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.2 Anglicanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Relations with Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_world_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_world_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Relations with other world religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_other_world_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relations with other world religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_world_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Animism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempts_and_plots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempts_and_plots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Assassination attempts and plots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempts_and_plots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Apologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Death and funeral </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death and funeral subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Final_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Final months </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Final illness and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Posthumous recognition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Posthumous_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Posthumous recognition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_"the_Great"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_"the_Great""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Title "the Great" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_"the_Great"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions_named_after_John_Paul_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions_named_after_John_Paul_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Institutions named after John Paul II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions_named_after_John_Paul_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beatification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.3 Beatification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.4 Canonisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beatification_of_the_Pope's_parents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatification_of_the_Pope's_parents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.5 Beatification of the Pope's parents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatification_of_the_Pope's_parents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_abuse_scandals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_abuse_scandals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Sexual abuse scandals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_abuse_scandals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_criticism_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_criticism_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Other criticism and controversy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_criticism_and_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other criticism and controversy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_criticism_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opus_Dei_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opus_Dei_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Opus Dei controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opus_Dei_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banco_Ambrosiano_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banco_Ambrosiano_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.2 Banco Ambrosiano scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banco_Ambrosiano_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_with_traditionalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_with_traditionalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.3 Problems with traditionalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_with_traditionalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.4 Religion and AIDS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.5 Social programmes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentine_military_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentine_military_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.6 Argentine military regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentine_military_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ian_Paisley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ian_Paisley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.7 Ian Paisley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ian_Paisley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Međugorje_apparitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Međugorje_apparitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.8 Međugorje apparitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Međugorje_apparitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beatification_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatification_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.9 Beatification controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatification_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 People </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.4 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pope John Paul II</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" > 143 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Yohanes_Paulus_II" title="Paus Yohanes Paulus II – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Paus Yohanes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Johannes_Paulus_II" title="Pous Johannes Paulus II – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Johannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paul_II." title="Johannes Paul II. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Johannes Paul II." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8D%93_%E1%8B%AE%E1%8B%93%E1%8A%90%E1%88%B5_%E1%8D%93%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%89%E1%88%B5_2%E1%8A%9B" title="ፓፓ ዮዓነስ ፓውሉስ 2ኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓፓ ዮዓነስ ፓውሉስ 2ኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_Paulus_II_Papa" title="Iohannes Paulus II Papa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iohannes Paulus II Papa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="يوحنا بولس الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوحنا بولس الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuan-Pavlo_II" title="Chuan-Pavlo II – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chuan-Pavlo II" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%90%DC%A6%DC%90_%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%9A%DC%A2%DC%A2_%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%A3_%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܦܐܦܐ ܝܘܚܢܢ ܦܘܠܘܣ ܬܪܝܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܐܦܐ ܝܘܚܢܢ ܦܘܠܘܣ ܬܪܝܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Ioannis_Pavlu_II" title="Papa Ioannis Pavlu II – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Papa Ioannis Pavlu II" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Xuan_Pablu_II" title="Papa Xuan Pablu II – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papa Xuan Pablu II" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A3_P%C3%A1ulo_II" title="Huã Páulo II – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Huã Páulo II" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pawlu_II" title="Juan Pawlu II – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Juan Pawlu II" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%C4%B0ohann_Pavel" title="II İohann Pavel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II İohann Pavel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2" title="পোপ দ্বিতীয় জন পল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোপ দ্বিতীয় জন পল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Ioannes_Paulus_2-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Ioannes Paulus 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Ioannes Paulus 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_II" title="Ян Павел II – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ян Павел II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_II" title="Ян Павал II – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ян Павал II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Juan_Pablo_II" title="Papa Juan Pablo II – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Papa Juan Pablo II" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_II" title="Йоан Павел II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоан Павел II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paul_II." title="Johannes Paul II. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Johannes Paul II." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavao_II" title="Ivan Pavao II – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ivan Pavao II" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann-Baol_II" title="Yann-Baol II – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yann-Baol II" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Pau_II" title="Joan Pau II – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joan Pau II" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_II" title="Juan Pablo II – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Juan Pablo II" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pavel_II." title="Jan Pavel II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jan Pavel II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Ioan_Pawl_II" title="Pab Ioan Pawl II – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Ioan Pawl II" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Johannes_Paul_2." title="Pave Johannes Paul 2. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Johannes Paul 2." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baapscht_John_Paul_II" title="Baapscht John Paul II – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Baapscht John Paul II" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paul_II." title="Johannes Paul II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johannes Paul II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pawo%C5%82_II." title="Jan Pawoł II. – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jan Pawoł II." data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_II" title="Johannes Paulus II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Johannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84" title="Πάπας Ιωάννης Παύλος Β΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Ιωάννης Παύλος Β΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_II" title="Juan Pablo II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan Pablo II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johano_Pa%C5%ADlo_la_2-a" title="Johano Paŭlo la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johano Paŭlo la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Paulo_II.a" title="Joan Paulo II.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joan Paulo II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="پاپ ژان پل دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ ژان پل دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_II" title="Jean-Paul II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean-Paul II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehannes_Paulus_II" title="Jehannes Paulus II – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jehannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Zuan_Pauli_II" title="Pape Zuan Pauli II – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape Zuan Pauli II" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Eoin_P%C3%B3l_II" title="Pápa Eoin Pól II – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Eoin Pól II" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa_Iain_P%C3%B2l_II" title="Pàpa Iain Pòl II – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa Iain Pòl II" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xo%C3%A1n_Paulo_II,_papa" title="Xoán Paulo II, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xoán Paulo II, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Pope John Paul II" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Ioannes_Paulus_2-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Ioannes Paulus 2-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Ioannes Paulus 2-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C_%EB%B0%94%EC%98%A4%EB%A1%9C_2%EC%84%B8" title="교황 요한 바오로 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 요한 바오로 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_na_Biyu" title="John Paul na Biyu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="John Paul na Biyu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD_%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD_II" title="Հովհաննես Պողոս II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հովհաննես Պողոս II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pawo%C5%82_II." title="Jan Pawoł II. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jan Pawoł II." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavao_II." title="Ivan Pavao II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ivan Pavao II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Ioannes_Paulus_la_2ma" title="Papo Ioannes Paulus la 2ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Ioannes Paulus la 2ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Juan_Pablo_II" title="Papa Juan Pablo II – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Juan Pablo II" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Yohanes_Paulus_II" title="Paus Yohanes Paulus II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Yohanes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Johannes_Paulo_II" title="Papa Johannes Paulo II – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Papa Johannes Paulo II" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Paulus_II" title="Ioannes Paulus II – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ioannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3hannes_P%C3%A1ll_2." title="Jóhannes Páll 2. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jóhannes Páll 2." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II" title="Papa Giovanni Paolo II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Giovanni Paolo II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="יוחנן פאולוס השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוחנן פאולוס השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Yohanes_Paulus_II" title="Paus Yohanes Paulus II – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Yohanes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_2" title="Jean-Paul 2 – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Jean-Paul 2" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_II" title="ಪೋಪ್ ಜಾನ್ ಪಾಲ್ II – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋಪ್ ಜಾನ್ ಪಾಲ್ II" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Juan_Pablo_II" title="Papa Juan Pablo II – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Papa Juan Pablo II" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_II" title="იოანე პავლე II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოანე პავლე II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pawe%C5%82_II" title="Jan Paweł II – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jan Paweł II" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Yohane_Paulo_II" title="Papa Yohane Paulo II – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Yohane Paulo II" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_P%C3%B2l_II" title="Jan Pòl II – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jan Pòl II" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Y%C3%BBhena_Pawlos_II" title="Papa Yûhena Pawlos II – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Papa Yûhena Pawlos II" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_II" title="Иоанн Павел II – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иоанн Павел II" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Paulus_II" title="Ioannes Paulus II – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_P%C4%81vils_II" title="Jānis Pāvils II – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jānis Pāvils II" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_II._(Poopst)" title="Jean-Paul II. (Poopst) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jean-Paul II. (Poopst)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Paulius_II" title="Jonas Paulius II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonas Paulius II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_II" title="Johannes Paulus II – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Johannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Yoane_Polo_II" title="Pápa Yoane Polo II – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pápa Yoane Polo II" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovann_Paol_II" title="Giovann Paol II – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giovann Paol II" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa" title="II. János Pál pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. János Pál pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5_II" title="Папа Јован Павле II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Јован Павле II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joany_Paoly_II" title="Joany Paoly II – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Joany Paoly II" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ജോൺ പോൾ രണ്ടാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ പോൾ രണ്ടാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_%C4%A0wanni_Pawlu_II" title="Papa Ġwanni Pawlu II – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Papa Ġwanni Pawlu II" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप जॉन पॉल दुसरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप जॉन पॉल दुसरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="يوحنا بولس التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوحنا بولس التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="پاپ ژان پل دوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاپ ژان پل دوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Ioannes_Paulus_II" title="Paus Ioannes Paulus II – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Ioannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Ioannes_Paulus_2-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Ioannes Paulus 2-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Ioannes Paulus 2-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB" title="II Иохан Паул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="II Иохан Паул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ပုပ်ရဟန်းမင်း ဒုတိယ ဂျွန်ပေါလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုပ်ရဟန်းမင်း ဒုတိယ ဂျွန်ပေါလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Paulus_II" title="Ioannes Paulus II – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ioannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Johannes_Paulus_II" title="Paus Johannes Paulus II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Johannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD2%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="ヨハネ・パウロ2世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハネ・パウロ2世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Giuvanne_Paolo_II" title="Papa Giuvanne Paolo II – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Papa Giuvanne Paolo II" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanes_Paul_II._(Paap)" title="Johanes Paul II. (Paap) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Johanes Paul II. (Paap)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paul_II" title="Johannes Paul II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johannes Paul II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Johannes_Paul_II" title="Pave Johannes Paul II – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave Johannes Paul II" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paoul_II" title="Jean-Paoul II – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Jean-Paoul II" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Pau_II" title="Joan Pau II – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Joan Pau II" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II" title="John Paul II – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="John Paul II" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جان پال دوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان پال دوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84" title="دویم پاپ ژان پل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دویم پاپ ژان پل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A2" title="សម្ដេចប៉ាបយ៉ូហានប៉ូលទី២ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សម្ដេចប៉ាបយ៉ូហានប៉ូលទី២" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioann_P%C3%A0ul_II" title="Gioann Pàul II – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gioann Pàul II" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paul_II." title="Johannes Paul II. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Johannes Paul II." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pawe%C5%82_II" title="Jan Paweł II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan Paweł II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_Paulo_II" title="Papa João Paulo II – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa João Paulo II" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paul_II." title="Johannes Paul II. – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Johannes Paul II." data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Ioan_Paul_al_II-lea" title="Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwan_Pawlu_II" title="Huwan Pawlu II – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Huwan Pawlu II" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%86%D0%86." title="Папа Йоан Павел ІІ. – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Папа Йоан Павел ІІ." data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_II" title="Иоанн Павел II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иоанн Павел II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_II" title="Иоанн Павел II – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иоанн Павел II" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_J%C3%B3zef_Wojty%C5%82a" title="Karol Józef Wojtyła – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Karol Józef Wojtyła" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_John_Paul_II" title="Pape John Paul II – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape John Paul II" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjon_Pali_II" title="Gjon Pali II – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjon Pali II" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuvanni_Paulu_II" title="Giuvanni Paulu II – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giuvanni Paulu II" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="දෙවන ජුවාම් පාවුළු පාප්වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙවන ජුවාම් පාවුළු පාප්වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope John Paul II" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Pavol_II." title="Ján Pavol II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ján Pavol II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Janez_Pavel_II." title="Papež Janez Pavel II. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Janez Pavel II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%AFn_Paul_II" title="Jůn Paul II – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jůn Paul II" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85" title="پاپ جۆن پۆلی دووەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاپ جۆن پۆلی دووەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5_II" title="Папа Јован Павле II – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Јован Павле II" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavao_II." title="Ivan Pavao II. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ivan Pavao II." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paavali_II" title="Johannes Paavali II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johannes Paavali II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_II" title="Johannes Paulus II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Juan_Pablo_II" title="Papa Juan Pablo II – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Juan Pablo II" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் அருள் சின்னப்பர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருத்தந்தை இரண்டாம் அருள் சின்னப்பர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Giu%C3%A0nne_Paule_II" title="Pape Giuànne Paule II – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pape Giuànne Paule II" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_II" title="Иоанн Павел II – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иоанн Павел II" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปายอห์น ปอลที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปายอห์น ปอลที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_II" title="Ҷон Пол II – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷон Пол II" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Ioannes_Paulus" title="II. Ioannes Paulus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Ioannes Paulus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE_II" title="Іван Павло II – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іван Павло II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جان پال دوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان پال دوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Giovani_Pago%C5%82o_II" title="Papa Giovani Pagoło II – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Giovani Pagoło II" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Gioan_Phaol%C3%B4_II" title="Giáo hoàng Gioan Phaolô II – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Gioan Phaolô II" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5pe_Djihan-P%C3%A5_II" title="Påpe Djihan-På II – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Påpe Djihan-På II" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Johannes_Paulus_II" title="Paus Johannes Paulus II – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Paus Johannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Juan_Pablo_II" title="Papa Juan Pablo II – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Juan Pablo II" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%A6%84%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="若望·保禄二世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="若望·保禄二世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_J%C3%B2h%C3%A1n%C3%B9_P%C3%A1%C3%BAl%C3%B9_%C3%88kej%C3%AC" title="Pópù Jòhánù Páúlù Èkejì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Jòhánù Páúlù Èkejì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%E4%BF%9D%E7%A5%BF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="若望保祿二世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="若望保祿二世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_II" title="Johannes Paulus II – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Johannes Paulus II" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juons_Paulios_II" title="Juons Paulios II – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Juons Paulios II" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%E4%BF%9D%E7%A5%BF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="若望保祿二世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="若望保祿二世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q989#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pope_John_Paul_II" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pope_John_Paul_II" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&oldid=1258991270" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pope_John_Paul_II&id=1258991270&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPope_John_Paul_II">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPope_John_Paul_II">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pope_John_Paul_II&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Paulus_II" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Pope_John_Paul_II" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Paul_II" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q989" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Paul II (disambiguation)">John Paul II (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pope John Paul II (disambiguation)">Pope John Paul II (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Paul_II_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint John Paul II (disambiguation)">Saint John Paul II (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/JP2_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="JP2 (disambiguation)">JP2 (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karol_Wojtyla_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Karol Wojtyla (disambiguation)">Karol Wojtyla (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Saint">Pope Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">John Paul II</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="889" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">John Paul II in 1988</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1978</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">2 April 2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul I">John Paul I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Kraków">Bishop of Kraków</a> (1958‍–‍1964)</li> <li>Titular Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Ombi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombi">Ombi</a> (1958‍–‍1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archbishop of Kraków">Archbishop of Kraków</a> (1964‍–‍1978)</li> <li>Cardinal Priest of <a href="/wiki/San_Cesareo_in_Palatio" class="mw-redirect" title="San Cesareo in Palatio">San Cesareo in Palatio</a> (1967‍–‍1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1946 by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stefan_Sapieha" title="Adam Stefan Sapieha">Adam Stefan Sapieha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">28 September 1958 by <a href="/wiki/Eugeniusz_Baziak" title="Eugeniusz Baziak">Eugeniusz Baziak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 1967 by <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">Cardinal priest</a> (1967‍–‍1978)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Karol Józef Wojtyła</div> (1920-05-18)18 May 1920 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wadowice" title="Wadowice">Wadowice</a>, Second Polish Republic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 April 2005(2005-04-02) (aged 84) <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, Vatican City</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Licentiate of Sacred Theology">STL</a>, PhD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Doctor of Sacred Theology">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Totus_tuus" title="Totus tuus">Totus tuus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'Totally yours')</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_John_Paul_II.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Paul II's signature"><img alt="John Paul II's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Signature_of_John_Paul_II.svg/130px-Signature_of_John_Paul_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Signature_of_John_Paul_II.svg/195px-Signature_of_John_Paul_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Signature_of_John_Paul_II.svg/260px-Signature_of_John_Paul_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="410" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:John_paul_2_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Paul II's coat of arms"><img alt="John Paul II's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/50px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/75px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/100px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data">22 October</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data">Catholic Church</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Beatified</th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 2011 <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a>, Vatican City by Benedict XVI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canonized</th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 2014 St. Peter's Square, Vatican City by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ferula" title="Papal ferula">Papal ferula</a></li> <li>Papal vestments</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patronage</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Kraków">Archdiocese of Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> (co-Patron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meeting_of_Families" title="World Meeting of Families">World Meeting of Families</a> 2015 (co-patron)</li> <li>Young Catholics</li> <li>Families<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awidnica" title="Świdnica">Świdnica</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecastelli" title="Trecastelli">Trecastelli</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Borgo Mantovano<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivignano_Teor" title="Rivignano Teor">Rivignano Teor</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Paradahan, Tanza, Cavite (Major Patron)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_and_Responsibility" title="Love and Responsibility">Love and Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Theology of the Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> (promulgated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (promulgated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_et_ratio" title="Fides et ratio">Fides et ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_Identity" title="Memory and Identity">Memory and Identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological Thomism">Phenomenological Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of death">culture of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysteries of light">Mysteries of light</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> Ordination history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">History</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Diaconal ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained by</th><td class="infobox-data">Adam Stefan Sapieha (Kraków)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">20 October 1946</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained by</th><td class="infobox-data">Adam Stefan Sapieha (Kraków)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Chapel of the Kraków Archbishop's residence</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal consecrator</th><td class="infobox-data">Eugeniusz Baziak (Kraków <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administrator">AA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-consecrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Jop" title="Franciszek Jop">Franciszek Jop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sandomierz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a> <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">aux</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Kominek" title="Bolesław Kominek">Bolesław Kominek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">28 September 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, Kraków</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #FF2400; border-top: 3px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 1967</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Source(s):<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;">Papal styles of Pope John Paul II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_paul_2_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/60px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/90px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/120px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Saint">Pope Saint</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Pope <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">John Paul II</div> <div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Rome">Patriarch of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Giovanni_Paolo_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/San_Giovanni_Paolo_II.jpg/220px-San_Giovanni_Paolo_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/San_Giovanni_Paolo_II.jpg/330px-San_Giovanni_Paolo_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/San_Giovanni_Paolo_II.jpg/440px-San_Giovanni_Paolo_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1463" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Painting of Saint John Paul II painted by Zbigniew Kotyłło, 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Pope and <a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">18 May 1920 <a href="/wiki/Wadowice" title="Wadowice">Wadowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 April 2005 (aged 84) <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, Vatican City</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 2011, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a>, Vatican City by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 2014, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 October</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papal_ferula" title="Papal ferula">Papal ferula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">Papal vestments</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland, <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a>, young Catholics, Świdnica, families, World Meeting of Families 2015</td></tr></tbody></table> Pope John Paul II (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Ioannes Paulus II; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Jan Paweł II; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Giovanni Paolo II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Polish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛv vɔjˈtɨwa]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) was head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City State">Vatican City State</a> from 1978 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II">his death in 2005</a>. In his youth, Wojtyła dabbled in stage acting. He graduated with excellent grades from an <a href="/wiki/All-boys_school" class="mw-redirect" title="All-boys school">all-boys</a> high school in <a href="/wiki/Wadowice" title="Wadowice">Wadowice</a>, Poland, in 1938, soon after which <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out. During the war, to avoid being kidnapped and sent off to a <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">German forced labour camp</a>, he signed up for work in harsh conditions in a quarry. Wojtyła eventually took up acting and developed a love for the profession and participated at a local theatre. The linguistically skilled Wojtyła wanted to study <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> at university. Encouraged by a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stefan_Sapieha" title="Adam Stefan Sapieha">Adam Stefan Sapieha</a>, he decided to study theology and become a priest. Eventually, Wojtyła rose to the position of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archbishop of Kraków">Archbishop of Kraków</a> and then a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a>, both positions held by his mentor. Wojtyła was elected pope on the third day of the <a href="/wiki/Second_papal_conclave_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Second papal conclave of 1978">second papal conclave of 1978</a>, and became one of the youngest popes in history. The conclave was called after the death of <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul I">John Paul I</a>, who served only 33 days as pope. Wojtyła adopted the name of his predecessor in tribute to him.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since <a href="/wiki/Adrian_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a> in the 16th century, as well as the third-<a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Longest-serving pope">longest-serving pope</a> in history after <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter">St. Peter</a>. John Paul II attempted to improve the Catholic Church's relations with <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> in the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>, holding <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> as the greatest threat. He maintained the Church's previous positions on such matters as abortion, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial contraception">artificial contraception</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>, and a celibate clergy, and although he supported the reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, he was seen as generally conservative in their interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> He put emphasis on family and identity, while questioning consumerism, hedonism and the pursuit of wealth. He was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a>. As part of his special emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Universal_call_to_holiness" title="Universal call to holiness">universal call to holiness</a>, John Paul II <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of people beatified by Pope John Paul II">beatified 1,344 people</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of saints canonized by Pope John Paul II">canonised 483 saints</a>, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding five centuries. By the time of his death, he had named most of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>, consecrated or co-consecrated many of the world's bishops, and ordained many priests.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> He has been credited with fighting against dictatorships for democracy and with helping to end <a href="/wiki/Communist_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rule">communist rule</a> in his native Poland and the rest of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Under John Paul II, the Catholic Church greatly expanded its influence in Africa and Latin America and retained its influence in Europe and the rest of the world. On 19 December 2009, John Paul II was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Venerable" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable">venerable</a> by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a>, and on 1 May 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a>) he was <a href="/wiki/Beatified" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatified">beatified</a>. On 27 April 2014, he was canonised together with <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2013-17">[15]</a> He has been criticised for allegedly, as archbishop, having been insufficiently harsh in acting against the sexual abuse of children by priests in Poland,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> though the allegations themselves have been criticised.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-20">[18]</a> Posthumously he has been referred to by some Catholics as Pope St. John Paul the Great, though that title has no official recognition.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Under John Paul II, the two most important constitutions of the contemporary Catholic Church were drafted and put in force: the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>, which, among many things, began an effort to curb <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">sexual abuse in the Catholic Church</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, which among other things clarified the Church's position on <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Early life of Pope John Paul II">Early life of Pope John Paul II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emilia_and_Karol_Wojtyla_wedding_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Emilia_and_Karol_Wojtyla_wedding_portrait.jpg/170px-Emilia_and_Karol_Wojtyla_wedding_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Emilia_and_Karol_Wojtyla_wedding_portrait.jpg/255px-Emilia_and_Karol_Wojtyla_wedding_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Emilia_and_Karol_Wojtyla_wedding_portrait.jpg/340px-Emilia_and_Karol_Wojtyla_wedding_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The wedding portrait of John Paul II's parents, Emilia and Karol Wojtyła Sr.</figcaption></figure> Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of <a href="/wiki/Wadowice" title="Wadowice">Wadowice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A&E-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShortBio-23">[21]</a> He was the youngest of three children born to <a href="/wiki/Karol_Wojty%C5%82a_(senior)" title="Karol Wojtyła (senior)">Karol Wojtyła</a> (1879–1941), an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Pole">ethnic Pole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Kaczorowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia Kaczorowska">Emilia Kaczorowska</a> (1884–1929), who was of distant Lithuanian heritage.<a href="#cite_note-CNN6-24">[22]</a> Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died from a heart attack and kidney failure in 1929<a href="#cite_note-CBN-25">[23]</a> when Wojtyła was eight years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200611-26">[24]</a> His elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmund's work as a physician eventually led to his death from <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>, a loss that affected Wojtyła deeply.<a href="#cite_note-CNN6-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200611-26">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karol_Wojtyla-1st_comunnion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Karol_Wojtyla-1st_comunnion.jpg/170px-Karol_Wojtyla-1st_comunnion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="466" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Karol_Wojtyla-1st_comunnion.jpg/255px-Karol_Wojtyla-1st_comunnion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Karol_Wojtyla-1st_comunnion.jpg/340px-Karol_Wojtyla-1st_comunnion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>Wojtyła on the day of his <a href="/wiki/First_communion" class="mw-redirect" title="First communion">first communion</a></figcaption></figure> Wojtyła was <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baptism" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">baptized</a> a month after his birth, made his <a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a> at the age of 9, and was <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">confirmed</a> at the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> as <a href="/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)" title="Goalkeeper (association football)">goalkeeper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200625-28">[26]</a> During his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with the large Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/Wadowice" title="Wadowice">Wadowice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Svidercoschi-29">[27]</a> School football games were often organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side.<a href="#cite_note-CNN6-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200625-28">[26]</a> In 2005, he recalled: "I remember that at least a third of my classmates at elementary school in Wadowice were Jews. At secondary school there were fewer. With some I was on very friendly terms. And what struck me about some of them was their Polish patriotism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II200599-30">[28]</a> It was around this time that the young Karol had his first serious relationship with a girl. He became close to a girl called Ginka Beer, described as "a Jewish beauty, with stupendous eyes and jet black hair, slender, a superb actress."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200632-31">[29]</a> In mid-1938, Wojtyła and his father left Wadowice and moved to <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, where he enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>. While studying such topics as <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and various languages, he worked as a volunteer librarian and though required to participate in <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory military training">compulsory military training</a> in the <a href="/wiki/36th_Infantry_Regiment_(Poland)" title="36th Infantry Regiment (Poland)">Academic Legion</a>, he refused to fire a weapon. He performed with various theatrical groups and worked as a playwright.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhiwczak-32">[30]</a> During this time, his talent for language blossomed, and he learned as many as 15 languages — Polish, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Italian, English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>, Dutch, Ukrainian, <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> nine of which he used extensively as pope. In 1939, after invading Poland, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupation forces</a> closed the university.<a href="#cite_note-A&E-22">[20]</a> Able-bodied males were required to work, so from 1940 to 1944 Wojtyła variously worked as a messenger for a restaurant, a manual labourer in a limestone quarry and for the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvay (company)">Solvay</a> chemical factory, in order to avoid deportation to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-ShortBio-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhiwczak-32">[30]</a> In February 1940, he met <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tyranowski" title="Jan Tyranowski">Jan Tyranowski</a> who introduced him to the <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> spirituality and the "<a href="/wiki/Living_Rosary" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Rosary">Living Rosary</a>" youth groups.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> In that same year he had two major accidents, suffering a fractured skull after being struck by a tram and sustaining injuries which left him with one shoulder higher than the other and a permanent stoop after being hit by a lorry in a quarry.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> His father, a former <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officer</a> and later officer in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a>, died of a heart attack in 1941,<a href="#cite_note-Ancestry-36">[34]</a> leaving the young adult Wojtyła an orphan and the immediate family's only surviving member.<a href="#cite_note-CNN6-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBN-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200660-37">[35]</a> Reflecting on these times of his life, nearly forty years later he said: "I was not at my mother's death, I was not at my brother's death, I was not at my father's death. At twenty, I had already lost all the people I loved."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200660-37">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baudienst,_Krak%C3%B3w,_Karol_Wojty%C5%82a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Baudienst%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Karol_Wojty%C5%82a.jpg/220px-Baudienst%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Karol_Wojty%C5%82a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Baudienst%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Karol_Wojty%C5%82a.jpg/330px-Baudienst%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Karol_Wojty%C5%82a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Baudienst%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Karol_Wojty%C5%82a.jpg/440px-Baudienst%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Karol_Wojty%C5%82a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Wojtyła (second from right) in a <a href="/wiki/Baudienst" title="Baudienst">Baudienst</a> forced labour work crew during the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupation of Poland (1939–1945)</a>, circa 1941</figcaption></figure> After his father's death, he started thinking seriously about the priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200663-38">[36]</a> In October 1942, while <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> continued, he knocked on the door of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Palace,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Bishop's Palace, Kraków">Bishop's Palace</a>, and asked to study for the priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200663-38">[36]</a> Soon after, he began courses in the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Education in Poland during World War II">clandestine underground seminary</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archbishop of Kraków">Archbishop of Kraków</a>, the future Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stefan_Sapieha" title="Adam Stefan Sapieha">Adam Stefan Sapieha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was hit by a German truck. German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officers</a> tended to him and sent him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there recovering from a severe <a href="/wiki/Concussion" title="Concussion">concussion</a> and a shoulder injury. It seemed to him that this accident and his survival was a confirmation of his vocation. On 6 August 1944, a day known as "Black Sunday",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71-40">[38]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> rounded up young men in Kraków to curtail <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Uprising_(1944)" title="Kraków Uprising (1944)">the uprising there</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71-40">[38]</a> similar to the recent <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">uprising in Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2004253–254-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71–21-42">[40]</a> Wojtyła escaped by hiding in the basement of his uncle's house at 10 Tyniecka Street, while the German troops searched above.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200663-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2004253–254-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71–21-42">[40]</a> More than eight thousand men and boys were taken that day, while Wojtyła escaped to the Archbishop's residence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200663-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2004253–254-41">[39]</a> where he remained until after the Germans had left.<a href="#cite_note-CNN6-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200663-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2004253–254-41">[39]</a> On the night of 17 January 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula–Oder Offensive">Germans fled the city</a>, and the students reclaimed the ruined <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a>. Wojtyła and another seminarian volunteered for the task of clearing away piles of frozen excrement from the toilets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b75-43">[41]</a> Wojtyła also helped a 14-year-old Jewish refugee girl named Edith Zierer,<a href="#cite_note-EdithZ-44">[42]</a> who had escaped from a Nazi <a href="/wiki/Labour_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour camp">labour camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EdithZ-44">[42]</a> Edith had collapsed on a railway platform, so Wojtyła carried her to a train and stayed with her throughout the journey to Kraków. She later credited Wojtyła with saving her life that day.<a href="#cite_note-CNNLive-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-archive-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-IHT-47">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a> and other authorities have said that Wojtyła helped protect many other <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Polish Jews</a> from the Nazis. During the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_occupation_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi occupation of Poland">Nazi occupation of Poland</a>, a Jewish family sent their son, Stanley Berger, to be hidden by a <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> Polish family. Berger's biological Jewish parents were killed in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, and after the war Berger's new Christian parents asked Karol Wojtyła to baptise the boy. Wojtyła refused, saying that the child should be raised in the Jewish faith of his birth parents and nation, not as a Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> He did everything he could to ensure that Berger leave Poland to be raised by his Jewish relatives in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> In April 2005, shortly after John Paul II's death, the Israeli government created a commission to honour the legacy of John Paul II. One of the honorifics proposed by a head of Italy's Jewish community, Emmanuele Pacifici was the medal of the <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> In Wojtyła's last book, <a href="/wiki/Memory_and_Identity" title="Memory and Identity">Memory and Identity</a>, he described the 12 years of the Nazi régime as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bestiality" class="extiw" title="wikt:bestiality">bestiality</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II200516-51">[49]</a> quoting from the Polish theologian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Michalski" title="Konstanty Michalski">Konstanty Michalski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priesthood">Priesthood</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karol_Wojtyla-wikary_w_Niegowici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Karol_Wojtyla-wikary_w_Niegowici.jpg/170px-Karol_Wojtyla-wikary_w_Niegowici.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Karol_Wojtyla-wikary_w_Niegowici.jpg/255px-Karol_Wojtyla-wikary_w_Niegowici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Karol_Wojtyla-wikary_w_Niegowici.jpg/340px-Karol_Wojtyla-wikary_w_Niegowici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Wojtyła (centre) in 1949</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karol_Wojtyla_image_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Karol_Wojtyla_image_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Karol_Wojtyla_image_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Karol_Wojtyla_image_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Karol_Wojtyla_image_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Karol_Wojtyla_image_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Wojtyła in 1958</figcaption></figure> After finishing his studies at the seminary in Kraków, Wojtyła was <a href="/wiki/Ordained" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained">ordained</a> as a priest on <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>, 1 November 1946,<a href="#cite_note-CBN-25">[23]</a> by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha.<a href="#cite_note-ShortBio-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200671-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a> Sapieha sent Wojtyła to Rome's Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum, the future <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a>, to study under the French <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a> beginning on 26 November 1946. He resided in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Pontifical_College" title="Belgian Pontifical College">Belgian Pontifical College</a> during this time, under rectorship of <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_de_Furstenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilien de Furstenberg">Maximilien de Furstenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Wojtyła earned a <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Licentiate of Sacred Theology">licence</a> in July 1947, passed his doctoral exam on 14 June 1948, and successfully defended his doctoral thesis titled Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce (The Doctrine of Faith in St. <a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a>) in philosophy on 19 June 1948.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The Angelicum preserves the original copy of Wojtyła's typewritten thesis.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Among other courses at the Angelicum, Wojtyła studied Hebrew with the Dutch Dominican Peter G. Duncker, author of the Compendium grammaticae linguae hebraicae biblicae.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_of_the_main_entrance_of_the_Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_(Angelicum)_(19May07).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Facade_of_the_main_entrance_of_the_Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29_%2819May07%29.jpg/170px-Facade_of_the_main_entrance_of_the_Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29_%2819May07%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Facade_of_the_main_entrance_of_the_Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29_%2819May07%29.jpg/255px-Facade_of_the_main_entrance_of_the_Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29_%2819May07%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Facade_of_the_main_entrance_of_the_Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29_%2819May07%29.jpg/340px-Facade_of_the_main_entrance_of_the_Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29_%2819May07%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_(Angelicum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)">Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum</a> in Rome, Italy</figcaption></figure> According to Wojtyła's fellow student, the future Austrian cardinal <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Stickler" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfons Stickler">Alfons Stickler</a>, in 1947 during his sojourn at the Angelicum, Wojtyła visited <a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Padre Pio</a>, who heard his confession and told him that one day he would ascend to "the highest post in the Church".<a href="#cite_note-kwitny-59">[57]</a> Stickler added that Wojtyła believed that the prophecy was fulfilled when he became a cardinal.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-60">[58]</a> Wojtyła returned to Poland in the summer of 1948 for his first <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> assignment in the village of <a href="/wiki/Niegowi%C4%87" title="Niegowić">Niegowić</a>, 24 kilometres (15 miles) from Kraków, at the Church of the Assumption. He arrived at Niegowić at harvest time, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006233-61">[59]</a> He repeated this gesture, which he adopted from <a href="/wiki/John_Vianney" title="John Vianney">John Vianney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006233-61">[59]</a> throughout his papacy. In March 1949, Wojtyła was transferred to the parish of <a href="/wiki/St._Florian%27s_Church" title="St. Florian's Church">Saint Florian</a> in Kraków. He taught ethics at Jagiellonian University and subsequently at the <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_University_of_Lublin" title="John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin">Catholic University of Lublin</a>. While teaching, he gathered a group of about 20 young people, who began to call themselves Rodzinka, the "little family". They met for prayer, philosophical discussion, and to help the blind and the sick. The group eventually grew to approximately 200 participants, and their activities expanded to include annual <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayaking</a> trips.<a href="#cite_note-USCCB_Bio-62">[60]</a> In 1953, Wojtyła's habilitation thesis was accepted by the Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University. In 1954, he earned a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Doctor of Sacred Theology">Doctorate in Sacred Theology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200697-63">[61]</a> writing a dissertation titled "Reevaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on the ethical system of <a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Max Scheler</a>"<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Ocena możliwości zbudowania etyki chrześcijańskiej przy założeniach systemu Maksa Schelera).<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Scheler was a German philosopher who founded a broad <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical movement">philosophical movement</a> that emphasised the study of conscious experience. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish Communist</a> authorities abolished the Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University, thereby preventing him from receiving the degree until 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a> Wojtyła developed a theological approach, called <a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological Thomism">phenomenological Thomism</a>, that combined traditional Catholic <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> with the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">personalism</a>, a philosophical approach deriving from phenomenology, which was popular among Catholic intellectuals in Kraków during Wojtyła's intellectual development. He translated Scheler's Formalism and the Ethics of Substantive Values.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> In 1961, he coined "Thomistic Personalism" to describe Aquinas's philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karol_Wojtyla-splyw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Karol_Wojtyla-splyw.jpg/170px-Karol_Wojtyla-splyw.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Karol_Wojtyla-splyw.jpg/255px-Karol_Wojtyla-splyw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Karol_Wojtyla-splyw.jpg/340px-Karol_Wojtyla-splyw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Wojtyła pictured during a <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a> trip to the countryside with a group of students, circa 1960</figcaption></figure> During this period, Wojtyła wrote a series of articles in Kraków's Catholic newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Tygodnik_Powszechny" title="Tygodnik Powszechny">Tygodnik Powszechny</a> (Universal Weekly), dealing with contemporary church issues.<a href="#cite_note-Zenit5-68">[66]</a> He focused on creating original <a href="/wiki/Literary_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary work">literary work</a> during his first dozen years as a priest. War, life in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>, and his pastoral responsibilities all fed his poetry and plays. Wojtyła published his work under two pseudonyms, Andrzej Jawień and Stanisław Andrzej Gruda,<a href="#cite_note-Kuhiwczak-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zenit5-68">[66]</a> to distinguish his literary from his religious writings (issued under his own name), and also so that his literary works would be considered on their own merits.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhiwczak-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zenit5-68">[66]</a> In 1960, Wojtyła published the influential theological book <a href="/wiki/Love_and_Responsibility" title="Love and Responsibility">Love and Responsibility</a>, a defence of traditional church teachings on marriage from a new philosophical standpoint.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhiwczak-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWojtyła1981-69">[67]</a> The aforementioned students regularly joined Wojtyła for hiking, skiing, bicycling, camping and kayaking, accompanied by prayer, outdoor Masses and theological discussions. In Stalinist-era Poland, it was not permitted for priests to travel with groups of students. Wojtyła asked his younger companions to call him "Wujek" (Polish for "Uncle") to prevent outsiders from deducing he was a priest. The nickname gained popularity among his followers. In 1958, when Wojtyła was named <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">auxiliary bishop</a> of Kraków, his acquaintances expressed concern that this would cause him to change. Wojtyła responded to his friends, "Wujek will remain Wujek," and he continued to live a simple life, shunning the trappings that came with his position as bishop. This beloved nickname stayed with Wojtyła for his entire life and continues to be affectionately used, particularly by the Polish people.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Episcopate_and_cardinalate">Episcopate and cardinalate</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Call_to_the_episcopate">Call to the episcopate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow_-_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Krakow_-_06.jpg/220px-Krakow_-_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Krakow_-_06.jpg/330px-Krakow_-_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Krakow_-_06.jpg/440px-Krakow_-_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>19 <a href="/wiki/Kanonicza_Street,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kanonicza Street, Kraków">Kanonicza Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland, where John Paul II lived as a priest and bishop (now an <a href="/wiki/Archdiocesal_Museum_in_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocesal Museum in Kraków">Archdiocese Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> On 4 July 1958,<a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a> while Wojtyła was on a kayaking holiday in the lakes region of northern Poland, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> appointed him as an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">auxiliary bishop</a> of Kraków. He was consequently summoned to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> to meet the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a> of Poland, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Wyszyński">Stefan Wyszyński</a>, who informed him of his appointment.<a href="#cite_note-Rise-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton2006103-73">[71]</a> Wojtyła accepted the appointment as auxiliary bishop to Kraków's Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Eugeniusz_Baziak" title="Eugeniusz Baziak">Eugeniusz Baziak</a>, and he received episcopal consecration (as <a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">titular bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Ombi</a>) on 28 September 1958, with Baziak as the principal consecrator and as co-consecrators Bishop <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Kominek" title="Bolesław Kominek">Bolesław Kominek</a> (titular bishop of <a href="/wiki/Sophene" title="Sophene">Sophene</a>), auxiliary of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław">Archdiocese of Wrocław</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Jop" title="Franciszek Jop">Franciszek Jop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sandomierz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandomierz">Auxiliary Bishop of Sandomierz</a> (Titular Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Daulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daulia">Daulia</a>). Kominek was to become Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Bishop of Wrocław">Archbishop of Wrocław</a> and Jop was later Auxiliary Bishop of Wrocław and then Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Opole" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Opole">Opole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a> At the age of 38, Wojtyła became the youngest bishop in Poland. In 1959, Wojtyła began an annual tradition of saying a <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a> on Christmas Day in an open field at <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta" title="Nowa Huta">Nowa Huta</a>, the so-called model workers' town outside Kraków that was without a church building.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Baziak died in June 1962 and on 16 July, Wojtyła was selected as <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_administrator" title="Diocesan administrator">Vicar Capitular</a> (temporary administrator) of the Archdiocese until an <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> could be appointed.<a href="#cite_note-A&E-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShortBio-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_in_Vatican_II_and_subsequent_events">Participation in Vatican II and subsequent events</h3></div> From October 1962, Wojtyła took part in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–1965),<a href="#cite_note-A&E-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a> where he made contributions to two of its most historic and influential products, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, <a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae">Dignitatis humanae</a>) and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (<a href="/wiki/Gaudium_et_spes" title="Gaudium et spes">Gaudium et spes</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a> Wojtyła and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for Gaudium et spes. According to the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> historian <a href="/wiki/John_W._O%27Malley" title="John W. O'Malley">John W. O'Malley</a>, the draft text Gaudium et spes that Wojtyła and the Polish delegation sent "had some influence on the version that was sent to the council fathers that summer but was not accepted as the base text".<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> According to John F. Crosby, as pope, John Paul II used the words of Gaudium et spes later to introduce his own views on the nature of the human person in relation to God: man is "the only creature on earth that God has wanted for its own sake", but man "can fully discover his true self only in a sincere giving of himself".<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> He also participated in the assemblies of the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a> of Bishops.<a href="#cite_note-A&E-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShortBio-23">[21]</a> On 13 January 1964, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> appointed him <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archbishop of Kraków">Archbishop of Kraków</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VaticanNewsService-77">[75]</a> On 26 June 1967, Paul VI announced Wojtyła's promotion to the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-VaticanNewsService-77">[75]</a> Wojtyła was named <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">cardinal priest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">titular church</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Cesareo_de_Appia" title="San Cesareo de Appia">San Cesareo in Palatio</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg/220px-Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg/330px-Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg/440px-Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> imposing the cardinal biretta on Wojtyła in 1967</figcaption></figure> In 1967, he was instrumental in formulating the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">Humanae vitae</a>, which dealt with the same issues that forbid abortion and <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">artificial birth control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-HV-79">[77]</a> According to a contemporary witness, Wojtyła was against the distribution of a letter around Kraków in 1970, stating that the Polish Episcopate was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> In 1973, Wojtyła met philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka" title="Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka">Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_S._Houthakker" title="Hendrik S. Houthakker">Hendrik S. Houthakker</a>, professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and member of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a><a href="#cite_note-Stourton-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-letters-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2016-83">[81]</a> Tymieniecka collaborated with Wojtyła on a number of projects including an English translation of Wojtyła's book <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_bibliography" title="Pope John Paul II bibliography">Osoba i czyn</a> (Person and Act). Person and Act, one of John Paul II's foremost literary works, was initially written in Polish.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-letters-82">[80]</a> Tymieniecka produced the English-language version.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-letters-82">[80]</a> They corresponded over the years, and grew to be good friends.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-letters-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Panarama-84">[82]</a> When Wojtyła visited New England in the summer of 1976, Tymieniecka put him up as a guest in her family home.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-letters-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Panarama-84">[82]</a> Wojtyła enjoyed his holiday in <a href="/wiki/Pomfret,_Vermont" title="Pomfret, Vermont">Pomfret, Vermont</a>, kayaking and enjoying the outdoors, as he had done in his beloved Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-letters-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton2006103-73">[71]</a> During 1974–1975, Wojtyła served <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> as consultor to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Laity" title="Pontifical Council for the Laity">Pontifical Council for the Laity</a>, as recording secretary for the 1974 synod on evangelism and by participating extensively in the original drafting of the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">apostolic exhortation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelii_nuntiandi" title="Evangelii nuntiandi">Evangelii nuntiandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papacy">Papacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave" title="October 1978 papal conclave">October 1978 papal conclave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habemus_papam_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Habemus_papam_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg/220px-Habemus_papam_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Habemus_papam_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg/330px-Habemus_papam_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Habemus_papam_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg/440px-Habemus_papam_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>First appearance of Pope John Paul II following his election on 16 October 1978</figcaption></figure> In August 1978, following the death of Pope Paul VI, Wojtyła voted in <a href="/wiki/August_1978_papal_conclave" title="August 1978 papal conclave">the papal conclave</a>, which elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a>. John Paul I died after only 33 days as pope, triggering another <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">conclave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ShortBio-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time1978-86">[84]</a> The second conclave of 1978 started on 14 October, ten days after the funeral. It was split between two strong <a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">candidates for the papacy</a>: Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Siri" title="Giuseppe Siri">Giuseppe Siri</a>, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Genoa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Genoa">Archbishop of Genoa</a>, and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Benelli" title="Giovanni Benelli">Giovanni Benelli</a>, the liberal <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Florence" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence">Archbishop of Florence</a> and a close friend of John Paul I.<a href="#cite_note-Time1978b-87">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_paul_2_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/170px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/255px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/340px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of John Paul II displaying the <a href="/wiki/Marian_Cross" title="Marian Cross">Marian Cross</a> with the letter M signifying the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, the mother of Jesus</figcaption></figure> Supporters of Benelli were confident that he would be elected, and in early <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballots</a>, Benelli came within nine votes of success.<a href="#cite_note-Time1978b-87">[85]</a> However, both men faced sufficient opposition for neither to be likely to prevail. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Colombo" title="Giovanni Colombo">Giovanni Colombo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a>, was considered as a compromise candidate among the Italian cardinal-electors, but when he started to receive votes, he announced that, if elected, he would decline to accept the papacy.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Franz_K%C3%B6nig" title="Franz König">Franz König</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Vienna" title="Archbishop of Vienna">Archbishop of Vienna</a>, suggested Wojtyła as another compromise candidate to his fellow electors.<a href="#cite_note-Time1978b-87">[85]</a> Wojtyła won on the eighth ballot on the third day (16 October). Among those cardinals who rallied behind Wojtyła were supporters of Giuseppe Siri, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Wyszyński">Stefan Wyszyński</a>, most of the American cardinals (led by <a href="/wiki/John_Krol" title="John Krol">John Krol</a>), and other moderate cardinals. He accepted his election with the words: "With obedience in faith to Christ, my Lord, and with trust in the Mother of Christ and the Church, in spite of great difficulties, I accept".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton2006171-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewPope-90">[88]</a> The pope, in tribute to his immediate predecessor, then took the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> of John Paul II,<a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time1978b-87">[85]</a> also in honour of the late Popes Paul VI and John XXIII, and the traditional white smoke informed the crowd gathered in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> that a pope had been chosen. There had been rumours that the new pope wished to be known as Pope Stanislaus in honour of <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_of_Szczepan%C3%B3w" title="Stanislaus of Szczepanów">the Polish saint of the name</a>, but was convinced by the cardinals that it was not a Roman name.<a href="#cite_note-Time1978-86">[84]</a> When the new pontiff appeared on the balcony, he broke tradition by addressing the gathered crowd:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton2006171-89">[87]</a> <blockquote>"Dear brothers and sisters, we are saddened at the death of our beloved Pope John Paul I, and so the cardinals have called for a new bishop of Rome. They called him from a faraway land—far and yet always close because of our communion in faith and Christian traditions. I was afraid to accept that responsibility, yet I do so in a spirit of obedience to the Lord and total faithfulness to Mary, our most Holy Mother. I am speaking to you in your—no, our Italian language. If I make a mistake, please corrict [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]<a href="#cite_note-91">[c]</a> me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton2006171-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bottum-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a></blockquote> Wojtyła became the 264th pope according to the chronological <a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">list of popes</a>, the first non-Italian in 455 years.<a href="#cite_note-upi-95">[92]</a> At only 58 years of age, he was the youngest pope since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1846, who was 54.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican2-54">[52]</a> Like his predecessor, John Paul II dispensed with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">papal coronation</a> and instead received ecclesiastical <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">investiture</a> with a simplified <a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">papal inauguration</a> on 22 October 1978. During his inauguration, when the cardinals were to kneel before him to take their vows and kiss his ring, he stood up as the Polish prelate, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński knelt down, stopped him from kissing the ring, and simply embraced him.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican-bio-en-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastoral_journeys">Pastoral journeys</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_John_Paul_II_outside_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II outside Italy">List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II outside Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papie%C5%BC_Jan_Pawe%C5%82_II_i_kardyna%C5%82_Stefan_kardyna%C5%82_Wyszy%C5%84ski_w_drodze_na_plac_Zwyci%C4%99stwa_w_dniu_2_czerwca_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Papie%C5%BC_Jan_Pawe%C5%82_II_i_kardyna%C5%82_Stefan_kardyna%C5%82_Wyszy%C5%84ski_w_drodze_na_plac_Zwyci%C4%99stwa_w_dniu_2_czerwca_1979.jpg/220px-Papie%C5%BC_Jan_Pawe%C5%82_II_i_kardyna%C5%82_Stefan_kardyna%C5%82_Wyszy%C5%84ski_w_drodze_na_plac_Zwyci%C4%99stwa_w_dniu_2_czerwca_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Papie%C5%BC_Jan_Pawe%C5%82_II_i_kardyna%C5%82_Stefan_kardyna%C5%82_Wyszy%C5%84ski_w_drodze_na_plac_Zwyci%C4%99stwa_w_dniu_2_czerwca_1979.jpg/330px-Papie%C5%BC_Jan_Pawe%C5%82_II_i_kardyna%C5%82_Stefan_kardyna%C5%82_Wyszy%C5%84ski_w_drodze_na_plac_Zwyci%C4%99stwa_w_dniu_2_czerwca_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Papie%C5%BC_Jan_Pawe%C5%82_II_i_kardyna%C5%82_Stefan_kardyna%C5%82_Wyszy%C5%84ski_w_drodze_na_plac_Zwyci%C4%99stwa_w_dniu_2_czerwca_1979.jpg/440px-Papie%C5%BC_Jan_Pawe%C5%82_II_i_kardyna%C5%82_Stefan_kardyna%C5%82_Wyszy%C5%84ski_w_drodze_na_plac_Zwyci%C4%99stwa_w_dniu_2_czerwca_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>John Paul's first papal trip to Poland in June 1979</figcaption></figure> During his pontificate, John Paul II made journeys to 129 countries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234-97">[94]</a> travelling more than 1,100,000 kilometres (680,000 mi) while doing so. He consistently attracted large crowds, some among the largest ever assembled in <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>, such as the Manila <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">World Youth Day 1995</a>, which gathered up to four million people, the largest papal gathering ever, according to the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-BaltimoreSun-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-AsiaNews-99">[96]</a> John Paul II's earliest official visits were to the Dominican Republic and Mexico in January 1979.<a href="#cite_note-CBN2-100">[97]</a> While some of his journeys (such as to the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>) were to places previously visited by Pope Paul VI, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in October 1979, where he was <a href="/wiki/List_of_meetings_between_the_pope_and_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States">greeted warmly</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. He was the first pope ever to visit several countries in one year, starting in 1979 with Mexico<a href="#cite_note-Mexico-101">[98]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II%27s_visit_to_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John Paul II's visit to Ireland">Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ireland-102">[99]</a> He was the first reigning pope to <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II%27s_visit_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John Paul II's visit to the United Kingdom">travel to the United Kingdom</a>, in 1982, where he met Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>. While in Britain he also visited <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> and knelt in prayer with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Runcie" title="Robert Runcie">Robert Runcie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, at the spot where <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> had been killed,<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> as well as holding several large-scale open air masses, including one at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)" title="Wembley Stadium (1923)">Wembley Stadium</a>, which was attended by some 80,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visita_ufficiale_del_Presidente_della_Repubblica_Sandro_Pertini_a_Sua_Santit%C3%A0_il_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Visita_ufficiale_del_Presidente_della_Repubblica_Sandro_Pertini_a_Sua_Santit%C3%A0_il_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%286%29.jpg/220px-Visita_ufficiale_del_Presidente_della_Repubblica_Sandro_Pertini_a_Sua_Santit%C3%A0_il_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Visita_ufficiale_del_Presidente_della_Repubblica_Sandro_Pertini_a_Sua_Santit%C3%A0_il_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%286%29.jpg/330px-Visita_ufficiale_del_Presidente_della_Repubblica_Sandro_Pertini_a_Sua_Santit%C3%A0_il_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Visita_ufficiale_del_Presidente_della_Repubblica_Sandro_Pertini_a_Sua_Santit%C3%A0_il_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%286%29.jpg/440px-Visita_ufficiale_del_Presidente_della_Repubblica_Sandro_Pertini_a_Sua_Santit%C3%A0_il_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>John Paul II with the president of Italy <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a> in 1984</figcaption></figure> He travelled to Haiti in 1983, where he spoke in <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Creole</a> to thousands of impoverished Catholics gathered to greet him at the airport. His message, "things must change in Haiti," referring to the disparity between the wealthy and the poor, was met with thunderous applause.<a href="#cite_note-Haiti:_The_Duvalier_Years-105">[102]</a> In 2000, he was the first modern pope to visit Egypt,<a href="#cite_note-PopeEgypt-106">[103]</a> where he met with the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Pope Shenouda III</a><a href="#cite_note-PopeEgypt-106">[103]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PopeEgypt-106">[103]</a> He was the first Catholic pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria, in 2001. He visited the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>, a former Christian church where <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> is believed to be interred,<a href="#cite_note-Mosque-107">[104]</a> where he made a speech calling for Muslims, Christians and Jews to live together.<a href="#cite_note-Mosque-107">[104]</a> On 15 January 1995, during the X World Youth Day, he offered <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Mass">Mass</a> to an estimated crowd of between five and seven million in <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Luneta Park</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AsiaNews-99">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Philippines, which was considered to be the largest single gathering in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christian history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AsiaNews-99">[96]</a> In March 2000, while visiting <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, John Paul became the first pope in history to visit and pray at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCIsrael-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADL2006-109">[106]</a> In September 2001, amid post-<a href="/wiki/11_September_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September attacks">11 September</a> concerns, he travelled to Kazakhstan, with an audience largely consisting of Muslims, and to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of 1,700 years of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimes3-110">[107]</a> In June 1979, John Paul II travelled to Poland, where ecstatic crowds constantly surrounded him.<a href="#cite_note-OnThisDay-111">[108]</a> This first papal trip to Poland uplifted the nation's spirit and sparked the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> movement in 1980, which later brought freedom and human rights to his troubled homeland.<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a> Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> intended to use the pope's visit to show the people that although the pope was Polish, it did not alter their capacity to govern, oppress, and distribute the goods of society. They also hoped that if the pope abided by the rules they set, the Polish people would see his example and follow them as well. If the pope's visit inspired a riot, the Communist leaders of Poland were prepared to crush the uprising and blame the suffering on the pope.<a href="#cite_note-Angelo_M._Codevilla_2008-112">[109]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"The pope won that struggle by transcending politics. His was what <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a> calls '<a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>' — the power of attraction and repulsion. He began with an enormous advantage, and exploited it to the utmost: He headed the one institution that stood for the polar opposite of the Communist way of life that the Polish people hated. He was a Pole, but beyond the regime's reach. By identifying with him, Poles would have the chance to cleanse themselves of the compromises they had to make to live under the regime. And so they came to him by the millions. They listened. He told them to be good, not to compromise themselves, to stick by one another, to be fearless, and that God is the only source of goodness, the only standard of conduct. 'Be not afraid,' he said. Millions shouted in response, 'We want God! We want God! We want God!' The regime cowered. Had the Pope chosen to turn his soft power into the hard variety, the regime might have been drowned in blood. Instead, the Pope simply led the Polish people to desert their rulers by affirming solidarity with one another. The Communists managed to <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">hold on as despots</a> a decade longer. But as political leaders, they were finished. Visiting his native Poland in 1979, Pope John Paul II struck what turned out to be a mortal blow to its Communist regime, to the Soviet Empire, [and] ultimately to Communism."<a href="#cite_note-Angelo_M._Codevilla_2008-112">[109]</a> </blockquote> <blockquote>"When Pope John Paul II kissed the ground at the Warsaw airport he began the process by which Communism in Poland — and ultimately elsewhere in Europe — would come to an end."<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a></blockquote> On later trips to Poland, he gave tacit support to the Solidarity organisation.<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a> These visits reinforced this message and contributed to the collapse of East European Communism that took place between 1989 and 1990 with the reintroduction of democracy in Poland, and which then spread through Eastern Europe (1990–1991) and South-Eastern Europe (1990–1992).<a href="#cite_note-Bottum-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-OnThisDay-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBCNews-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorbachev-115">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Youth_Days">World Youth Days</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnPaulIICardinalSin1995WYD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JohnPaulIICardinalSin1995WYD.jpg/220px-JohnPaulIICardinalSin1995WYD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JohnPaulIICardinalSin1995WYD.jpg/330px-JohnPaulIICardinalSin1995WYD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JohnPaulIICardinalSin1995WYD.jpg/440px-JohnPaulIICardinalSin1995WYD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Pope John Paul II (right) with Manila Archbishop Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Jaime Sin</a> (left) addressing the crowd attending the closing mass of the tenth <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">World Youth Day</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Luneta Park</a>, 1995</figcaption></figure> As an extension of his successful work with youth as a young priest, John Paul II pioneered the international <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Days</a>. John Paul II presided over nine of them: <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (1985 and 2000), <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (1997), and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> (2002). Total attendance at these signature events of the pontificate was in the tens of millions.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedicated_Years">Dedicated Years</h3></div> Keenly aware of the rhythms of time and the importance of anniversaries in the Catholic Church's life, John Paul II led nine "dedicated years" during the twenty-six and a half years of his pontificate: the Holy Year of the Redemption in 1983–84, the <a href="/wiki/Marian_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian Year">Marian Year</a> in 1987–88, the Year of the Family in 1993–94, the three Trinitarian years of preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Jubilee" title="Great Jubilee">Great Jubilee</a> of 2000, the Great Jubilee itself, the Year of the Rosary in 2002–3, and the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Eucharist" title="Year of the Eucharist">Year of the Eucharist</a>, which began on 17 October 2004, and concluded six months after the Pope's death.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_albums">Music albums</h3></div> John Paul II recorded music albums. In 1979, his album Pope John Paul II sings at the Festival of Sacrosong was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Infinity_Records" title="Infinity Records">Infinity Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> In 1994 he released a music album title The Rosary.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> In 1999, John Paul II released another music album titled <a href="/wiki/Abba_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Abba Pater">Abba Pater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Jubilee_of_2000">Great Jubilee of 2000</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Jubilee" title="Great Jubilee">Great Jubilee</a> of 2000 was a call to the church to become more aware and to embrace her missionary task for the work of <a href="/wiki/New_evangelization" title="New evangelization">evangelization</a>. <blockquote>"From the beginning of my Pontificate, my thoughts had been on this Holy Year 2000 as an important appointment. I thought of its celebration as a providential opportunity during which the Church, thirty-five years after the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, would examine how far she had renewed herself, in order to be able to take up her evangelising mission with fresh enthusiasm."<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a></blockquote> John Paul II also made a pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> for the Great Jubilee of 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican3-122">[119]</a> During his visit to the Holy Land, John Paul II visited many sites of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>, including the following locations: <a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Bethany Beyond the Jordan (Al-Maghtas)</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, where <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> baptized Jesus; <a href="/wiki/Manger_Square" title="Manger Square">Manger Square</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, the location of Jesus' birth; and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, the site of Jesus' burial and resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican5-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vatican6-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vatican7-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/110px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> As pope, John Paul II wrote <a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of encyclicals of Pope John Paul II">14 papal encyclicals</a> and taught about sexuality in what is referred as the "<a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Theology of the Body</a>". Some key elements of his strategy to "reposition the Catholic Church" were encyclicals such as <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_de_Eucharistia" title="Ecclesia de Eucharistia">Ecclesia de Eucharistia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconciliatio_et_paenitentia" title="Reconciliatio et paenitentia">Reconciliatio et paenitentia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a>. In his At the beginning of the new millennium (<a href="/wiki/Novo_Millennio_Ineunte" class="mw-redirect" title="Novo Millennio Ineunte">Novo Millennio Ineunte</a>), he emphasised the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person." In The Splendour of the Truth (<a href="/wiki/Veritatis_Splendor" class="mw-redirect" title="Veritatis Splendor">Veritatis Splendor</a>), he emphasised the dependence of man on God and His Law ("Without the Creator, the creature disappears") and the "dependence of freedom on the truth". He warned that man "giving himself over to relativism and scepticism, goes off in search of an illusory freedom apart from truth itself". In <a href="/wiki/Fides_et_Ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fides et Ratio">Fides et Ratio</a> (On the Relationship between Faith and Reason) John Paul promoted a renewed interest in philosophy and an autonomous pursuit of truth in theological matters. Drawing on many different sources (such as Thomism), he described the mutually supporting relationship between <a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">faith and reason</a>, and emphasised that theologians should focus on that relationship. John Paul II wrote extensively about workers and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">social doctrine</a> of the church, which he discussed in three encyclicals: <a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a>. Through his encyclicals and many <a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">Apostolic Letters</a> and Exhortations, John Paul II talked about the <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> and the equality of women.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> He argued for the importance of the family for the future of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a> Other encyclicals include The Gospel of Life (<a href="/wiki/Evangelium_Vitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelium Vitae">Evangelium Vitae</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ut_unum_sint" title="Ut unum sint">Ut unum sint</a> (That They May Be One). Though critics accused him of inflexibility in explicitly re-asserting Catholic moral teachings against abortion and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> that have been in place for well over a thousand years, he urged a more nuanced view of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_capital_punishment" title="Catholic Church and capital punishment">capital punishment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a> In his second encyclical <a href="/wiki/Dives_in_misericordia" title="Dives in misericordia">Dives in misericordia</a> he stressed that <a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">divine mercy</a> is the greatest feature of God, needed especially in modern times. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_political_stances">Social and political stances</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_and_political_stances_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and political stances of Pope John Paul II">Social and political stances of Pope John Paul II</a></div> John Paul II was considered a conservative on <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> and issues relating to human <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> and the ordination of women.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel2-127">[124]</a> While he was visiting the United States in 1977, the year before becoming pope, Wojtyła said: "All human life, from the moments of conception and through all subsequent stages, is sacred."<a href="#cite_note-Pope_John_Paul_II_Visits_the_US,_1977_Year_in_Review-128">[125]</a> A series of 129 lectures given by John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in Rome between September 1979 and November 1984 were later compiled and published as a single work titled <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Theology of the Body</a>, an extended meditation on <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>. He extended it to the condemnation of abortion, euthanasia, and virtually all capital punishment,<a href="#cite_note-pbs-129">[126]</a> calling them all a part of a struggle between a "<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">culture of life</a>" and a "culture of death".<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> He campaigned for world debt forgiveness and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel2-127">[124]</a> He coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">social mortgage</a>", which related that all private property had a social dimension, namely that "the goods of this are originally meant for all."<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> In 2000, he publicly endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_2000" title="Jubilee 2000">Jubilee 2000</a> campaign on African <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a> fronted by Irish rock stars <a href="/wiki/Bob_Geldof" title="Bob Geldof">Bob Geldof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a>, once famously interrupting a <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> recording session by telephoning the studio and asking to speak to Bono.<a href="#cite_note-Pope_phones_Bono-132">[129]</a> John Paul II, who was present and very influential at the 1962–65 <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, affirmed the teachings of that Council and did much to implement them. Nevertheless, his critics often wished that he would embrace what has been called a progressive agenda that some hoped would evolve as a result of the Council. In fact, the Council did not advocate progressive changes in these areas; for example, they still condemned abortion as an unspeakable crime. John Paul II continued to declare that contraception, abortion, and homosexual acts were gravely sinful, and, along with Joseph Ratzinger (future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>), initially opposed <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>. Following the church's exaltation of the marital act of sexual intercourse between a baptised man and woman within sacramental marriage as proper and exclusive to the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> of marriage, John Paul II believed that it was, in every instance, profaned by contraception, abortion, divorce followed by a 'second' marriage, and by homosexual acts. In 1994, John Paul II asserted the church's lack of authority to ordain women to the priesthood, stating that without such authority ordination is not legitimately compatible with fidelity to Christ. This was also deemed a repudiation of calls to break with the constant tradition of the church by ordaining women to the priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-VaticanOrdinatio-133">[130]</a> In addition, John Paul II chose not to end the discipline of mandatory priestly celibacy, although in a small number of unusual circumstances, he did allow certain married clergymen of other Christian traditions who later became Catholic to be ordained as Catholic priests. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apartheid_in_South_Africa">Apartheid in South Africa</h3></div> John Paul II was an outspoken opponent of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">apartheid in South Africa</a>. In 1985, while visiting the Netherlands, he gave an impassioned speech condemning apartheid at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, proclaiming that "No system of apartheid or separate development will ever be acceptable as a model for the relations between peoples or races."<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> In September 1988, John Paul II made a pilgrimage to ten Southern African countries, including those bordering South Africa, while demonstratively avoiding South Africa. During his visit to <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, John Paul II called for economic sanctions against South Africa's government.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> After John Paul II's death, both <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> praised the pope for defending human rights and condemning economic injustice.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_punishment">Capital punishment</h3></div> John Paul II was an outspoken opponent of the death penalty, which was a break from previous popes regarding the practise. At a papal mass in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, in the United States he said: <blockquote>"A sign of hope is the increasing recognition that the dignity of human life must never be taken away, even in the case of someone who has done great evil. Modern society has the means of protecting itself, without definitively denying criminals the chance to reform. I renew the appeal I made most recently at Christmas for a consensus to end the death penalty, which is both cruel and unnecessary."<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a></blockquote> During that visit, John Paul II convinced the then <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governor</a> of Missouri, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Carnahan" title="Mel Carnahan">Mel Carnahan</a>, to reduce the death sentence of convicted murderer Darrell J. Mease to life imprisonment without parole.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> John Paul II's other attempts to reduce the sentence of <a href="/wiki/Death-row" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-row">death-row</a> inmates were unsuccessful. In 1983, John Paul II visited <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and unsuccessfully asked the country's president, <a href="/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_R%C3%ADos_Montt" title="Efraín Ríos Montt">Efraín Ríos Montt</a>, to reduce the sentence for six left-wing guerrillas sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> In 2002, John Paul II again travelled to Guatemala. At that time, Guatemala was one of only two countries in Latin America (the other being Cuba) to apply capital punishment. John Paul II asked the Guatemalan president, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Portillo" title="Alfonso Portillo">Alfonso Portillo</a>, for a moratorium on executions.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_and_ecology">Environment and ecology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Pertini_e_Giovanni_Paolo_II_insieme_sulle_cime_dell%27_Adamello_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sandro_Pertini_e_Giovanni_Paolo_II_insieme_sulle_cime_dell%27_Adamello_12.jpg/220px-Sandro_Pertini_e_Giovanni_Paolo_II_insieme_sulle_cime_dell%27_Adamello_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sandro_Pertini_e_Giovanni_Paolo_II_insieme_sulle_cime_dell%27_Adamello_12.jpg/330px-Sandro_Pertini_e_Giovanni_Paolo_II_insieme_sulle_cime_dell%27_Adamello_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sandro_Pertini_e_Giovanni_Paolo_II_insieme_sulle_cime_dell%27_Adamello_12.jpg/440px-Sandro_Pertini_e_Giovanni_Paolo_II_insieme_sulle_cime_dell%27_Adamello_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>Pope John Paul II on the peak of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Adamello" title="Mount Adamello">Mount Adamello</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adamello-Presanella_Alps" title="Adamello-Presanella Alps">Adamello-Presanella Alps</a></figcaption></figure> John Paul II taught on the environmental health of Earth that "humanity has disappointed God's expectations ... degrading that 'flowerbed' which is the earth, our dwelling-place".<a href="#cite_note-aud20010117-141">[138]</a> His phrase and exhortation, "ecological conversion", which was used in a general audience in The Vatican in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-aud20010117-141">[138]</a> has been widely adopted, for example in the Mandate for <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Earthcare_Australia" title="Catholic Earthcare Australia">Catholic Earthcare Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> and in the writings of Pope Francis.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div> John Paul II pushed for a reference to Europe's Christian cultural roots in the draft of the <a href="/wiki/European_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="European Constitution">European Constitution</a>. In his 2003 <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">apostolic exhortation</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_in_Europa" title="Ecclesia in Europa">Ecclesia in Europa</a>, John Paul II wrote that he "fully (respected) the secular nature of (European) institutions". However, he wanted the constitution to enshrine religious rights, including acknowledging the rights of religious groups to organise freely, recognise the specific identity of each denomination and allow for a "structured dialogue" between each religious community and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), and extend across the EU the legal status enjoyed by religious institutions in individual member states. John Paul II said: "I wish once more to appeal to those drawing up the future European Constitutional Treaty so that it will include a reference to the religion and in particular to the Christian heritage of Europe." The pope's desire for a reference to Europe's Christian identity in the EU Constitution was supported by non-Catholic representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a> from Russia, Romania, and Greece.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> John Paul II's demand to include a reference to Europe's Christian roots in the European Constitution was supported by some non-Christians, such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Weiler">Joseph Weiler</a>, a practising <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jew">Orthodox Jew</a> and renowned constitutional lawyer, who said that the EU Constitution's lack of a reference to Christianity was not a "demonstration of neutrality" but rather "a <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a> attitude".<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> At the same time, John Paul II was an enthusiastic supporter of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>; in particular, he supported his native Poland's entry into the bloc. On 19 May 2003, three weeks before a <a href="/wiki/2003_Polish_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Polish European Union membership referendum">referendum was held in Poland on EU membership</a>, the Polish pope addressed his compatriots and urged them to vote for Poland's EU membership at St. Peter's Square in Vatican City State. While some conservative, Catholic politicians in Poland opposed EU membership, John Paul II said: <blockquote>"I know that there are many in opposition to integration. I appreciate their concern about maintaining the cultural and religious identity of our nation. However, I must emphasise that Poland has always been an important part of Europe. Europe needs Poland. The Church in Europe needs the Poles' testimony of faith. Poland needs Europe."<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a></blockquote> The Polish pope compared Poland's entry into the EU to the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a>, which was signed in 1569 and united the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> into one nation and created an elective monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> On 22 October 1996, in a speech to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plenary_session" class="extiw" title="wikt:plenary session">plenary session</a> at the Vatican, John Paul II said of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> that "this theory has been progressively accepted by researchers, following a series of discoveries in various fields of knowledge. The convergence, neither sought nor fabricated, of the results of work that was conducted independently is in itself a significant argument in favour of this theory." John Paul II's embrace of evolution was enthusiastically praised by American <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">palaeontologist</a> and evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> with whom he had an audience in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Although generally accepting the theory of evolution, John Paul II made one major exception—the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">human soul</a>, saying: "If the human body has its origin in living material which pre-exists it, the spiritual soul is immediately created by God."<a href="#cite_note-Evolution-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCSE-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tagliabue-152">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_War">Iraq War</h3></div> In 2003 John Paul II criticised the 2003 United States-led <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, saying in his State of the World address "No to war! War is not always inevitable. It is always a defeat for humanity."<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> He sent Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pio_Laghi" title="Pio Laghi">Pio Laghi</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Nunciature_of_the_Holy_See_in_Washington_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunciature of the Holy See in Washington DC">Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the United States</a>, to talk with <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, the US president, to express opposition to the war. John Paul II said that it was up to the United Nations to solve the international conflict through diplomacy and that a unilateral aggression is a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against peace">crime against peace</a> and a violation of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. The pope's opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> led to him being a candidate to win the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, which was ultimately awarded to Iranian attorney/judge and noted human rights advocate <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_in_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Peace Prize in 2003">Shirin Ebadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation_theology">Liberation theology</h3></div> In 1984 and 1986, through Cardinal Ratzinger (future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>) as <a href="/wiki/Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>, John Paul II officially condemned aspects of <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>, which had many followers in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-Miami-156">[153]</a> Visiting Europe, Salvadoran Archbishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a> unsuccessfully advocated for the Vatican to condemn the right-wing military regime of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, for violations of human rights during the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a> and the support of <a href="/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads">death squads</a>. Though Romero expressed his frustration at working with clergy who cooperated with the government, John Paul II encouraged him to maintain episcopal unity as a top priority.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> In his travel to <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, Nicaragua in 1983, John Paul II harshly condemned what he dubbed the "popular Church",<a href="#cite_note-Miami-156">[153]</a> referencing the <a href="/wiki/Basic_ecclesial_community" title="Basic ecclesial community">ecclesial base communities</a> supported by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Episcopal_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Episcopal Conference">Latin American Episcopal Conference</a>, and the Nicaraguan clergy's tendencies to support the leftist <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinistas</a>, reminding the clergy of their duties of obedience to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miami-156">[153]</a> During that visit <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Cardenal" title="Ernesto Cardenal">Ernesto Cardenal</a>, a priest and minister in the Sandinista government, knelt to kiss his hand. John Paul withdrew it, wagged his finger in Cardenal's face, and told him, "You must straighten out your position with the church."<a href="#cite_note-Religion:_Berating_Marxism's_False_Hopes-161">[158]</a> However, in March 1986, the Vatican published an Instruction on the subject in which, while warning against reducing "the salvific dimension of liberation to the socio-ethical dimension which is a consequence of it," it supported "<a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">the special option for the poor</a>" favored by the liberation theologians, and described the Basic Christian Communities which they had promoted as "a source of great hope for the church." A few weeks later, the pope himself seemed to endorse the movement when he wrote to the Brazilian bishops that as long as it is in harmony with the teaching of the Church, "we are convinced, we and you, that the theology of liberation is not only timely but useful and necessary. It should constitute a new state-- in close connection with the former ones--of theological reflection."<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organised_crime">Organised crime</h3></div> John Paul II was the first pontiff to denounce <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy" title="Organized crime in Italy">Mafia</a> violence in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. In 1993, during a pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, Sicily, he appealed to the Mafiosi: "I say to those responsible: 'Convert! One day, the judgement of God will arrive!'" In 1994, John Paul II visited <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> and told victims of Mafia violence to "rise up and cloak yourself in light and justice!"<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> In 1995, the Mafia bombed two historical churches in Rome. Some believed that this was the mob's <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">vendetta</a> against the pope for his denunciations of organised crime.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Gulf_War">Persian Gulf War</h3></div> Between 1990 and 1991, a 34-nation coalition led by the United States waged a war against <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a>, which had invaded and annexed <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. John Paul II was a staunch opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. Throughout the conflict, he appealed to the international community to stop the war, and after it was over led diplomatic initiatives to negotiate peace in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> In his 1991 encyclical <a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a>, John Paul II harshly condemned the conflict: <blockquote>"No, never again war, which destroys the lives of innocent people, teaches how to kill, throws into upheaval even the lives of those who do the killing and leaves behind a trail of resentment and hatred, thus making it all the more difficult to find a just solution of the very problems which provoked the war."<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a></blockquote> In April 1991, during his <a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a> Sunday message at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, John Paul II called for the international community to "lend an ear" to "the long-ignored aspirations of oppressed peoples". He specifically named the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, a people who were fighting a civil war against Saddam Hussein's troops in Iraq, as one such people, and referred to the war as a "darkness menacing the earth". During this time, the Vatican had expressed its frustration with the international ignoring of the pope's calls for peace in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rwandan_genocide">Rwandan genocide</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></div> In 1990, during the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">civil war</a> between <a href="/wiki/Tutsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutsis">Tutsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutus">Hutus</a> in the mostly Catholic country of Rwanda, John Paul II called for a ceasefire and condemned the persecution of the Tutsis.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> In 1994, he was the first world leader to condemn the massacre of the Tutsis as a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. In 1995, during his third visit to <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> before an audience of 300,000, John Paul II pleaded for an end to the violence in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, urging forgiveness and reconciliation as a solution to the genocide. He told Rwandan and Burundian refugees that he "was close to them and shared their immense pain". He said: <blockquote>"What is happening in your countries is a terrible tragedy that must end. During the African Synod, we, the pastors of the church, felt the duty to express our consternation and to launch an appeal for forgiveness and reconciliation. This is the only way to dissipate the threats of ethnocentrism that are hovering over Africa these days and that have so brutally touched Rwanda and <a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">Burundi</a>."<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_sexuality">Views on sexuality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Theology of the Body</a></div> While taking a traditional position on human <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>, maintaining the Catholic Church's moral opposition to homosexual acts, John Paul II asserted that people with homosexual inclinations possess the same inherent dignity and rights as others.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2010-170">[167]</a> In his book Memory and Identity, he referred to the "strong pressures" by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> to recognise homosexual unions as an alternative type of family, with the right to adopt children. In the book, as quoted by <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, he wrote: "It is legitimate and necessary to ask oneself if this is not perhaps part of a new ideology of evil, more subtle and hidden, perhaps, intent upon exploiting human rights themselves against man and against the family."<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II200512-171">[168]</a> In 1986, the Pope approved the release of a document from the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> regarding Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons. While not neglecting to comment on homosexuality and moral order, the letter issued multiple affirmations of the dignity of homosexual persons.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> A 1997 study determined that of all the pope's public statements, only 3% addressed the issue of sexual morality.<a href="#cite_note-The_Truth_of_Catholicism-173">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reform_of_canon_law">Reform of canon law</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Canon law (Catholic Church)</a></div> John Paul II completed a full-scale reform of the Catholic Church's legal system, Latin and Eastern, and a reform of the Roman Curia. On 18 October 1990, when promulgating the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a>, John Paul II stated <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">By the publication of this Code, the canonical ordering of the whole Church is thus at length completed, following as it does...the "<a href="/wiki/Pastor_Bonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastor Bonus">Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia</a>" of 1988, which is added to both Codes as the primary instrument of the Roman Pontiff for 'the communion that binds together, as it were, the whole Church'<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a></blockquote> In 1998, John Paul II issued the <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> <a href="/wiki/Ad_tuendam_fidem" title="Ad tuendam fidem">Ad tuendam fidem</a>, which amended two canons (750 and 1371) of the 1983 Code of Canon Law and two canons (598 and 1436) of the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1983_Code_of_Canon_Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></div> On 25 January 1983, with the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacrae_disciplinae_leges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrae disciplinae leges">Sacrae disciplinae leges</a> John Paul II promulgated the current code of canon law for all members of the Catholic Church who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. It entered into force the first Sunday of the following <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sacrae-175">[172]</a> which was 27 November 1983.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> John Paul II described the new code as "the last document of Vatican II".<a href="#cite_note-sacrae-175">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Peters" title="Edward N. Peters">Edward N. Peters</a> has referred to the 1983 Code as the "Johanno-Pauline Code"<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> (Johannes Paulus is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "John Paul"), parallelling the <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">"Pio-Benedictine" 1917 code</a> that it replaced. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></div> John Paul II promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a> (CCEO) on 18 October 1990, by the document Sacri Canones.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> The CCEO came into force of law on 1 October 1991.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codification</a> of the common portions of the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">canon law</a> for the 23 of the 24 <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a> churches in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> that are the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>. It is divided into 30 titles and has a total of 1540 <a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">canons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastor_bonus">Pastor bonus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pastor_bonus" title="Pastor bonus">Pastor bonus</a></div> John Paul II promulgated the apostolic constitution <a href="/wiki/Pastor_bonus" title="Pastor bonus">Pastor bonus</a> on 28 June 1988. It instituted a number of reforms in the process of running the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>. Pastor bonus laid out in considerable detail the organisation of the Roman Curia, specifying precisely the names and composition of each dicastery, and enumerating the competencies of each <a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">dicastery</a>. It replaced the previous special law, Regimini Ecclesiæ universæ, which was promulgated by Paul VI in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Special:EditPage/Pope John Paul II">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></div> On 11 October 1992, in his apostolic constitution <a href="/wiki/Fidei_depositum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei depositum">Fidei depositum</a> (The Deposit of Faith), John Paul ordered the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> He declared the publication to be "a sure norm for teaching the faith … a sure and authentic reference text for teaching Catholic doctrine and particularly for preparing local catechisms". It was "meant to encourage and assist in the writing of new local catechisms [both applicable and faithful]" rather than replacing them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_American_and_Caribbean_dictatorships">South American and Caribbean dictatorships</h2></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Navarro-Valls" title="Joaquín Navarro-Valls">Joaquín Navarro-Valls</a>, John Paul II's press secretary: <blockquote>"The single fact of John Paul II's election in 1978 changed everything. In <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>, everything began. Not in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> or <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>. Then the whole thing spread. Why in 1980 did they lead the way in <a href="/wiki/Gdansk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdansk">Gdansk</a>? Why did they decide, now or never? Only because there was a Polish pope. He was in Chile and <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a> was out. He was in Haiti and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Duvalier</a> was out. He was in the Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a> was out. On many of those occasions, people would come here to the Vatican thanking the Holy Father for changing things."<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3></div> Before John Paul II's pilgrimage to Latin America, during a meeting with reporters, he criticised <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>'s regime as "dictatorial". In the words of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, he used "unusually strong language" to criticise Pinochet and asserted to journalists that the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Chile" title="Catholic Church in Chile">Catholic Church in Chile</a> must not only pray, but actively fight for the restoration of democracy in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> During his visit to Chile in 1987, John Paul II asked Chile's 31 Catholic bishops to campaign for free elections in the country. According to <a href="/wiki/George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">George Weigel</a> and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz" title="Stanisław Dziwisz">Stanisław Dziwisz</a>, he encouraged Pinochet to accept a democratic opening of the regime, and may even have called for his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> According to Monsignor <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82awomir_Oder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sławomir Oder (page does not exist)">Sławomir Oder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Postulator" title="Postulator">postulator</a> of John Paul II's <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> cause, John Paul's words to Pinochet had a profound impact on the Chilean dictator. The pope confided to a friend: "I received a letter from Pinochet in which he told me that as a Catholic he had listened to my words, he had accepted them, and he had decided to begin the process to change the leadership of his country."<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> During his visit to Chile, John Paul II supported the <a href="/wiki/Vicariate_of_Solidarity" title="Vicariate of Solidarity">Vicariate of Solidarity</a>, the church-led pro-democracy, anti-Pinochet organisation. John Paul II visited the Vicariate of Solidarity's offices, spoke with its workers, and "called upon them to continue their work, emphasizing that the Gospel consistently urges respect for human rights".<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> While in Chile, John Paul II made gestures of public support of Chile's anti-Pinochet democratic opposition. For instance, he hugged and kissed <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Gloria_Quintana" title="Carmen Gloria Quintana">Carmen Gloria Quintana</a>, a young student who had been nearly burned to death by Chilean police and told her that "We must pray for peace and justice in Chile."<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> Later, he met with several opposition groups, including those that had been declared illegal by Pinochet's government. The opposition praised John Paul II for denouncing Pinochet as a dictator, for many members of Chile's opposition were persecuted for much milder statements. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Camus" title="Carlos Camus">Carlos Camus</a>, one of the harshest critics of Pinochet's dictatorship within the Chilean Church, praised John Paul II's stance during the papal visit, saying: "I am quite moved, because our pastor supports us totally. Never again will anyone be able to say that we are interfering in politics when we defend human dignity." He added: "No country the Pope has visited has remained the same after his departure. The Pope's visit is a mission, an extraordinary social catechism, and his stay here will be a watershed in Chilean history."<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> Some have erroneously accused John Paul II of affirming Pinochet's regime by appearing with the Chilean ruler in public. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Tucci" title="Roberto Tucci">Roberto Tucci</a>, the organiser of John Paul II's visits, revealed that Pinochet tricked the pontiff by telling him he would take him to his living room, while in reality he took him to his balcony. Tucci says that the pontiff was "furious".<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haiti">Haiti</h3></div> John Paul II visited <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> on 9 March 1983, when the country was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_%22Baby_Doc%22_Duvalier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier">Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier</a>. He bluntly criticised the poverty of the country, directly addressing Baby Doc and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Bennett" title="Michèle Bennett">Michèle Bennett</a> in front of a large crowd of Haitians: <blockquote>"Yours is a beautiful country, rich in human resources, but Christians cannot be unaware of the injustice, the excessive inequality, the degradation of the quality of life, the misery, the hunger, the fear suffered by the majority of the people."<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a></blockquote> John Paul II spoke in French and occasionally in <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Creole</a>, and in the homily outlined the basic human rights that most Haitians lacked: "the opportunity to eat enough, to be cared for when ill, to find housing, to study, to overcome illiteracy, to find worthwhile and properly paid work; all that provides a truly human life for men and women, for young and old." Following John Paul II's pilgrimage, the Haitian opposition to Duvalier frequently reproduced and quoted the pope's message. Shortly before leaving Haiti, John Paul II called for social change in Haiti by saying: "Lift up your heads, be conscious of your dignity of men created in God's image...."<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> John Paul II's visit inspired massive protests against the Duvalier dictatorship. In response to the visit, 860 Catholic priests and church workers signed a statement committing the church to work on behalf of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> In 1986, Duvalier was deposed in an uprising. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h3></div> The collapse of the dictatorship of General <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a> of Paraguay was linked, among other things, to John Paul II's visit to the South American country in May 1988.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Since Stroessner's taking power through a <a href="/wiki/1954_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Paraguayan coup d'état">coup d'état in 1954</a>, Paraguay's bishops increasingly criticised the regime for human rights abuses, rigged elections, and the country's feudal economy. During his private meeting with Stroessner, John Paul II told the dictator: <blockquote>"Politics has a fundamental ethical dimension because it is first and foremost a service to man. The Church can and must remind men—and in particular those who govern—of their ethical duties for the good of the whole of society. The Church cannot be isolated inside its temples just as men's consciences cannot be isolated from God."<a href="#cite_note-Willey-196">[193]</a></blockquote> Later, during a Mass, John Paul II criticised the regime for impoverishing the peasants and the unemployed, saying that the government must give people greater access to the land. Although Stroessner tried to prevent him from doing so, John Paul II met opposition leaders in the one-party state.<a href="#cite_note-Willey-196">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_the_fall_of_Communism">Role in the fall of Communism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Holy See–Soviet Union relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Pope_John_Paul_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Pope_John_Paul_II.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Pope_John_Paul_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Pope_John_Paul_II.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Pope_John_Paul_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Pope_John_Paul_II.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Pope_John_Paul_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> meeting with Pope John Paul II during a visit to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, 1982</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_as_spiritual_inspiration_and_catalyst">Role as spiritual inspiration and catalyst</h3></div> By the late 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> had been predicted by some observers.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> John Paul II has been credited with being instrumental in bringing down Communism in Central and Eastern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bottum-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBCNews-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorbachev-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomínguez2005-199">[196]</a> by being the spiritual inspiration behind its downfall and catalyst for "a peaceful revolution" in Poland. <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Post-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Communist">post-Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a>, credited John Paul II with giving Poles the courage to demand change.<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a> According to Wałęsa, "Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Nobody knew how to get rid of Communism. In <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, in 1979, he simply said: 'Do not be afraid', and later prayed: 'Let your Spirit descend and change the image of the land ... this land'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomínguez2005-199">[196]</a> It has also been widely alleged that the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Bank">Vatican Bank</a> covertly funded Solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salinger2005-201">[198]</a> In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration</a> saw opened diplomatic relations with the Vatican <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">for the first time since 1870</a>. In sharp contrast to the long history of strong domestic opposition, this time there was very little opposition from Congress, the courts, and Protestant groups.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> Relations between Reagan and John Paul II were close, especially because of their shared <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> and keen interest in forcing the Soviets out of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> Reagan's correspondence with the pope reveals "a continuous scurrying to shore up Vatican support for U.S. policies. Perhaps most surprisingly, the papers show that, as late as 1984, the pope did not believe the Communist Polish government could be changed."<a href="#cite_note-nationalreview-204">[201]</a> <blockquote>"No one can prove conclusively that he was a primary cause of the end of communism. However, the major figures on all sides—not just Lech Wałęsa, the Polish Solidarity leader, but also Solidarity's arch-opponent, General <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a>; not just the former American president <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Senior" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bush Senior">George Bush Senior</a> but also the former Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev—now agree that he was. I would argue the historical case in three steps: without the Polish Pope, no Solidarity revolution in Poland in 1980; without Solidarity, no dramatic change in Soviet policy towards eastern Europe under Gorbachev; without that change, no velvet revolutions in 1989."<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a></blockquote> In December 1989, John Paul II met with the Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> at the Vatican and each expressed his respect and admiration for the other. Gorbachev once said: "The collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> would have been impossible without John Paul II."<a href="#cite_note-Bottum-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBCNews-114">[111]</a> On John Paul II's death, Gorbachev said: "Pope John Paul II's devotion to his followers is a remarkable example to all of us."<a href="#cite_note-Gorbachev-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomínguez2005-199">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Paul_II_George_W._Bush_Medal_of_Freedom_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Paul_II_George_W._Bush_Medal_of_Freedom_2004.jpg/220px-John_Paul_II_George_W._Bush_Medal_of_Freedom_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Paul_II_George_W._Bush_Medal_of_Freedom_2004.jpg/330px-John_Paul_II_George_W._Bush_Medal_of_Freedom_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Paul_II_George_W._Bush_Medal_of_Freedom_2004.jpg/440px-John_Paul_II_George_W._Bush_Medal_of_Freedom_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Pope John Paul II, given the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by US President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> On 4 June 2004, U.S. president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> presented the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the United States' highest civilian honour, to John Paul II during a ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>. The president read the citation that accompanied the medal, which recognised "this son of Poland" whose "principled stand for peace and freedom has inspired millions and helped to topple communism and tyranny".<a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-206">[203]</a> After receiving the award, John Paul II said, "May the desire for freedom, peace, a more humane world symbolised by this medal inspire men and women of goodwill in every time and place."<a href="#cite_note-vatican1-207">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_attempt_to_compromise_John_Paul_II">Communist attempt to compromise John Paul II</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grafiti_rijeka_1208.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grafiti_rijeka_1208.jpg/220px-Grafiti_rijeka_1208.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grafiti_rijeka_1208.jpg/330px-Grafiti_rijeka_1208.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grafiti_rijeka_1208.jpg/440px-Grafiti_rijeka_1208.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Graffiti showing John Paul II with quote "Do not be afraid" in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> In 1983, Poland's Communist government unsuccessfully tried to humiliate John Paul II by falsely saying he had fathered an illegitimate child. Section D of <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Bezpieczeństwa">Służba Bezpieczeństwa</a> (SB), the security service, had an action named "Triangolo" to carry out criminal operations against the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Catholic Church in Poland</a>; the operation encompassed all Polish hostile actions against the pope.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Captain Grzegorz Piotrowski, one of the murderers of beatified <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Popie%C5%82uszko" title="Jerzy Popiełuszko">Jerzy Popiełuszko</a>, was the leader of section D. They drugged Irena Kinaszewska, the secretary of the Kraków-based weekly Catholic magazine <a href="/wiki/Tygodnik_Powszechny" title="Tygodnik Powszechny">Tygodnik Powszechny</a> where Wojtyła had worked, and unsuccessfully attempted to make her admit to having had sexual relations with him.<a href="#cite_note-sbd-209">[206]</a> The SB then attempted to compromise Kraków priest Andrzej Bardecki, an editor of Tygodnik Powszechny and one of the closest friends of Cardinal Wojtyła before he became pope, by planting false memoirs in his dwelling; Piotrowski was exposed and the forgeries were found and destroyed before the SB could say to have discovered them.<a href="#cite_note-sbd-209">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_other_Christian_denominations">Relations with other Christian denominations</h2></div> John Paul II travelled extensively and met with believers from many divergent faiths. At the World <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Prayer" title="Day of Prayer">Day of Prayer</a> for Peace, held in <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> on 27 October 1986, more than 120 representatives of different religions and <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> spent a day of fasting and prayer.<a href="#cite_note-Pace_preventiva-210">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches_of_the_East">Churches of the East</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Special:EditPage/Pope John Paul II">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Although the contact between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and many Christians of the East had never totally ceased, communion had been interrupted since ancient times. Again, the history of conflict in Central Europe was a complex part of John Paul II's personal cultural heritage which made him all the more determined to react so as to attempt to overcome abiding difficulties, given that relatively speaking the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the non-Catholic Eastern Churches are close in many points of faith. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II%27s_relations_with_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope John Paul II's relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church">Pope John Paul II's relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_Pope_John_Paul_II-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vladimir_Putin_with_Pope_John_Paul_II-1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Pope_John_Paul_II-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vladimir_Putin_with_Pope_John_Paul_II-1.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Pope_John_Paul_II-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vladimir_Putin_with_Pope_John_Paul_II-1.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Pope_John_Paul_II-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="2285" /></a><figcaption>Pope John Paul II and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in 2000</figcaption></figure> In May 1999, John Paul II visited Romania on the invitation from Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Teoctist_Ar%C4%83pa%C5%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoctist Arăpaşu">Teoctist Arăpaşu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>. This was the first time a pope had visited a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> in 1054.<a href="#cite_note-Teoctist-211">[208]</a> On his arrival, the Patriarch and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Constantinescu" title="Emil Constantinescu">Emil Constantinescu</a>, greeted the pope.<a href="#cite_note-Teoctist-211">[208]</a> The Patriarch stated, "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity."<a href="#cite_note-Teoctist-211">[208]</a> On 23–27 June 2001, John Paul II visited Ukraine, another heavily Orthodox nation, at the invitation of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President of Ukraine</a> and bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ukraine-212">[209]</a> The Pope spoke to leaders of the <a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Council_of_Churches_and_Religious_Organizations" title="All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations">All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations</a>, pleading for "open, tolerant and honest dialogue".<a href="#cite_note-Ukraine-212">[209]</a> About 200 thousand people attended the liturgies celebrated by the Pope in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, and the liturgy in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> gathered nearly one and a half million faithful.<a href="#cite_note-Ukraine-212">[209]</a> John Paul II said that an end to the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">Great Schism</a> was one of his fondest wishes.<a href="#cite_note-Ukraine-212">[209]</a> Healing divisions between the Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a> regarding Latin and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> traditions was clearly of great personal interest. For many years, John Paul II sought to facilitate dialogue and unity stating as early as 1988 in Euntes in mundum, "Europe has two lungs, it will never breathe easily until it uses both of them."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During his 2001 travels, John Paul II became the first pope to visit Greece in 1291 years.<a href="#cite_note-Macedonian-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Associated-214">[211]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, the pope met with Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Christodoulos_of_Athens" title="Christodoulos of Athens">Christodoulos of Athens</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Macedonian-213">[210]</a> After a private 30-minute meeting, the two spoke publicly. Christodoulos read a list of "13 offences" of the Catholic Church against the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Schism,<a href="#cite_note-Macedonian-213">[210]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">sack of Constantinople</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, and bemoaned the lack of apology from the Catholic Church, saying "Until now, there has not been heard a single request for pardon" for the "maniacal crusaders of the 13th century".<a href="#cite_note-Macedonian-213">[210]</a> The pope responded by saying "For the occasions past and present, when sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by action or omission against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord grant us forgiveness", to which Christodoulos immediately applauded. John Paul II said that the sacking of Constantinople was a source of "profound regret" for Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-Macedonian-213">[210]</a> Later John Paul II and Christodoulos met on a spot where <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> had once preached to Athenian Christians. They issued a common declaration saying, "We shall do everything in our power, so that the Christian roots of Europe and its Christian soul may be preserved.... We condemn all recourse to violence, <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">fanaticism</a>, in the name of religion."<a href="#cite_note-Macedonian-213">[210]</a> The two leaders then said the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-Macedonian-213">[210]</a> The pope had said throughout his pontificate that one of his greatest dreams was to visit Russia,<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> but this never occurred. He attempted to solve the problems that had arisen over centuries between the Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> churches, and in 2004 gave them a 1730 copy of the lost icon of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kazan" title="Our Lady of Kazan">Our Lady of Kazan</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_Apostolic_Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</h4></div> John Paul II was determined to maintain good relations with the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, whose separation from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> dated to Christian antiquity. In 1996, he brought the Catholic Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church closer by agreeing with Armenian Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Karekin_II" title="Karekin II">Karekin II</a> on Christ's nature.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> During an audience in 2000, John Paul II and Karekin II, by then the <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Catholicos of All Armenians</a>, issued a joint statement condemning the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. Meanwhile, the pope gave Karekin the relics of St. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a>, the first head of the Armenian Church that had been kept in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Italy, for 500 years.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> In September 2001, John Paul II went on a three-day pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> to take part in an ecumenical celebration with Karekin II in the newly consecrated <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gregory_the_Illuminator_Cathedral,_Yerevan" title="Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan">Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan</a>. The two Church leaders signed a declaration remembering the victims of the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3></div> Like his successors after him, John Paul II took a large number of initiatives to promote friendly relations, practical humanitarian cooperation and theological dialogue with a range of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> bodies. Of these the first in importance had to be with <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheranism</a>, given that the contention with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and his followers was the most significant historical split in Western Christianity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Special:EditPage/Pope John Paul II">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> From 15 to 19 November 1980, John Paul II visited <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-Travels_–_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_1980_–_John_Paul_II_–_The_Holy_Father_–_The_Holy_See-219">[216]</a> on his first trip to a country with a large <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> population. In <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, he met with leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a>, and with representatives of other Christian denominations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 11 December 1983, John Paul II participated in an ecumenical service in the <a href="/wiki/Christuskirche,_Rome" title="Christuskirche, Rome">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Rome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ökumenisches_Treffen_mit_der_evangelisch-lutherischen_Gemeinde_von_Rom-220">[217]</a> the first papal visit ever to a Lutheran church. The visit took place 500 years after the birth of the German <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, who was first an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Order of Saint Augustine">Augustinian</a> friar and subsequently a leading Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformer</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In his apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden of June 1989,<a href="#cite_note-vatican-221">[218]</a> John Paul II became the first pope to visit countries with Lutheran majorities. In addition to celebrating Mass with Catholic believers, he participated in ecumenical services at places that had been Catholic shrines before the Reformation: <a href="/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral" title="Nidaros Cathedral">Nidaros Cathedral</a> in Norway; near St. Olav's Church at <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingvellir" title="Þingvellir">Thingvellir</a> in Iceland; <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a> in Finland; <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_Cathedral" title="Roskilde Cathedral">Roskilde Cathedral</a> in Denmark; and <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a> in Sweden.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 31 October 1999, (the 482nd anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a>, Martin Luther's posting of the <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a>), representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Doctrine_of_Justification" title="Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification">Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification</a>, as a gesture of unity. The signing was a fruit of a theological dialogue that had been going on between the Lutheran World Federation and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> since 1965.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h4></div> John Paul II had good relations with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, as also with other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, in 1982, where he met Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>. He preached in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> and received <a href="/wiki/Robert_Runcie" title="Robert Runcie">Robert Runcie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. He said that he was disappointed by the Church of England's decision to <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion">ordain women</a> and saw it as a step away from unity between the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-222">[219]</a> In 1980, John Paul II issued a <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Provision" title="Pastoral Provision">Pastoral Provision</a> allowing married former Episcopal priests to become Catholic priests, and for the acceptance of former <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> parishes into the Catholic Church. He allowed the creation of a form of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>, known informally by some as the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a>, which incorporates selected elements of the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> that are compatible with Catholic doctrine. He permitted Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Flores" title="Patrick Flores">Patrick Flores</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas, to establish <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Atonement_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church">Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church</a>, together as the inaugural parish for the use of this hybrid liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-Atonement-223">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_Judaism">Relations with Judaism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_and_Judaism" title="Pope John Paul II and Judaism">Pope John Paul II and Judaism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Catholicism_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations between Catholicism and Judaism">Relations between Catholicism and Judaism</a> improved dramatically during the pontificate of John Paul II.<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADL2006-109">[106]</a> He spoke frequently about the Catholic Church's relationship with the Jewish faith.<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a> It is likely that his attitude was shaped in part by his own experience of the terrible fate of the Jews in Poland and the rest of Central Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1979, John Paul II visited the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> in Poland, where many of his compatriots (mostly <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jews</a>) had perished during the German occupation there in World War II, the first pope to do so. In 1998, he issued <a href="/wiki/We_Remember:_A_Reflection_on_the_Shoah" title="We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah">We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah</a>, which outlined his thinking on <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cassidy-224">[221]</a> He became the first pope known to have made an official papal visit to a synagogue, when he visited the <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Rome" title="Great Synagogue of Rome">Great Synagogue of Rome</a> on 13 April 1986.<a href="#cite_note-AIJAC-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-www-226">[223]</a> On 30 December 1993, John Paul II established formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>, acknowledging its centrality in Jewish life and faith.<a href="#cite_note-AIJAC-225">[222]</a> On 7 April 1994, he hosted the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Concert_to_Commemorate_the_Shoah" title="Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah">Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust</a>. It was the first-ever Vatican event dedicated to the memory of the six million Jews murdered in World War II. This concert, which was conceived and conducted by US conductor <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Levine" title="Gilbert Levine">Gilbert Levine</a>, was attended by the Chief Rabbi of Rome <a href="/wiki/Elio_Toaff" title="Elio Toaff">Elio Toaff</a>, the President of Italy <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Luigi_Scalfaro" title="Oscar Luigi Scalfaro">Oscar Luigi Scalfaro</a>, and survivors of the Holocaust from around the world. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, actor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss" title="Richard Dreyfuss">Richard Dreyfuss</a> and cellist <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Harrell" title="Lynn Harrell">Lynn Harrell</a> performed on this occasion under Levine's direction.<a href="#cite_note-Shoah_Speech-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-228">[225]</a> On the morning of the concert, the pope received the attending members of survivor community in a special audience in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>. In March 2000, John Paul II visited <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, the national Holocaust memorial in Israel, and later made history by touching one of the holiest sites in Judaism, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> in Jerusalem,<a href="#cite_note-ADL2006-109">[106]</a> placing a letter inside it (in which he prayed for forgiveness for the actions against Jews).<a href="#cite_note-BBCIsrael-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADL2006-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-AIJAC-225">[222]</a> In part of his address he said: "I assure the Jewish people the Catholic Church ... is deeply saddened by the hatred, acts of persecution and displays of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitism</a> directed against the Jews by Christians at any time and in any place." He added that there were "no words strong enough to deplore the terrible tragedy of the Holocaust."<a href="#cite_note-BBCIsrael-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADL2006-109">[106]</a> He added: "We are deeply saddened by the behaviour of those who in the course of history have caused these children of yours to suffer, and asking your forgiveness we wish to commit ourselves to genuine brotherhood with the people of the Covenant."<a href="#cite_note-Online_News-229">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli cabinet">Israeli cabinet</a> minister Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Michael_Melchior" title="Michael Melchior">Michael Melchior</a>, who hosted the pope's visit, said he was "very moved" by the pope's gesture.<a href="#cite_note-BBCIsrael-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADL2006-109">[106]</a> He said: "It was beyond history, beyond memory."<a href="#cite_note-BBCIsrael-108">[105]</a> In October 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy. In January 2005, John Paul II became the first pope known to receive a <a href="/wiki/Priestly_blessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestly blessing">priestly blessing</a> from a rabbi, when Rabbis <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Blech" title="Benjamin Blech">Benjamin Blech</a>, Barry Dov Schwartz, and Jack Bemporad visited the Pontiff at <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Hall" title="Clementine Hall">Clementine Hall</a> in the Apostolic Palace.<a href="#cite_note-PTWF-230">[227]</a> Immediately after John Paul II's death, the Anti-Defamation League said in a statement that he had revolutionised Catholic-Jewish relations, saying that "more change for the better took place in his 27-year Papacy than in the nearly 2,000 years before."<a href="#cite_note-ADL2-231">[228]</a> In another statement issued by the <a href="/wiki/AIJAC" title="AIJAC">Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council</a>, Director Colin Rubenstein said, "The Pope will be remembered for his inspiring spiritual leadership in the cause of freedom and humanity. He achieved far more in terms of <a href="/wiki/Christian%E2%80%93Jewish_reconciliation" title="Christian–Jewish reconciliation">transforming relations</a> with both the Jewish people and the State of Israel than any other figure in the history of the Catholic Church."<a href="#cite_note-AIJAC-225">[222]</a> In April 1986, John Paul II said: "With Judaism, therefore, we have a relationship which we do not have with any other religion. You are our dearly beloved brothers, and in a certain way, it could be said that you are our elder brothers."<a href="#cite_note-Quotes-232">[229]</a> In an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Press_Agency" title="Polish Press Agency">Polish Press Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schudrich" title="Michael Schudrich">Michael Schudrich</a>, chief rabbi of Poland, said that never in history did anyone do as much for Christian-Jewish dialogue as John Paul II, adding that many Jews had a greater respect for the late pope than for some rabbis. Schudrich praised John Paul II for condemning anti-Semitism as a sin, which no previous pope had done.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> On John Paul II's beatification, the Chief Rabbi of Rome <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Di_Segni" title="Riccardo Di Segni">Riccardo Di Segni</a> said in an interview with the Vatican newspaper <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a> that "John Paul II was revolutionary because he tore down a thousand-year wall of Catholic distrust of the Jewish world." Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Elio_Toaff" title="Elio Toaff">Elio Toaff</a>, the former Chief Rabbi of Rome, said that: <blockquote>"Remembrance of the Pope Karol Wojtyła will remain strong in the collective Jewish memory because of his appeals to fraternity and the spirit of tolerance, which excludes all violence. In the stormy history of relations between Roman popes and Jews in the ghetto in which they were closed for over three centuries in humiliating circumstances, John Paul II is a bright figure in his uniqueness. In relations between our two great religions in the new century that was stained with bloody wars and the plague of racism, the heritage of John Paul II remains one of the few spiritual islands guaranteeing survival and human progress."<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_other_world_religions">Relations with other world religions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animism">Animism</h3></div> In his book-length interview <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Threshold_of_Hope" title="Crossing the Threshold of Hope">Crossing the Threshold of Hope</a> with the Italian journalist <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Messori" title="Vittorio Messori">Vittorio Messori</a> published in 1995, John Paul II draws parallels between <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> and Christianity. He wrote: <blockquote>"... it would be helpful to recall ... the animist religions which stress ancestor worship. It seems that those who practise them are particularly close to Christianity, and among them, the Church's missionaries also find it easier to speak a common language. Is there, perhaps, in this veneration of ancestors a kind of preparation for the Christian faith in the Communion of Saints, in which all believers—whether living or dead—form a single community, a single body? ... There is nothing strange, then, that the African and Asian animists would become believers in Christ more easily than followers of the great religions of the Far East."<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a></blockquote> In 1985, the pope visited the African country of <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, where 60 per cent of the population espouses animist beliefs. To honour the pope, animist religious leaders met him at a Catholic Marian shrine in the forest, much to the pontiff's delight. John Paul II proceeded to call for the need for religious tolerance, praised nature, and emphasised common elements between animism and Christianity, saying: <blockquote>"Nature, exuberant and splendid in this area of forests and lakes, impregnates spirits and hearts with its mystery and orients them spontaneously toward the mystery of He who is the author of life. It is this religious sentiment that animates you and one can say that animates all of your compatriots."<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a></blockquote> During the investiture of President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Thomas Boni Yayi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> as a titled <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy" title="Nigerian Chieftaincy">chieftain</a> on 20 December 2008, the reigning <a href="/wiki/Ooni_of_Ile-Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ooni of Ile-Ife">Ooni of Ile-Ife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olubuse_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Olubuse II">Olubuse II</a>, referred to John Paul II as a previous recipient of the same royal honour.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> Tenzin Gyatso, the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, visited John Paul II eight times. The two men held many similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from nations affected by Communism and both serving as heads of major religious bodies.<a href="#cite_note-Dalai-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lama-239">[236]</a> As Archbishop of Kraków, long before the 14th Dalai Lama was a world-famous figure, Wojtyła held special Masses to pray for the Tibetan people's non-violent struggle for freedom from <a href="/wiki/Maoist_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist China">Maoist China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> In 1987, he welcomed participants of the East-West Spiritual Exchanges, an initiative by the <a href="/wiki/Monastic_Interreligious_Dialogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic Interreligious Dialogue">Monastic Interreligious Dialogue</a> (DIMMID) and the Institute for Zen Studies in which Buddhist and Christian monks or nuns take turns residing for one month in each other's monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> During his 1995 visit to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, a country where a majority of the population adheres to <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, John Paul II expressed his admiration for Buddhism. He said: <blockquote>"In particular I express my highest regard for the followers of Buddhism, the majority religion in Sri Lanka, with its ... four great values of … loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity; with its ten transcendental virtues and the joys of the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Sangha</a> expressed so beautifully in the Theragathas. I ardently hope that my visit will serve to strengthen the goodwill between us, and that it will reassure everyone of the Catholic Church's desire for interreligious dialogue and cooperation in building a more just and fraternal world. To everyone I extend the hand of friendship, recalling the splendid words of the <a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a>: 'Better than a thousand useless words is one single word that gives peace' ... ."<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StJohnInUmmayad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/StJohnInUmmayad.jpg/220px-StJohnInUmmayad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/StJohnInUmmayad.jpg/330px-StJohnInUmmayad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/StJohnInUmmayad.jpg/440px-StJohnInUmmayad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>John Paul II was the first Pope to enter and pray in a mosque, visiting the tomb of John the Baptist at <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>, Damascus.</figcaption></figure> John Paul II made considerable efforts to improve relations between Catholicism and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Crossing_the_Threshold_of_Hope-244">[241]</a> He officially supported the project of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Rome" title="Mosque of Rome">Mosque of Rome</a> and participated in the inauguration in 1995. On 14 May 1999, at a meeting with Muslim leaders in Syria, he was gifted and then promptly kissed a <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, an act that was controversial with some Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> On 6 May 2001, he became the first Catholic pope to enter and pray in a mosque, namely the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria. Respectfully removing his shoes, he entered the former <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine-era</a> Christian church dedicated to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, who is also revered as a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet of Islam</a>. He gave a speech including the statement: "For all the times that Muslims and Christians have offended one another, we need to seek forgiveness from the Almighty and to offer each other forgiveness."<a href="#cite_note-Mosque-107">[104]</a> In 2004, John Paul II hosted the "<a href="/wiki/Papal_Concert_of_Reconciliation" title="Papal Concert of Reconciliation">Papal Concert of Reconciliation</a>", which brought together leaders of Islam with leaders of the Jewish community and of the Catholic Church at the Vatican for a concert by the Kraków Philharmonic Choir from Poland, the <a href="/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Choir" title="London Philharmonic Choir">London Philharmonic Choir</a> from the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra</a> from the United States, and the Ankara State Polyphonic Choir of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-WQED-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-Concert-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Philharmonic-249">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gazette-250">[247]</a> The event was conceived and conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Levine" title="Gilbert Levine">Gilbert Levine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great" title="Order of St. Gregory the Great">KCSG</a> and was broadcast throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-WQED-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-Concert-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Philharmonic-249">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gazette-250">[247]</a> John Paul II oversaw the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, which makes a special provision for Muslims; therein, it is written, "together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."<a href="#cite_note-Catechism-251">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3></div> In 1995, John Paul II held a meeting with 21 <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Interreligious_Dialogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue">Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue</a>. He praised <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> for his "unshakeable faith in God", assured the Jains that the Catholic Church will continue to engage in dialogue with their religion and spoke of the common need to aid the poor. The Jain leaders were impressed with the pope's "transparency and simplicity", and the meeting received much attention in the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> state in western India, home to many Jains.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination_attempts_and_plots"> Assassination attempts and plots</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II">Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Krohn" title="Juan María Fernández y Krohn">Juan María Fernández y Krohn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bojinka_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojinka Plot">Bojinka Plot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_Paul_II_after_shooted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pope_John_Paul_II_after_shooted.jpg/220px-Pope_John_Paul_II_after_shooted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pope_John_Paul_II_after_shooted.jpg/330px-Pope_John_Paul_II_after_shooted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pope_John_Paul_II_after_shooted.jpg/440px-Pope_John_Paul_II_after_shooted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2959" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>John Paul II moments after being shot during an <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II">assassination attempt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_A%C4%9Fca" title="Mehmet Ali Ağca">Mehmet Ali Ağca</a> in St. Peter's Square, 13 May 1981</figcaption></figure> As he entered <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> to address an audience on 13 May 1981,<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> John Paul II was shot and <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic trauma">critically wounded</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_A%C4%9Fca" title="Mehmet Ali Ağca">Mehmet Ali Ağca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-A&E-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziwisz2001-254">[251]</a> an expert Turkish gunman who was a member of the militant fascist group <a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SanFrancisco-255">[252]</a> The assassin used a <a href="/wiki/Browning_Hi-Power" title="Browning Hi-Power">Browning 9 mm semi-automatic pistol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-upi2-256">[253]</a> shooting the pope in the abdomen and perforating his <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> multiple times.<a href="#cite_note-Bottum-93">[90]</a> John Paul II was rushed into the Vatican complex and then to the <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Gemelli_University_Polyclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic">Gemelli Hospital</a>. On the way to the hospital, he lost consciousness. Even though the two bullets missed his <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery" title="Superior mesenteric artery">superior mesenteric artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aorta" title="Abdominal aorta">abdominal aorta</a>, he lost nearly three-quarters of his blood. He underwent five hours of surgery to treat his wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETime_Magazine_1982-01-251-257">[254]</a> Surgeons performed a <a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">colostomy</a>, temporarily rerouting the upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a> to let the damaged lower part heal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETime_Magazine_1982-01-251-257">[254]</a> When he briefly regained consciousness before being operated on, he instructed the doctors not to remove his <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Brown Scapular</a> during the operation.<a href="#cite_note-scapolare-258">[255]</a> One of the few people allowed in to see him at the Gemelli Clinic was one of his closest friends, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka" title="Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka">Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka</a>, who arrived on Saturday 16 May and kept him company while he recovered from emergency surgery.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2016-83">[81]</a> The pope later stated that the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> helped keep him alive throughout his ordeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziwisz2001-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertone2000–2009-259">[256]</a> He said: <blockquote>"Could I forget that the event in St. Peter's Square took place on the day and at the hour when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to the poor little peasants has been remembered for over sixty years at <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Fátima, Portugal</a>? For in everything that happened to me on that very day, I felt that extraordinary motherly protection and care, which turned out to be stronger than the deadly bullet."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II2005184-260">[257]</a></blockquote> Ağca was caught and restrained by a nun and other bystanders until police arrived. He was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>. Two days after Christmas in 1983, John Paul II visited Ağca in prison. John Paul II and Ağca spoke privately for about twenty minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziwisz2001-254">[251]</a> John Paul II said, "What we talked about will have to remain a secret between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust."<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> Numerous other theories were advanced to explain the assassination attempt, some of them controversial. One such theory, advanced by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ledeen" title="Michael Ledeen">Michael Ledeen</a> and heavily pushed by the United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> at the time of the assassination but never substantiated by evidence, was that the Soviet Union was behind the attempt on John Paul II's life in retaliation for the pope's support of Solidarity, the Catholic, pro-democratic Polish workers' movement.<a href="#cite_note-SanFrancisco-255">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-ItalianPanel-262">[259]</a> This theory was supported by the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Commission" title="Mitrokhin Commission">Mitrokhin Commission</a>, set up by <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> and headed by <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> senator <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Guzzanti" title="Paolo Guzzanti">Paolo Guzzanti</a>, which alleged that Communist <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_(Bulgaria)" title="Committee for State Security (Bulgaria)">Bulgarian security departments</a> were utilised to prevent the Soviet Union's role from being uncovered, and concluded that <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">Soviet military intelligence (Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije)</a>, not the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, were responsible.<a href="#cite_note-ItalianPanel-262">[259]</a> Russian <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a> spokesman Boris Labusov called the accusation "absurd".<a href="#cite_note-ItalianPanel-262">[259]</a> The pope declared during a May 2002 visit to Bulgaria that the country's Soviet-bloc-era leadership had nothing to do with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_survived_assassination_attempts" title="List of people who survived assassination attempts">assassination attempt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SanFrancisco-255">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-ItalianPanel-262">[259]</a> However, his secretary, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz" title="Stanisław Dziwisz">Stanisław Dziwisz</a>, alleged in his book A Life with Karol, that the pope was convinced privately that the former Soviet Union was behind the attack.<a href="#cite_note-Retire2-263">[260]</a> It was later discovered that many of John Paul II's aides had foreign-government attachments;<a href="#cite_note-Thomas2000-264">[261]</a> Bulgaria and Russia disputed the Italian commission's conclusions, pointing out that the pope had publicly denied the Bulgarian connection.<a href="#cite_note-ItalianPanel-262">[259]</a> A second assassination attempt was made on 12 May 1982, just a day before the anniversary of the first attempt on his life, in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima, Portugal</a>, when a man tried to stab John Paul II with a <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krohn-265">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC2-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters3-267">[264]</a> He was stopped by security guards. Stanisław Dziwisz later said that John Paul II had been injured during the attempt but managed to hide a non-life-threatening wound.<a href="#cite_note-Krohn-265">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC2-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters3-267">[264]</a> The assailant, a <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholic">traditionalist Catholic</a> Spanish priest named <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Krohn" title="Juan María Fernández y Krohn">Juan María Fernández y Krohn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Krohn-265">[262]</a> had been ordained as a priest by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a> and was opposed to the changes made by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, saying that the pope was an agent of Communist Moscow and of the Marxist <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite199595-268">[265]</a> Fernández y Krohn subsequently left the priesthood and served three years of a six-year sentence.<a href="#cite_note-CBC2-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters3-267">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite199595-268">[265]</a> The ex-priest was treated for <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a> and then expelled from Portugal to become a solicitor in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite199595-268">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>-funded <a href="/wiki/Bojinka_plot" title="Bojinka plot">Bojinka plot</a> planned to kill John Paul II during a visit to the Philippines during World Youth Day 1995 celebrations. On 15 January 1995 a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide bomber</a> was planning to dress as a priest and detonate a bomb when the pope passed in his <a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">motorcade</a> on his way to the <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Seminary" title="San Carlos Seminary">San Carlos Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>. The assassination was supposed to divert attention from the next phase of the operation. However, a chemical fire inadvertently started by the cell alerted police to their whereabouts, and all were arrested a week before the pope's visit, and confessed to the plot.<a href="#cite_note-ThePlot-269">[266]</a> In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Jack_Koehler" title="Jack Koehler">Jack Koehler</a>, a journalist and former army intelligence officer, published Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Koehler2011-270">[267]</a> Mining mostly East German and Polish secret police archives, Koehler claimed the assassination attempts were "KGB-backed".<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apologies">Apologies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apologies_by_Pope_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologies by Pope John Paul II">Apologies by Pope John Paul II</a></div> John Paul II apologised to many groups that had suffered at the hands of the Catholic Church through the years.<a href="#cite_note-Memory-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II20051-272">[269]</a> Before becoming pope he had been a prominent editor and supporter of initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Reconciliation_of_the_Polish_Bishops_to_the_German_Bishops" title="Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops">Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops</a> from 1965. As pope, he officially made public apologies for over 100 wrongdoings, including:<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-273">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_1-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2-275">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ontario-276">[273]</a> <ul><li>The legal process on the Italian scientist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, himself a devout Catholic, around 1633 (31 October 1992).<a href="#cite_note-MsnbcNews2-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adherents-278">[275]</a></li> <li>The involvement of Catholics in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> (9 August 1993).</li> <li>The church hierarchy's role in <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burnings at the stake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">religious wars</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> (20 May 1995, in the Czech Republic).</li> <li>The injustices committed against women, the violation of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and the historical denigration of women (10 July 1995, in a letter to "every woman").</li> <li>The inactivity and silence of many Catholics during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> (see the article <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion in Nazi Germany</a>) (16 March 1998).</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Jubilee" title="Great Jubilee">Great Jubilee</a> of the year 2000 included a day of Prayer for Forgiveness of the Sins of the Church on 12 March 2000. On 20 November 2001, from a laptop in the Vatican, John Paul II sent his first e-mail apologising for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic sex abuse cases">Catholic sex abuse cases</a>, the church-backed <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> of Aboriginal children in Australia, and to China for the behaviour of Catholic missionaries in <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PopeApologises-279">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II%27s_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John Paul II's health">Pope John Paul II's health</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PapstJPII20040922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PapstJPII20040922.jpg/220px-PapstJPII20040922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PapstJPII20040922.jpg/330px-PapstJPII20040922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PapstJPII20040922.jpg/440px-PapstJPII20040922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>An ailing John Paul II riding in the <a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a> in September 2004 in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a></figcaption></figure> When he became pope in 1978 at the age of 58, John Paul II was an avid sportsman. He was extremely healthy and active, jogging in the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City" title="Gardens of Vatican City">Vatican gardens</a>, weight training, swimming, and hiking in the mountains. He was fond of football. The media contrasted the new pope's athleticism and trim figure to the poor health of <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul I">John Paul I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a>, the portliness of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a> and the constant claims of ailments of <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>. The only modern pope with a fitness regimen had been <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> (1922–1939), who was an avid mountaineer.<a href="#cite_note-Ratti-280">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ratti2-281">[278]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a> article in the 1980s labelled John Paul II the keep-fit pope. However, after over twenty-six years as pope, two assassination attempts, one of which injured him severely, and a number of cancer scares, John Paul's physical health declined. In 2001 he was diagnosed as suffering from <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parkinsons2001-282">[279]</a> International observers had suspected this for some time, but it was only publicly acknowledged by the Vatican in 2003. Despite difficulty speaking more than a few sentences at a time, trouble <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">hearing</a>, and severe <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoarthrosis">osteoarthrosis</a>, he continued to tour the world although rarely walking in public. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II">Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_months">Final months</h3></div> John Paul II was hospitalised with breathing problems caused by a bout of <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> on 1 February 2005.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> He left the hospital on 10 February, but was subsequently hospitalised again with breathing problems two weeks later and underwent a <a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">tracheotomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_illness_and_death">Final illness and death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Paolo_II_0013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Giovanni_Paolo_II_0013.JPG/243px-Giovanni_Paolo_II_0013.JPG" decoding="async" width="243" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Giovanni_Paolo_II_0013.JPG/365px-Giovanni_Paolo_II_0013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Giovanni_Paolo_II_0013.JPG/486px-Giovanni_Paolo_II_0013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The body of Pope John Paul II <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a></figcaption></figure> On 31 March 2005, following a <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infection</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_2005-04-01-285">[282]</a> he developed <a href="/wiki/Septic_shock" title="Septic shock">septic shock</a>, a form of infection with a high fever and low <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, but was not hospitalised. Instead, he was monitored by a team of consultants at his private residence. This was taken as an indication by the pope, and those close to him, that he was nearing death; it would have been in accordance with his wishes to die in the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_2005-04-01-285">[282]</a> Later that day, Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had been given the <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Anointing of the Sick</a> by his friend and secretary Stanisław Dziwisz. The day before his death, one of his closest personal friends, <a href="/wiki/Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka" title="Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka">Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka</a>, visited him at his bedside.<a href="#cite_note-Stourton-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein/Politi-286">[283]</a> During the final days of the pope's life, the lights were kept burning through the night where he lay in the Papal apartment on the top floor of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>. Tens of thousands of people assembled and held vigil in St. Peter's Square and the surrounding streets for two days. Upon hearing of this, the dying pope was said to have stated: "I have searched for you, and now you have come to me, and I thank you."<a href="#cite_note-LastWords-287">[284]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_dies" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Pope John Paul II dies"> Pope John Paul II dies</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> On Saturday, 2 April 2005, at approximately 15:30 <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>, John Paul II spoke his final words in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, "Pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca" ("Allow me to depart to the house of the Father"), to his aides, and fell into a coma about four hours later.<a href="#cite_note-LastWords-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCLastWords-288">[285]</a> The Mass of the vigil of the Second Sunday of Easter commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Canonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonisation">canonisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a> on 30 April 2000, had just been celebrated at his bedside, presided over by Dziwisz and two Polish associates. Present at the bedside was Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Lubomyr_Husar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubomyr Husar">Lubomyr Husar</a> from Ukraine, who served as a priest with John Paul in Poland, along with Polish nuns of the Congregation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisters,_Servants_of_the_Most_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisters, Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus (page does not exist)">Sisters, Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus</a>, who ran the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Pontifical_Household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of the Pontifical Household">papal household</a>. John Paul II died in his private apartment at 21:37 CEST (19:37 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>) of heart failure from profound <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a> and complete <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulatory collapse">circulatory collapse</a> from septic shock.<a href="#cite_note-BBCLastWords-288">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pisa-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro-Valls_2_April_2005-290">[287]</a> His death was verified when an electrocardiogram that ran for 20 minutes showed a <a href="/wiki/Flatline" title="Flatline">flatline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> He had no close family by the time of his death; his feelings are reflected in his words written in 2000 at the end of his Last Will and Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton2006320-292">[289]</a> Dziwisz later said he had not burned the pontiff's personal notes despite the request being part of the will.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPII_on_bier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/JPII_on_bier.jpg/250px-JPII_on_bier.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/JPII_on_bier.jpg/375px-JPII_on_bier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/JPII_on_bier.jpg/500px-JPII_on_bier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>(l-r) <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a>, US dignitaries paying respects to John Paul II on 6 April 2005 at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3></div> The death of the pontiff set in motion rituals and traditions dating back to medieval times. The Rite of Visitation took place from 4 April 2005 to 7 April 2005 at St. Peter's Basilica. John Paul II's testament, published on 7 April 2005,<a href="#cite_note-Last_Will-294">[291]</a> revealed that he contemplated being buried in his native Poland but left the final decision to the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>, which in passing, preferred burial beneath St. Peter's Basilica, honouring the pontiff's request to be placed "in bare earth". The <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a> Mass held on 8 April 2005 was said to have set world records both for attendance and number of <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a> present at a funeral.<a href="#cite_note-MsnbcNews2-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-295">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-296">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCMiracle-297">[294]</a> (See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II">List of Dignitaries</a>.) It was the single largest gathering of heads of state up to that time, surpassing the funerals of <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral of Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1965) and <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral of Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (1980). Four kings, five queens, at least 70 presidents and prime ministers, and more than 14 leaders of other religions attended.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-295">[292]</a> An estimated four million mourners gathered in and around Vatican City.<a href="#cite_note-MsnbcNews2-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-296">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCMiracle-297">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beltway-298">[295]</a> Between 250,000 and 300,000 watched the event from within the Vatican's walls.<a href="#cite_note-BBCMiracle-297">[294]</a> In a historical rarity, <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> leaders, as well as representatives and heads from Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, offered their own memorials and prayers as a way of sympathising with the grief of Catholics. The <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a>, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Joseph Ratzinger</a>, conducted the ceremony. John Paul II was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">grottoes under the basilica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">Tomb of the Popes</a>. He was lowered into a tomb created in the same alcove previously occupied by the remains of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a>. The alcove had been empty since John XXIII's remains had been moved into the main body of the basilica after his beatification. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_recognition">Posthumous recognition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_"the_Great"">Title "the Great"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restos_Juan_Pablo_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Restos_Juan_Pablo_II.jpg/220px-Restos_Juan_Pablo_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Restos_Juan_Pablo_II.jpg/330px-Restos_Juan_Pablo_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Restos_Juan_Pablo_II.jpg/440px-Restos_Juan_Pablo_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Old tomb of John Paul II in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">Vatican Grottoes</a> before of beatification</figcaption></figure> Upon the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy at the Vatican and laymen<a href="#cite_note-Bottum-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-MsnbcNews2-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arlington-300">[297]</a> began referring to the late pontiff as "John Paul the Great" — in theory only the fourth pope to be so acclaimed.<a href="#cite_note-Bottum-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arlington-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-OReilly-David-301">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-Brian-302">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Sodano" title="Angelo Sodano">Cardinal Angelo Sodano</a> specifically referred to John Paul as "the Great" in his published written <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a> for the pope's funeral <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral of Pope John Paul II">Mass of Repose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FirstSpeech-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Homily-304">[301]</a> The South African Catholic newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Southern_Cross_(South_Africa)" title="The Southern Cross (South Africa)">The Southern Cross</a> has referred to him in print as "John Paul II the Great".<a href="#cite_note-Southern-305">[302]</a> Some Catholic educational institutions in the US have additionally changed their names to incorporate "the Great", including <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_the_Great_Catholic_University" title="John Paul the Great Catholic University">John Paul the Great Catholic University</a> and schools called some variant of <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_the_Great_High_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Paul the Great High School (disambiguation)">John Paul the Great High School</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaticano_sightseeing_(fc31_%E2%80%93_edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vaticano_sightseeing_%28fc31_%E2%80%93_edited%29.jpg/220px-Vaticano_sightseeing_%28fc31_%E2%80%93_edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vaticano_sightseeing_%28fc31_%E2%80%93_edited%29.jpg/330px-Vaticano_sightseeing_%28fc31_%E2%80%93_edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vaticano_sightseeing_%28fc31_%E2%80%93_edited%29.jpg/440px-Vaticano_sightseeing_%28fc31_%E2%80%93_edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="2707" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of John Paul II in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> Chapel of Saint Sebastian within <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> where it has been since 2011</figcaption></figure> Scholars of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a> say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great"; the title simply establishes itself through popular and continued usage,<a href="#cite_note-MsnbcNews2-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noonan-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noonan2-307">[304]</a> as was the case with celebrated secular leaders (for example, Alexander III of Macedon became popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>). The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a>, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila the Hun</a> to withdraw from Rome; <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a>, 590–604, after whom the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> is named; and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Pope Nicholas I</a>, 858–867, who consolidated the Catholic Church in the Western world in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arlington-300">[297]</a> John Paul's successor, Benedict XVI, did not use the term directly in public speeches, but made oblique references to "the great Pope John Paul II" in his first address from the <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a> of St. Peter's Basilica, at the 20th <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">World Youth Day 2005</a> in Germany when he said in Polish: "As the great Pope John Paul II would say: Keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people";<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> and in May 2006 during a visit to Poland where he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor".<a href="#cite_note-Poland2006-309">[306]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%B3b_rodzic%C3%B3w_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_na_cmentarzu_Rakowickim_w_Krakowie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gr%C3%B3b_rodzic%C3%B3w_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_na_cmentarzu_Rakowickim_w_Krakowie.jpg/220px-Gr%C3%B3b_rodzic%C3%B3w_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_na_cmentarzu_Rakowickim_w_Krakowie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gr%C3%B3b_rodzic%C3%B3w_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_na_cmentarzu_Rakowickim_w_Krakowie.jpg/330px-Gr%C3%B3b_rodzic%C3%B3w_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_na_cmentarzu_Rakowickim_w_Krakowie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gr%C3%B3b_rodzic%C3%B3w_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_na_cmentarzu_Rakowickim_w_Krakowie.jpg/440px-Gr%C3%B3b_rodzic%C3%B3w_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_na_cmentarzu_Rakowickim_w_Krakowie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of the parents of John Paul II at <a href="/wiki/Rakowicki_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakowicki Cemetery">Rakowicki Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions_named_after_John_Paul_II">Institutions named after John Paul II</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_High_School_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John Paul II High School (Tennessee)">Pope John Paul II High School (Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_High_School_(Plano,_Texas)" title="John Paul II High School (Plano, Texas)">John Paul II High School (Plano, Texas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_the_Great_Catholic_University" title="John Paul the Great Catholic University">John Paul the Great Catholic University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Paul_the_Great_Catholic_High_School_(Indiana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Paul the Great Catholic High School (Indiana) (page does not exist)">John Paul the Great Catholic High School (Indiana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_Secondary_School" title="John Paul II Catholic Secondary School">John Paul II Catholic Secondary School (London, Ontario, Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_University_of_Lublin" title="John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin">John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Paul_the_Great_Catholic_High_School_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John Paul the Great Catholic High School (Virginia)">Saint John Paul the Great Catholic High School (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_High_School,_Greymouth" title="John Paul II High School, Greymouth">John Paul II High School, Greymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karol_Wojtyla_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karol Wojtyla College (page does not exist)">Karol Wojtyla College</a>, Lima, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a></li> <li>Scoil Eoin Phóil, <a href="/wiki/Leixlip" title="Leixlip">Leixlip</a>, Ireland</li> <li>John Paul II Gymnasium, <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, Lithuania</li> <li>Pope John Paul II High School in Olympia, Washington<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a></li> <li>Universidad Privada Juan Pablo II, Lima, Peru <a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a></li> <li>Karol Wojtyła building at <a href="/wiki/Atma_Jaya_Catholic_University_of_Indonesia" title="Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia">Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta, Indonesia</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a></li> <li>St. John Paul II Chapel and Museum at Pakuwon Mall in Surabaya, Indonesia</li> <li>St. John Paul II Minor Seminary, Minor Seminary in Antipolo City, Philippines</li> <li>St. John Paul II Parish Community (Lake View, NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Paul_II_High_School_(Massachusetts)" title="St. John Paul II High School (Massachusetts)">St. John Paul II High School (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Paul_II_Academy" title="Saint John Paul II Academy">Saint John Paul II Academy</a> Boca Raton, FL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Paul_II_Catholic_High_School_(Alabama)" title="St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Alabama)">St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Alabama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Paul_II_Catholic_High_School_(Arizona)" title="St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Arizona)">St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Arizona)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Paul_II_Seminary" title="St. John Paul II Seminary">St. John Paul II Seminary</a> (Washington, DC)<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Saint_John_Paul_II_Major_Seminary_Awka_(Nigeria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pope Saint John Paul II Major Seminary Awka (Nigeria) (page does not exist)">Pope Saint John Paul II Major Seminary Awka (Nigeria)</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Paul_II_Catholic_Secondary_School" title="St. John Paul II Catholic Secondary School">St. John Paul II Catholic Secondary School</a>, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_High_School_(Pennsylvania)" title="Pope John Paul II High School (Pennsylvania)">Pope John Paul II High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royersford,_Pennsylvania" title="Royersford, Pennsylvania">Royersford</a> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beatification">Beatification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beatification_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Beatification of Pope John Paul II">Beatification of Pope John Paul II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beatification_of_John_Paul_II_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beatification_of_John_Paul_II_%281%29.jpg/170px-Beatification_of_John_Paul_II_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beatification_of_John_Paul_II_%281%29.jpg/255px-Beatification_of_John_Paul_II_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beatification_of_John_Paul_II_%281%29.jpg/340px-Beatification_of_John_Paul_II_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>1.5 million <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> attendees witness the beatification of John Paul II on 1 May 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a></figcaption></figure> Inspired by calls of "Santo Subito!" ("[Make him a] Saint Immediately!") from the crowds gathered during the funeral Mass that he celebrated,<a href="#cite_note-Moore1-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hollingshead-318">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hooper1-319">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hope-320">[317]</a> Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, bypassing the normal restriction that five years must pass after a person's death before beginning the beatification process.<a href="#cite_note-Hollingshead-318">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hooper1-319">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canonisation-321">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metro-322">[319]</a> In an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Ruini" title="Camillo Ruini">Camillo Ruini</a>, Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome, who was responsible for promoting the cause for canonisation of any person who died within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances", which suggested that the waiting period could be waived.<a href="#cite_note-ShortBio-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-MsnbcNews2-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zenit3-323">[320]</a> This decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a> and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square.<a href="#cite_note-catholicnewsagency-324">[321]</a> In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracle</a> associated with John Paul II. <a href="/wiki/Sister_Marie_Simon-Pierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister Marie Simon-Pierre">Sister Marie Simon-Pierre</a>, a French nun and member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards, confined to her bed by Parkinson's disease,<a href="#cite_note-Hooper1-319">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vicariato-325">[322]</a> was reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-MsnbcNews2-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore1-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hooper1-319">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC-326">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trinity-327">[324]</a> As of May 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&action=edit">[update]</a>, Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, then 46,<a href="#cite_note-Moore1-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hooper1-319">[316]</a> was working again at a <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">maternity hospital</a> run by her <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Metro-322">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vicariato-325">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miracle-americancatholic-328">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willan-329">[326]</a> "I was sick and now I am cured," she told reporter Gerry Shaw. "I am cured, but it is up to the church to say whether it was a miracle or not."<a href="#cite_note-Vicariato-325">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miracle-americancatholic-328">[325]</a> On 28 May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI celebrated Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. During his <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a>, he encouraged prayers for the early canonisation of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonisation would happen "in the near future".<a href="#cite_note-Vicariato-325">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-Homily-Blonie-Park-330">[327]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_-_Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_tour_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_-_Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_tour_018.jpg/170px-Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_-_Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_tour_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_-_Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_tour_018.jpg/255px-Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_-_Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_tour_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_-_Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_tour_018.jpg/340px-Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_-_Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_tour_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Statue of John Paul II outside the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>, Tepeyac, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> In January 2007, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz" title="Stanisław Dziwisz">Stanisław Dziwisz</a> announced that the interview phase of the beatification process, in Italy and Poland, was nearing completion.<a href="#cite_note-MsnbcNews2-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vicariato-325">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westcott-331">[328]</a> In February 2007, <a href="/wiki/Relics#Classification_and_prohibitions_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">second class relics</a> of John Paul II—pieces of white papal <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassocks</a> he used to wear—were freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause, a typical pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death.<a href="#cite_note-MMoore-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cause-333">[330]</a> On 8 March 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Vicariate of Rome</a> announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification was at an end. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007—the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death—the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a>, to conduct a separate investigation.<a href="#cite_note-Hollingshead-318">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vicariato-325">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westcott-331">[328]</a> On the fourth anniversary of John Paul II's death, 2 April 2009, Cardinal Dziwisz, told reporters of a presumed miracle that had recently occurred at the former pope's tomb in St. Peter's Basilica.<a href="#cite_note-Miracle-americancatholic-328">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncregister-334">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-335">[332]</a> A nine-year-old Polish boy from <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, who was suffering from kidney cancer and was completely unable to walk, had been visiting the tomb with his parents. On leaving St. Peter's Basilica, the boy told them, "I want to walk," and began walking normally.<a href="#cite_note-ncregister-334">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miracle-catholicnews-336">[333]</a> On 16 November 2009, a panel of reviewers at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously that John Paul II had lived a life of heroic virtue.<a href="#cite_note-abcNews-337">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Culture-338">[335]</a> On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed the first of two decrees needed for beatification and proclaimed John Paul II "Venerable", asserting that he had lived a heroic, virtuous life.<a href="#cite_note-abcNews-337">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Culture-338">[335]</a> The second vote and the second signed decree certifying the authenticity of the first miracle, the curing of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun, from Parkinson's disease. Once the second decree is signed, the position (the report on the cause, with documentation about his life and writings and with information on the cause) is complete.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Culture-338">[335]</a> He can then be beatified.<a href="#cite_note-abcNews-337">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Culture-338">[335]</a> Some speculated that he would be beatified sometime during (or soon after) the month of the 32nd anniversary of his 1978 election, in October 2010. As Monsignor Oder said, this course would have been possible if the second decree were signed in time by Benedict XVI, stating that a posthumous miracle directly attributable to his intercession had occurred, completing the positio. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Paul_II_Monument_Gdansk-Zaspa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_Paul_II_Monument_Gdansk-Zaspa.jpg/220px-John_Paul_II_Monument_Gdansk-Zaspa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_Paul_II_Monument_Gdansk-Zaspa.jpg/330px-John_Paul_II_Monument_Gdansk-Zaspa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_Paul_II_Monument_Gdansk-Zaspa.jpg/440px-John_Paul_II_Monument_Gdansk-Zaspa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candles</a> around monument to John Paul II in <a href="/wiki/Zaspa" title="Zaspa">Zaspa</a>, Gdańsk, at the time of his death</figcaption></figure> The Vatican announced on 14 January 2011 that Pope Benedict XVI had confirmed the miracle involving Sister Marie Simon-Pierre and that John Paul II was to be beatified on 1 May, the Feast of Divine Mercy.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-beatify-339">[336]</a> 1 May is commemorated in former Communist countries, such as Poland, and some Western European countries as <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>, and John Paul II was well known for his contributions to Communism's relatively peaceful demise.<a href="#cite_note-Bottum-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBCNews-114">[111]</a> In March 2011 the Polish mint issued a gold 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a> coin (equivalent to US$350), with the Pope's image to commemorate his beatification.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo-340">[337]</a> On 29 April 2011, John Paul II's coffin was disinterred from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica ahead of his beatification, as tens of thousands of people arrived in Rome for one of the biggest events since his funeral.<a href="#cite_note-Pope_John_Paul_II's_body_exhumed_ahead_of_beatification-341">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> John Paul II's remains, which were not exposed, were placed in front of the Basilica's main altar, where believers could pay their respect before and after the beatification mass in St. Peter's Square on 1 May 2011. On 3 May 2011 his remains were interred in the marble altar in Pier Paolo Cristofari Chapel of <a href="/wiki/St._Sebastian" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Sebastian">St. Sebastian</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a> was buried. This more prominent location, next to the Chapel of the Pietà, the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament, and statues of Popes Pius XI and Pius XII was intended to allow more pilgrims to view his memorial. John Paul II's body is located near the bodies of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>, whose bodies were reinterred in the Basilica after their own beatifications and together are three of the five popes beatified in the last century. The two popes who were not exhumed and reinterred after becoming a blessed in the last century were <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a>, who both remain entombed in the papal grottos.<a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> In July 2012, a Colombian man, Marco Fidel Rojas, the former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Huila,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Huila, Colombia">Huila, Colombia</a>, testified that he was "miraculously cured" of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> after a trip to Rome where he met John Paul II and prayed with him. Antonio Schlesinger Piedrahita, a renowned <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a> in Colombia, certified Fidel's healing. The documentation was then sent to the Vatican office for sainthood causes.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> In September 2020, Poland unveiled a sculpture of him, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Kalina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Kalina (page does not exist)">Jerzy Kalina</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Kalina" class="extiw" title="pl:Jerzy Kalina">pl</a>] and installed outside the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum, Warsaw</a>, holding up a <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> In the same month, a relic containing his blood was stolen from the <a href="/wiki/Spoleto_Cathedral" title="Spoleto Cathedral">Spoleto Cathedral</a> in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonisation">Canonisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Pope_John_XXIII_and_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II">Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_(14036852944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036852944%29.jpg/250px-Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036852944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036852944%29.jpg/375px-Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036852944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036852944%29.jpg/500px-Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036852944%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7253" data-file-height="4841" /></a><figcaption>The canonisation of John Paul II and John XXIII</figcaption></figure> To be eligible for canonisation (being declared a saint) by the Catholic Church, two miracles must be attributed to a candidate. The first miracle attributed to John Paul was the above mentioned healing of a man's Parkinson's disease, which was recognised during the beatification process. According to an article on the Catholic News Service (CNS) dated 23 April 2013, a Vatican commission of doctors concluded that a healing had no natural (medical) explanation, which is the first requirement for a claimed miracle to be officially documented.<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agence_France-Presse-349">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANSA-350">[347]</a> The second miracle was deemed to have taken place shortly after the late pope's beatification on 1 May 2011; it was reported to be the healing of Costa Rican woman Floribeth Mora of an otherwise terminal <a href="/wiki/Brain_aneurysm" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain aneurysm">brain aneurysm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FNL-351">[348]</a> A Vatican panel of expert theologians examined the evidence, determined that it was directly attributable to the intercession of John Paul II, and recognised it as miraculous.<a href="#cite_note-Agence_France-Presse-349">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANSA-350">[347]</a> The next stage was for Cardinals who compose the membership of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to give their opinion to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> to decide whether to sign and promulgate the decree and set a date for canonisation.<a href="#cite_note-Agence_France-Presse-349">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANSA-350">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNS-352">[349]</a> On 4 July 2013, Pope Francis confirmed his approval of John Paul II's canonisation, formally recognising the second miracle attributed to his intercession. He was canonised together with John XXIII.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2013-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-353">[350]</a> The date of the canonisation was on 27 April 2014, Divine Mercy Sunday.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_2013-354">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_–_Easton-355">[352]</a> The canonisation Mass for Pope John Paul II and Pope John XXIII, was celebrated by Pope Francis (with Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI), on 27 April 2014 in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican (John Paul II had died on <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">vigil</a> of Divine Mercy Sunday in 2005). About 150 cardinals and 700 bishops concelebrated the Mass, and at least 500,000 people attended the Mass, with an estimated 300,000 others watching from video screens placed around Rome.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> The new saint's remains, considered to be holy <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a>, were exhumed from their place in the basilica's grotto,<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a> and a new tomb was established at the altar of St. Sebastian.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beatification_of_the_Pope's_parents">Beatification of the Pope's parents</h3></div> On 10 October 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Kraków">Archdiocese of Kraków</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Episcopal_Conference" title="Polish Episcopal Conference">Polish Episcopal Conference</a> approved nihil obstat the opening of the beatification cause of the parents of its patron saint John Paul II, Karol Wojtyła Sr. and Emilia Kaczorowska. It gained approval from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> to open the diocesan phase of the cause on 7 May 2020.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_abuse_scandals">Sexual abuse scandals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic sex abuse cases">Catholic sex abuse cases</a></div> John Paul II was criticised by representatives of the victims of clergy sexual abuse for failing to respond quickly enough to the Catholic sex abuse crisis.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> After decades of inaction, the scandal came to a head when <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor" title="Sinéad O'Connor">Sinéad O'Connor</a> infamously <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor_Saturday_Night_Live_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinéad O'Connor Saturday Night Live performance">tore up a photo of John Paul II</a> on a 3 October 1992 episode of <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a> while performing an <a href="/wiki/A_capella" class="mw-redirect" title="A capella">a capella</a> rendition of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/War_(Bob_Marley_song)" title="War (Bob Marley song)">War</a>".<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> In response to mounting criticism over the next decade, John Paul II stated in 2002 that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".<a href="#cite_note-Walsh-362">[359]</a> The Catholic Church instituted reforms to prevent future abuse by requiring <a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">background checks</a> for church employees<a href="#cite_note-charteryouth-363">[360]</a> and, because a significant majority of victims were boys, disallowing ordination of men with "deep-seated homosexual tendencies".<a href="#cite_note-vatdocord-364">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-sexabusereport-365">[362]</a> They now require dioceses faced with an allegation to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation and remove the accused from duty.<a href="#cite_note-charteryouth-363">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> In 2008, the church asserted that the scandal was a very serious problem and estimated that it was "probably caused by 'no more than 1 per cent'", or 5,000, of the over 500,000 Catholic priests worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-sexabuse-367">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-JohnJay-368">[365]</a> In April 2002, John Paul II, despite being frail from Parkinson's disease, summoned all the American cardinals to the Vatican to discuss possible solutions to the issue of sexual abuse in the American Church. He asked them to "diligently investigate accusations". John Paul II suggested that American bishops be more open and transparent in dealing with such scandals and emphasised the role of seminary training to prevent sexual deviance among future priests. In what <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> called "unusually direct language", John Paul condemned the arrogance of priests that led to the scandals: <blockquote>"Priests and candidates for the priesthood often live at a level both materially and educationally superior to that of their families and the members of their own age group. It is therefore very easy for them to succumb to the temptation of thinking of themselves as better than others. When this happens, the ideal of priestly service and self-giving dedication can fade, leaving the priest dissatisfied and disheartened."<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a></blockquote> The pope read a statement intended for the American cardinals, calling the sex abuse "an appalling sin" and said the priesthood had no room for such men.<a href="#cite_note-Shame-370">[367]</a> In 2002, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Paetz" title="Juliusz Paetz">Juliusz Paetz</a>, the Catholic Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, was accused of molesting seminarians.<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> John Paul II accepted his resignation, and placed sanctions on him, prohibiting Paetz from exercising his ministry as bishop.<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> It was reported that these restrictions were lifted, though Vatican spokesperson Federico Lombardi strenuously denied this saying "his rehabilitation was without foundation". In 2003, John Paul II reiterated that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".<a href="#cite_note-Walsh-362">[359]</a> In April 2003, a three-day conference was held, titled "Abuse of Children and Young People by Catholic Priests and Religious", where eight non-Catholic psychiatric experts were invited to speak to near all Vatican <a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">dicasteries</a>' representatives. The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed implementation of policies of "zero-tolerance" such as was proposed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a>. One expert called such policies a "case of overkill" since they do not permit flexibility to allow for differences among individual cases.<a href="#cite_note-VaticanStudy-373">[370]</a> In 2004, John Paul II recalled <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Francis_Law" title="Bernard Francis Law">Bernard Francis Law</a> to be Archpriest of the Papal Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>. Law had previously resigned as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston">Archbishop of Boston</a> in 2002 in response to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases</a> after church documents were revealed that suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> Law resigned from this position in November 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Shame-370">[367]</a> John Paul II was a firm supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Christ">Legion of Christ</a>, and in 1998 discontinued investigations into <a href="/wiki/Sexual_scandal_of_Father_Marcial_Maciel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual scandal of Father Marcial Maciel">sexual misconduct by its leader Marcial Maciel</a>, who in 2005 resigned his leadership and was later requested by the Vatican to withdraw from his ministry. However, Maciel's trial began in 2004 during the pontificate of John Paul II, but the Pope died before it ended and the conclusions were known.<a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> said: "I am grateful to Pope Benedict, who dared to say this publicly (when more facts began to come to light after Degollado's death in 2008, Pope Benedict XVI in 2010 launched another investigation and on 1 May 2010 announced a declaration about the crimes of the founder of the Legionaries), and to Pope John Paul II, who dared to give the green light to the Legionaries' case".<a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a> On 10 November 2020, the Vatican published a report which found that John Paul II learned of allegations of sexual impropriety against former cardinal <a href="/wiki/Theodore_McCarrick" title="Theodore McCarrick">Theodore McCarrick</a>, who at the time was serving as Archbishop of Newark, through a 1999 letter from Cardinal <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(cardinal)" title="John O'Connor (cardinal)">John O'Connor</a> warning him that appointing McCarrick to be Archbishop of Washington D.C., a position which had recently been opened, would be a mistake. John Paul II ordered an investigation, which stalled when three of the four bishops tasked with investigating claims allegedly brought back "inaccurate or incomplete information". John Paul II planned on not giving McCarrick the appointment anyway, but relented and gave him the appointment after McCarrick wrote a letter of denial. He created McCarrick a cardinal in 2001. McCarrick would eventually be laicized after allegations surfaced that he abused minors.<a href="#cite_note-johnpaulknowledge-377">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP111020-378">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">George Weigel</a>, a biographer of John Paul II, defended the pope's actions as follows: "Theodore McCarrick fooled a lot of people ... and he deceived John Paul II in a way that is laid out in almost biblical fashion in [the Vatican's] report".<a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> In a 2019 interview with Mexican television, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> defended John Paul II's legacy on protecting minors against clerical sexual abuse. He said that John Paul II was "often misled", as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hermann_Gro%C3%ABr" title="Hans Hermann Groër">Hans Hermann Groër</a>. Francis said that with respect to the case of <a href="/wiki/Marcial_Maciel" title="Marcial Maciel">Marcial Maciel</a>: <blockquote>"Ratzinger was courageous, and so was John Paul II. ... With respect to John Paul II, we have to understand certain attitudes because he came from a closed world, from behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, where communism was still in force. There was a defensive mentality. We have to understand this well, and no one can doubt the saintliness of this great man and his good will. He was great, he was great."<a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a></blockquote>On March 6, 2023, an investigative report by the Polish television station <a href="/wiki/TVN24" title="TVN24">TVN24</a> concluded that "there [is now] no doubt" that John Paul II "knew about <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">sexual abuse of children by priests</a> under his authority and sought to conceal it when he was an archbishop in his native Poland". The Dutch journalist Ekke Overbeek released a book on John Paul II with similar claims the following week. In response to the claims, Pope Francis stated: "You have to put things in the context of the era[...] At that time everything was covered up. [...] It was only when the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston" title="Sexual abuse scandal in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston">Boston scandal broke</a> that the church began to look at the problem." The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Episcopal_Conference" title="Polish Episcopal Conference">Polish Episcopal Conference</a> stated that "'further archival research' would be needed to arrive at a just evaluation of the decisions and actions" of Wojtyła.<a href="#cite_note-:0-382">[379]</a> Furthermore, other journalists have criticised the report, especially the interpretation of the sources.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-20">[18]</a> Another point of contention is the use of materials from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">communist secret police</a> in the report.<a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_criticism_and_controversy">Other criticism and controversy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Criticism of Pope John Paul II">Criticism of Pope John Paul II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></div> John Paul II was widely criticised for a variety of his views. He was a target of criticism from progressives for his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a> and use of <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>,<a href="#cite_note-A&E-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Condom-384">[381]</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Catholics">traditional Catholics</a> for his support for the Second Vatican Council and its reform of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">liturgy</a>. John Paul II's response to <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_within_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Child sexual abuse within the Catholic Church">child sexual abuse within the Catholic Church</a> has also come under heavy censure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opus_Dei_controversies">Opus Dei controversies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_Opus_Dei" title="Controversies about Opus Dei">Controversies about Opus Dei</a></div> John Paul II was criticised for his support of the <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a> prelature and the 2002 canonisation of its founder, <a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a>, whom he called "the saint of ordinary life".<a href="#cite_note-Opus2-385">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saints2-386">[383]</a> Other movements and religious organisations of the church went decidedly under his wing <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Christ">Legion of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoenstatt Movement">Schoenstatt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">charismatic movement</a>, etc. And he was accused repeatedly of taking a soft hand with them, especially in the case of <a href="/wiki/Marcial_Maciel" title="Marcial Maciel">Marcial Maciel</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> In 1984 John Paul II appointed Joaquín Navarro-Valls, a member of Opus Dei, as Director of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Press_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Press Office">Vatican Press Office</a>. An Opus Dei spokesman said that "the influence of Opus Dei in the Vatican has been exaggerated".<a href="#cite_note-388">[385]</a> Of the nearly 200 cardinals in the Catholic Church, only two are known to be members of Opus Dei.<a href="#cite_note-389">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banco_Ambrosiano_scandal">Banco Ambrosiano scandal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banco_Ambrosiano" title="Banco Ambrosiano">Banco Ambrosiano</a></div> John Paul II was alleged to have links with <a href="/wiki/Banco_Ambrosiano" title="Banco Ambrosiano">Banco Ambrosiano</a>, an Italian bank that collapsed in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-200">[197]</a> At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Calvi" title="Roberto Calvi">Roberto Calvi</a>, and his membership in the illegal <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">Masonic Lodge</a> <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">Propaganda Due</a> (aka P2). The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Vatican Bank</a> was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder, and the death of <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul I">John Paul I</a> in 1978 is rumoured to be linked to the Ambrosiano scandal.<a href="#cite_note-Salinger2005-201">[198]</a> Calvi, often referred to as "God's Banker", was also involved with the Vatican Bank, and was close to Bishop <a href="/wiki/Paul_Marcinkus" title="Paul Marcinkus">Paul Marcinkus</a>, the bank's chairman. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, and for both the <a href="/wiki/Somoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Somoza">Somoza</a> dictatorship in Nicaragua and its <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> opposition. It has been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank provided money for <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salinger2005-201">[198]</a> Calvi used his complex network of overseas banks and companies to move money out of Italy, to inflate share prices, and to arrange massive unsecured loans. In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a> produced a report on Ambrosiano that predicted future disaster.<a href="#cite_note-Salinger2005-201">[198]</a> On 5 June 1982, two weeks before the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano, Calvi had written a letter of warning to John Paul II, stating that such a forthcoming event would "provoke a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions in which the Church will suffer the gravest damage".<a href="#cite_note-TimesOnline-390">[387]</a> On 18 June 1982 Calvi's body was found hanging from scaffolding beneath <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Bridge">Blackfriars Bridge</a> in the financial district of London. Calvi's clothing was stuffed with bricks, and contained cash valued at US$14,000, in three different currencies.<a href="#cite_note-GodsBanker-391">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems_with_traditionalists">Problems with traditionalists</h3></div> In addition to all the criticism from those demanding modernisation, some <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholics">traditionalist Catholics</a> denounced him as well. These issues included demanding a return to the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HughHewitt-392">[389]</a> as well as the repudiation of reforms instituted after the Second Vatican Council, such as the use of the vernacular language in the formerly Latin-language <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>, and the principle of <a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">religious liberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a> In 1988, the controversial traditionalist Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Pius_X" title="Society of Saint Pius X">Society of Saint Pius X</a> (1970), was <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> under John Paul II because of the unapproved ordination of four bishops, which Cardinal Ratzinger called a "schismatic act".<a href="#cite_note-394">[391]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Day_of_Prayer_for_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="World Day of Prayer for Peace">World Day of Prayer for Peace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Assisi4-395">[392]</a> with a meeting in Assisi, Italy, in 1986, in which the pope prayed only with the Christians,<a href="#cite_note-SanRufino-396">[393]</a> was criticised for giving the impression that <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">indifferentism</a> were openly embraced by the Papal <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a>. When a second Day of Prayer for Peace in the World was held in 2002,<a href="#cite_note-DayOfPrayer-397">[394]</a> it was condemned as confusing the laity and compromising to false religions. Likewise criticised was his kissing of the Qur'an in Damascus, Syria, on one of his travels on 6 May 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Qu'ran-398">[395]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] His call for religious freedom was not always supported; bishops like <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Castro_Mayer" title="Antônio de Castro Mayer">Antônio de Castro Mayer</a> promoted <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> but at the same time rejected the Vatican II principle of religious liberty as being liberalist and already condemned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Syllabus_errorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabus errorum">Syllabus errorum</a> (1864) and at the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_AIDS">Religion and AIDS</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a></div> John Paul II continued the tradition of advocating for the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">culture of life</a>. In solidarity with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">Humanae vitae</a>, he rejected artificial birth control, even in the use of condoms to prevent the spread of <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Condom-384">[381]</a> Critics have said that large families are caused by lack of contraception and exacerbate <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> poverty and problems, such as street children in South America. John Paul II argued that the proper way to prevent the spread of AIDS was not condoms but rather "correct practice of sexuality, which presupposes chastity and fidelity".<a href="#cite_note-Condom-384">[381]</a> The focus of John Paul II's point is that the need for artificial birth control is itself artificial, and that principle of respecting the sacredness of life ought not be rent asunder in order to achieve the good of preventing AIDS.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_programmes">Social programmes</h3></div> There was strong criticism of the pope for the controversy surrounding the alleged use of charitable social programmes as a means of converting people in the Third World to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-AsiaNews2-400">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndiaStar-401">[398]</a> The pope created an uproar in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_sub_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian sub continent">Indian subcontinent</a> when he suggested that a great harvest of faith would be witnessed on the subcontinent in the third Christian millennium.<a href="#cite_note-NCR2-402">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentine_military_regime">Argentine military regime</h3></div> John Paul II endorsed Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pio_Laghi" title="Pio Laghi">Pio Laghi</a>, who critics say supported the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a> in Argentina and was on friendly terms with the Argentine generals of the <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">military dictatorship</a>, playing regular tennis matches with the Navy's representative in the junta, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Eduardo_Massera" title="Emilio Eduardo Massera">Emilio Eduardo Massera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ian_Paisley">Ian Paisley</h3></div> In 1988, when John Paul II was delivering a speech to the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly" title="Moderator of the General Assembly">Moderator of the General Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ulster" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster">Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster</a>, shouted "I denounce you as the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>!"<a href="#cite_note-Paisley_makes_point-407">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-408">[405]</a> He held up a red banner reading "Pope John Paul II ANTICHRIST". <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> (the last <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary">Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a> (MEP) for Germany, snatched Paisley's banner, tore it up, and along with other MEPs helped eject him from the chamber.<a href="#cite_note-Paisley_makes_point-407">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCIreland-409">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paisley-410">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT5-411">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cloud-412">[409]</a> The pope continued with his address after Paisley had been ejected.<a href="#cite_note-BBCIreland-409">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-413">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-Angelique-414">[411]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Međugorje_apparitions">Međugorje apparitions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Me%C4%91ugorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Međugorje">Our Lady of Međugorje</a></div> A number of quotes about the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_response_to_the_Medjugorje_apparitions" title="Catholic Church response to the Medjugorje apparitions">apparitions of Međugorje</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, have been attributed to John Paul II.<a href="#cite_note-415">[412]</a> In 1998, when a certain German gathered various statements that were supposedly made by the pope and Cardinal Ratzinger, and then forwarded them to the Vatican in the form of a memorandum, Ratzinger responded in writing on 22 July 1998: "The only thing I can say regarding statements on <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91ugorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Međugorje">Međugorje</a> ascribed to the Holy Father and myself is that they are [frei erfunden] complete invention".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKutleša2001283-416">[413]</a> Similar claims were also rebuked by the Vatican's Secretariate of State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKutleša2001256-417">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beatification_controversy">Beatification controversy</h3></div> Some Catholic theologians disagreed with the call for the beatification of John Paul II. Eleven dissident theologians, including <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> professor José María Castillo and Italian theologian <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Franzoni" title="Giovanni Franzoni">Giovanni Franzoni</a>, said that his stance against contraception and the ordination of women as well as the church scandals during his pontificate presented "facts which according to their consciences and convictions should be an obstacle to beatification".<a href="#cite_note-418">[415]</a> Some traditionalist Catholics opposed his beatification and canonisation for his views on liturgy and participation in prayer with enemies of the church, heretics and non-Christians.<a href="#cite_note-419">[416]</a> After the 2020 report about the handling of the sexual misconduct complaints against <a href="/wiki/Theodore_McCarrick" title="Theodore McCarrick">Theodore McCarrick</a>, some called for John Paul II's sainthood to be revoked.<a href="#cite_note-420">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof.Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Prof.Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka.JPG/140px-Prof.Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Prof.Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka.JPG/210px-Prof.Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Prof.Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka" title="Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka">Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka</a>, maintained a thirty-year friendship with Pope John Paul II.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?75377-1/pope-john-paul-ii">Presentation by Carl Bernstein on His Holiness: John Paul II and the Hidden History of Our Time, September 24, 1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wojtyła was a <a href="/wiki/KS_Cracovia" title="KS Cracovia">Cracovia</a> football team supporter, and the club retired number 1 in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-421">[418]</a> Having played the game himself as a goalkeeper, John Paul II was a fan of English football team <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a>, where his compatriot <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Dudek" title="Jerzy Dudek">Jerzy Dudek</a> played in the same position.<a href="#cite_note-422">[419]</a> In 1973, while still the archbishop of Kraków, Wojtyła befriended a Polish-born, later American philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Anna-Teresa_Tymieniecka" title="Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka">Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka</a>. The thirty-two-year friendship (and occasional academic collaboration) lasted until his death.<a href="#cite_note-Stourton-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-letters-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2016-83">[81]</a> She served as his host when he visited New England in 1976, and photos show them together on skiing and camping trips.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2016-83">[81]</a> Letters that he wrote to her were part of a collection of documents sold by Tymieniecka's estate in 2008 to the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland" title="National Library of Poland">National Library of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2016-83">[81]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> the library had initially kept the letters from public view, partly because of John Paul's path to sainthood, but a library official announced in February 2016 the letters would be made public.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2016-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-letters-show-deep-423">[420]</a> In February 2016, the BBC documentary program <a href="/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panorama (TV series)">Panorama</a> reported that John Paul II had apparently had a close relationship with the Polish-born philosopher.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2016-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Panarama-84">[82]</a> The pair exchanged personal letters over 30 years, and Stourton believes that Tymieniecka had confessed her love for Wojtyła.<a href="#cite_note-Stourton-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2016-424">[421]</a> The Vatican described the documentary as "more smoke than fire", and Tymieniecka denied being involved with John Paul II.<a href="#cite_note-425">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[423]</a> Writers <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a>, the veteran investigative journalist of the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, and Vatican expert <a href="/wiki/Marco_Politi" title="Marco Politi">Marco Politi</a>, were the first journalists to talk to Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka in the 1990s about her importance in John Paul's life. They interviewed her and dedicated 20 pages to her in their 1996 book His Holiness.<a href="#cite_note-Stourton-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein/Politi-286">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[424]</a> Bernstein and Politi even asked her if she had ever developed any romantic relationship with John Paul II, "however one-sided it might have been". She responded, "No, I never fell in love with the cardinal. How could I fall in love with a middle-aged clergyman? Besides, I'm a married woman."<a href="#cite_note-Stourton-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein/Politi-286">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/28px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/56px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beatifications_by_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II">Beatifications by Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_John_Paul_II" title="Cardinals created by John Paul II">Cardinals created by John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_the_Social_Doctrine_of_the_Church" title="Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church">Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_popes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of longest-reigning popes">List of longest-reigning popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of places named after Pope John Paul II">List of places named after Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II">List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_John_Paul_II_and_Primate_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński">Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_travel" title="Papal travel">Papal travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_bibliography" title="Pope John Paul II bibliography">Pope John Paul II bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kluger" title="Jerzy Kluger">Jerzy Kluger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Le_Jacq" title="Peter Le Jacq">Peter Le Jacq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Taborski" title="Bolesław Taborski">Bolesław Taborski</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The luminous mysteries seem to have their origin (although in a slightly different form) in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Preca" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George Preca">Saint George Preca</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> In isolation, Józef is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈjuzɛf]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> In his speech, John Paul deliberately chose to mispronounce the Italian word for 'correct'. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=pl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fkanonizacja.niedziela.pl%2Fartykul%2F229%2FJan-Pawel-II-patronem-rodzin">"St. John Paul II, the patron saint of families"</a>. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+John+Paul+II%2C+the+patron+saint+of+families&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsofttranslator.com%2Fbv.aspx%3Ffrom%3Dpl%26to%3Den%26a%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fkanonizacja.niedziela.pl%252Fartykul%252F229%252FJan-Pawel-II-patronem-rodzin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=pl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fum.swidnica.pl%2Fpages%2Fposts%2Fjan-pawel-ii-ogloszony-patronem-swidnicy-323.php">"John Paul II proclaimed the patron saint of Świdnica"</a>. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II+proclaimed+the+patron+saint+of+%C5%9Awidnica&rft.date=2012-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsofttranslator.com%2Fbv.aspx%3Ffrom%3Dpl%26to%3Den%26a%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fum.swidnica.pl%252Fpages%252Fposts%252Fjan-pawel-ii-ogloszony-patronem-swidnicy-323.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centropagina.it/senigallia/trecastelli-celebra-suo-patrono-ricordando-giovanni-paolo-ii/">"Trecastelli celebra il suo patron ricordando Giovanni Paolo II"</a>. Centro Pagina. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trecastelli+celebra+il+suo+patron+ricordando+Giovanni+Paolo+II&rft.pub=Centro+Pagina&rft.date=2017-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centropagina.it%2Fsenigallia%2Ftrecastelli-celebra-suo-patrono-ricordando-giovanni-paolo-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttitalia.it/lombardia/91-borgo-mantovano/">"Comune di Borgo Mantovano (MN)"</a>. Tuttitalia. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comune+di+Borgo+Mantovano+%28MN%29&rft.pub=Tuttitalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttitalia.it%2Flombardia%2F91-borgo-mantovano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/udine/cronaca/2015/04/11/news/il-santo-patrono-del-nuovo-comune-e-giovanni-paolo-ii-1.11219806">"Il santo patrono del nuovo commune è Giovanni Paolo II"</a>. Messaggero Veneto. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+santo+patrono+del+nuovo+commune+%C3%A8+Giovanni+Paolo+II&rft.pub=Messaggero+Veneto&rft.date=2015-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmessaggeroveneto.gelocal.it%2Fudine%2Fcronaca%2F2015%2F04%2F11%2Fnews%2Fil-santo-patrono-del-nuovo-comune-e-giovanni-paolo-ii-1.11219806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philmass.com/Asia/Philippines/Cavite/Tanza/Roman-Catholic-Churches/St.-John-Paul-II-Parish/mass-schedule.html">"Mass Schedule for St. John Paul II Parish"</a>. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mass+Schedule+for+St.+John+Paul+II+Parish&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philmass.com%2FAsia%2FPhilippines%2FCavite%2FTanza%2FRoman-Catholic-Churches%2FSt.-John-Paul-II-Parish%2Fmass-schedule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/special/canonizzazione-27042014/documents/biografia_gpii_canonizzazione_en.html">"Biographical Profile: John Paul II"</a>. Booklet for the Celebration of the Canonization of Blesseds John XXIII and John Paul II. Holy See. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biographical+Profile%3A+John+Paul+II&rft.btitle=Booklet+for+the+Celebration+of+the+Canonization+of+Blesseds+John+XXIII+and+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fspecial%2Fcanonizzazione-27042014%2Fdocuments%2Fbiografia_gpii_canonizzazione_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_C._Kent2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter C. Kent (2002). The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lonely+Cold+War+of+Pope+Pius+XII%3A+The+Roman+Catholic+Church+and+the+Division+of+Europe&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Peter+C.+Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122052707/http://www.jpcatholic.com/">"John Paul the Great Catholic University"</a>. John Paul the Great Catholic University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpcatholic.com">the original</a> on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Paul+the+Great+Catholic+University&rft.pub=John+Paul+the+Great+Catholic+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpcatholic.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/john-pauls-conservative-legacy/">"John Paul's Conservative Legacy"</a>. CBS News. 3 April 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=John+Paul%27s+Conservative+Legacy&rft.date=2005-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjohn-pauls-conservative-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/2000/02/the-riddle-of-john-paul-ii.aspx">"The Riddle of John Paul II"</a>. Beliefnet. Retrieved 18 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beliefnet&rft.atitle=The+Riddle+of+John+Paul+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2Ffaiths%2F2000%2F02%2Fthe-riddle-of-john-paul-ii.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_list_blesseds-jp-ii_en.html">"Beatifications By Pope John Paul II, 1979–2000"</a>. Office of Papal Liturgical Celebrations. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beatifications+By+Pope+John+Paul+II%2C+1979%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Office+of+Papal+Liturgical+Celebrations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fliturgy%2Fsaints%2Fns_lit_doc_list_blesseds-jp-ii_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bwojtyla.html">"Pope John Paul II (St. Karol Józef Wojtyła)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org" title="Catholic-Hierarchy.org">Catholic-Hierarchy.org</a>. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 31 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic-Hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+%28St.+Karol+J%C3%B3zef+Wojty%C5%82a%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fbishop%2Fbwojtyla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Lenczowski, John (2002). "Public Diplomacy and the Lessons of the Soviet Collapse". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26925348">JSTOR review</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2013-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2013_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2013_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220855/http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/report-pope-francis-says-john-paul-ii-to-be-canonized-april-27/">"Report: Pope Francis Says John Paul II to Be Canonized April 27"</a>. National Catholic Register. 3 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/report-pope-francis-says-john-paul-ii-to-be-canonized-april-27/">the original</a> on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Register&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Pope+Francis+Says+John+Paul+II+to+Be+Canonized+April+27&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fdaily-news%2Freport-pope-francis-says-john-paul-ii-to-be-canonized-april-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepiarz2023" class="citation web cs1">Lepiarz, Jacek (15 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/poland-john-paul-ii-abuse-cover-up-claims-divide-a-nation/a-64995045">"Poland: John Paul II abuse cover-up claims divide a nation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. Retrieved 16 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Poland%3A+John+Paul+II+abuse+cover-up+claims+divide+a+nation&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft.aulast=Lepiarz&rft.aufirst=Jacek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fpoland-john-paul-ii-abuse-cover-up-claims-divide-a-nation%2Fa-64995045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2023-03-11/kontrowersje-wokol-jana-pawla-ii-swiadome-wprowadzanie-w-blad/">"Kontrowersje wokół Jana Pawła II. "Znawcy życia i dorobku" papieża komentują"</a>. Polsat News (in Polish). 11 March 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polsat+News&rft.atitle=Kontrowersje+wok%C3%B3%C5%82+Jana+Paw%C5%82a+II.+%22Znawcy+%C5%BCycia+i+dorobku%22+papie%C5%BCa+komentuj%C4%85&rft.date=2023-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polsatnews.pl%2Fwiadomosc%2F2023-03-11%2Fkontrowersje-wokol-jana-pawla-ii-swiadome-wprowadzanie-w-blad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polskieradio24.pl/5/1222/artykul/3131739,klamstwa-w-reportazu-o-janie-pawle-ii-czego-nie-powiedziano-w-dokumencie">"Kłamstwa w reportażu o Janie Pawle II. Czego nie powiedziano w dokumencie - Wiadomości - polskieradio24.pl"</a>. polskieradio24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polskieradio24.pl&rft.atitle=K%C5%82amstwa+w+reporta%C5%BCu+o+Janie+Pawle+II.+Czego+nie+powiedziano+w+dokumencie+-+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+-+polskieradio24.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolskieradio24.pl%2F5%2F1222%2Fartykul%2F3131739%2Cklamstwa-w-reportazu-o-janie-pawle-ii-czego-nie-powiedziano-w-dokumencie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205184931/http://www.jpcatholic.com/about/about.php">"John Paul the Great Catholic University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpcatholic.com/about/about.php">the original</a> on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Paul+the+Great+Catholic+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpcatholic.com%2Fabout%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A&E-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A&E_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A&E_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A&E_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A&E_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A&E_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A&E_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A&E_22-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/john-paul-ii-9355652">"John Paul II Biography (1920–2005)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/A%26E_Television_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Television Networks">A&E Television Networks</a>. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II+Biography+%281920%E2%80%932005%29&rft.pub=A%26E+Television+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fjohn-paul-ii-9355652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShortBio-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShortBio_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShortBio_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShortBio_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShortBio_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShortBio_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShortBio_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShortBio_23-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081230180529/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html">"His Holiness John Paul II : Short Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Press_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Press Office">Vatican Press Office</a>. 30 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+Press+Office&rft.atitle=His+Holiness+John+Paul+II+%3A+Short+Biography&rft.date=2005-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsantopadre_biografie%2Fgiovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN6-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN6_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN6_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN6_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN6_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN6_24-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/bio1/index.html">"CNN Report Pope John Paul II 1920–2005"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=CNN+Report+Pope+John+Paul+II+1920%E2%80%932005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2F2005%2Fpope%2Fstories%2Fbio1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBN-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBN_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBN_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBN_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/KarolWojtylaPopeJohnPaulTimeline.aspx">"Karol Wojtyła (Pope John Paul II) Timeline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">Christian Broadcasting Network</a>. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karol+Wojty%C5%82a+%28Pope+John+Paul+II%29+Timeline&rft.pub=Christian+Broadcasting+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2Fspirituallife%2FChurchAndMinistry%2FKarolWojtylaPopeJohnPaulTimeline.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200611-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200611_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200611_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStourton2006">Stourton 2006</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=6996">"St. Pope John Paul II"</a>. Saints & Angels. Catholic Online. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saints+%26+Angels&rft.atitle=St.+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fsaints%2Fsaint.php%3Fsaint_id%3D6996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200625-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200625_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200625_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStourton2006">Stourton 2006</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Svidercoschi-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Svidercoschi_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvidercoschi" class="citation news cs1">Svidercoschi, Gian Franco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/magazine/documents/ju_mag_01111997_p-46_en.html">"The Jewish "Roots" of Karol Wojtyła"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+%22Roots%22+of+Karol+Wojty%C5%82a&rft.aulast=Svidercoschi&rft.aufirst=Gian+Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fjubilee_2000%2Fmagazine%2Fdocuments%2Fju_mag_01111997_p-46_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II200599-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II200599_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II2005">Pope John Paul II 2005</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200632-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200632_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStourton2006">Stourton 2006</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhiwczak-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhiwczak_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhiwczak_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhiwczak_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhiwczak_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhiwczak_32-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhiwczak2007" class="citation news cs1">Kuhiwczak, Piotr (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.pl/news/artykul21561.html">"A Literary Pope"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polish_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Radio">Polish Radio</a>. Retrieved 1 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Literary+Pope&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.aulast=Kuhiwczak&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.pl%2Fnews%2Fartykul21561.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosjean1982" class="citation book cs1">Grosjean, François (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifewithtwolangu0000gros">Life With Two Languages</a> (8 ed.). United States: Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifewithtwolangu0000gros/page/286">286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53092-8"><bdi>978-0-674-53092-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+With+Two+Languages&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=286&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-674-53092-8&rft.aulast=Grosjean&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifewithtwolangu0000gros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Weigel, George. Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (p. 44). HarperCollins. Kindle Edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/01/catholicism.religion3">The Guardian, "History of the Pope's health problems", 1 April 2005</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancestry-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Ancestry_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/pope/jp2/genealogy.php">"Family Genealogy of Blessed Pope John Paul II"</a>. Catholic Online. 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012. <q>Family Genealogy of Blessed Pope John Paul II</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family+Genealogy+of+Blessed+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=Catholic+Online&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fpope%2Fjp2%2Fgenealogy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200660-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200660_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200660_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStourton2006">Stourton 2006</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200663-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200663_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200663_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200663_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200663_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200663_38-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFStourton2006">Stourton 2006</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClimoCattell2002" class="citation book cs1">Climo, Jacob; Cattell, Maria G., eds. (2002). Social memory and history: anthropological perspectives. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0177-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0177-7"><bdi>978-0-7591-0177-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+memory+and+history%3A+anthropological+perspectives&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+CA&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0177-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71_40-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeigel2001b">Weigel 2001b</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2004253–254-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2004253–254_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2004253–254_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2004253–254_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2004253–254_41-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2004">Davies 2004</a>, pp. 253–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71–21-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71–21_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b71–21_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeigel2001b">Weigel 2001b</a>, pp. 71–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b75-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeigel2001b75_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeigel2001b">Weigel 2001b</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-EdithZ-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EdithZ_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdithZ_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419140949/http://voices.iit.edu/Profiles/ziere_p.html">"Profile of Edith Zierier (1946)"</a>. Voices of the Holocaust. 2000 Paul V. Galvin Library, Illinois Institute of Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.iit.edu/Profiles/ziere_p.html">the original</a> on 19 April 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voices+of+the+Holocaust&rft.atitle=Profile+of+Edith+Zierier+%281946%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.iit.edu%2FProfiles%2Fziere_p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNLive-45"><a href="#cite_ref-CNNLive_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/08/se.01.html">"CNN Live event transcript"</a>. CNN. 8 April 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=CNN+Live+event+transcript&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0504%2F08%2Fse.01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive-46"><a href="#cite_ref-archive_46-0">^</a> Roberts, Genevieve. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215035053/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050403/ai_n13509294">"The Death of Pope John Paul II: 'He Saved My Life—with Tea & Bread'"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050403/ai_n13509294">the original</a> on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Pope+John+Paul+II%3A+%27He+Saved+My+Life%E2%80%94with+Tea+%26+Bread%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4159%2Fis_20050403%2Fai_n13509294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, 3 April 2005. Retrieved 17 June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-IHT-47"><a href="#cite_ref-IHT_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2011" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Roger (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209190231/http://www.dialog.org/hist/JohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm">"John Paul II met with Edith Zierer: The Polish Seminary Student and the Jewish Girl He Saved"</a>. International Herald Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialog.org/hist/JohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm">the original</a> on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=John+Paul+II+met+with+Edith+Zierer%3A+The+Polish+Seminary+Student+and+the+Jewish+Girl+He+Saved&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialog.org%2Fhist%2FJohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222053631/http://ekai.pl/wydarzenia/x9122/jan-pawel-ii-sprawiedliwym-wsrod-narodow-swiata/">"Jan Paweł II Sprawiedliwym wśród Narodów Świata?"</a> [John Paul II Righteous Among the Nations?] (in Polish). Ekai.pl. 5 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ekai.pl/wydarzenia/x9122/jan-pawel-ii-sprawiedliwym-wsrod-narodow-swiata/">the original</a> on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jan+Pawe%C5%82+II+Sprawiedliwym+w%C5%9Br%C3%B3d+Narod%C3%B3w+%C5%9Awiata%3F&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fekai.pl%2Fwydarzenia%2Fx9122%2Fjan-pawel-ii-sprawiedliwym-wsrod-narodow-swiata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701052401/http://www.kosciol.pl/article.php?story=20030926144011902">"Papież sprawiedliwym wśród narodów świata"</a> [Pope righteous among the nations of the world] (in Polish). Kosciol.pl. 26 September 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosciol.pl/article.php?story=20030926144011902">the original</a> on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Papie%C5%BC+sprawiedliwym+w%C5%9Br%C3%B3d+narod%C3%B3w+%C5%9Bwiata&rft.pub=Kosciol.pl&rft.date=2003-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosciol.pl%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20030926144011902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023061706/http://m.onet.pl/wiadomosci/swiat%2Cm7r7s">"Papież otrzyma honorowy tytuł "Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata"?"</a> [The Pope will receive the honorary title of "Righteous Among the Nations"?] (in Polish). Onet.pl. 4 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.onet.pl/wiadomosci/swiat,m7r7s">the original</a> on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Papie%C5%BC+otrzyma+honorowy+tytu%C5%82+%22Sprawiedliwy+w%C5%9Br%C3%B3d+Narod%C3%B3w+%C5%9Awiata%22%3F&rft.pub=Onet.pl&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.onet.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fswiat%2Cm7r7s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II200516-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II200516_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II2005">Pope John Paul II 2005</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Między Heroizmem a Beatialstwem [Between Heroism and Bestiality]. Częstochowa. 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi%C4%99dzy+Heroizmem+a+Beatialstwem&rft.pub=Cz%C4%99stochowa&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200671-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200671_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStourton2006">Stourton 2006</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican2-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican2_54-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1946">"His Holiness John Paul II, Biography, Pre-Pontificate"</a>. Holy See. Retrieved 1 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=His+Holiness+John+Paul+II%2C+Biography%2C+Pre-Pontificate&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsantopadre_biografie%2Fgiovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html%231946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331025239/http://vaticancity.diplomatie.belgium.be/nl/belgen-in-rome">"Belgen in Rome"</a>. 4 April 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaticancity.diplomatie.belgium.be/nl/belgen-in-rome">the original</a> on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgen+in+Rome&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaticancity.diplomatie.belgium.be%2Fnl%2Fbelgen-in-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1948">"His Holiness John Paul II, Biography, Pre-Pontificate"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=His+Holiness+John+Paul+II%2C+Biography%2C+Pre-Pontificate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsantopadre_biografie%2Fgiovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html%231948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> Even though his doctoral work was unanimously approved in June 1948, he was denied the degree because he could not afford to print the text of his dissertation in accordance with the Angelicum rules. In December 1948 a revised text of his dissertation was approved by the theological faculty of <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> in Kraków, and Wojtyła was finally awarded his doctoral degree. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407161736/http://www.pust.it/index.php?start=5&lang=en">"Karol Wojtyla: A Pope Who Hails from the Angelicum (Città Nuova, Roma 2009)"</a>. Pust.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pust.it/index.php?start=5&lang=en">the original</a> on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karol+Wojtyla%3A+A+Pope+Who+Hails+from+the+Angelicum+%28Citt%C3%A0+Nuova%2C+Roma+2009%29&rft.pub=Pust.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pust.it%2Findex.php%3Fstart%3D5%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> "30Giorni" 11 December 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.30giorni.it/in_breve_id_numero_14_id_arg_32125_l1.htm">http://www.30giorni.it/in_breve_id_numero_14_id_arg_32125_l1.htm</a> Accessed 19 February 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-kwitny-59"><a href="#cite_ref-kwitny_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwitny1997" class="citation book cs1">Kwitny, Jonathan (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805026887">Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II</a>. New York City: Henry Holt and Company. p. 768. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-2688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-2688-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-2688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+of+the+Century%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=768&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1997-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-2688-7&rft.aulast=Kwitny&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780805026887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-60"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahn2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Zahn" title="Paula Zahn">Zahn, Paula</a> (17 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0206/17/ltm.04.html">"Padre Pio Granted Sainthood"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 19 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Padre+Pio+Granted+Sainthood&rft.date=2002-06-17&rft.aulast=Zahn&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0206%2F17%2Fltm.04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006233-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006233_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006233_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell-Stuart2006">Maxwell-Stuart 2006</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-USCCB_Bio-62"><a href="#cite_ref-USCCB_Bio_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707163440/http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml">"Pope John Paul II: A Light for the World"</a>. United States Council of Catholic Bishops. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml">the original</a> on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%3A+A+Light+for+the+World&rft.pub=United+States+Council+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fcomm%2Fpopejohnpaulii%2Fbiography.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton200697-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton200697_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStourton2006">Stourton 2006</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1948">"Highlights on the life of Karol Wojtiła"</a>. Holy See Press Office. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Highlights+on+the+life+of+Karol+Wojti%C5%82a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsantopadre_biografie%2Fgiovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html%231948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QunKUmsM4kC&q=Ocena+&pg=PA153">Destined for Liberty: The Human Person in the Philosophy of Karol Wojtyla/John Paul II</a>. CUA Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0985-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0985-2"><bdi>978-0-8132-0985-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destined+for+Liberty%3A+The+Human+Person+in+the+Philosophy+of+Karol+Wojtyla%2FJohn+Paul+II&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-0985-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QunKUmsM4kC%26q%3DOcena%2B%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1994" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Michael (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnpaulii0000wals/page/20">John Paul II: A Biography</a>. London: HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnpaulii0000wals/page/20">20–21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215993-7"><bdi>978-0-00-215993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-00-215993-7&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnpaulii0000wals%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Wojtyla, Karol. "Thomistic Personalism." In Person and Community. Translated by Theresa Sandok, OSM. Pages 165–175. New York: Peter Lang, 1993. Originally published 1961 in Polish </li> <li id="cite_note-Zenit5-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zenit5_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zenit5_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zenit5_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529201813/http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english">"John Paul II to Publish First Poetic Work as Pope"</a>. ZENIT Innovative Media, Inc. 7 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english">the original</a> on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II+to+Publish+First+Poetic+Work+as+Pope&rft.pub=ZENIT+Innovative+Media%2C+Inc&rft.date=2003-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Farticle-6191%3Fl%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWojtyła1981-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWojtyła1981_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWojtyła1981">Wojtyła 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Witness to Hope; The Biography of Pope John Paul II, by George Weigel. New York: Cliff Street Books/Harper Collins, 1999. p. 992. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1999" class="citation news cs1">Rice, Patricia (24 January 1999). "They Call Him "Wujek"". St Louis Post-Dispatch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.atitle=They+Call+Him+%22Wujek%22.&rft.date=1999-01-24&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rise-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Rise_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_II2004" class="citation book cs1">John Paul II, Pope (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseletusbeonour00john">Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way</a>. Warner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57781-6"><bdi>978-0-446-57781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise%2C+Let+Us+Be+On+Our+Way&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-446-57781-6&rft.aulast=John+Paul+II&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseletusbeonour00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton2006103-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton2006103_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton2006103_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStourton2006">Stourton 2006</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Weigel, George. Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (p. 151). HarperCollins. Kindle Edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, John W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva00omal/page/204">What Happened at Vatican II</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva00omal/page/204">204–205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03169-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03169-2"><bdi>978-0-674-03169-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Happened+at+Vatican+II&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=204-205&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03169-2&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathappenedatva00omal%2Fpage%2F204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2000" class="citation book cs1">Crosby, John F. (2000). "John Paul II's Vision of Sexuality and Marriage: The Mystery of "Fair Love"". In Gneuhs, Geoffrey (ed.). The Legacy of Pope John Paul II: His Contribution to Catholic Thought. Crossroad. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-1831-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-1831-8"><bdi>978-0-8245-1831-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Paul+II%27s+Vision+of+Sexuality+and+Marriage%3A+The+Mystery+of+%22Fair+Love%22&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Pope+John+Paul+II%3A+His+Contribution+to+Catholic+Thought&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Crossroad&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8245-1831-8&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VaticanNewsService-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VaticanNewsService_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VaticanNewsService_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081230180529/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html">"Short biography"</a>. vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+biography&rft.pub=vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsantopadre_biografie%2Fgiovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memory-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memory_78-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/legacy/index.html">"John Paul II: A Strong Moral Vision"</a>. CNN. 11 February 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=John+Paul+II%3A+A+Strong+Moral+Vision&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2F2005%2Fpope%2Fstories%2Flegacy%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HV-79"><a href="#cite_ref-HV_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303114045/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html">"Humanae vitae"</a>. 25 July 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humanae+vitae&rft.date=1968-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraczyk2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graczyk, Roman (2011). Cena przetrwania: SB wobec Tygodnika Powszechnego (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7700-015-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7700-015-1"><bdi>978-83-7700-015-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cena+przetrwania%3A+SB+wobec+Tygodnika+Powszechnego&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Czerwone+i+Czarne&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-83-7700-015-1&rft.aulast=Graczyk&rft.aufirst=Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stourton-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stourton_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stourton_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stourton_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stourton_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stourton_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stourton_81-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStourton2016" class="citation news cs1">Stourton, Ed (15 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35552997">"The secret letters of Pope John Paul II – BBC News"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+secret+letters+of+Pope+John+Paul+II+%E2%80%93+BBC+News&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.aulast=Stourton&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-35552997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-letters-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-letters_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-letters_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-letters_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-letters_82-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-letters_82-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-letters_82-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-letters_82-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchgaessner2016" class="citation news cs1">Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (15 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/15/pope-john-paul-ii-letters-reveal-32-year-relationship-with-woman">"Pope John Paul II letters reveal 32-year relationship with woman"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+letters+reveal+32-year+relationship+with+woman&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.aulast=Kirchgaessner&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fpope-john-paul-ii-letters-reveal-32-year-relationship-with-woman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph_2016-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_2016_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_2016_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_2016_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_2016_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_2016_83-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_2016_83-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_2016_83-6">g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216020844/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/bbc/12157733/What-really-happened-between-Pope-John-Paul-II-and-his-close-friend-Anna-Teresa-Tymienecka.html">What really happened between Pope John Paul II and his close friend, Anna-Teresa Tymienecka?</a> by Edward Stourton, 15 February 2016, The Telegraph </li> <li id="cite_note-Panarama-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panarama_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panarama_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panarama_84-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b071flrn">Panorama report: The Secret Letters of Pope John Paul II</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stourton_(journalist)" title="Edward Stourton (journalist)">Ed Stourton</a>, 15 February 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Moreira Neves, Lucas Cardinal. "EVANGELII NUNTIANDI: PAUL VI'S PASTORAL TESTAMENT TO THE CHURCH". Eternal Word Television Network. </li> <li id="cite_note-Time1978-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time1978_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time1978_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html">"A "Foreign" Pope"</a>. Time magazine. 30 October 1978. p. 1. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=A+%22Foreign%22+Pope&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1978-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C912229%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Time1978b-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time1978b_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time1978b_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time1978b_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time1978b_87-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104001716/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html">"A Foreign Pope"</a>. Time magazine. 30 October 1978. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=A+Foreign+Pope&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1978-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C912229-4%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese1998" class="citation book cs1">Reese, Thomas J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYMKOgA5lSAC">Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 91, 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93261-6"><bdi>978-0-674-93261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Vatican%3A+The+Politics+and+Organization+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=91%2C+99&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-93261-6&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYMKOgA5lSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton2006171-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton2006171_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton2006171_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton2006171_89-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStourton2006">Stourton 2006</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-NewPope-90"><a href="#cite_ref-NewPope_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/announcement.stm">"New Pope Announced"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=New+Pope+Announced&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fpope%2Fchoosing%2Fhtml%2Fannouncement.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Agasso, Renzo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUkrNOuindcC&pg=PA23">Caro Karol</a>. Effata Editrice IT, 2011. p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bottum-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bottum_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bottum_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bottum_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bottum_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bottum_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bottum_93-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bottum_93-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bottum_93-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottum2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bottum_(author)" title="Joseph Bottum (author)">Bottum, Joseph</a> (18 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050409012028/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/469kzdxb.asp">"John Paul the Great"</a>. The Weekly Standard. pp. 1–2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/469kzdxb.asp">the original</a> on 9 April 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Standard&rft.atitle=John+Paul+the+Great&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft.aulast=Bottum&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2FContent%2FPublic%2FArticles%2F000%2F000%2F005%2F469kzdxb.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1978/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19781016_primo-saluto_it.html">First Greetings and First Blessing to the Faithful: Address of John Paul II, Monday, October 16, 1978</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018234821/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1978/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19781016_primo-saluto_it.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>. Vatican.va. </li> <li id="cite_note-upi-95"><a href="#cite_ref-upi_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1978/The-Election-of-Pope-John-Paul-II/12309251197005-5/">"1978 Year in Review: The Election of Pope John Paul II"</a>. UPI. 6 December 1978. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1978+Year+in+Review%3A+The+Election+of+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=1978-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1978%2FThe-Election-of-Pope-John-Paul-II%2F12309251197005-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican-bio-en-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Vatican-bio-en_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028195940/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html">"Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II"</a>. vatican.va. 30 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Events+in+the+Pontificate+of+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=vatican.va&rft.date=2005-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsantopadre_biografie%2Fgiovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234_97-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stuart2006234_97-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell-Stuart2006">Maxwell-Stuart 2006</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-BaltimoreSun-98"><a href="#cite_ref-BaltimoreSun_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1995-01-16-1995016078-story.html">"Biggest Papal Gathering | Millions Flock to Papal Mass in Manila, Gathering is Called the Largest the Pope Has Seen at a Service"</a>. The Baltimore Sun. The New York Times News Service. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125252/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-01-16/news/1995016078_1_pope-philippines-papal">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Biggest+Papal+Gathering+%26%23124%3B+Millions+Flock+to+Papal+Mass+in+Manila%2C+Gathering+is+Called+the+Largest+the+Pope+Has+Seen+at+a+Service&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-1995-01-16-1995016078-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsiaNews-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AsiaNews_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsiaNews_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsiaNews_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=2947&dos=48&size=A">"The Philippines, 1995: Pope Dreams of "The Third Millennium of Asia""</a>. AsiaNews. 4 April 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Philippines%2C+1995%3A+Pope+Dreams+of+%22The+Third+Millennium+of+Asia%22&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Findex.php%3Fl%3Den%26art%3D2947%26dos%3D48%26size%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBN2-100"><a href="#cite_ref-CBN2_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/PopeJohnPaulIITimeline.aspx">"CBN Pope John Paul II Timeline—CBN.com Spiritual Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">Christian Broadcasting Network</a>. The Associated Press. 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CBN+Pope+John+Paul+II+Timeline%E2%80%94CBN.com+Spiritual+Life&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2Fspirituallife%2FChurchAndMinistry%2FPopeJohnPaulIITimeline.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mexico-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Mexico_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2002" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Ginger (30 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/30/world/pope-to-visit-a-mexico-divided-over-his-teachings.html">"Pope to Visit a Mexico Divided Over His Teachings"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+to+Visit+a+Mexico+Divided+Over+His+Teachings&rft.date=2002-07-30&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ginger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F07%2F30%2Fworld%2Fpope-to-visit-a-mexico-divided-over-his-teachings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireland-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4229807.stm">"Irish Remember the 1979 Papal Visit"</a>. BBC News. 2 April 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Irish+Remember+the+1979+Papal+Visit&rft.date=2005-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F4229807.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/29/newsid_4171000/4171657.stm">"BBC on This Day | 29 | 1982: Pope makes historic visit to Canterbury"</a>. BBC News. 29 May 1982. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+on+This+Day+%26%23124%3B+29+%26%23124%3B+1982%3A+Pope+makes+historic+visit+to+Canterbury&rft.date=1982-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmay%2F29%2Fnewsid_4171000%2F4171657.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSystems" class="citation web cs1">Systems, eZ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012084655/http://www.thepapalvisit.org.uk/Visit-Background/A-Retrospective-of-the-1982-Visit">"A Retrospective of the 1982 Visit / Visit Background / Home – The Visit"</a>. www.thepapalvisit.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepapalvisit.org.uk/Visit-Background/A-Retrospective-of-the-1982-Visit">the original</a> on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thepapalvisit.org.uk&rft.atitle=A+Retrospective+of+the+1982+Visit+%2F+Visit+Background+%2F+Home+%E2%80%93+The+Visit&rft.aulast=Systems&rft.aufirst=eZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepapalvisit.org.uk%2FVisit-Background%2FA-Retrospective-of-the-1982-Visit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haiti:_The_Duvalier_Years-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Haiti:_The_Duvalier_Years_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1988" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Elizabeth (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haitiduvaliersth00abbo/page/260">Haiti: The Duvalier Years</a>. McGraw Hill Book Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haitiduvaliersth00abbo/page/260">260–262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-046029-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-046029-4"><bdi>978-0-07-046029-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+The+Duvalier+Years&rft.pages=260-262&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Book+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-07-046029-4&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaitiduvaliersth00abbo%2Fpage%2F260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopeEgypt-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopeEgypt_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopeEgypt_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopeEgypt_106-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/654651.stm">"Pope Pleads for Harmony between Faiths"</a>. BBC News. 24 February 2000. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+Pleads+for+Harmony+between+Faiths&rft.date=2000-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F654651.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosque-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mosque_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mosque_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mosque_107-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlett2001" class="citation news cs1">Plett, Barbara (7 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1316812.stm">"Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mosque+visit+crowns+Pope%27s+tour&rft.date=2001-05-07&rft.aulast=Plett&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F1316812.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCIsrael-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCIsrael_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCIsrael_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCIsrael_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCIsrael_108-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCIsrael_108-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/26/newsid_4168000/4168803.stm">"2000: Pope Prays for Holocaust Forgiveness"</a>. BBC News. 26 March 2000. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=2000%3A+Pope+Prays+for+Holocaust+Forgiveness&rft.date=2000-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F26%2Fnewsid_4168000%2F4168803.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADL2006-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADL2006_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL2006_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL2006_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL2006_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL2006_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL2006_109-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlenicki2006" class="citation web cs1">Klenicki, Rabbi Leon (13 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081128213732/http://www.adl.org/Interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf">"Pope John Paul II's Visit to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: A Pilgrimage of Prayer, Hope and Reconciliation"</a> (PDF). Anti-Defamation League. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+Visit+to+Jordan%2C+Israel+and+the+Palestinian+Authority%3A+A+Pilgrimage+of+Prayer%2C+Hope+and+Reconciliation&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.date=2006-04-13&rft.aulast=Klenicki&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Finterfaith%2FJohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewYorkTimes3-110"><a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkTimes3_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenneberger2001" class="citation news cs1">Henneberger, Melinda (21 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/21/world/pope-to-leave-for-kazakhstan-and-armenia-this-weekend.html">"Pope to Leave for Kazakhstan and Armenia This Weekend"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+to+Leave+for+Kazakhstan+and+Armenia+This+Weekend&rft.date=2001-09-21&rft.aulast=Henneberger&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F09%2F21%2Fworld%2Fpope-to-leave-for-kazakhstan-and-armenia-this-weekend.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnThisDay-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OnThisDay_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OnThisDay_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/2/newsid_3972000/3972361.stm">"1979: Millions Cheer as the Pope Comes Home"</a>. BBC News. 2 June 1979. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1979%3A+Millions+Cheer+as+the+Pope+Comes+Home&rft.date=1979-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjune%2F2%2Fnewsid_3972000%2F3972361.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelo_M._Codevilla_2008-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angelo_M._Codevilla_2008_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelo_M._Codevilla_2008_112-1">b</a> Angelo M. Codevilla, "Political Warfare: A Set of Means for Achieving Political Ends", in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008.) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a>, The Cold War: A New History, p. 193, Penguin Books (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303827-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303827-6">978-0-14-303827-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBCNews-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBCNews_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBCNews_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBCNews_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBCNews_114-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News_Online2005" class="citation news cs1">CBC News Online (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630153609/http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html">"Pope Stared Down Communism in His Homeland—and Won"</a>. Religion News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Stared+Down+Communism+in+His+Homeland%E2%80%94and+Won&rft.date=2005-04&rft.au=CBC+News+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fobit%2Fpope%2Fcommunism_homeland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorbachev-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorbachev_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorbachev_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorbachev_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/03/pope.gorbachev/index.html">"Gorbachev: Pope John Paul II was an 'Example to All of Us'"</a>. CNN. 4 April 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Gorbachev%3A+Pope+John+Paul+II+was+an+%27Example+to+All+of+Us%27&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2005%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F04%2F03%2Fpope.gorbachev%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_116-1">b</a> Weigel, George. The End and the Beginning: Pope John Paul II – The Victory of Freedom, the Last Years, the Legacy. The Crown Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408085903/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916921,00.html">"Pope John Paul II"</a>. Time. 15 October 1979. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916921,00.html">the original</a> on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=1979-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C916921%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesspace.library.nd.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/1815735">"Pope John Paul II sings at the Festival of Sacrosong [Infinity Records INF 9899][for cover see PAVX 70514], 1979"</a>. University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+sings+at+the+Festival+of+Sacrosong+%5BInfinity+Records+INF+9899%5D%5Bfor+cover+see+PAVX+70514%5D%2C+1979&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivesspace.library.nd.edu%2Frepositories%2F2%2Farchival_objects%2F1815735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuters1994" class="citation news cs1">Reuters (27 November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-11-27-mn-1865-story.html">"Pope Soaring to Top of Music Charts"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Soaring+to+Top+of+Music+Charts&rft.date=1994-11-27&rft.au=Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1994-11-27-mn-1865-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStammer1999" class="citation news cs1">Stammer, Larry B. (20 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-mar-20-me-19179-story.html">"Newest Music Star: The Pope"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Newest+Music+Star%3A+The+Pope&rft.date=1999-03-20&rft.aulast=Stammer&rft.aufirst=Larry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-mar-20-me-19179-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Novo Millenio Inuente §2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican3-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Vatican3_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/2000/travels/documents/trav_holyland-2000.html">"Jubilee Pilgrimage to the Holy Land"</a>. Holy See. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jubilee+Pilgrimage+to+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Ftravels%2F2000%2Ftravels%2Fdocuments%2Ftrav_holyland-2000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican5-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Vatican5_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/2000/jan-mar/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20000321_wadi-al-kharrar.html">"Visit to Wadi Al-Kharrar, Prayer of the Holy Father"</a>. Holy See. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+to+Wadi+Al-Kharrar%2C+Prayer+of+the+Holy+Father&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fspeeches%2F2000%2Fjan-mar%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_spe_20000321_wadi-al-kharrar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican6-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Vatican6_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000322_bethlehem.html">"Homily of John Paul II, Mass in the Manger Square"</a>. Holy See. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homily+of+John+Paul+II%2C+Mass+in+the+Manger+Square&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Ftravels%2F2000%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_hom_20000322_bethlehem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican7-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Vatican7_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000326_holy-sepulchre.html">"Homily of John Paul II, Mass in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. Holy See. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homily+of+John+Paul+II%2C+Mass+in+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Ftravels%2F2000%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_hom_20000326_holy-sepulchre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1988" class="citation book cs1">Pope John Paul II (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1988/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19880815_mulieris-dignitatem.html">Mulieris Dignitatem: Apostolic Letter on the Dignity and Vocation of Women</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mulieris+Dignitatem%3A+Apostolic+Letter+on+the+Dignity+and+Vocation+of+Women&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fapost_letters%2F1988%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apl_19880815_mulieris-dignitatem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiegel2-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel2_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel2_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKüng2005" class="citation news cs1">Küng, Hans (26 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,348471,00.html">"The Pope's Contradictions"</a>. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=The+Pope%27s+Contradictions&rft.date=2005-03-26&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCng&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2F0%2C1518%2C348471%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pope_John_Paul_II_Visits_the_US,_1977_Year_in_Review-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Pope_John_Paul_II_Visits_the_US,_1977_Year_in_Review_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1979/Pope-John-Paul-II-Visits-the-U.S./12311692377023-6/">"Pope John Paul II Visits the U.S., 1977 Year in Review"</a>. UPI. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+Visits+the+U.S.%2C+1977+Year+in+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1979%2FPope-John-Paul-II-Visits-the-U.S.%2F12311692377023-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-129"><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_129-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pope/etc/synopsis.html">"John Paul II-The Millennial Pope"</a> Synopsis "Pope John Paul II-The Millennial Pope" Frontline </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> John Paul II. (1995). Evangelium Vitae. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, §95 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> article 42, Solicitudo Rei Socialis </li> <li id="cite_note-Pope_phones_Bono-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Pope_phones_Bono_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/eno-lets-bono-speak-to-the-pope">"U2—Eno Lets Bono Speak to the Pope"</a>. Contact Music. 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U2%E2%80%94Eno+Lets+Bono+Speak+to+the+Pope&rft.pub=Contact+Music&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contactmusic.com%2Fnews-article%2Feno-lets-bono-speak-to-the-pope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VaticanOrdinatio-133"><a href="#cite_ref-VaticanOrdinatio_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118205206/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatio-sacerdotalis_en.html">"Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis of John Paul II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatio-sacerdotalis_en.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Letter+Ordinatio+Sacerdotalis+of+John+Paul+II+to+the+Bishops+of+the+Catholic+Church+on+Reserving+Priestly+Ordination+to+Men+Alone&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_letters%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatio-sacerdotalis_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-13-mn-9935-story.html">"Pope Attacks Apartheid in Speech at U.N. Court"</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, 13 May 1985 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/17/world/pope-s-south-africa-visit-honors-2-vows.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Pope's "South Africa Visit Honors 2 Vows"</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 13 May 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718134841/http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/pope-050405.htm#.UHIDqMr4IsA">Mandela 'deeply inspired' by Pope</a> [South Africa Info], 5 April 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/node/1403">"Religious Views: Pope John Paul II's Statements on the Death Penalty"</a>. Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 3 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Views%3A+Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+Statements+on+the+Death+Penalty&rft.pub=Death+Penalty+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deathpenaltyinfo.org%2Fnode%2F1403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Trigilio Jr., Rev. John, Rev. Kenneth Brighenti and Rev. Jonathan Toborowsky. John Paul II for Dummies, p. 140, John Wiley & Sons, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-77382-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-77382-5">978-0-471-77382-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Virginia Garrard-Burnett. Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit: Guatemala Under General Efrain Rios Montt, 1982–1983, pp. 20–21, John Wiley & Sons, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537964-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537964-8">978-0-19-537964-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0802/p07s02-woam.html/(page)/3">"With Papal Prodding, Guatemala May End Executions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. 24 May 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=With+Papal+Prodding%2C+Guatemala+May+End+Executions&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2002%2F0802%2Fp07s02-woam.html%2F%28page%29%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aud20010117-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aud20010117_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aud20010117_141-1">b</a> John Paul II, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/audiences/2001/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_20010117.html">General Audience, Wednesday 17 January 2001: "God made man the steward of creation"</a>, accessed 3 September 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Catholic Earthcare Australia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120803220513/http://www.catholicearthcare.org.au/mandate.html">Mandate for Catholic Earthcare Australia</a>, published May 2002, archived 3 August 2012, accessed 3 September 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Pope Francis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html">Laudato Si'</a>, Chapter 6, section 3, published 24 May 2015, accessed 3 September 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eubusiness.com/topics/european-council/aggregator/113730">"Pope says EU constitution should cite Christian heritage"</a>. EU Business. 28 June 2003. Retrieved 14 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+says+EU+constitution+should+cite+Christian+heritage&rft.date=2003-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eubusiness.com%2Ftopics%2Feuropean-council%2Faggregator%2F113730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/jewish-professor-defends-mention-of-christianity-in-euro-text">"Jewish Professor Defends Mention of Christianity in Euro Text"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zenit_News_Agency" title="Zenit News Agency">Zenit News Agency</a>. 17 September 2003. Retrieved 14 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jewish+Professor+Defends+Mention+of+Christianity+in+Euro+Text&rft.date=2003-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fjewish-professor-defends-mention-of-christianity-in-euro-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcin_Frydrych2003" class="citation news cs1">Marcin Frydrych (21 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/enlargement/11309">"Pope paves the way to Polish "Yes" vote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EUObserver.com" class="mw-redirect" title="EUObserver.com">EUObserver.com</a>. Retrieved 14 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+paves+the+way+to+Polish+%22Yes%22+vote&rft.date=2003-05-21&rft.au=Marcin+Frydrych&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fenlargement%2F11309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRev._Adam_Boniecki2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rev. Adam Boniecki (25 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.tygodnik.com.pl/tp/2811/main01.php">"Od Unii Lubelskiej do Unii Europejskiej"</a> [From the Union of Lublin to the European Union] (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Tygodnik_Powszechny" title="Tygodnik Powszechny">Tygodnik Powszechny</a>. Retrieved 14 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Od+Unii+Lubelskiej+do+Unii+Europejskiej&rft.date=2003-05-25&rft.au=Rev.+Adam+Boniecki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.tygodnik.com.pl%2Ftp%2F2811%2Fmain01.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Linder" class="citation web cs1">Doug Linder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/vaticanview.html">"The Vatican's View of Evolution: Pope Paul II and Pope Pius"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vatican%27s+View+of+Evolution%3A+Pope+Paul+II+and+Pope+Pius&rft.au=Doug+Linder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw2.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fconlaw%2Fvaticanview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1986" class="citation web cs1">Green, Michelle (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110110195417/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20093775,00.html">"Stephen Jay Gould: Driven By a Hunger to Learn and to Write"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/archive/stephen-jay-gould-vol-25-no-22/">the original</a> on 10 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+Jay+Gould%3A+Driven+By+a+Hunger+to+Learn+and+to+Write&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Farchive%2Fstephen-jay-gould-vol-25-no-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evolution-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Evolution_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cin.org/jp2evolu.html">"Message to Pontifical Academy of Sciences 22 October 1996"</a>. Catholic Information Network (CIN). 24 October 1997. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Message+to+Pontifical+Academy+of+Sciences+22+October+1996&rft.date=1997-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cin.org%2Fjp2evolu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCSE-151"><a href="#cite_ref-NCSE_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/media/voices/roman-catholic-church-1996">"Magisterium is Concerned with Question of Evolution for it Involves Conception of Man"</a>. National Centre for Science Education. 24 October 1996. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magisterium+is+Concerned+with+Question+of+Evolution+for+it+Involves+Conception+of+Man&rft.pub=National+Centre+for+Science+Education&rft.date=1996-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fmedia%2Fvoices%2Froman-catholic-church-1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tagliabue-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Tagliabue_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliabue1996" class="citation news cs1">Tagliabue, John (25 October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/25/world/pope-bolsters-church-s-support-for-scientific-view-of-evolution.html">"Pope Bolsters Church Support for Evolution"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Bolsters+Church+Support+for+Evolution&rft.date=1996-10-25&rft.aulast=Tagliabue&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F10%2F25%2Fworld%2Fpope-bolsters-church-s-support-for-scientific-view-of-evolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> John Paul II, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/january/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20030113_diplomatic-corps_en.html">Address to the Diplomatic Corps</a>", Vatican, 13 January 2003 (Retrieved 7 February 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/09/1065601953306.html">Pope Mooted for Nobel Peace Prize</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>, 9 October 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/515037715/Pope-John-Paul-II-is-the-favorite-to-win-Nobel-Peace-Prize.html?pg=all">Pope John Paul II is the Favorite to Win Nobel Peace Prize</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106041001/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/515037715/Pope-John-Paul-II-is-the-favorite-to-win-Nobel-Peace-Prize.html?pg=all">Archived</a> 6 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>, 10 October 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-Miami-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miami_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miami_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miami_156-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvin1999" class="citation news cs1">Garvin, Glenn (18 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiu.edu/~yaf/sand71899.html">"Hostility to the U.S., a Costly Mistake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a>. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Hostility+to+the+U.S.%2C+a+Costly+Mistake&rft.date=1999-07-18&rft.aulast=Garvin&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiu.edu%2F~yaf%2Fsand71899.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-beatification-of-oscar-romero">"The Beatification of Óscar Romero"</a>. The New Yorker. 19 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Beatification+of+%C3%93scar+Romero&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fthe-beatification-of-oscar-romero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/11/the-martyr-and-the-pope/570835/">"What Óscar Romero's Canonization Says About Pope Francis"</a>. The Atlantic. November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+%C3%93scar+Romero%27s+Canonization+Says+About+Pope+Francis&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2018%2F11%2Fthe-martyr-and-the-pope%2F570835%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/05/world/pope-says-taking-sides-in-nicaragua-is-peril-to-church.html">"Pope says taking sides in Nicaragua is peril to church"</a>. The New York Times. 5 March 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+says+taking+sides+in+Nicaragua+is+peril+to+church&rft.date=1983-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F03%2F05%2Fworld%2Fpope-says-taking-sides-in-nicaragua-is-peril-to-church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1983/07/their-will-be-done/">"Their Will Be Done"</a>. Mother Jones. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Their+Will+Be+Done&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F1983%2F07%2Ftheir-will-be-done%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion:_Berating_Marxism's_False_Hopes-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Religion:_Berating_Marxism's_False_Hopes_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstlingRoberto_Suro1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Ostling, Richard N.; Roberto Suro (10 September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029142510/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952528,00.html">"Religion: Berating Marxism's False Hopes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952528,00.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Religion%3A+Berating+Marxism%27s+False+Hopes&rft.date=1984-09-10&rft.aulast=Ostling&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft.au=Roberto+Suro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C952528%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigmund" class="citation book cs1">Sigmund, Paul E. Liberation Theology: An Historical Evaluation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberation+Theology%3A+An+Historical+Evaluation&rft.aulast=Sigmund&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilip_Mazurczak2013" class="citation web cs1">Filip Mazurczak (24 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/2013/05/the-priest-who-stood-up-to-mafia">"The Priest Who Stood Up to the Mafia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a>. Retrieved 2 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Priest+Who+Stood+Up+to+the+Mafia&rft.pub=First+Things&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.au=Filip+Mazurczak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Fonthesquare%2F2013%2F05%2Fthe-priest-who-stood-up-to-mafia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/mar/05/the-mafia-vs-pope-john-paul-ii/">"The Mafia Vs. Pope John Paul II"</a>. The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. 24 May 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=The+Mafia+Vs.+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spokesman.com%2Fstories%2F1995%2Fmar%2F05%2Fthe-mafia-vs-pope-john-paul-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-01-mn-1253-story.html">"Pontiff's Message Condemns Destruction of Gulf War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Times Wire Services. 1 April 1991. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Pontiff%27s+Message+Condemns+Destruction+of+Gulf+War&rft.date=1991-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-04-01-mn-1253-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew_Christiansen,_SJ2002" class="citation news cs1">Drew Christiansen, SJ (12 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americamagazine.org/issue/398/article/hawks-doves-and-pope-john-paul-ii">"Hawks, Doves, and Pope John Paul II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/America_(Jesuit_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (Jesuit magazine)">America</a>. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=Hawks%2C+Doves%2C+and+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2002-08-12&rft.au=Drew+Christiansen%2C+SJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericamagazine.org%2Fissue%2F398%2Farticle%2Fhawks-doves-and-pope-john-paul-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyde_Haberman1991" class="citation news cs1">Clyde Haberman (1 April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/01/world/pope-denounces-the-gulf-war-as-darkness.html">"Pope Denounces Gulf War As 'Darkness'"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Denounces+Gulf+War+As+%27Darkness%27&rft.date=1991-04-01&rft.au=Clyde+Haberman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F01%2Fworld%2Fpope-denounces-the-gulf-war-as-darkness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDariusz_Rosiak2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dariusz Rosiak (21 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109104402/http://tygodnik.onet.pl/wiara/arcybiskup-i-maczety/l2w2l">"Arcybiskup i maczety"</a> [Archbishop and machetes] (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Tygodnik_Powszechny" title="Tygodnik Powszechny">Tygodnik Powszechny</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tygodnik.onet.pl/wiara/arcybiskup-i-maczety/l2w2l">the original</a> on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arcybiskup+i+maczety&rft.date=2013-07-21&rft.au=Dariusz+Rosiak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftygodnik.onet.pl%2Fwiara%2Farcybiskup-i-maczety%2Fl2w2l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonatella_Lorch1995" class="citation news cs1">Donatella Lorch (20 September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/20/world/pope-calls-for-end-to-killings-in-rwanda.html">"Pope Calls for End to Killings in Rwanda"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Calls+for+End+to+Killings+in+Rwanda&rft.date=1995-09-20&rft.au=Donatella+Lorch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F09%2F20%2Fworld%2Fpope-calls-for-end-to-killings-in-rwanda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2010-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2010_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Frank_Smith2010" class="citation book cs1">William Frank Smith (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WM8c8VdqCV8C&pg=PA86">Catholic Church Milestones: People and Events That Shaped the Institutional Church</a>. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60844-821-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60844-821-0"><bdi>978-1-60844-821-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Church+Milestones%3A+People+and+Events+That+Shaped+the+Institutional+Church&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Dog+Ear+Publishing&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-1-60844-821-0&rft.au=William+Frank+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWM8c8VdqCV8C%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II200512-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II200512_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II2005">Pope John Paul II 2005</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19861001_homosexual-persons_en.html">"Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons Paragraphs 7, 10, 11, 13"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+Bishops+of+the+Catholic+Church+on+the+Pastoral+Care+of+Homosexual+Persons+Paragraphs+7%2C+10%2C+11%2C+13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_19861001_homosexual-persons_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Truth_of_Catholicism-173"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Truth_of_Catholicism_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2001a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">Weigel, George</a> (2001a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthofcatholici00weig/page/3">The Truth of Catholicism</a>. New York: Harper Collins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthofcatholici00weig/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-621330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-621330-9"><bdi>978-0-06-621330-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+of+Catholicism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-06-621330-9&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruthofcatholici00weig%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Ap. Const. Sacri Canones. Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, Latin-English Edition, New English Translation (Canon Law Society of America, 2001), page xxv. Cf. <a href="/wiki/Pastor_Bonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastor Bonus">Pastor Bonus</a> n. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-sacrae-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sacrae_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sacrae_175-1">b</a> Ap. Const. Sacræ Disciplineæ Leges </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> NYTimes.com, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/27/us/new-canon-law-code-in-effect-for-catholics.html">New Canon Law Code in Effect for Catholics</a>", 27 November 1983, accessed June-25-2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canonlaw.info/masterpage1983.htm">Master Page on the Johanno-Pauline Code of 1983</a>, CanonLaw.info, accessed 17 March 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> AAS82 (1990) pp. 1033–1063 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Thomas Kuzhinapurath, Salvific Law: Salvific Character of CCEO, An Historical Overview, Malankara Seminary Publications, Trivandrum, 2008, p.79 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Pete Vere & Michael Trueman, "Surprised by Canon Law, Vol. 2" (Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant Books, 2007); pg. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408222800/http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/is-pope-francis-about-to-rip-up-the-vatican-constitution-12-things-to-know/">"Akin, Jimmy. "Is Pope Francis about to "rip up" the Vatican constitution? 12 things to know and share", National Catholic Register, 2 October 2013"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/is-pope-francis-about-to-rip-up-the-vatican-constitution-12-things-to-know/">the original</a> on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akin%2C+Jimmy.+%22Is+Pope+Francis+about+to+%22rip+up%22+the+Vatican+constitution%3F+12+things+to+know+and+share%22%2C+National+Catholic+Register%2C+2+October+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fblog%2Fjimmy-akin%2Fis-pope-francis-about-to-rip-up-the-vatican-constitution-12-things-to-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19921011_fidei-depositum.html">"JOHN PAUL II, BISHOP SERVANT OF THE SERVANTS OF GOD FOR EVERLASTING MEMORY"</a>. The Holy See. Retrieved 7 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+See&rft.atitle=JOHN+PAUL+II%2C+BISHOP+SERVANT+OF+THE+SERVANTS+OF+GOD+FOR+EVERLASTING+MEMORY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apc_19921011_fidei-depositum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourladyofhopegrafton.org/cathecism-of-the-catholic-church">"Catechism of the Catholic Church"</a>. Ourladyofhopegrafton.org. Retrieved 7 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ourladyofhopegrafton.org&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourladyofhopegrafton.org%2Fcathecism-of-the-catholic-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Jonathan Kwitny, Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II, p. 592, Henry Holt and Co. (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-2688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-2688-7">978-0-8050-2688-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/01/world/pope-on-latin-trip-attacks-pinochet-regime.html?pagewanted=1">Pope, on Latin Trip, Attacks Pinochet Regime</a> The New York Times, 1 April 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Weigel2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">George Weigel</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biografadejuanpa00geor">Biografía de Juan Pablo II—Testigo de Esperanza</a> [Biography of John Paul II—Witness to Hope] (in Spanish). Editorial Plaza & Janés. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-01-01304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-01-01304-1"><bdi>978-84-01-01304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biograf%C3%ADa+de+Juan+Pablo+II%E2%80%94Testigo+de+Esperanza&rft.pub=Editorial+Plaza+%26+Jan%C3%A9s&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-84-01-01304-1&rft.au=George+Weigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiografadejuanpa00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeraldo_Muñoz2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heraldo_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Heraldo Muñoz">Heraldo Muñoz</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictatorsshadowl00muno_0/page/183">The Dictator's Shadow: Life under Augusto Pinochet</a>. Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictatorsshadowl00muno_0/page/183">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00250-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00250-4"><bdi>978-0-465-00250-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictator%27s+Shadow%3A+Life+under+Augusto+Pinochet&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00250-4&rft.au=Heraldo+Mu%C3%B1oz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictatorsshadowl00muno_0%2Fpage%2F183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Slawomir Oder, Why He Is a Saint: The Life and Faith of Pope John Paul II and the Case for Canonisation, p. 107–108, Rizzoli International Publications (2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-3631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-3631-4">978-0-8478-3631-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Timmerman, Jacobo Chile: Death in the South, p. 114, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-02902-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-02902-2">978-0-517-02902-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/04/04/papal-mass-in-chile-erupts-in-violence/">Papal Mass In Chile Erupts In Violence</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, 4 April 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/03/world/pinochet-foes-cheered-by-the-pope-s-presence.html?src=pm">Pionchet's Foes Cheered by the Pope's Presence</a> The New York Times, 3 April 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023063249/http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,7396637,Dlaczego_Jan_Pawel_II_wyszedl_z_Pinochetem_na_balkon.html">"Dlaczego Jan Paweł II wyszedł z Pinochetem na balkon"</a> [Why John Paul II went to the balcony of Pinochet]. <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a> (in Polish). 24 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,7396637,Dlaczego_Jan_Pawel_II_wyszedl_z_Pinochetem_na_balkon.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wyborcza&rft.atitle=Dlaczego+Jan+Pawe%C5%82+II+wyszed%C5%82+z+Pinochetem+na+balkon&rft.date=2009-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwyborcza.pl%2F1%2C76842%2C7396637%2CDlaczego_Jan_Pawel_II_wyszedl_z_Pinochetem_na_balkon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Riccardo Orizio, Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators, p. 131, Walker & Company (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1416-9">978-0-8027-1416-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> James Ferguson, Papa Doc, Baby Doc: Haiti and the Duvaliers, p. 75-77, Basil Blackwell (1987), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16579-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16579-8">978-0-631-16579-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Douglas Bond, Christopher Kruegler, Roger S. Powers, and William B. Vogele, Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage, p. 227, Routledge (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0913-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0913-0">978-0-8153-0913-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuro1988" class="citation news cs1">Suro, Roberto (19 May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/19/world/pope-ending-trip-urges-justice-in-paraguay.html">"Pope, Ending Trip, Urges Justice in Paraguay"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope%2C+Ending+Trip%2C+Urges+Justice+in+Paraguay&rft.date=1988-05-19&rft.aulast=Suro&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F05%2F19%2Fworld%2Fpope-ending-trip-urges-justice-in-paraguay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willey-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willey_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey_196-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Willey_(journalist)" title="David Willey (journalist)">David Willey</a>, God's Politician: Pope John Paul II, the Catholic Church, and the New World Order, p. 227, St. Martin's Press (1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08798-2">978-0-312-08798-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502123923/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/80804.html">"bailey83221: Anticipations of the Failure of Communism (Scholarly list of those who predicted fall"</a>. 2 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/80804.html">the original</a> on 2 May 2006. Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bailey83221%3A+Anticipations+of+the+Failure+of+Communism+%28Scholarly+list+of+those+who+predicted+fall&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbailey83221.livejournal.com%2F80804.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Daniel Patrick Moynihan, "Will Russia blow up?" Newsweek (19 November 1979): 144,147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomínguez2005-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomínguez2005_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomínguez2005_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomínguez2005_199-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDomínguez2005">Domínguez 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_200-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_200-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1982" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Paul (28 July 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/28/world/italy-s-mysterious-deepening-bank-scandal.html?pagewanted=all">"Italy's Mysterious Deepening Bank Scandal"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 25 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+Mysterious+Deepening+Bank+Scandal&rft.date=1982-07-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F07%2F28%2Fworld%2Fitaly-s-mysterious-deepening-bank-scandal.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salinger2005-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salinger2005_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salinger2005_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salinger2005_201-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salinger2005_201-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_M._Salinger2005" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence M. Salinger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXS6jz6AeQ0C">Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime</a>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3004-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-3004-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+White-Collar+%26+Corporate+Crime&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3004-4&rft.au=Lawrence+M.+Salinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAXS6jz6AeQ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Andrew M. Essig, and Jennifer L. Moore. "US-Holy See Diplomacy: The Establishment of Formal Relations, 1984." Catholic Historical Review (2009) 95#4, pp. 741-764741-764. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27745671">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Gayte, Marie (2011). "The Vatican and the Reagan Administration: A Cold War Alliance?" Catholic Historical Review. 97 (4): 713–736. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23053064">23053064</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalreview-204"><a href="#cite_ref-nationalreview_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Riebling2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Mark Riebling (7 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120701123311/http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=NGE5MTJhYWMzODI0NTZiMWFhZmEzYmQwZmZlYmIyZmM=">"Reagan's Pope: The Cold War Alliance of Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II"</a>. National Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=NGE5MTJhYWMzODI0NTZiMWFhZmEzYmQwZmZlYmIyZmM=">the original</a> on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Reagan%27s+Pope%3A+The+Cold+War+Alliance+of+Ronald+Reagan+and+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2005-04-07&rft.au=Mark+Riebling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticle.nationalreview.com%2Fprint%2F%3Fq%3DNGE5MTJhYWMzODI0NTZiMWFhZmEzYmQwZmZlYmIyZmM%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/04/catholicism.religion13?INTCMP=SRCH">"The first world leader"</a>. The Guardian. 4 April 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+first+world+leader&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Fapr%2F04%2Fcatholicism.religion13%3FINTCMP%3DSRCH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Associated_Press-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Associated_Press_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040404041319/http://www.cjonline.com/stories/101303/pag_pope.shtml">"Poles worried, proud of Pope John Paul II 10/13/03"</a>. The Topeka Capital-Journal. Associated Press. 3 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjonline.com/stories/101303/pag_pope.shtml">the original</a> on 4 April 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Topeka+Capital-Journal&rft.atitle=Poles+worried%2C+proud+of+Pope+John+Paul+II+10%2F13%2F03&rft.date=2012-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjonline.com%2Fstories%2F101303%2Fpag_pope.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatican1-207"><a href="#cite_ref-vatican1_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2004/june/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20040604_president-usa_en.html">"Address of Pope John Paul II to the Honorable George W. Bush President of the United States of America"</a>. Vatican.va. 4 June 2004. Retrieved 19 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+of+Pope+John+Paul+II+to+the+Honorable+George+W.+Bush+President+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=2004-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fspeeches%2F2004%2Fjune%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_spe_20040604_president-usa_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadafreepress.com/2006/axis101306.htm">"Polish secret services played key part in criminal plot to kill John Paul II"</a>. Canada Free Press. 13 October 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Polish+secret+services+played+key+part+in+criminal+plot+to+kill+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2006-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadafreepress.com%2F2006%2Faxis101306.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbd-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sbd_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbd_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/historia/aktualnosci/artykuly/439582,prowokacja-sluzby-bezpieczenstwa-plotki-o-dziecku-papieza.html">"Nieślubne dziecko Jana Pawła II. Kulisy esbeckiej prowokacji"</a> [Illegitimate Child of John Paul II. A behind-the-scenes SB provocation]. <a href="/wiki/Dziennik" class="mw-redirect" title="Dziennik">Dziennik</a> (in Polish). 4 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dziennik&rft.atitle=Nie%C5%9Blubne+dziecko+Jana+Paw%C5%82a+II.+Kulisy+esbeckiej+prowokacji&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.dziennik.pl%2Fhistoria%2Faktualnosci%2Fartykuly%2F439582%2Cprowokacja-sluzby-bezpieczenstwa-plotki-o-dziecku-papieza.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pace_preventiva-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Pace_preventiva_210-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a>. La Pace Preventiva. <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>: San Paolo 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-Teoctist-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teoctist_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teoctist_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teoctist_211-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunwasser2007" class="citation news cs1">Brunwasser, Matthew (2 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/obituaries/02teoctist.html">"Patriarch Teoctist, 92, Romanian Who Held Out Hand to John Paul II, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Patriarch+Teoctist%2C+92%2C+Romanian+Who+Held+Out+Hand+to+John+Paul+II%2C+Dies&rft.date=2007-08-02&rft.aulast=Brunwasser&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F02%2Fobituaries%2F02teoctist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukraine-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine_212-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine_212-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine_212-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209180453/http://irs.ucu.edu.ua/en/projects/visit-of-pope-john-paul-ii/">"Visit of Pope John Paul II to Ukraine"</a>. Lviv: The Institute of Religion and Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irs.ucu.edu.ua/en/projects/visit-of-pope-john-paul-ii/">the original</a> on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+of+Pope+John+Paul+II+to+Ukraine&rft.place=Lviv&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Religion+and+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firs.ucu.edu.ua%2Fen%2Fprojects%2Fvisit-of-pope-john-paul-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macedonian-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macedonian_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macedonian_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macedonian_213-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macedonian_213-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macedonian_213-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macedonian_213-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macedonian_213-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/news/greek/mpa/2001/01-05-04_1.mpa.html">"Macedonian Press Agency: News in English, 2001-05-04b"</a>. The Macedonian Press Agency (Hellenic Resources Network). 4 May 2001. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Macedonian+Press+Agency%3A+News+in+English%2C+2001-05-04b&rft.date=2001-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.org%2Fnews%2Fgreek%2Fmpa%2F2001%2F01-05-04_1.mpa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Associated-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Associated_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanopoulos2008" class="citation news cs1">Stephanopoulos, Nikki (28 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723225212/https://www.directionstoorthodoxy.org/n/archbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html">"Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directionstoorthodoxy.org/n/archbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Archbishop+Christodoulos+of+Athens&rft.date=2008-01-28&rft.aulast=Stephanopoulos&rft.aufirst=Nikki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirectionstoorthodoxy.org%2Fn%2Farchbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-distance-between-the-first-and-third-rome?barrier=accesspaylog">"The Distance Between the First and Third Rome"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Syndicate" title="Project Syndicate">Project Syndicate</a>. 12 January 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Project+Syndicate&rft.atitle=The+Distance+Between+the+First+and+Third+Rome&rft.date=2001-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.project-syndicate.org%2Fcommentary%2Fthe-distance-between-the-first-and-third-rome%3Fbarrier%3Daccesspaylog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-24-me-30550-story.html">"Pope to Make First Visit to Armenia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Associated Press. 24 April 1999. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+to+Make+First+Visit+to+Armenia&rft.date=1999-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-apr-24-me-30550-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atour.com/~aahgn/news/20001111b.html">"Pope John Paul II Recognises Armenian Genocide"</a>. Atour.com. 10 November 2000. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+Recognises+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Atour.com&rft.date=2000-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atour.com%2F~aahgn%2Fnews%2F20001111b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> George Weigel, The End and the Beginning: Pope John Paul II – The Victory of Freedom, the Last Years, the Legacy, p. 283, Doubleday Religion (2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52480-3">978-0-385-52480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Travels_–_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_1980_–_John_Paul_II_–_The_Holy_Father_–_The_Holy_See-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Travels_–_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_1980_–_John_Paul_II_–_The_Holy_Father_–_The_Holy_See_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505133555/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1980/trav_germania_en.htm">"Travels—Federal Republic of Germany 1980—John Paul II"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1980/trav_germania_en.htm">the original</a> on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travels%E2%80%94Federal+Republic+of+Germany+1980%E2%80%94John+Paul+II&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Ftravels%2Fsub_index1980%2Ftrav_germania_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ökumenisches_Treffen_mit_der_evangelisch-lutherischen_Gemeinde_von_Rom-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Ökumenisches_Treffen_mit_der_evangelisch-lutherischen_Gemeinde_von_Rom_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729082347/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1983/december/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19831211_incontro-ecumenico_ge.html">"Ökumenisches Treffen mit der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Gemeinde von Rom"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1983/december/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19831211_incontro-ecumenico_ge.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%96kumenisches+Treffen+mit+der+Evangelisch-Lutherischen+Gemeinde+von+Rom&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fspeeches%2F1983%2Fdecember%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_spe_19831211_incontro-ecumenico_ge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatican-221"><a href="#cite_ref-vatican_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110207174740/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1989/trav_nord-europa_en.htm">"Apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden (June 1–10, 1989)"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1989/trav_nord-europa_en.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+pilgrimage+to+Norway%2C+Iceland%2C+Finland%2C+Denmark+and+Sweden+%28June+1%E2%80%9310%2C+1989%29&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Ftravels%2Fsub_index1989%2Ftrav_nord-europa_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2005" class="citation news cs1">Kirby, Alex (8 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4423095.stm">"John Paul II and the Anglicans"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=John+Paul+II+and+the+Anglicans&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F4423095.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atonement-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Atonement_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226025813/http://www.atonementonline.com/intro.php">"An Introduction to the Parish Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church"</a>. Our Lady of the Atonement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atonementonline.com/intro.php">the original</a> on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Parish+Our+Lady+of+the+Atonement+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Our+Lady+of+the+Atonement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atonementonline.com%2Fintro.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassidy-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy1998" class="citation web cs1">Cassidy, Cardinal Edward Idris (16 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226023853/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_16031998_shoah_en.html">"We Remember: 'A Reflection on The Shoah'"</a>. Vatican archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_16031998_shoah_en.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Remember%3A+%27A+Reflection+on+The+Shoah%27&rft.pub=Vatican+archives&rft.date=1998-03-16&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Cardinal+Edward+Idris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fdocuments%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_16031998_shoah_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIJAC-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIJAC_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIJAC_225-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIJAC_225-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIJAC_225-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aijac.org.au/?id=articles&_action=showArticleDetails&articleID=526">"AIJAC expresses sorrow at Pope's passing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australia/Israel_%26_Jewish_Affairs_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council">Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council</a>. 4 April 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIJAC+expresses+sorrow+at+Pope%27s+passing&rft.pub=Australia%2FIsrael+%26+Jewish+Affairs+Council&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aijac.org.au%2F%3Fid%3Darticles%26_action%3DshowArticleDetails%26articleID%3D526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www-226"><a href="#cite_ref-www_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708235855/http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm">"Address at the Great Synagogue of Rome"</a>. Boston College. 13 April 1986. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm">the original</a> on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+at+the+Great+Synagogue+of+Rome&rft.pub=Boston+College&rft.date=1986-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bc.edu%2Fresearch%2Fcjl%2Fmeta-elements%2Ftexts%2Fcjrelations%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Fcatholic%2Fjohnpaulii%2Fromesynagogue.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoah_Speech-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoah_Speech_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1994/april/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19940407_shoah_en.html">"Address of His Holiness John Paul II to a Group of Jewish Leaders and Persons Responsible for the Organization of the Concert in Commemoration of the Shoah"</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+of+His+Holiness+John+Paul+II+to+a+Group+of+Jewish+Leaders+and+Persons+Responsible+for+the+Organization+of+the+Concert+in+Commemoration+of+the+Shoah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fspeeches%2F1994%2Fapril%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_spe_19940407_shoah_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timeline-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028195940/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html">"Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html#1994">the original</a> on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Events+in+the+Pontificate+of+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsantopadre_biografie%2Fgiovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html%231994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online_News-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Online_News_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706000218/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html">"Online News Hour—A Papal Apology"</a>. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Online+News+Hour%E2%80%94A+Papal+Apology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Freligion%2Fjan-june00%2Fapology_3-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTWF-230"><a href="#cite_ref-PTWF_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408114431/http://www.pavethewayfoundation.org/Projects/MissionToVatican/PhotoPage2.htm">"Largest Gathering of Jewish Leaders to Ever Meet With a Sitting Pope"</a>. PTWF. 2004–2009 <a href="/wiki/Pave_the_Way_Foundation" title="Pave the Way Foundation">Pave the Way Foundation</a>, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pavethewayfoundation.org/Projects/MissionToVatican/PhotoPage2.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PTWF&rft.atitle=Largest+Gathering+of+Jewish+Leaders+to+Ever+Meet+With+a+Sitting+Pope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pavethewayfoundation.org%2FProjects%2FMissionToVatican%2FPhotoPage2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADL2-231"><a href="#cite_ref-ADL2_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2005" class="citation web cs1">Jacobson, Kenneth (2 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119052309/http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/int_johnpaul_remembered.htm">"Pope John Paul II: 'An Appreciation: A Visionary Remembered'"</a>. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/int_johnpaul_remembered.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%3A+%27An+Appreciation%3A+A+Visionary+Remembered%27&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.date=2005-04-02&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fmain_Interfaith%2Fint_johnpaul_remembered.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quotes-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Quotes_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/p/pope_john_paul_ii.html">"Pope John Paul II Quotes"</a>. brainymedia.com. 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+Quotes&rft.pub=brainymedia.com&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brainyquote.com%2Fquotes%2Fauthors%2Fp%2Fpope_john_paul_ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109084810/http://www.fakt.pl/zydzi-szanowali-JPII-bardziej-niz-rabinow%2Cartykuly%2C101875%2C1.html">"Żydzi szanowali JPII bardziej niż rabinów"</a> [Jews respect John Paul II more than the rabbis] (in Polish). Fakt. 21 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fakt.pl/zydzi-szanowali-JPII-bardziej-niz-rabinow,artykuly,101875,1.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C5%BBydzi+szanowali+JPII+bardziej+ni%C5%BC+rabin%C3%B3w&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fakt.pl%2Fzydzi-szanowali-JPII-bardziej-niz-rabinow%2Cartykuly%2C101875%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005133557/http://swiat.newsweek.pl/zydzi--wyrazili-radosc--z-powodu-beatyfikacji-jana-pawla-ii,76146,1,1.html">"Żydzi 'wyrazili radość' z powodu beatyfikacji Jana Pawła II"</a> [Jews "expressed joy" because of the beatification of John Paul II] (in Polish). Fakt. 5 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swiat.newsweek.pl/zydzi--wyrazili-radosc--z-powodu-beatyfikacji-jana-pawla-ii,76146,1,1.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C5%BBydzi+%27wyrazili+rado%C5%9B%C4%87%27+z+powodu+beatyfikacji+Jana+Paw%C5%82a+II&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswiat.newsweek.pl%2Fzydzi--wyrazili-radosc--z-powodu-beatyfikacji-jana-pawla-ii%2C76146%2C1%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> John Paul II. Crossing the Threshold of Hope, p. 82, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76457-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76457-7">978-0-307-76457-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/10/world/pope-visits-palace-in-togo-then-a-woman-s-mud-hut.html">Pope Visits Palace in Togo, Then a Woman's Mud Hut</a> The New York Times, 10 August 1985 </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303202401/http://theooni.org/soko.htm">"His Imperial Majesty, Alayeluwa Oba Okunade Sijuwade, Olubuse ll- The Ooni of Ife"</a>. Theooni.org. 20 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theooni.org/soko.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=His+Imperial+Majesty%2C+Alayeluwa+Oba+Okunade+Sijuwade%2C+Olubuse+ll-+The+Ooni+of+Ife&rft.pub=Theooni.org&rft.date=2008-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheooni.org%2Fsoko.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalai-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Dalai_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/index.php?art=2937&l=en">"Dalai Lama mourns Pope John Paul II, "A True Spiritual Practitioner""</a>. AsiaNews. 4 March 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+mourns+Pope+John+Paul+II%2C+%22A+True+Spiritual+Practitioner%22&rft.date=2005-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Findex.php%3Fart%3D2937%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lama-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Lama_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2003" class="citation news cs1">Simpson, Victor L. (27 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014070701/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=15239&sec=52&cont=5">"Pope John Paul II Meets With Dalai Lama"</a>. WorldWide Religious News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=15239&sec=52&cont=5">the original</a> on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+Meets+With+Dalai+Lama&rft.date=2003-11-27&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Victor+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwrn.org%2Farticle.php%3Fidd%3D15239%26sec%3D52%26cont%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Levi, Mons. Virgilio and Christine Allison. John Paul II: A Tribute in Words and Pictures, p. 165, William Morrow, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-16621-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-16621-2">978-0-688-16621-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Béthune2022" class="citation journal cs1">de Béthune, Pierre-François (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dimmid.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={2184B240-66D1-41C6-B233-21976A735E16}&DE=">"Bethune Experience of Hospitality"</a>. Dilatato Corde. XII (2 July - December). DIMMID. Retrieved 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dilatato+Corde&rft.atitle=Bethune+Experience+of+Hospitality&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=2+July+-+December&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=de+B%C3%A9thune&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdimmid.org%2Findex.asp%3FType%3DB_BASIC%26SEC%3D%7B2184B240-66D1-41C6-B233-21976A735E16%7D%26DE%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1987/september/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19870909_religiosi-zen.html">"To the participants in the "East-West Spiritual Exchanges" (September 9, 1987) | John Paul II"</a>. www.vatican.va. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=To+the+participants+in+the+%22East-West+Spiritual+Exchanges%22+%28September+9%2C+1987%29+%7C+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fspeeches%2F1987%2Fseptember%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_spe_19870909_religiosi-zen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunett,_Mons._Alex" class="citation web cs1">Brunett, Mons. Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416054156/http://old.usccb.org/comm/archives/1997/97-071a.shtml">"Text of Bishop Brunett's Greetings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> Office of Media Relations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.usccb.org/comm/archives/1997/97-071a.shtml">the original</a> on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+Bishop+Brunett%27s+Greetings&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops+Office+of+Media+Relations&rft.au=Brunett%2C+Mons.+Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.usccb.org%2Fcomm%2Farchives%2F1997%2F97-071a.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossing_the_Threshold_of_Hope-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Crossing_the_Threshold_of_Hope_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1994" class="citation book cs1">Pope John Paul II (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679765615">Crossing the Threshold of Hope</a>. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679765615/page/93">93</a>–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76561-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76561-5"><bdi>978-0-679-76561-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Threshold+of+Hope&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf%2C+Inc&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-679-76561-5&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780679765615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2019" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Taylor (2019). Infiltration: The Plot To Destroy The Church. Sophia Institute Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-622828-470" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-622828-470"><bdi>978-1-622828-470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infiltration%3A+The+Plot+To+Destroy+The+Church&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Sophia+Institute+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-622828-470&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.katholisch.de/artikel/53269-theologian-john-paul-ii-wanted-to-show-respect-by-kissing-the-koran">"Theologian: John Paul II wanted to show respect by kissing the Koran"</a>. english.katholisch.de (in German). Retrieved 29 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.katholisch.de&rft.atitle=Theologian%3A+John+Paul+II+wanted+to+show+respect+by+kissing+the+Koran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.katholisch.de%2Fartikel%2F53269-theologian-john-paul-ii-wanted-to-show-respect-by-kissing-the-koran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WQED-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WQED_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WQED_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090308093721/http://www.wqed.org/press/papal_concert.shtml">"WQED/PBS Present 'A Celebration of Faiths: the Papal Concert of Reconciliaton' A 90 Minute Television Special"</a> (Press release). WQED. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wqed.org/press/papal_concert.shtml">the original</a> on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WQED%2FPBS+Present+%27A+Celebration+of+Faiths%3A+the+Papal+Concert+of+Reconciliaton%27+A+90+Minute+Television+Special&rft.pub=WQED&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wqed.org%2Fpress%2Fpapal_concert.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concert-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concert_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concert_248-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3255607.stm">"Orchestra to make Vatican History"</a>. BBC News. 9 November 2003. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Orchestra+to+make+Vatican+History&rft.date=2003-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F3255607.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philharmonic-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philharmonic_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philharmonic_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120125830/http://www.lpc.org.uk/tour_200401_rome.html">"Papal Concert of Reconciliation"</a>. London Philharmonic Choir. 11 January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpc.org.uk/tour_200401_rome.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Papal+Concert+of+Reconciliation&rft.pub=London+Philharmonic+Choir&rft.date=2005-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpc.org.uk%2Ftour_200401_rome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazette-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gazette_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazette_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitzAndrew_Druckenbrod2003" class="citation news cs1">Pitz, Marylynne; Andrew Druckenbrod (8 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/20031108pope1108p1.asp">"Pittsburgh Symphony to Perform for Pope"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Pittsburgh+Symphony+to+Perform+for+Pope&rft.date=2003-11-08&rft.aulast=Pitz&rft.aufirst=Marylynne&rft.au=Andrew+Druckenbrod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fae%2F20031108pope1108p1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catechism-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Catechism_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407052252/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church"</a>. Vatican archives. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM#-149">the original</a> on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+archives&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P29.HTM%23-149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213182603/http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=%2F1995%2F04%2F20%2Fpope-impresses-jain-team-with-personal-warmth-encourages-more-dialogue&post_id=47157">"Pope Impresses Jain Team with Personal Warmth, Encourages More Dialogue"</a>. Ucanews.com. 20 April 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1995/04/20/pope-impresses-jain-team-with-personal-warmth-encourages-more-dialogue&post_id=47157">the original</a> on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Impresses+Jain+Team+with+Personal+Warmth%2C+Encourages+More+Dialogue&rft.pub=Ucanews.com&rft.date=1995-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fstory-archive%2F%3Fpost_name%3D%2F1995%2F04%2F20%2Fpope-impresses-jain-team-with-personal-warmth-encourages-more-dialogue%26post_id%3D47157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Pope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt/12311754163167-6/">"1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination (sic) Attempt"</a>. United Press International (UPI). 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1981+Year+in+Review%3A+Pope+John+Paul+II+Assassination+%28sic%29+Attempt&rft.date=1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1981%2FPope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt%2F12311754163167-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziwisz2001-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDziwisz2001_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDziwisz2001_254-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDziwisz2001_254-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDziwisz2001">Dziwisz 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-SanFrancisco-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SanFrancisco_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanFrancisco_255-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanFrancisco_255-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2001" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Martin A. (14 May 2001). "The 1981 Assassination Attempt of Pope John Paul II, The Grey Wolves, and Turkish & U.S. Government Intelligence Agencies". San Francisco Bay Guardian. pp. 23, 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+1981+Assassination+Attempt+of+Pope+John+Paul+II%2C+The+Grey+Wolves%2C+and+Turkish+%26+U.S.+Government+Intelligence+Agencies&rft.pages=23%2C+25&rft.date=2001-05-14&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-upi2-256"><a href="#cite_ref-upi2_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Pope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt/12311754163167-6/">"1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination Attempt"</a>. UPI. 20 June 1981. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1981+Year+in+Review%3A+Pope+John+Paul+II+Assassination+Attempt&rft.date=1981-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1981%2FPope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt%2F12311754163167-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETime_Magazine_1982-01-251-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime_Magazine_1982-01-251_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime_Magazine_1982-01-251_257-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTime_Magazine_1982-01-25">Time Magazine 1982-01-25</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-scapolare-258"><a href="#cite_ref-scapolare_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lo Scapolare del Carmelo [The Scapular of Carmel] (in Italian). Shalom. 2005. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8404-081-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8404-081-7"><bdi>978-88-8404-081-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lo+Scapolare+del+Carmelo&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Shalom&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-88-8404-081-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertone2000–2009-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertone2000–2009_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertone2000–2009">Bertone 2000–2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II2005184-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II2005184_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II2005">Pope John Paul II 2005</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Morrow, Lance (19 January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,952295-3,00.html">"Pope John Paul II Forgives His Would-Be Assassin"</a>. Time. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+Forgives+His+Would-Be+Assassin&rft.date=1984-01-19&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C952295-3%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ItalianPanel-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ItalianPanel_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ItalianPanel_262-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ItalianPanel_262-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ItalianPanel_262-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ItalianPanel_262-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1512012/Soviets-had-Pope-shot-for-backing-Solidarity.html">"Soviets 'had Pope shot for backing Solidarity'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. 3 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1512012/Soviets-had-Pope-shot-for-backing-Solidarity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Soviets+%27had+Pope+shot+for+backing+Solidarity%27&rft.date=2006-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fitaly%2F1512012%2FSoviets-had-Pope-shot-for-backing-Solidarity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Retire2-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Retire2_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6288165.stm">"Late Pope 'Thought of Retiring'"</a>. BBC News. 22 January 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Late+Pope+%27Thought+of+Retiring%27&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6288165.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas2000-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2000_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Thomas2000" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Thomas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1ylPwAACAAJ">Gideon's Spies—Mossad's Secret Warriors</a>. Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-37537-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-37537-5"><bdi>978-0-330-37537-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gideon%27s+Spies%E2%80%94Mossad%27s+Secret+Warriors&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-330-37537-5&rft.au=Gordon+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1ylPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krohn-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krohn_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krohn_265-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krohn_265-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7673443.stm">"Pope John Paul 'Wounded' in 1982"</a>. BBC News. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+%27Wounded%27+in+1982&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F7673443.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC2-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2_266-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2_266-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/pope-john-paul-injured-in-1982-knife-attack-says-aide-1.694776">""Pope John Paul Injured in 1982 Knife Attack", says Aide"</a>. CBC News. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Pope+John+Paul+Injured+in+1982+Knife+Attack%22%2C+says+Aide&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpope-john-paul-injured-in-1982-knife-attack-says-aide-1.694776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters3-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters3_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters3_267-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters3_267-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSTRE49E5RM20081015">"John Paul was Wounded in 1982 Stabbing, Aide Reveals"</a>. Reuters. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=John+Paul+was+Wounded+in+1982+Stabbing%2C+Aide+Reveals&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpeopleNews%2FidUSTRE49E5RM20081015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite199595-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite199595_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite199595_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite199595_268-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHebblethwaite1995">Hebblethwaite 1995</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-ThePlot-269"><a href="#cite_ref-ThePlot_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2002" class="citation news cs1">McDermott, Terry (1 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030412091134/http://www.latimes.com/news/specials/911/la-na-plot-1sep01.story">"The Plot"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/specials/911/la-na-plot-1sep01.story">the original</a> on 12 April 2003. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Plot&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fspecials%2F911%2Fla-na-plot-1sep01.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koehler2011-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Koehler2011_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_O._Koehler2011" class="citation book cs1">John O. Koehler (14 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzlpRQAACAAJ">Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church</a>. Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60598-140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60598-140-6"><bdi>978-1-60598-140-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spies+in+the+Vatican%3A+The+Soviet+Union%27s+Cold+War+Against+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2011-02-14&rft.isbn=978-1-60598-140-6&rft.au=John+O.+Koehler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzlpRQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Publishers Weekly, review of 'Spies in the Vatican', 11 May 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II20051-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope_John_Paul_II20051_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II2005">Pope John Paul II 2005</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroll,_Rory2000" class="citation news cs1">Caroll, Rory (13 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/13/catholicism.religion">"Pope says sorry for sins of church"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pope+says+sorry+for+sins+of+church&rft.date=2000-03-13&rft.au=Caroll%2C+Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2000%2Fmar%2F13%2Fcatholicism.religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_1-274"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_1_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News" class="citation news cs1">BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/pope/johnpaulii_1.shtml">"Pope issues apology"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+issues+apology&rft.au=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fpope%2Fjohnpaulii_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_2-275"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News2000" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (12 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/674246.stm">"Pope apologises for Church sins"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+apologises+for+Church+sins&rft.date=2000-03-12&rft.au=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F674246.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ontario-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Ontario_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_B._A.2000" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, B. A. (7 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114082949/http://www.religioustolerance.org/popeapo2.htm">"Apologies by Pope John Paul II"</a>. Ontario Consultants. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/popeapo2.htm">the original</a> on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Apologies+by+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2000-03-07&rft.au=Robinson%2C+B.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fpopeapo2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MsnbcNews2-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MsnbcNews2_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MsnbcNews2_277-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MsnbcNews2_277-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MsnbcNews2_277-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MsnbcNews2_277-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MsnbcNews2_277-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MsnbcNews2_277-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MsnbcNews2_277-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeke2006" class="citation news cs1">Weeke, Stephen (31 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12083308">"Perhaps 'Saint John Paul the Great?'"</a>. NBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Perhaps+%27Saint+John+Paul+the+Great%3F%27&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft.aulast=Weeke&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna12083308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adherents-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Adherents_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629080248/http://www.adherents.com/people/pg/Galileo_Galilei.html">"The Religion of Galileo Galilei, Astronomer and Scientist"</a>. Adherents. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Galileo+Galilei%2C+Astronomer+and+Scientist&rft.pub=Adherents&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2Fpeople%2Fpg%2FGalileo_Galilei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-PopeApologises-279"><a href="#cite_ref-PopeApologises_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1671540.stm">"Pope sends first e-mail apology"</a>. BBC News. 23 November 2001. Retrieved 30 January 2012. <q>from a laptop in the Vatican's frescoed Clementine Hall the 81-year-old pontiff transmitted the message, his first 'virtual' apology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+sends+first+e-mail+apology&rft.date=2001-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1671540.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratti-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Ratti_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE">"Cardinal Ratti New Pope as Pius XI"</a>. The New York Times. 7 February 1922. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Ratti+New+Pope+as+Pius+XI&rft.date=1922-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratti2-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Ratti2_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/02/07/98979971.pdf">"Cardinal Ratti New Pope as Pius XI, Full Article"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. 7 February 1922. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Ratti+New+Pope+as+Pius+XI%2C+Full+Article&rft.date=1922-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1922%2F02%2F07%2F98979971.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkinsons2001-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Parkinsons2001_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1944464.stm">"Profile: Pope John Paul II"</a>. BBC News. February 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1944464.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4228059.stm">"Europe | Pope John Paul rushed to hospital"</a>. BBC News. 2 February 2005. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe+%26%23124%3B+Pope+John+Paul+rushed+to+hospital&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F4228059.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/3198/pope-john-paul-resting;-breathing-on-own-following-tracheotomy">"Pope John Paul resting; breathing on own following tracheotomy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. 25 February 2005. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+resting%3B+breathing+on+own+following+tracheotomy&rft.date=2005-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F3198%2Fpope-john-paul-resting%3B-breathing-on-own-following-tracheotomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_2005-04-01-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_2005-04-01_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_2005-04-01_285-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBC_2005-04-01">BBC 2005-04-01</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein/Politi-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein/Politi_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein/Politi_286-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein/Politi_286-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/15/did-pope-john-paul-ii-have-a-secret-lover.html">Did Pope John Paul II Have a Secret Lover?</a> by Barbi Latzu Nadeau, 15 February 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-LastWords-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LastWords_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LastWords_287-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=39699">"Final Days, Last Words of Pope John Paul II"</a>. Catholic World News (CWN). 20 September 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Final+Days%2C+Last+Words+of+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2005-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Findex.cfm%3Frecnum%3D39699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCLastWords-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCLastWords_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCLastWords_288-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4257994.stm">"John Paul's Last Words Revealed"</a>. BBC News. 18 April 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=John+Paul%27s+Last+Words+Revealed&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F4257994.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pisa-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Pisa_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPisa2006" class="citation news cs1">Pisa, Nick (18 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1513421/Vatican-hid-Popes-Parkinsons-disease-diagnosis-for-12-years.html">"Vatican hid Pope's Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis for 12 Years"</a>. Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1513421/Vatican-hid-Popes-Parkinsons-disease-diagnosis-for-12-years.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Vatican+hid+Pope%27s+Parkinson%27s+Disease+Diagnosis+for+12+Years&rft.date=2006-03-18&rft.aulast=Pisa&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fitaly%2F1513421%2FVatican-hid-Popes-Parkinsons-disease-diagnosis-for-12-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro-Valls_2_April_2005-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavarro-Valls_2_April_2005_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNavarro-Valls_2_April_2005">Navarro-Valls 2 April 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (19 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/19/world/europe/vatican-releases-official-record-of-pope-john-paul-iis-final.html">"Vatican Releases Official Record of Pope John Paul II's Final Days"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 29 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vatican+Releases+Official+Record+of+Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+Final+Days&rft.date=2005-09-19&rft.au=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F19%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fvatican-releases-official-record-of-pope-john-paul-iis-final.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStourton2006320-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStourton2006320_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStourton2006">Stourton 2006</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4610607.stm">"Pope aide 'has not burned papers'"</a>. BBC News. 5 June 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+aide+%27has+not+burned+papers%27&rft.date=2005-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4610607.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Last_Will-294"><a href="#cite_ref-Last_Will_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184838/http://www.zenit.org/article-12691?l=english">"ZENIT: John Paul II's Last Will and Testament"</a>. Innovative Media, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/article-12691?l=english">the original</a> on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZENIT%3A+John+Paul+II%27s+Last+Will+and+Testament&rft.pub=Innovative+Media%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Farticle-12691%3Fl%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_295-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613162604/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/08/pope.funeral/index.html">"Pope John Paul II Buried in Vatican Crypt; Millions around the World Watch Funeral"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/08/pope.funeral/index.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+Buried+in+Vatican+Crypt%3B+Millions+around+the+World+Watch+Funeral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2005%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F04%2F08%2Fpope.funeral%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_296-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201121502/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html">"The Independent:"Millions Mourn Pope at History's Largest Ever Funeral""</a>. London. 8 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Independent%3A%22Millions+Mourn+Pope+at+History%27s+Largest+Ever+Funeral%22&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmillions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCMiracle-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCMiracle_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCMiracle_297-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCMiracle_297-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2005" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Stephanie (9 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4428149.stm">"City of Rome Celebrates 'Miracle'"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=City+of+Rome+Celebrates+%27Miracle%27&rft.date=2005-04-09&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F4428149.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beltway-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Beltway_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/pope_john_paul_ii_funeral/">"Pope John Paul II Funeral"</a>. Outside the Beltway. 8 April 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+Funeral&rft.pub=Outside+the+Beltway&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outsidethebeltway.com%2Farchives%2Fpope_john_paul_ii_funeral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/History/PapalVisit/Pages/Greetings_Pope_Benedict_XVI_religious_leaders_Galilee_14-May-2009.aspx">Greetings by Pope Benedict XVI to religious leaders in the Galilee</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arlington-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arlington_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arlington_300-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arlington_300-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2005" class="citation web cs1">Saunders, Fr. William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209152018/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0795.html">"John Paul the Great"</a>. Catholic Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0795.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=John+Paul+the+Great&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Fr.+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Farticles%2Freligion%2Fre0795.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OReilly-David-301"><a href="#cite_ref-OReilly-David_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2005" class="citation news cs1">O'Reilly, David (4 April 2005). "Papal Legacy: Will History use the name John Paul the Great?". Detroit Free Press. Knight Ridder Newspapers. <q>Pope John Paul the Great was a name suggested by many for Karol Józef Wojtyła. Through all its long history, the Catholic Church has conferred the posthumous title of "Great" on just two popes: Leo I and Gregory I, both of whom reigned in the first thousand years of Christianity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Papal+Legacy%3A+Will+History+use+the+name+John+Paul+the+Great%3F&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-Brian-302"><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-Brian_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2005" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Brian (5 April 2005). "Faithful hold key to 'the Great' honour for John Paul". Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Faithful+hold+key+to+%27the+Great%27+honour+for+John+Paul&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FirstSpeech-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FirstSpeech_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4462443.stm">"Text: Benedict XVI's first speech"</a>. BBC News. 19 April 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009. <q>Dear brothers and sisters, after the great Pope John Paul II, the cardinals have elected me, a simple and humble worker in the Lord's vineyard. The fact that the Lord can work and act even with insufficient means consoles me, and above all I entrust myself to your prayers. In the joy of the resurrected Lord, we go on with his help. He is going to help us and Mary will be on our side. Thank you.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Text%3A+Benedict+XVI%27s+first+speech&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F4462443.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homily-304"><a href="#cite_ref-Homily_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225040959/https://www.vatican.va/gpII/documents/sodano-suffragio-jp-ii_20050403_en.html">"Eucharistic Concelebration for the Repose of the Soul of Pope John Paul II: Homily of Card. Angelo Sodano"</a>. The Holy See. 3 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/gpII/documents/sodano-suffragio-jp-ii_20050403_en.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eucharistic+Concelebration+for+the+Repose+of+the+Soul+of+Pope+John+Paul+II%3A+Homily+of+Card.+Angelo+Sodano&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.date=2005-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2FgpII%2Fdocuments%2Fsodano-suffragio-jp-ii_20050403_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern-305"><a href="#cite_ref-Southern_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scross.co.za/?s=John+Paul+the+Great">"The Southern Cross: John Paul the Great"</a>. The Southern Cross 2008 by Posmay Media. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Cross%3A+John+Paul+the+Great&rft.pub=The+Southern+Cross+2008+by+Posmay+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scross.co.za%2F%3Fs%3DJohn%2BPaul%2Bthe%2BGreat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noonan-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Noonan_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoonan2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Noonan" title="Peggy Noonan">Noonan, Peggy</a> (2 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/pnoonan/?id=110002074">"John Paul the Great: What the 12 Million Know—and I Found Out Too"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=John+Paul+the+Great%3A+What+the+12+Million+Know%E2%80%94and+I+Found+Out+Too&rft.date=2002-08-02&rft.aulast=Noonan&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opinionjournal.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fpnoonan%2F%3Fid%3D110002074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noonan2-307"><a href="#cite_ref-Noonan2_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoonan2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Noonan" title="Peggy Noonan">Noonan, Peggy</a> (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnpaulgreatrem00noon">John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father</a>. Penguin Group (USA). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03748-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03748-3"><bdi>978-0-670-03748-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Paul+the+Great%3A+Remembering+a+Spiritual+Father&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28USA%29&rft.date=2005-11&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03748-3&rft.aulast=Noonan&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnpaulgreatrem00noon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Susan Crimp, "The Last Wish of Pope John Paul II: The Life and Messages of Saint Faustina", p92 </li> <li id="cite_note-Poland2006-309"><a href="#cite_ref-Poland2006_309-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/may/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060525_poland-clergy_en.html">"Pastoral Visit by Pope Benedict XVI to Poland 2006: Address by the Holy Father"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 25 May 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pastoral+Visit+by+Pope+Benedict+XVI+to+Poland+2006%3A+Address+by+the+Holy+Father&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fspeeches%2F2006%2Fmay%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_spe_20060525_poland-clergy_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925163640/http://kwc.edu.pe/">"KWC Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kwc.edu.pe/">the original</a> on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KWC+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkwc.edu.pe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popejp2hs.org/">"JPII Home"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPII+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popejp2hs.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812142417/https://unijuanpablo.edu.pe/2019/09/23/celebracion-dia-de-la-enfermera/">"UPJPII Celebración día de la enfermera"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unijuanpablo.edu.pe/2019/09/23/celebracion-dia-de-la-enfermera/">the original</a> on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPJPII+Celebraci%C3%B3n+d%C3%ADa+de+la+enfermera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funijuanpablo.edu.pe%2F2019%2F09%2F23%2Fcelebracion-dia-de-la-enfermera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtma_Jaya_Catholic_University_of_Indonesia" class="citation web cs1">Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520184627/https://m.atmajaya.ac.id/web/Info.aspx?gid=info-atma-jaya&cid=peta-denah-kampus-semanggi">"Campus Map"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.atmajaya.ac.id/web/Info.aspx?gid=info-atma-jaya&cid=peta-denah-kampus-semanggi">the original</a> on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campus+Map&rft.au=Atma+Jaya+Catholic+University+of+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.atmajaya.ac.id%2Fweb%2FInfo.aspx%3Fgid%3Dinfo-atma-jaya%26cid%3Dpeta-denah-kampus-semanggi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728073013/https://www.dcpriest.org/welcome-to-saint-john-paul-ii-seminary">"Welcome to St. John Paul II Seminary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dcpriest.org/welcome-to-saint-john-paul-ii-seminary">the original</a> on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+St.+John+Paul+II+Seminary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcpriest.org%2Fwelcome-to-saint-john-paul-ii-seminary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413221545/https://pjpsawka.org/">"Pope John Paul Major Seminary"</a>. pjpsawka.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pjpsawka.org/">the original</a> on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pjpsawka.org&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+Major+Seminary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpjpsawka.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/vaticancityandholysee/8486488/Pope-John-Paul-II-beatified-in-front-of-audience-of-1.5-million.html">"Pope John Paul II beatified in front 1.5 million"</a>. The Telegraph. 1 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/vaticancityandholysee/8486488/Pope-John-Paul-II-beatified-in-front-of-audience-of-1.5-million.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+beatified+in+front+1.5+million&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fvaticancityandholysee%2F8486488%2FPope-John-Paul-II-beatified-in-front-of-audience-of-1.5-million.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore1-317">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore1_317-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore1_317-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore1_317-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2008" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Malcolm (22 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2009919/Pope-John-Paul-II-on-course-to-become-saint-in-record-time.html">"Pope John Paul II on Course to Become Saint in Record Time"</a>. Daily Telegraph. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2009919/Pope-John-Paul-II-on-course-to-become-saint-in-record-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+on+Course+to+Become+Saint+in+Record+Time&rft.date=2008-05-22&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2009919%2FPope-John-Paul-II-on-course-to-become-saint-in-record-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollingshead-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hollingshead_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollingshead_318-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollingshead_318-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollingshead2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Hollingshead" title="Iain Hollingshead">Hollingshead, Iain</a> (1 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/01/catholicism.religion">"Whatever Happened to … Canonising John Paul II?"</a>. The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Whatever+Happened+to+%E2%80%A6+Canonising+John+Paul+II%3F&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.aulast=Hollingshead&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fapr%2F01%2Fcatholicism.religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooper1-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper1_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper1_319-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper1_319-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper1_319-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper1_319-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2007" class="citation news cs1">Hooper, John (29 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/29/catholicism.religion">"Mystery Nun The Key to Pope John Paul II's Case for Sainthood"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mystery+Nun+The+Key+to+Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+Case+for+Sainthood&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fmar%2F29%2Fcatholicism.religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hope-320"><a href="#cite_ref-Hope_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen" class="citation news cs1">Owen, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601012524/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5927046.ece">"Hopes Raised for Pope John Paul II's Beatification -Times Online"</a>. The Times. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5927046.ece">the original</a> on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Hopes+Raised+for+Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+Beatification+-Times+Online&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Ffaith%2Farticle5927046.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canonisation-321"><a href="#cite_ref-Canonisation_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105024819/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050509_rescritto-gpii_en.html">"Response of His Holiness Benedict XVI for the Examination of the Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God John Paul II"</a>. Vatican News. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 9 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050509_rescritto-gpii_en.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=Response+of+His+Holiness+Benedict+XVI+for+the+Examination+of+the+Beatification+and+Canonization+of+The+Servant+of+God+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2005-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcsaints%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_csaints_doc_20050509_rescritto-gpii_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metro-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metro_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metro_322-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209091254/http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984">"John Paul II on Fast Track for Canonisation—Framingham, Massachusetts—The MetroWest Daily News"</a>. Metrowest Daily News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984">the original</a> on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metrowest+Daily+News&rft.atitle=John+Paul+II+on+Fast+Track+for+Canonisation%E2%80%94Framingham%2C+Massachusetts%E2%80%94The+MetroWest+Daily+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrowestdailynews.com%2Fhomepage%2Fx1864535984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zenit3-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Zenit3_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/john-paul-ii-s-cause-for-beatification-opens">"John Paul II's Cause for Beatification Opens"</a>. ZENIT. 28 June 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II%27s+Cause+for+Beatification+Opens&rft.pub=ZENIT&rft.date=2005-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fjohn-paul-ii-s-cause-for-beatification-opens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholicnewsagency-324"><a href="#cite_ref-catholicnewsagency_324-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/3878/pope-benedict-forgoes-waiting-period-begins-john-paul-ii-beatification-process">"Pope Benedict Forgoes Waiting Period, begins John Paul II Beatification Process"</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a> 13 May 2005 Retrieved 1 May 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vicariato-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vicariato_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vicariato_325-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vicariato_325-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vicariato_325-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vicariato_325-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vicariato_325-5">f</a> <a href="#Vicariato70">Vicariato di Roma</a>:A nun tells her story.... 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-326"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084853/http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm">"Vatican May Have Found Pope John Paul's 'Miracle'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC (Australia)</a>. Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, CNN, BBC World Service. 31 January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vatican+May+Have+Found+Pope+John+Paul%27s+%27Miracle%27&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fnewsitems%2F200601%2Fs1558425.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trinity-327"><a href="#cite_ref-Trinity_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=42131">"Miracle attributed to John Paul II involved Parkinson's disease"</a>. Catholic World News (CWN). 2009 Trinity Communications. 30 January 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+World+News+%28CWN%29&rft.atitle=Miracle+attributed+to+John+Paul+II+involved+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Findex.cfm%3Frecnum%3D42131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miracle-americancatholic-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miracle-americancatholic_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miracle-americancatholic_328-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miracle-americancatholic_328-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407012845/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp">"French nun says life has changed since she was healed thanks to JPII"</a>. Catholic News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp">the original</a> on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=French+nun+says+life+has+changed+since+she+was+healed+thanks+to+JPII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americancatholic.org%2FFeatures%2FJohnPaulII%2FJPIInun.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willan-329"><a href="#cite_ref-Willan_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillan" class="citation news cs1">Willan, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210075702/http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php">"No More Shortcuts on Pope John Paul II's Road to Sainthood"</a>. Sunday Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php">the original</a> on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Herald&rft.atitle=No+More+Shortcuts+on+Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+Road+to+Sainthood&rft.aulast=Willan&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundayherald.com%2Finternational%2Fshinternational%2Fdisplay.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homily-Blonie-Park-330"><a href="#cite_ref-Homily-Blonie-Park_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/28/world/europe/28iht-web.0528pope.html">"900,000 Gather for Mass with Pope Benedict"</a>. International Herald Tribune. 28 May 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=900%2C000+Gather+for+Mass+with+Pope+Benedict&rft.date=2006-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F28iht-web.0528pope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westcott-331">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westcott_331-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westcott_331-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestcott2007" class="citation news cs1">Westcott, Kathryn (2 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6504233.stm">"Vatican Under Pressure in Pope John Paul II Push"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Vatican+Under+Pressure+in+Pope+John+Paul+II+Push&rft.date=2007-04-02&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6504233.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMoore-332"><a href="#cite_ref-MMoore_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2007" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Malcolm (25 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1564061/Clamour-for-free-Pope-John-Paul-II-relics.html">"Clamour for free Pope John Paul II relics"</a>. The Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1564061/Clamour-for-free-Pope-John-Paul-II-relics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Clamour+for+free+Pope+John+Paul+II+relics&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1564061%2FClamour-for-free-Pope-John-Paul-II-relics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cause-333"><a href="#cite_ref-Cause_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216024153/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm">"Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God: John Paul II"</a>. Vicariato di Roma—III Piano Postulazione Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm">the original</a> on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cause+for+Beatification+and+Canonization+of+The+Servant+of+God%3A+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=Vicariato+di+Roma%E2%80%94III+Piano+Postulazione+Piazza+San+Giovanni+in+Laterano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vicariatusurbis.org%2FBeatificazione%2FEnglish%2FHomePage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncregister-334">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncregister_334-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncregister_334-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholic.net/index.php?size=mas&id=2673&option=dedestaca">"Blessed John Paul II?"</a>. ncregister.com. Retrieved 7 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blessed+John+Paul+II%3F&rft.pub=ncregister.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholic.net%2Findex.php%3Fsize%3Dmas%26id%3D2673%26option%3Ddedestaca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_335-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117035241/http://www.archive.catholicherald.co.uk/articles/a0000522.shtml">"Child 'Able to Walk Again' After Praying at Pope's Tomb"</a>. Catholic Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.catholicherald.co.uk/articles/a0000522.shtml">the original</a> on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=Child+%27Able+to+Walk+Again%27+After+Praying+at+Pope%27s+Tomb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.catholicherald.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fa0000522.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miracle-catholicnews-336"><a href="#cite_ref-Miracle-catholicnews_336-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091005064512/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901522.htm">"CNS STORY: For Pope John Paul II, Beatification Process may be on Final Lap"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Service" title="Catholic News Service">Catholic News Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901522.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CNS+STORY%3A+For+Pope+John+Paul+II%2C+Beatification+Process+may+be+on+Final+Lap&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F0901522.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcNews-337">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abcNews_337-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcNews_337-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcNews_337-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091119103108/http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/11/pope-john-paul-iis-sainthood-on-fast-track.html">"Pope John Paul II's Sainthood on Fast Track—The World Newser"</a>. ABC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/11/pope-john-paul-iis-sainthood-on-fast-track.html">the original</a> on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+Sainthood+on+Fast+Track%E2%80%94The+World+Newser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abcnews.com%2Ftheworldnewser%2F2009%2F11%2Fpope-john-paul-iis-sainthood-on-fast-track.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Culture-338">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Culture_338-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Culture_338-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Culture_338-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Culture_338-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=4630">"Beatification Looms Closer for John Paul II"</a>. catholicculture.org. Retrieved 18 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beatification+Looms+Closer+for+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=catholicculture.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fnews%2Fheadlines%2Findex.cfm%3Fstoryid%3D4630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-beatify-339"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-beatify_339-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12191423">"Pope Benedict Paves Way to Beatification of John Paul II"</a>. BBC News. 14 January 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict+Paves+Way+to+Beatification+of+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2011-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-12191423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yahoo-340"><a href="#cite_ref-yahoo_340-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106021948/http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/03/30/gold_coin_marks_beatification_of_john_paul_ii/">"Gold Coin Marks Beatification of John Paul II"</a>. The Boston Globe. 30 March 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791">0743-1791</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/03/30/gold_coin_marks_beatification_of_john_paul_ii/">the original</a> on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Gold+Coin+Marks+Beatification+of+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.issn=0743-1791&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticles%2F2011%2F03%2F30%2Fgold_coin_marks_beatification_of_john_paul_ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pope_John_Paul_II's_body_exhumed_ahead_of_beatification-341"><a href="#cite_ref-Pope_John_Paul_II's_body_exhumed_ahead_of_beatification_341-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-04-29/pope-john-paul-iis-body-exhumed-ahead-beatification-mass">"Pope John Paul II's Body Exhumed ahead of Beatification Mass"</a>. Public Radio International. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+International&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+Body+Exhumed+ahead+of+Beatification+Mass&rft.date=2011-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2011-04-29%2Fpope-john-paul-iis-body-exhumed-ahead-beatification-mass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilley2011" class="citation news cs1">Willey, David (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13254148">"Celebration as John Paul beatified"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Celebration+as+John+Paul+beatified&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.aulast=Willey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-13254148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticancityguide.org/visit-tomb-john-paul/">"Visiting the Tomb of John Paul II in St Peter´s Basilica in the Vatican"</a>. Vatican City Travel Guide. 23 August 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+City+Travel+Guide&rft.atitle=Visiting+the+Tomb+of+John+Paul+II+in+St+Peter%C2%B4s+Basilica+in+the+Vatican&rft.date=2013-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticancityguide.org%2Fvisit-tomb-john-paul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr" class="citation web cs1">Kerr, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/22313/pope-innocent-xis-remains-make-way-for-john-paul-ii">"Pope Innocent XI's remains make way for John Paul II"</a>. Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Pope+Innocent+XI%27s+remains+make+way+for+John+Paul+II&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F22313%2Fpope-innocent-xis-remains-make-way-for-john-paul-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/25303/healing-of-colombian-man-could-pave-way-for-john-paul-ii-canonization">"Healing of Colombian man could pave way for John Paul II canonization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. Retrieved 4 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Healing+of+Colombian+man+could+pave+way+for+John+Paul+II+canonization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F25303%2Fhealing-of-colombian-man-could-pave-way-for-john-paul-ii-canonization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2020/09/24/new-pope-john-paul-ii-sculpture-unveiled-in-warsaw">"New Pope John Paul II sculpture unveiled in Warsaw"</a>. euronews.com. 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews.com&rft.atitle=New+Pope+John+Paul+II+sculpture+unveiled+in+Warsaw&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2020%2F09%2F24%2Fnew-pope-john-paul-ii-sculpture-unveiled-in-warsaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/relic-containing-pope-john-paul-ii-blood-stolen-from-cathedral-in-italy/090f6169-66fc-451e-998a-ce8194a0030d">"Relic holding Pope John Paul II's blood stolen from Italian cathedral"</a>. 9news.com. 25 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=9news.com&rft.atitle=Relic+holding+Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+blood+stolen+from+Italian+cathedral&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.9news.com.au%2Fnational%2Frelic-containing-pope-john-paul-ii-blood-stolen-from-cathedral-in-italy%2F090f6169-66fc-451e-998a-ce8194a0030d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> The article by Cindy Wooden cited news reports from Italian news media agencies, and included remarks by the Pope's longtime aide, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>'s Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Dziwisz" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Dziwisz">Stanislaw Dziwisz</a>, and Vatican spokesman Jesuit Father <a href="/wiki/Federico_Lombardi" title="Federico Lombardi">Federico Lombardi</a>, S.J. </li> <li id="cite_note-Agence_France-Presse-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agence_France-Presse_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agence_France-Presse_349-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agence_France-Presse_349-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rappler.com/world/32751-john-paul-ii-miracle-recognized-report">"John Paul II's 2nd miracle approved—report"</a>. Agence France-Presse (AFP). Rappler.com. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agence+France-Presse+%28AFP%29&rft.atitle=John+Paul+II%27s+2nd+miracle+approved%E2%80%94report&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fworld%2F32751-john-paul-ii-miracle-recognized-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANSA-350">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANSA_350-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANSA_350-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANSA_350-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivesay2013" class="citation news cs1">Livesay, Christopher (2 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/rubriche/english/2013/07/02/-ANSA-John-Paul-set-sainthood-second-miracle-okayed_8965021.html">"John Paul set for sainthood after second miracle okayed"</a>. ANSA (Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata). www.ansa.it. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANSA+%28Agenzia+Nazionale+Stampa+Associata%29&rft.atitle=John+Paul+set+for+sainthood+after+second+miracle+okayed&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft.aulast=Livesay&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fweb%2Fnotizie%2Frubriche%2Fenglish%2F2013%2F07%2F02%2F-ANSA-John-Paul-set-sainthood-second-miracle-okayed_8965021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FNL-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FNL_351-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/costa-rican-woman-describes-john-paul-miracle-cure">"Costa Rican Woman Describes John Paul Miracle Cure"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311010751/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/07/06/costa-rican-woman-describes-john-paul-miracle-cure/">Archived</a> 11 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fox News Latino, 6 July 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-CNS-352"><a href="#cite_ref-CNS_352-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130423192205/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301805.htm">"Italian media report progress in Blessed John Paul's sainthood cause"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Service" title="Catholic News Service">Catholic News Service</a>. 23 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301805.htm">the original</a> on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Italian+media+report+progress+in+Blessed+John+Paul%27s+sainthood+cause&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F1301805.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-353"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vatican-johnpaul-idUSBRE9640BA20130705/">"Popes John Paul II, John XXIII to be made saints: Vatican"</a>. Reuters. 5 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708081533/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/05/us-vatican-johnpaul-idUSBRE9640BA20130705">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Popes+John+Paul+II%2C+John+XXIII+to+be+made+saints%3A+Vatican&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-vatican-johnpaul-idUSBRE9640BA20130705%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times_2013-354"><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_2013_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPovoledoAlan_Cowell2013" class="citation news cs1">Povoledo, Elizabetta; Alan Cowell (30 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/01/world/europe/francis-to-canonize-popes-john-xxiii-and-john-paul-ii-on-same-day.html?_r=0">"Francis to Canonise John XXIII and John Paul II on Same Day"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Francis+to+Canonise+John+XXIII+and+John+Paul+II+on+Same+Day&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft.aulast=Povoledo&rft.aufirst=Elizabetta&rft.au=Alan+Cowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F01%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ffrancis-to-canonize-popes-john-xxiii-and-john-paul-ii-on-same-day.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_–_Easton-355"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_–_Easton_355-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston2013" class="citation news cs1">Easton, Adam (30 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24330204">"Date set for Popes John Paul II and John XXIII sainthood"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Date+set+for+Popes+John+Paul+II+and+John+XXIII+sainthood&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-24330204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnellKington2014" class="citation news cs1">McDonnell, Patrick J.; Kington, Tom (27 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-pope-francis-canonization-vatican-20140427-story.html">"Canonization of predecessors provides another boost for Pope Francis"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. <q>An estimated 800,000 people descended on Rome for the dual canonisation, a Vatican spokesman said. That included the half a million around the Vatican and another 300,000 watching the event on giant TV screens set up throughout the city of Rome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Canonization+of+predecessors+provides+another+boost+for+Pope+Francis&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft.au=Kington%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fworldnow%2Fla-fg-wn-pope-francis-canonization-vatican-20140427-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCNA" class="citation web cs1">CNA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/22426/john-paul-ii-remains-moved-in-front-of-st-peters-tomb">"John Paul II remains moved in front of St. Peter's tomb"</a>. Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=John+Paul+II+remains+moved+in+front+of+St.+Peter%27s+tomb&rft.au=CNA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F22426%2Fjohn-paul-ii-remains-moved-in-front-of-st-peters-tomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-francis-prays-at-john-paul-ii-s-tomb">"Pope Francis Prays at John Paul II's Tomb"</a>. NCR. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCR&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+Prays+at+John+Paul+II%27s+Tomb&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fnews%2Fpope-francis-prays-at-john-paul-ii-s-tomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/44448/st-john-paul-iis-parents-sainthood-cause-has-officially-opened">"St. John Paul II's parents' sainthood cause has officially opened"</a>. Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 22 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=St.+John+Paul+II%27s+parents%27+sainthood+cause+has+officially+opened&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F44448%2Fst-john-paul-iis-parents-sainthood-cause-has-officially-opened&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadio2014" class="citation web cs1">Radio, Southern California Public (24 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/04/24/43763/some-victims-of-catholic-church-sex-abuse-oppose-p/">"Clergy sex abuse victims decry sainthood for Pope John Paul II"</a>. scpr.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scpr.org&rft.atitle=Clergy+sex+abuse+victims+decry+sainthood+for+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2014-04-24&rft.aulast=Radio&rft.aufirst=Southern+California+Public&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scpr.org%2Fnews%2F2014%2F04%2F24%2F43763%2Fsome-victims-of-catholic-church-sex-abuse-oppose-p%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2021" class="citation news cs1">Hess, Amanda (18 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/18/arts/music/sinead-oconnor-rememberings.html">"Sinead O'Connor Remembers Things Differently"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 27 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sinead+O%27Connor+Remembers+Things+Differently&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F05%2F18%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fsinead-oconnor-rememberings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-362">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_362-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_362-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2003" class="citation book cs1">Walsh (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnpaulii00mary">John Paul II: A Light for the World</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnpaulii00mary/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580511421" title="Special:BookSources/9781580511421"><bdi>9781580511421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II%3A+A+Light+for+the+World&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781580511421&rft.au=Walsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnpaulii00mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-charteryouth-363">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charteryouth_363-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charteryouth_363-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops2005" class="citation web cs1">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426023931/http://www.usccb.org/ocyp/charter.shtml">"Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People"</a>. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/ocyp/charter.shtml">the original</a> on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charter+for+the+Protection+of+Children+and+Young+People&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.date=2005&rft.au=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Focyp%2Fcharter.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatdocord-364"><a href="#cite_ref-vatdocord_364-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI2005" class="citation news cs1">Pope Benedict XVI (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225072042/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccatheduc/documents/rc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html">"Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders"</a>. Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccatheduc/documents/rc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Instruction+Concerning+the+Criteria+for+the+Discernment+of+Vocations+with+regard+to+Persons+with+Homosexual+Tendencies+in+view+of+their+Admission+to+the+Seminary+and+to+Holy+Orders&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fccatheduc%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sexabusereport-365"><a href="#cite_ref-sexabusereport_365-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilteau2004" class="citation news cs1">Filteau, Jerry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091004222624/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/abuse/abuse08.htm">"Report says Clergy Sexual Abuse Brought 'Smoke of Satan' into Church"</a>. Catholic News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/abuse/abuse08.htm">the original</a> on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report+says+Clergy+Sexual+Abuse+Brought+%27Smoke+of+Satan%27+into+Church&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Filteau&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fabuse%2Fabuse08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/15/us/scandals-church-bishops-decisions-bishops-charter-for-protection-children-young.html">"Scandals in the church: The Bishops' Decisions; The Bishops' Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People"</a>. The New York Times. 15 June 2002. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scandals+in+the+church%3A+The+Bishops%27+Decisions%3B+The+Bishops%27+Charter+for+the+Protection+of+Children+and+Young+People&rft.date=2002-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F06%2F15%2Fus%2Fscandals-church-bishops-decisions-bishops-charter-for-protection-children-young.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sexabuse-367"><a href="#cite_ref-sexabuse_367-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2008" class="citation news cs1">Owen, Richard (7 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109190530/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3142511.ece">"Pope Calls for Continuous Prayer to Rid Priesthood of Paedophilia"</a>. Times Online UK edition. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3142511.ece">the original</a> on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Online+UK+edition&rft.atitle=Pope+Calls+for+Continuous+Prayer+to+Rid+Priesthood+of+Paedophilia&rft.date=2008-01-07&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Ffaith%2Farticle3142511.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnJay-368"><a href="#cite_ref-JohnJay_368-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry,_Karen2004" class="citation book cs1">Terry, Karen; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050425210409/http://www.usccb.org/nrb/johnjaystudy/">The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Priests and Deacons</a>. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/nrb/johnjaystudy/">the original</a> on 25 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+and+Scope+of+the+Problem+of+Sexual+Abuse+of+Minors+by+Priests+and+Deacons&rft.pub=John+Jay+College+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Terry%2C+Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fnrb%2Fjohnjaystudy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelinda_Henneberger2002" class="citation news cs1">Melinda Henneberger (21 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525055205/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2002-04-21/news/0204200465_1_confutes-american-cardinals-mandatory-celibacy">"Pope Takes on Scandals"</a>. Sun Sentinel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2002-04-21/news/0204200465_1_confutes-american-cardinals-mandatory-celibacy">the original</a> on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Pope+Takes+on+Scandals&rft.date=2002-04-21&rft.au=Melinda+Henneberger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F2002-04-21%2Fnews%2F0204200465_1_confutes-american-cardinals-mandatory-celibacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shame-370">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shame_370-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shame_370-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2011" class="citation news cs1">Berry, Jason (16 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/160242/shame-john-paul-ii-how-sex-abuse-scandal-stained-his-papacy">"The Shame of John Paul II: How the Sex Abuse Scandal Stained His Papacy"</a>. The Nation. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Shame+of+John+Paul+II%3A+How+the+Sex+Abuse+Scandal+Stained+His+Papacy&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2F160242%2Fshame-john-paul-ii-how-sex-abuse-scandal-stained-his-papacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1837840.stm">"Europe | Polish archbishop 'molested students'"</a>. BBC News. 23 February 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe+%26%23124%3B+Polish+archbishop+%27molested+students%27&rft.date=2002-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1837840.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209162445/http://www.fakt.pl/Watykan-nie-zrehabilitowalismy-Paetza%2Cartykuly%2C75072%2C1.html">"Watykan: Nie zrehabilitowaliśmy Paetza"</a> [Vatican: no rehabilitation for Paetz]. Fakt (in Polish). 19 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fakt.pl/Watykan-nie-zrehabilitowalismy-Paetza,artykuly,75072,1.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fakt&rft.atitle=Watykan%3A+Nie+zrehabilitowali%C5%9Bmy+Paetza&rft.date=2010-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fakt.pl%2FWatykan-nie-zrehabilitowalismy-Paetza%2Cartykuly%2C75072%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VaticanStudy-373"><a href="#cite_ref-VaticanStudy_373-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher" class="citation web cs1">Gallagher, Delia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316160509/http://www.zenit.org/article-9560?l=english">"Vatican Study on Sex Abuse"</a>. Zenit. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/article-9560?l=english">the original</a> on 16 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+Study+on+Sex+Abuse&rft.pub=Zenit&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Delia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Farticle-9560%3Fl%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/extras/law_timeline.htm">"Abuse in the Catholic Church / Cardinal Law and the laity"</a>. The Boston Globe. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791">0743-1791</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Abuse+in+the+Catholic+Church+%2F+Cardinal+Law+and+the+laity&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0743-1791&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fglobe%2Fspotlight%2Fabuse%2Fextras%2Flaw_timeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiekara2014" class="citation web cs1">Piekara, Marek (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kosciol.wiara.pl/doc/1974132.Co-Jan-Pawel-II-wiedzial-o-ks-Macielu">"Co Jan Paweł II wiedział o ks. Macielu?"</a>. wiara.pl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiara.pl&rft.atitle=Co+Jan+Pawe%C5%82+II+wiedzia%C5%82+o+ks.+Macielu%3F&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Piekara&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkosciol.wiara.pl%2Fdoc%2F1974132.Co-Jan-Pawel-II-wiedzial-o-ks-Macielu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jp2online.pl/en/publication/pope-john-paul-ii-and-paedophilia;UHVibGljYXRpb246OTA=">"Pope John Paul II and Paedophilia"</a>. jp2online.pl. Retrieved 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=jp2online.pl&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+and+Paedophilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjp2online.pl%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fpope-john-paul-ii-and-paedophilia%3BUHVibGljYXRpb246OTA%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnpaulknowledge-377"><a href="#cite_ref-johnpaulknowledge_377-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Vatican admits Pope John Paul II was warned about abusive archbishop Theodore McCarrick, while clearing Francis". CNN. 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Vatican+admits+Pope+John+Paul+II+was+warned+about+abusive+archbishop+Theodore+McCarrick%2C+while+clearing+Francis&rft.date=2020-11-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP111020-378"><a href="#cite_ref-AP111020_378-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/findings-in-vatican-report-into-ex-cardinal-mccarrick/65-f3a47d57-95f4-4368-9945-a7ac909c5a02">"Key findings in Vatican report into ex-Cardinal McCarrick"</a>. Associated Press. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+findings+in+Vatican+report+into+ex-Cardinal+McCarrick&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wusa9.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fdc%2Ffindings-in-vatican-report-into-ex-cardinal-mccarrick%2F65-f3a47d57-95f4-4368-9945-a7ac909c5a02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane2020" class="citation news cs1">Keane, James T. (10 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2020/11/10/mccarrick-report-saint-john-paul-ii-sex-abuse-legacy">"The McCarrick Report and Pope John Paul II: Confronting a saint's tarnished legacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=The+McCarrick+Report+and+Pope+John+Paul+II%3A+Confronting+a+saint%27s+tarnished+legacy&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Ffaith%2F2020%2F11%2F10%2Fmccarrick-report-saint-john-paul-ii-sex-abuse-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/es/papa/news/2019-05/papa-francisco-entrevista-televisa-mexico-migrantes-feminicidio.html">"En primicia el Papa en Televisa: "El mundo sin la mujer no funciona""</a>. VaticanNews.va. 19 May 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VaticanNews.va&rft.atitle=En+primicia+el+Papa+en+Televisa%3A+%22El+mundo+sin+la+mujer+no+funciona%22&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fes%2Fpapa%2Fnews%2F2019-05%2Fpapa-francisco-entrevista-televisa-mexico-migrantes-feminicidio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronk2019" class="citation news cs1">Bronk, Krzysztof T. (30 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211114636/https://fjp2.com/pope-francis-explains-the-anecdote-and-clears-john-paul-ii/">"Pope Francis Explains the "Anecdote" and Clears John Paul II"</a>. John Paul II Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fjp2.com/pope-francis-explains-the-anecdote-and-clears-john-paul-ii/">the original</a> on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=John+Paul+II+Foundation&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+Explains+the+%22Anecdote%22+and+Clears+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft.aulast=Bronk&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffjp2.com%2Fpope-francis-explains-the-anecdote-and-clears-john-paul-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-382"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_382-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScislowska2023" class="citation news cs1">Scislowska, Monika (7 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/07/church-sex-abuse-john-paul-poland/464bed56-bcd8-11ed-9350-7c5fccd598ad_story.html">"Polish TV report: John Paul II knew of abuse as archbishop"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Polish+TV+report%3A+John+Paul+II+knew+of+abuse+as+archbishop&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Scislowska&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2F03%2F07%2Fchurch-sex-abuse-john-paul-poland%2F464bed56-bcd8-11ed-9350-7c5fccd598ad_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polskieradio24.pl/5/1222/artykul/3132247,prof-skibinski-komunisci-podjeli-szeroko-zakrojona-akcje-dyskredytacji-duchowienstwa">"Prof. Skibiński: komuniści podjęli szeroko zakrojoną akcję dyskredytacji duchowieństwa - Wiadomości - polskieradio24.pl"</a>. polskieradio24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polskieradio24.pl&rft.atitle=Prof.+Skibi%C5%84ski%3A+komuni%C5%9Bci+podj%C4%99li+szeroko+zakrojon%C4%85+akcj%C4%99+dyskredytacji+duchowie%C5%84stwa+-+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+-+polskieradio24.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolskieradio24.pl%2F5%2F1222%2Fartykul%2F3132247%2Cprof-skibinski-komunisci-podjeli-szeroko-zakrojona-akcje-dyskredytacji-duchowienstwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Condom-384">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Condom_384-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Condom_384-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Condom_384-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1979145,00.html">"Catholic Church to Ease Ban on Condom Use"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Catholic+Church+to+Ease+Ban+on+Condom+Use&rft.date=2006-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C2144%2C1979145%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opus2-385"><a href="#cite_ref-Opus2_385-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_S.J.1995" class="citation web cs1">Martin, S.J., James (25 February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116173841/http://www.americamagazine.org/content/articles/martin-opusdei.cfm">"Opus Dei in The United States"</a>. America Press Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americamagazine.org/content/articles/martin-opusdei.cfm">the original</a> on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opus+Dei+in+The+United+States&rft.pub=America+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1995-02-25&rft.aulast=Martin%2C+S.J.&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Fmartin-opusdei.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saints2-386"><a href="#cite_ref-Saints2_386-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5603">"St. Josemaría Escriva de Balaguer"</a>. Catholic Online. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=St.+Josemar%C3%ADa+Escriva+de+Balaguer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fsaints%2Fsaint.php%3Fsaint_id%3D5603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pepe-rodriguez.com/Sexo_clero/Casos/Sexo_clero_M_Maciel_Leg_pedof_denuncia_Papa.htm">"Text of the accusation letter directed to John Paul II"</a> (in Spanish). Pepe-rodriguez.com. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+accusation+letter+directed+to+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=Pepe-rodriguez.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepe-rodriguez.com%2FSexo_clero%2FCasos%2FSexo_clero_M_Maciel_Leg_pedof_denuncia_Papa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4249444.stm">"Decoding secret world of Opus Dei"</a>. BBC News. 16 September 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Decoding+secret+world+of+Opus+Dei&rft.date=2005-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4249444.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> Associated Press, "Opus Dei backs new pope", CNN, 19 April 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesOnline-390"><a href="#cite_ref-TimesOnline_390-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2005" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Sadie (6 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070326231543/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article575133.ece">"Plea to Pope from 'God's banker' Revealed as Murder Trial Begins"</a>. The Times. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article575133.ece">the original</a> on 26 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Plea+to+Pope+from+%27God%27s+banker%27+Revealed+as+Murder+Trial+Begins&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Sadie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle575133.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GodsBanker-391"><a href="#cite_ref-GodsBanker_391-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/19/newsid_3092000/3092625.stm">"BBC on This Day | 1982: 'God's Banker' Found Hanged"</a>. BBC News. 19 June 1982. Retrieved 27 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+on+This+Day+%26%23124%3B+1982%3A+%27God%27s+Banker%27+Found+Hanged&rft.date=1982-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjune%2F19%2Fnewsid_3092000%2F3092625.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HughHewitt-392"><a href="#cite_ref-HughHewitt_392-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2005" class="citation news cs1">Hewitt, Hugh (4 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130106095645/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/454iylel.asp">"Criticizing John Paul II : Yet Another Thing The Mainstream Press Does Not Understand About The Catholic Church"</a>. The Weekly Standard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/454iylel.asp">the original</a> on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Standard&rft.atitle=Criticizing+John+Paul+II+%3A+Yet+Another+Thing+The+Mainstream+Press+Does+Not+Understand+About+The+Catholic+Church&rft.date=2005-06-04&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2FContent%2FPublic%2FArticles%2F000%2F000%2F005%2F454iylel.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> e.g. Marcel Lefebvre, An Open Letter to Confused Catholics (Herefordshire: Gracewing Publishing, 1986). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852440476" title="Special:BookSources/9780852440476">9780852440476</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> A discussion of the crucial work of Ratzinger (later pope) to attempt reconciliation between Lefebvre and the Holy See, vide John Thavis, The Vatican Diaries: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Power, Personalities, and Politics at the Heart of the Catholic Church (London: Penguin, 2014), 147–49. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143124535" title="Special:BookSources/9780143124535">9780143124535</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assisi4-395"><a href="#cite_ref-Assisi4_395-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227130309/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_prayer-peace-assisi-final_en.html">"Address to the Representatives of the Christian Churches and Ecclesial Communities and of the World Religions"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 27 October 1986. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_prayer-peace-assisi-final_en.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+to+the+Representatives+of+the+Christian+Churches+and+Ecclesial+Communities+and+of+the+World+Religions&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1986-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fspeeches%2F1986%2Foctober%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_prayer-peace-assisi-final_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanRufino-396"><a href="#cite_ref-SanRufino_396-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417143557/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_san-rufino-assisi_en.html">"Address to the Representatives of the other Christian Churches and Ecclesial Communities"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 27 October 1986. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_san-rufino-assisi_en.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+to+the+Representatives+of+the+other+Christian+Churches+and+Ecclesial+Communities&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1986-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fspeeches%2F1986%2Foctober%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_san-rufino-assisi_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DayOfPrayer-397"><a href="#cite_ref-DayOfPrayer_397-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515183234/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/documents/ns_lit_doc_20020124_assisi-giornata_en.html">"Day of Prayer for Peace in the World"</a>. Vatican archives. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 24 January 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/documents/ns_lit_doc_20020124_assisi-giornata_en.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vatican+archives&rft.atitle=Day+of+Prayer+for+Peace+in+the+World&rft.date=2002-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fliturgy%2Fdocuments%2Fns_lit_doc_20020124_assisi-giornata_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qu'ran-398"><a href="#cite_ref-Qu'ran_398-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditioninaction.org/RevolutionPhotos/A055rcKoran.htm">"John Paul II kisses the Koran"</a>. Tradition in Action. 14 May 1999. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II+kisses+the+Koran&rft.pub=Tradition+in+Action&rft.date=1999-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traditioninaction.org%2FRevolutionPhotos%2FA055rcKoran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vu8E8GNnTIc">"Jan Paweł II Live at Vatican 1999"</a>. YouTube. 28 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/vu8E8GNnTIc">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jan+Pawe%C5%82+II+Live+at+Vatican+1999&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dvu8E8GNnTIc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsiaNews2-400"><a href="#cite_ref-AsiaNews2_400-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2005" class="citation news cs1">Carvalho, Nirmala (8 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620011317/http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=4009">"India: Hindu Extremists Against Grants to Missionaries"</a>. AsiaNews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=4009">the original</a> on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=India%3A+Hindu+Extremists+Against+Grants+to+Missionaries&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Nirmala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fview.php%3Fl%3Den%26art%3D4009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndiaStar-401"><a href="#cite_ref-IndiaStar_401-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Dhiru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080714130659/http://www.indiastar.com/DhiruShah.htm">"Mother Teresa's Hidden Mission in India: Conversion to Christianity"</a>. IndiaStar. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiastar.com/DhiruShah.htm">the original</a> on 14 July 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IndiaStar&rft.atitle=Mother+Teresa%27s+Hidden+Mission+in+India%3A+Conversion+to+Christianity&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Dhiru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiastar.com%2FDhiruShah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCR2-402"><a href="#cite_ref-NCR2_402-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen" class="citation news cs1">Allen, John L. Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/jp_obit_main.htm">"The Death of the Pope: Analysis of Pope John Paul II's reign"</a>. National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+the+Pope%3A+Analysis+of+Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+reign&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=John+L.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalcatholicreporter.org%2Fupdate%2Fconclave%2Fjp_obit_main.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mercopress.com/2012/07/24/argentine-military-dictator-confirms-catholic-church-hierarchy-was-well-aware-of-the-disappeared">"Argentine military dictator confirms Catholic Church hierarchy was well aware of the 'disappeared'"</a>. MercoPress. 24 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MercoPress&rft.atitle=Argentine+military+dictator+confirms+Catholic+Church+hierarchy+was+well+aware+of+the+%27disappeared%27&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2012%2F07%2F24%2Fargentine-military-dictator-confirms-catholic-church-hierarchy-was-well-aware-of-the-disappeared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/05/23/vatican-says-its-ex-envoy-is-innocent/dfe0ea8f-ee44-4999-85d2-e96e0aa9c694/">"Vatican says its ex-envoy is innocent"</a>. The Washington Post. 23 May 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Vatican+says+its+ex-envoy+is+innocent&rft.date=1997-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1997%2F05%2F23%2Fvatican-says-its-ex-envoy-is-innocent%2Fdfe0ea8f-ee44-4999-85d2-e96e0aa9c694%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/former-argentinian-dictator-says-he-told-catholic-church-of-disappeared-1.542154">"Former Argentinian dictator says he told Catholic Church of disappeared"</a>. The Irish Times. 24 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Former+Argentinian+dictator+says+he+told+Catholic+Church+of+disappeared&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fformer-argentinian-dictator-says-he-told-catholic-church-of-disappeared-1.542154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/world/europe/13laghi.html">"Pio Laghi, Papal Envoy, Dies at 86"</a>. The New York Times. 13 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pio+Laghi%2C+Papal+Envoy%2C+Dies+at+86&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F13%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F13laghi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paisley_makes_point-407">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paisley_makes_point_407-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paisley_makes_point_407-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29179048">"Ian Paisley dies: How Paisley made his point"</a>. Belfast: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland" title="BBC Northern Ireland">BBC Northern Ireland</a>. 1988. Retrieved 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ian+Paisley+dies%3A+How+Paisley+made+his+point&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-29179048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes-408"><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes_408-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-mar-24-la-ed-paisley24-2010mar24-story.html">"Ian Paisley and politics of peace"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ian+Paisley+and+politics+of+peace&rft.date=2010-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2010-mar-24-la-ed-paisley24-2010mar24-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> from 1:45 m into video </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCIreland-409">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCIreland_409-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCIreland_409-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2004" class="citation news cs1">Davenport, Mark (19 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3411419.stm">"Paisley's Exit from Europe"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 28 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Paisley%27s+Exit+from+Europe&rft.date=2004-01-19&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F3411419.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paisley-410"><a href="#cite_ref-Paisley_410-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaisley2012" class="citation web cs1">Paisley, Ian R.K. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianpaisley.org/article.asp?ArtKey=docs">"Historical Documents Reveal Former Pope's Plans"</a>. ianpaisley.org. Retrieved 28 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ianpaisley.org&rft.atitle=Historical+Documents+Reveal+Former+Pope%27s+Plans&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Paisley&rft.aufirst=Ian+R.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianpaisley.org%2Farticle.asp%3FArtKey%3Ddocs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT5-411"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT5_411-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/16/weekinreview/headliners-papal-audience.html">"Headliners; Papal Audience"</a>. The New York Times. 16 October 1988. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Headliners%3B+Papal+Audience&rft.date=1988-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F10%2F16%2Fweekinreview%2Fheadliners-papal-audience.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cloud-412"><a href="#cite_ref-Cloud_412-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloud2012" class="citation web cs1">Cloud, David W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930182819/http://www.freepres.org/paisley.asp?paisley">"Free Presbyterian Church—Dr. Ian Paisley"</a>. freepres.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepres.org/paisley.asp?paisley">the original</a> on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freepres.org&rft.atitle=Free+Presbyterian+Church%E2%80%94Dr.+Ian+Paisley&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Cloud&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepres.org%2Fpaisley.asp%3Fpaisley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-413"><a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_413-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1988" class="citation news cs1">MacDonald, Susan (2 October 1988). "Paisley Ejected for Insulting Pope". The Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Paisley+Ejected+for+Insulting+Pope&rft.date=1988-10-02&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelique-414"><a href="#cite_ref-Angelique_414-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrisafis2004" class="citation news cs1">Chrisafis, Angelique (16 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/sep/16/northernireland.northernireland">"The Return of Dr No"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Dr+No&rft.date=2004-09-16&rft.aulast=Chrisafis&rft.aufirst=Angelique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2004%2Fsep%2F16%2Fnorthernireland.northernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medjugorje.org/pope.htm">"Quotes From Pope John Paul II On Međugorje"</a>. Medjugorje.org. Retrieved 4 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quotes+From+Pope+John+Paul+II+On+Me%C4%91ugorje&rft.pub=Medjugorje.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medjugorje.org%2Fpope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKutleša2001283-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKutleša2001283_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKutleša2001">Kutleša 2001</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKutleša2001256-417"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKutleša2001256_417-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKutleša2001">Kutleša 2001</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/5583/dissident-theologians-participate-in-the-canonization-process-of-pope-john-paul-ii">"Dissident theologians participate in the canonization process of Pope John Paul II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. CNA. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Dissident+theologians+participate+in+the+canonization+process+of+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F5583%2Fdissident-theologians-participate-in-the-canonization-process-of-pope-john-paul-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Matt2011" class="citation news cs1">Michael J. Matt (21 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/2011-0331-statement-of-reservations-beatification.htm">"A Statement of Reservations Concerning the Impending Beatification of Pope John Paul II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a>. Retrieved 2 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Remnant&rft.atitle=A+Statement+of+Reservations+Concerning+the+Impending+Beatification+of+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft.au=Michael+J.+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remnantnewspaper.com%2F2011-0331-statement-of-reservations-beatification.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2020/11/12/pope-francis-theodore-mccarrick-clergy-sex-abuse-eileen-mcnamara">"'The Halo Is Hopelessly Tarnished': Why The Sainthood Of John Paul II Should Be Rescinded"</a>. 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Halo+Is+Hopelessly+Tarnished%27%3A+Why+The+Sainthood+Of+John+Paul+II+Should+Be+Rescinded&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fcognoscenti%2F2020%2F11%2F12%2Fpope-francis-theodore-mccarrick-clergy-sex-abuse-eileen-mcnamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.cracovia.pl/football/club/historia/jan_pawel_ii">"Cracovia is about the people – John Paul II"</a>. en.cracovia.pl. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cracovia+is+about+the+people+%E2%80%93+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.cracovia.pl%2Ffootball%2Fclub%2Fhistoria%2Fjan_pawel_ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/funny_old_game/3242602.stm">"Pope supports Liverpool"</a>. BBC Sport. 27 November 2003. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Pope+supports+Liverpool&rft.date=2003-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ffunny_old_game%2F3242602.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-letters-show-deep-423"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-letters-show-deep_423-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerendtChan2016" class="citation news cs1">Berendt, Joanna; Chan, Sewell (15 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/16/world/europe/letters-from-pope-john-paul-ii-show-deep-friendship-with-woman.html">"Letters From Pope John Paul II Show Deep Friendship With Woman"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 16 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Letters+From+Pope+John+Paul+II+Show+Deep+Friendship+With+Woman&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.aulast=Berendt&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft.au=Chan%2C+Sewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F02%2F16%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fletters-from-pope-john-paul-ii-show-deep-friendship-with-woman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian2016-424"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2016_424-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/15/pope-john-paul-ii-letters-reveal-32-year-relationship-with-woman">Pope John Paul II letters reveal 32-year relationship with woman</a> by Stephanie Kirchgaessner, Rome, 15 February 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/240672,Vatican-denies-JPII-letter-loveaffair-report">Vatican dismisses JPII 'letter love-affair' probe:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215094249/http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/240672,Vatican-denies-JPII-letter-loveaffair-report">Archived</a> 15 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 14 February 2016, The Vatican </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/pope-john-paul-ii-conducted-7366760">Pope John Paul II 'conducted secret romance with married woman' says new documentary</a> by John Kelly, Mirror.co.uk News </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> His Holiness: John Paul II & the History of Our Time—Carl Bernstein, Marco Politi (1996) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutleša2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEen_Kutle%C5%A1a" title="Dražen Kutleša">Kutleša, Dražen</a> (2001). Ogledalo pravde [Mirror of Justice] (in Croatian). Mostar: Biskupski ordinarijat Mostar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ogledalo+pravde&rft.place=Mostar&rft.pub=Biskupski+ordinarijat+Mostar&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kutle%C5%A1a&rft.aufirst=Dra%C5%BEen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertone2000–2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone" title="Tarcisio Bertone">Bertone, Tarcisio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821235203/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000626_message-fatima_en.html">"The Message of Fátima"</a>. The Holy See. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000626_message-fatima_en.html">the original</a> on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Message+of+F%C3%A1tima&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.aulast=Bertone&rft.aufirst=Tarcisio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20000626_message-fatima_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Vicariato70" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091230032224/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm">"Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God: John Paul II"</a>. Vicariato di Roma. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm">the original</a> on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cause+for+Beatification+and+Canonization+of+The+Servant+of+God%3A+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=Vicariato+di+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vicariatusurbis.org%2FBeatificazione%2FEnglish%2FHomePage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BBC71" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4253415.stm">"'Cured' Pope Returns to Vatican"</a>. BBC News. 10 February 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Cured%27+Pope+Returns+to+Vatican&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4253415.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez2005" class="citation web cs1">Domínguez, Juan (4 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040406114902/http://www.religion-cults.com/pope/communism.htm">"Pope John Paul II and Communism"</a>. religion-cults.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-cults.com/pope/communism.htm">the original</a> on 6 April 2004. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+and+Communism&rft.pub=religion-cults.com&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-cults.com%2Fpope%2Fcommunism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziwisz2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz" title="Stanisław Dziwisz">Dziwisz, Bishop Stanisław</a> (13 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=3699&repos=1&subrepos=0&searchid=441440">"13 May 1981 Conference of Bishop Stanisław Dziwisz For Honorary Doctorate"</a>. CatholicCulture.org. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13+May+1981+Conference+of+Bishop+Stanis%C5%82aw+Dziwisz+For+Honorary+Doctorate&rft.pub=CatholicCulture.org&rft.date=2001-05-13&rft.aulast=Dziwisz&rft.aufirst=Bishop+Stanis%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Fid%3D3699%26repos%3D1%26subrepos%3D0%26searchid%3D441440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_2005-04-01" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4399189.stm">"Frail Pope Suffers Heart Failure"</a>. BBC News. 1 April 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Frail+Pope+Suffers+Heart+Failure&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4399189.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTime_Magazine_1982-01-25" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050210002720/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,925231,00.html">"Half Alive: The Pope Vs. His Doctors"</a>. Time magazine. 25 January 1982. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,925231,00.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=Half+Alive%3A+The+Pope+Vs.+His+Doctors&rft.date=1982-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farchive%2Fpreview%2F0%2C10987%2C925231%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7022618">"Pope Back at Vatican by Easter? It's Possible"</a>. NBC News. Associated Press. 3 March 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+Back+at+Vatican+by+Easter%3F+It%27s+Possible&rft.date=2005-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna7022618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2005" class="citation news cs1">Editorial (5 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140201171824/http://www1.voanews.com/policy/editorials/a-41-2005-04-06-voa7-83104472.html">"Pope John Paul II"</a>. Voice Of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.voanews.com/policy/editorials/a-41-2005-04-06-voa7-83104472.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.voanews.com%2Fpolicy%2Feditorials%2Fa-41-2005-04-06-voa7-83104472.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4344923.stm">"Pope Returns to Vatican after op"</a>. BBC News. 13 March 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+Returns+to+Vatican+after+op&rft.date=2005-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4344923.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Gannon2006" class="citation news cs1">Sean Gannon (7 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/papal-fallibility-1.184795">"Papal Fallibility"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Papal+Fallibility&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft.au=Sean+Gannon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fopinion%2Fpapal-fallibility-1.184795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1538173,00.html">"Stasi Files Implicate KGB in Pope Shooting"</a>. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stasi+Files+Implicate+KGB+in+Pope+Shooting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C1564%2C1538173%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120040029/http://www.americancatholic.org/news/pope/popehospitalized">"Pope John Paul II's Final Days"</a>. St Anthony Messenger Press. AmericanCatholic.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/news/pope/popehospitalized/">the original</a> on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St+Anthony+Messenger+Press&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+Final+Days&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americancatholic.org%2Fnews%2Fpope%2Fpopehospitalized%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchorekRoger_Boyes2005" class="citation news cs1">Tchorek, Kamil; Roger Boyes (2 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601012557/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article376429.ece">"Kracow Lights a Candle for its Favourite Son's Last Fight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article376429.ece">the original</a> on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Kracow+Lights+a+Candle+for+its+Favourite+Son%27s+Last+Fight&rft.date=2005-04-02&rft.aulast=Tchorek&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft.au=Roger+Boyes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle376429.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinci2005" class="citation news cs1">Vinci, Alessio (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/03/31/pope1/index.html">"Vatican source: Pope Given Last Rites"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Vatican+source%3A+Pope+Given+Last+Rites&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.aulast=Vinci&rft.aufirst=Alessio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2005%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F03%2F31%2Fpope1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessio_VinciChris_BurnsJim_BittermannMiguel_Marquez2005" class="citation news cs1">Alessio Vinci; Chris Burns; Jim Bittermann; Miguel Marquez; Walter Rodgers; Christiane Amanpour; John Allen (2 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/01/pope1/index.html">"World Awaits Word on Pope's Condition"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=World+Awaits+Word+on+Pope%27s+Condition&rft.date=2005-04-02&rft.au=Alessio+Vinci&rft.au=Chris+Burns&rft.au=Jim+Bittermann&rft.au=Miguel+Marquez&rft.au=Walter+Rodgers&rft.au=Christiane+Amanpour&rft.au=John+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2005%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F04%2F01%2Fpope1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_bibliography" title="Pope John Paul II bibliography">Pope John Paul II bibliography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryGerald_Renner2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Berry" title="Jason Berry">Berry, Jason</a>; Gerald Renner (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vowsofsilenceabu00berr">Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II</a>. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4441-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-4441-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vows+of+Silence%3A+The+Abuse+of+Power+in+the+Papacy+of+John+Paul+II&rft.place=New+York%2C+London%2C+Toronto%2C+Sydney&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4441-1&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Gerald+Renner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvowsofsilenceabu00berr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm">Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw</a>. London: Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03284-6"><bdi>978-0-670-03284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+%2744%3A+The+Battle+for+Warsaw&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03284-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frising44battlefo00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="de_Montfort73" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">de Montfort, St. Louis-Marie Grignion</a> (27 March 2007). True Devotion to Mary. Mark L. Jacobson (Translator). San Diego, California: Avetine Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59330-470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59330-470-6"><bdi>978-1-59330-470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+Devotion+to+Mary&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pub=Avetine+Press&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft.isbn=978-1-59330-470-6&rft.aulast=de+Montfort&rft.aufirst=St.+Louis-Marie+Grignion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Yale06" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669">Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes</a> (Third ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11597-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11597-0"><bdi>978-0-300-11597-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sinners%2C+a+History+of+the+Popes&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11597-0&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F00book1593273669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hebblethwaite" title="Peter Hebblethwaite">Hebblethwaite, Peter</a> (1995). Pope John Paul II and the Church. London: 1995 Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55612-814-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55612-814-1"><bdi>978-1-55612-814-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+and+the+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=1995+Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55612-814-1&rft.aulast=Hebblethwaite&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannion2008" class="citation book cs1">Mannion, Gerard, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litpress.org/Detail.aspx?ISBN=9780814653098">The Vision of John Paul II: Assessing His Thought and Influence</a>. Collegeville, Mn.: Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5309-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5309-8"><bdi>978-0-8146-5309-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vision+of+John+Paul+II%3A+Assessing+His+Thought+and+Influence&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Mn.&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5309-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litpress.org%2FDetail.aspx%3FISBN%3D9780814653098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell-Stuart2006" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. (2006) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw">Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle</a>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28608-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28608-1"><bdi>978-0-500-28608-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Popes%3A+Trying+to+Come+Full+Circle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28608-1&rft.aulast=Maxwell-Stuart&rft.aufirst=P.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofpopes0000maxw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenachery1978" class="citation web cs1">Menachery, Prof. George (11 November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm">"John Paul II Election Surprises"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II+Election+Surprises&rft.date=1978-11-11&rft.aulast=Menachery&rft.aufirst=Prof.+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianchristianity.com%2Fhtml%2Fmenachery%2Fhtml%2FGeorgeMenachery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenachery2005" class="citation web cs1">Menachery, Prof. George (11 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books8.htm">"Last days of Pope John Paul II"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+days+of+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2005-04-11&rft.aulast=Menachery&rft.aufirst=Prof.+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianchristianity.com%2Fhtml%2FBooks8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeissen2011" class="citation book cs1">Meissen, Randall (2011). Living Miracles: The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great. Alpharetta, Ga.: Mission Network. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933271-27-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933271-27-9"><bdi>978-1-933271-27-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Miracles%3A+The+Spiritual+Sons+of+John+Paul+the+Great&rft.place=Alpharetta%2C+Ga.&rft.pub=Mission+Network&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-933271-27-9&rft.aulast=Meissen&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoonan2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Noonan" title="Peggy Noonan">Noonan, Peggy</a> (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnpaulgreatrem00noon">John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father</a>. New York: Penguin Group (USA). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03748-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03748-3"><bdi>978-0-670-03748-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Paul+the+Great%3A+Remembering+a+Spiritual+Father&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28USA%29&rft.date=2005-11&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03748-3&rft.aulast=Noonan&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnpaulgreatrem00noon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro-Valls_2_April_2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Navarro-Valls, Joaquin (2 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/gpII/bulletin/B0183-XX.01.pdf">Il Santo Padre è deceduto questa sera alle ore 21.37 nel Suo appartamento privato</a> [The Holy Father passed away at 9:37 this evening in his private apartment.] (PDF) (in Italian). The Holy See.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Santo+Padre+%C3%A8+deceduto+questa+sera+alle+ore+21.37+nel+Suo+appartamento+privato&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.date=2005-04-02&rft.aulast=Navarro-Valls&rft.aufirst=Joaquin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2FgpII%2Fbulletin%2FB0183-XX.01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Garry (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214121842/http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor">Universal Father: A Life of Pope John Paul II</a>. London: 2005 <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8241-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8241-0"><bdi>978-0-7475-8241-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor">the original</a> on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+Father%3A+A+Life+of+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=2005+Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-8241-0&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fgarryoconnor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II2005" class="citation book cs1">Pope John Paul II (2005). <a href="/wiki/Memory_and_Identity" title="Memory and Identity">Memory and Identity—Personal Reflections</a>. London: 2006 Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85075-5"><bdi>978-0-297-85075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+and+Identity%E2%80%94Personal+Reflections&rft.place=London&rft.pub=2006+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-297-85075-5&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Renehan69" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Renehan_Jr." title="Edward J. Renehan Jr.">Renehan, Edward</a>; Schlesinger, Arthur Meier (INT) (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1oHAAACAAJ">Pope John Paul II</a>. Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9227-9"><bdi>978-0-7910-9227-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=2006-11&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-9227-9&rft.aulast=Renehan&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C+Arthur+Meier+%28INT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOT1oHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_II2004" class="citation book cs1">John Paul II, Pope (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseletusbeonour00john">Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way</a>. 2004 Warner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57781-6"><bdi>978-0-446-57781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise%2C+Let+Us+Be+On+Our+Way&rft.pub=2004+Warner+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-446-57781-6&rft.aulast=John+Paul+II&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseletusbeonour00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stanley69" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, George E (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SD1OPgAACAAJ">Pope John Paul II: Young Man of the Church</a>. Fitzgerald Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4242-1732-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4242-1732-8"><bdi>978-1-4242-1732-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%3A+Young+Man+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Fitzgerald+Books&rft.date=2007-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4242-1732-8&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=George+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSD1OPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStourton2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stourton_(journalist)" title="Edward Stourton (journalist)">Stourton, Edward</a> (2006). John Paul II: Man of History. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-90816-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-90816-7"><bdi>978-0-340-90816-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II%3A+Man+of+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-340-90816-7&rft.aulast=Stourton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzulc2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tad_Szulc" title="Tad Szulc">Szulc, Tadeusz</a> (5 December 2007). Pope John Paul II: The Biography. London: 2007 Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-8886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-8886-3"><bdi>978-1-4165-8886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%3A+The+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=2007+Simon+%26+Schuster+Adult+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-8886-3&rft.aulast=Szulc&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Poynter69" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Poynter_Institute" title="Poynter Institute">The Poynter Institute</a> (1 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXGMNrE015IC">Pope John Paul II: 18 May 1920 - 2 April 2005</a> (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a>, Florida: Andrews McMeel Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7407-5110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7407-5110-3"><bdi>978-0-7407-5110-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%3A+18+May+1920+-+2+April+2005&rft.place=St.+Petersburg%2C+Florida&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Andrews+McMeel+Publishing&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7407-5110-3&rft.au=The+Poynter+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXGMNrE015IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2001b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">Weigel, George</a> (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witnesstohopebio00weig">Witness to Hope</a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018793-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018793-4"><bdi>978-0-06-018793-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness+to+Hope&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-06-018793-4&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitnesstohopebio00weig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojtyła1981" class="citation book cs1">Wojtyła, Karol (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/loveresponsibili00john">Love and Responsibility</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/William_Collins_(publisher)" title="William Collins (publisher)">William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-445-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-445-7"><bdi>978-0-89870-445-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Responsibility&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins+Sons+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-445-7&rft.aulast=Wojty%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Karol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Floveresponsibili00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYallop2007" class="citation book cs1">Yallop, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constablerobinson.com/">The Power and the Glory</a>. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-673-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-673-5"><bdi>978-1-84529-673-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+and+the+Glory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84529-673-5&rft.aulast=Yallop&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constablerobinson.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+Paul+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>For a comprehensive list of books written by and about Pope John Paul II, please see <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_bibliography" title="Pope John Paul II bibliography">Pope John Paul II bibliography</a></li> <li>For other references see <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_in_popular_culture" title="Pope John Paul II in popular culture">Pope John Paul II in popular culture</a></li> <li>Shaw, Tamsin, "Ethical Espionage" (review of Calder Walton, Spies: The Epic Intelligence War Between East and West, Simon and Schuster, 2023, 672 pp.; and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Fabre" title="Cécile Fabre">Cécile Fabre</a>, Spying Through a Glass Darkly: The Ethics of Espionage and Counter-Intelligence, Oxford University Press, 251 pp., 2024), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXXI, no. 2 (8 February 2024), pp. 32, 34–35. "[I]n Walton's view, there was scarcely a US <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert action</a> that was a long-term strategic success, with the possible exception of intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan War</a> (a disastrous military fiasco for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a>) and perhaps support for the anti-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>." (p. 34.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122052707/http://www.jpcatholic.com/">John Paul the Great Catholic University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en.html">The Holy See website – John Paul II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/papal/papal-overview.html">Papal Transition 2005 Web Archive</a> from the US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.pl/en/artist/karol-wojtyla">Karol Wojtyła</a> on <a href="/wiki/Culture.pl" title="Culture.pl">Culture.pl</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trzeciapielgrzymka.ipn.gov.pl/jp2/introduction/676,Introduction.html">Third pilgrimage of John Paul II to Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Altars/StSebastian/StSebastian.htm">Tomb of John Paul II in St Peter's</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220256/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19921011_fidei-depositum_en.html">Text of the apostolic constitution Fidei Depositum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010175944/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081997_laetamur_en.html">Text of Laetamur magnopere</a>, on the promulgation of the editio typica of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc/index.htm">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?32010">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li>Liturgical texts for the optional Memorial of St. John Paul II, Pope: Celebration of the Eucharist (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20110402_colletta_en.html">English</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20110402_colletta_lt.html">Latin</a>); Liturgy of the Hours (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20110402_uff-letture_en.html">English</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20110402_uff-letture_lt.html">Latin</a>) from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html">The Holy See website</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">----</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_Bishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków (page does not exist)">Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków</a> 4 July 1958 – 13 January 1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">-------</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eugeniusz_Baziak" title="Eugeniusz Baziak">Eugeniusz Baziak</a>, as Apostolic administrator of Kraków</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archbishop of Kraków">Archbishop of Kraków</a> 13 January 1964 – 16 October 1978 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Macharski" title="Franciszek Macharski">Franciszek Macharski</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bracci" title="Francesco Bracci">Francesco Bracci</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/San_Cesareo_de_Appia" title="San Cesareo de Appia">Cardinal-Priest of San Cesareo in Palatio</a> 26 June 1967 – 16 October 1978 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Maria_Deskur" title="Andrzej Maria Deskur">Andrzej Maria Deskur</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a> 16 October 1978 – 2 April 2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sovereigns_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the State of Vatican City</a> 16 October 1978 – 2 April 2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pope_John_Paul_II" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Template:Pope John Paul II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Template talk:Pope John Paul II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pope John Paul II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pope_John_Paul_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope John Paul II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="background:gold;;line-height:1.4em;"><div> <ul><li>Born Karol Józef Wojtyła, 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> (1978–2005)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archbishop of Kraków">Archbishop of Kraków</a> (1963–1978)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilia_Wojty%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia Wojtyła">Emilia Wojtyła (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Wojty%C5%82a_(senior)" title="Karol Wojtyła (senior)">Karol Wojtyła (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Early life of Pope John Paul II">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave" title="October 1978 papal conclave">Papal conclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II">Assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II">Death and funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of Pope John Paul II">dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Beatification of Pope John Paul II">Beatification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Pope_John_XXIII_and_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II">canonization</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_paul_2_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms Pope John Paul II"><img alt="Coat of arms Pope John Paul II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/80px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/120px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/160px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms Pope John Paul II</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Acts as pope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apologies_made_by_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of apologies made by Pope John Paul II">Apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_John_Paul_II" title="Cardinals created by John Paul II">Cardinals created</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_declared_venerable_by_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of people declared venerable by Pope John Paul II">People venerated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of people beatified by Pope John Paul II">People beatified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of saints canonized by Pope John Paul II">Saints canonized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_mediation_in_the_Beagle_conflict" title="Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict">Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II">Pastoral visits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Pope_John_Paul_II_to_Ireland" title="Visit by Pope John Paul II to Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visits_by_Pope_John_Paul_II_to_Nicaragua" title="Visits by Pope John Paul II to Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_visit_by_Pope_John_Paul_II_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="1982 visit by Pope John Paul II to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_of_the_Sick" title="World Day of the Sick">World Day of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II%27s_relations_with_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope John Paul II's relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_and_Judaism" title="Pope John Paul II and Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A0_Pater" title="Abbà Pater">Abbà Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Criticism of Pope John Paul II">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Father_John_Paul_II_Family_Home,_Wadowice" title="Holy Father John Paul II Family Home, Wadowice">Family home (historic house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Health of Pope John Paul II">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Foundation" title="John Paul II Foundation">John Paul II Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of monuments of Pope John Paul II">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totus_tuus" title="Totus tuus">Totus tuus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"><div id="BibliographyTeachings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_bibliography" title="Pope John Paul II bibliography">Bibliography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Teachings of Pope John Paul II">Teachings</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrae_disciplinae_leges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrae disciplinae leges">Sacrae disciplinae leges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor_bonus" title="Pastor bonus">Pastor bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_corde_Ecclesiae" title="Ex corde Ecclesiae">Ex corde Ecclesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Fidei depositum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesi_tradendae" title="Catechesi tradendae">Catechesi tradendae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiaris_consortio" title="Familiaris consortio">Familiaris consortio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptionis_Donum" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemptionis Donum">Redemptionis Donum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliatio_et_paenitentia" title="Reconciliatio et paenitentia">Reconciliatio et paenitentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christifideles_laici" title="Christifideles laici">Christifideles laici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_custos" title="Redemptoris custos">Redemptoris custos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastores_dabo_vobis" title="Pastores dabo vobis">Pastores dabo vobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_in_Africa" title="Ecclesia in Africa">Ecclesia in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vita_consecrata" title="Vita consecrata">Vita consecrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Une_esp%C3%A9rance_nouvelle_pour_le_Liban" title="Une espérance nouvelle pour le Liban">Une espérance nouvelle pour le Liban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_in_America" title="Ecclesia in America">Ecclesia in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_in_Asia" title="Ecclesia in Asia">Ecclesia in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_in_Oceania" title="Ecclesia in Oceania">Ecclesia in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_in_Europa" title="Ecclesia in Europa">Ecclesia in Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastores_gregis" title="Pastores gregis">Pastores gregis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Ecclesiastical letters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominicae_cenae" title="Dominicae cenae">Dominicae cenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvifici_doloris" title="Salvifici doloris">Salvifici doloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulieris_dignitatem" title="Mulieris dignitatem">Mulieris dignitatem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinatio_sacerdotalis" title="Ordinatio sacerdotalis">Ordinatio sacerdotalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertio_millennio_adveniente" title="Tertio millennio adveniente">Tertio millennio adveniente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_Women" title="Letter to Women">Letter to Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_tuendam_fidem" title="Ad tuendam fidem">Ad tuendam fidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novo_millennio_ineunte" title="Novo millennio ineunte">Novo millennio ineunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misericordia_Dei" title="Misericordia Dei">Misericordia Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosarium_Virginis_Mariae" title="Rosarium Virginis Mariae">Rosarium Virginis Mariae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_rapido_sviluppo" title="Il rapido sviluppo">The Rapid Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redemptor_hominis" title="Redemptor hominis">Redemptor hominis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dives_in_misericordia" title="Dives in misericordia">Dives in misericordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavorum_Apostoli" title="Slavorum Apostoli">Slavorum Apostoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominum_et_vivificantem" title="Dominum et vivificantem">Dominum et vivificantem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_missio" title="Redemptoris missio">Redemptoris missio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritatis_splendor" title="Veritatis splendor">Veritatis splendor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelium_vitae" title="Evangelium vitae">Evangelium vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut_unum_sint" title="Ut unum sint">Ut unum sint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_et_ratio" title="Fides et ratio">Fides et ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_de_Eucharistia" title="Ecclesia de Eucharistia">Ecclesia de Eucharistia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_and_Responsibility" title="Love and Responsibility">Love and Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Threshold_of_Hope" title="Crossing the Threshold of Hope">Crossing the Threshold of Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_Identity" title="Memory and Identity">Memory and Identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Jeweler%27s_Shop" title="The Jeweler's Shop">The Jeweler's Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Theology of the Body</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Roman_Triptych" title="Roman Triptych">Roman Triptych</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Testament of Pope John Paul II">Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Documents endorsed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattuor_abhinc_annos" title="Quattuor abhinc annos">Quattuor abhinc annos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Remember:_A_Reflection_on_the_Shoah" title="We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah">We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_Iesus" title="Dominus Iesus">Dominus Iesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;;font-style:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Concert_to_Commemorate_the_Shoah" title="Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah">Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II%27s_political_views" title="Pope John Paul II's political views">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scriptural_Way_of_the_Cross" title="Scriptural Way of the Cross">Scriptural Way of the Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"><div id="Eponymous_placesIn_popular_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of places named after Pope John Paul II">Eponymous places</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_in_popular_culture" title="Pope John Paul II in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Secondary schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Paul_II_Catholic_High_School_(Alabama)" title="St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Alabama)">Huntsville, AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Paul_II_Academy" title="Saint John Paul II Academy">Boca Raton, FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Paul_II_Catholic_High_School_(Florida)" title="St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Florida)">Tallahassee, FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_Catholic_High_School_(Louisiana)" title="Pope John Paul II Catholic High School (Louisiana)">Slidell, LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Paul_II_High_School_(Massachusetts)" title="St. John Paul II High School (Massachusetts)">Hyannis, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_High_School_(North_Carolina)" title="John Paul II Catholic High School (North Carolina)">Greenville, NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_High_School_(Pennsylvania)" title="Pope John Paul II High School (Pennsylvania)">Royersford, PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_High_School_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John Paul II High School (Tennessee)">Hendersonville, TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Paul_II_High_School_(Corpus_Christi,_Texas)" title="St. John Paul II High School (Corpus Christi, Texas)">Corpus Christi, TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_High_School_(Plano,_Texas)" title="John Paul II High School (Plano, Texas)">Plano, TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_High_School_(Schertz,_Texas)" title="John Paul II Catholic High School (Schertz, Texas)">Schertz, TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Paul_the_Great_Catholic_High_School" title="Saint John Paul the Great Catholic High School">Dumfries, VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_High_School_(Washington)" title="Pope John Paul II High School (Washington)">Lacey, WA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Paul_II_Catholic_College" title="St John Paul II Catholic College"> Australia: Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_Secondary_School" title="John Paul II Catholic Secondary School">Canada: London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Paul_II_Catholic_Secondary_School" title="St. John Paul II Catholic Secondary School">Canada: Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_High_School,_Greymouth" title="John Paul II High School, Greymouth">New Zealand: Greymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_College,_Rotorua" title="John Paul College, Rotorua">New Zealand: Rotorua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_High_School_in_Tarn%C3%B3w" title="John Paul II High School in Tarnów">Poland: Tarnów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Colleges</li><li>Universities</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_University_of_Lublin" title="John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin">John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Institute" title="John Paul II Institute">John Paul II Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Minor_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II Minor Seminary">John Paul II Minor Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_the_Great_Catholic_University" title="John Paul the Great Catholic University">John Paul the Great Catholic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_John_Paul_II" title="Pontifical University of John Paul II">Pontifical University of John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_College_of_Education" title="Pope John Paul II College of Education">Pope John Paul II College of Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bari_Karol_Wojty%C5%82a_Airport" title="Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport">Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Paulo_II_Airport" title="João Paulo II Airport">João Paulo II Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_John_Paul_II_International_Airport" title="Kraków John Paul II International Airport">John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Puente_del_Papa" title="El Puente del Papa">El Puente del Papa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Bridge,_Pu%C5%82awy" title="John Paul II Bridge, Puławy">John Paul II Bridge, Puławy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_II_Bridge" title="Juan Pablo II Bridge">Juan Pablo II Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Millennium_John_Paul_II_Bridge" title="Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge">Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Other places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Paul_II_National_Shrine" title="Saint John Paul II National Shrine">Saint John Paul II National Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannes_Paulus_II_Peninsula" title="Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula">Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Center_for_the_New_Evangelization" title="John Paul II Center for the New Evangelization">John Paul II Center for the New Evangelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Center_for_Interreligious_Dialogue" title="John Paul II Center for Interreligious Dialogue">John Paul II Center for Interreligious Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Foundation_for_Research_and_Treatment" title="John Paul II Foundation for Research and Treatment">John Paul II Foundation for Research and Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_John_Paul_II_and_Primate_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński">Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_John_Paul_II_Collection" title="Museum of John Paul II Collection">Museum of John Paul II Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_Park_Reservation" title="Pope John Paul II Park Reservation">Pope John Paul II Park Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_(film)" title="Pope John Paul II (film)">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papal_Chase" title="The Papal Chase">The Papal Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Have_No_Fear:_The_Life_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Have No Fear: The Life of Pope John Paul II">Have No Fear: The Life of Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pope%27s_Toilet" title="The Pope's Toilet">The Pope's Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Days_that_Changed_the_World" title="Nine Days that Changed the World">Nine Days that Changed the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">TV miniseries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_(miniseries)" title="Pope John Paul II (miniseries)">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol:_A_Man_Who_Became_Pope" title="Karol: A Man Who Became Pope">Karol: A Man Who Became Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol:_The_Pope,_The_Man" title="Karol: The Pope, The Man">Karol: The Pope, The Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Pope%27s_Children" title="In Search of the Pope's Children">In Search of the Pope's Children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;;width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Planet_Is_Alive...Let_It_Live!" title="The Planet Is Alive...Let It Live!">The Planet Is Alive...Let It Live!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rabbit" title="Red Rabbit">Red Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pope%27s_Children" title="The Pope's Children">The Pope's Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credo:_John_Paul_II" title="Credo: John Paul II">Credo: John Paul II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Popes" title="Template:Popes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popes" title="Template talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/140px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="479" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/70px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/105px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/140px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(Scheler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ressentiment (Scheler)">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_of_emotional_life_(Scheler)" title="Stratification of emotional life (Scheler)">Stratification of emotional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li> <li>1951 <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></li> <li>1952 <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></li> <li>1958 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></li> <li>1962</li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></li> <li>1964 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></li> <li>1965</li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></li> <li>1968</li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></li> <li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></li> <li>1971</li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></li> <li>1974</li> <li>1975</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></li> <li>1980</li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li>1983</li> <li>1984</li> <li>1985</li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope John Paul II</a>1</li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">the Ukrainian people</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Smithson_Medal_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Smithson_Medal_recipients" title="Template:James Smithson Medal recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Smithson_Medal_recipients" title="Template talk:James Smithson Medal recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Smithson_Medal_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Smithson Medal recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Smithson_Medal_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Smithson_Medal" title="James Smithson Medal">James Smithson Medal recipients</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Preston_Richardson" title="Edgar Preston Richardson">Edgar Preston Richardson</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li>1979: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julie_Johnson_Kidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julie Johnson Kidd (page does not exist)">Julie Johnson Kidd</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Robert_McCormick_Adams_Jr." title="Robert McCormick Adams Jr.">Robert McCormick Adams Jr.</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ira_Michael_Heyman" title="Ira Michael Heyman">Ira Michael Heyman</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/G._Wayne_Clough" title="G. Wayne Clough">G. Wayne Clough</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Warren_Winiarski" title="Warren Winiarski">Warren Winiarski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Pope John Paul II at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Paulus_II" class="extiw" title="c:Ioannes Paulus II">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Pope_John_Paul_II" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Pope John Paul II">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" class="extiw" title="q:Pope John Paul II">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Paul_II" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Paul II">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989" class="extiw" title="d:Q989">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120981449">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35605">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6309553">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89614729">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/263322106">4</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/27469/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfH4cK9WwyCrtQrDPmyBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118558064">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78078345">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120790780">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120790780">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444266">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000007">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35879484">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001536&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2001100173&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000008303&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1054221">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26874">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068224745">Netherlands</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p383077907">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069255091">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90349498">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000788533&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000008507&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100233&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035864">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61210">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000054703">Argentina</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000054702">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200803647">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvx0p4211vrrvz">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810572193305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51692">Vatican</a><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51694">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263567005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000067521">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521787306706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21577161">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02012496?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500278046">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b3e2a4cb-3e2b-4d77-b744-89dc43e8362b">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/444640">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118558064.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118558064">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029093147">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10678008">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6794jww">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=13439">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41024048">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&oldid=1258991270">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&oldid=1258991270</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Category:Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920_births" title="Category:1920 births">1920 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2005_deaths" title="Category:2005 deaths">2005 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_cardinals" title="Category:20th-century Polish cardinals">20th-century Polish cardinals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights">20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century Polish male writers">20th-century Polish male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century Polish philosophers">20th-century Polish philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_popes" title="Category:20th-century popes">20th-century popes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_venerated_Christians" title="Category:21st-century venerated Christians">21st-century venerated Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_popes" title="Category:21st-century popes">21st-century popes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Jagiellonian_University" title="Category:Academic staff of Jagiellonian University">Academic staff of Jagiellonian University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_John_Paul_II_Catholic_University_of_Lublin" title="Category:Academic staff of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin">Academic staff of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-apartheid_activists" title="Category:Anti-apartheid activists">Anti-apartheid activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archbishops_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Category:Archbishops of Kraków">Archbishops of Kraków</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beatifications_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Category:Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI">Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Category:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica">Burials at St. Peter's Basilica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canonizations_by_Pope_Francis" title="Category:Canonizations by Pope Francis">Canonizations by Pope Francis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cardinals_created_by_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Category:Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI">Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Category:Catholic Church and ecumenism">Catholic Church and ecumenism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Mariology" title="Category:Catholic Mariology">Catholic Mariology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">Catholic philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congressional_Gold_Medal_recipients" title="Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients">Congressional Gold Medal recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_sepsis" title="Category:Deaths from sepsis">Deaths from sepsis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_circulatory_collapse" title="Category:Deaths from circulatory collapse">Deaths from circulatory collapse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Divine_Mercy_(Catholic_devotion)" title="Category:Divine Mercy (Catholic devotion)">Divine Mercy (Catholic devotion)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infectious_disease_deaths_in_Vatican_City" title="Category:Infectious disease deaths in Vatican City">Infectious disease deaths in Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jagiellonian_University_alumni" title="Category:Jagiellonian University alumni">Jagiellonian University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_Paul_II_Catholic_University_of_Lublin_alumni" title="Category:John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin alumni">John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_underground_Labor_Party" title="Category:Members of the underground Labor Party">Members of the underground Labor Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nonviolence_advocates" title="Category:Nonviolence advocates">Nonviolence advocates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Papal_saints" title="Category:Papal saints">Papal saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Participants_in_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council">Participants in the Second Vatican Council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Patrons_of_World_Youth_Day" title="Category:Patrons of World Youth Day">Patrons of World Youth Day</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Wadowice_County" title="Category:People from Wadowice County">People from Wadowice County</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_in_interfaith_dialogue" title="Category:People in interfaith dialogue">People in interfaith dialogue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Cold_War" title="Category:People of the Cold War">People of the Cold War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phenomenologists" title="Category:Phenomenologists">Phenomenologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_anti-communists" title="Category:Polish anti-communists">Polish anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_anti-fascists" title="Category:Polish anti-fascists">Polish anti-fascists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_anti-poverty_advocates" title="Category:Polish anti-poverty advocates">Polish anti-poverty advocates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_anti-war_activists" title="Category:Polish anti-war activists">Polish anti-war activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_beatified_people" title="Category:Polish beatified people">Polish beatified people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_democracy_activists" title="Category:Polish democracy activists">Polish democracy activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Esperantists" title="Category:Polish Esperantists">Polish Esperantists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_human_rights_activists" title="Category:Polish human rights activists">Polish human rights activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_male_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:Polish male dramatists and playwrights">Polish male dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_male_poets" title="Category:Polish male poets">Polish male poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_people_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Polish people of World War II">Polish people of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_popes" title="Category:Polish popes">Polish popes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Roman_Catholic_archbishops" title="Category:Polish Roman Catholic archbishops">Polish Roman Catholic archbishops</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Roman_Catholic_saints" title="Category:Polish Roman Catholic saints">Polish Roman Catholic saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Roman_Catholic_theologians" title="Category:Polish Roman Catholic theologians">Polish Roman Catholic theologians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Roman_Catholic_writers" title="Category:Polish Roman Catholic writers">Polish Roman Catholic writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas_alumni" title="Category:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Popes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_recipients" title="Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients">Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shooting_survivors" title="Category:Shooting survivors">Shooting survivors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_advocates" title="Category:Sustainability advocates">Sustainability advocates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Category:Time Person of the Year">Time Person of the Year</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Venerated_Catholics_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Category:Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI">Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk,_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, 1st class">Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, 1st class</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_January_2017" title="Category:EngvarB from January 2017">EngvarB from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2022">Use dmy dates from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_philosopher_with_embed_equal_yes" title="Category:Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes">Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_templates_with_no_data_rows" title="Category:Articles using infobox templates with no data rows">Articles using infobox templates with no data rows</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_ordination_template_and_denomination_parameter" title="Category:Pages using ordination template and denomination parameter">Pages using ordination template and denomination parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_template_ordination_embedded" title="Category:Pages with template ordination embedded">Pages with template ordination embedded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Polish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Polish IPA">Pages with Polish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2022">Articles needing additional references from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2019">Articles lacking reliable references from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2008" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2008">Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from August 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Croatian-language_sources_(hr)" title="Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)">CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2024">Articles with dead external links from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_S-rel_template_with_ca_parameter" title="Category:Pages using S-rel template with ca parameter">Pages using S-rel template with ca parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 19:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fkn9p","wgBackendResponseTime":306,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.557","walltime":"6.194","ppvisitednodes":{"value":42736,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1300226,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":200985,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":54,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1542917,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5126.943 1 -total"," 43.85% 2248.012 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.90% 917.958 188 Template:Cite_news"," 16.63% 852.750 8 Template:Infobox"," 13.71% 702.976 119 Template:Cite_web"," 11.05% 566.692 1 Template:Infobox_Christian_leader"," 7.27% 372.733 61 Template:Sfn"," 6.94% 355.804 51 Template:Cite_book"," 4.08% 209.366 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 3.25% 166.563 10 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.188","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27565286,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Assassination\"] = 1,\n [\"BBC71\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbott1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlessio_VinciChris_BurnsJim_BittermannMiguel_Marquez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtma_Jaya_Catholic_University_of_Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_2005-04-01\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerendtChan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerryGerald_Renner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertone2000–2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBottum2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunett,_Mons._Alex\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunwasser2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCBC_News_Online2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCNA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaroll,_Rory2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarvalho2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidy1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrisafis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClimoCattell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCloud2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClyde_Haberman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosby2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDariusz_Rosiak2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavenport2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonatella_Lorch1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoug_Linder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrew_Christiansen,_SJ2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDziwisz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaston2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditorial2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilip_Mazurczak2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilteau2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Weigel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon_Thomas2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraczyk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrosjean1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHebblethwaite1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenneberger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeraldo_Muñoz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollingshead2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_O._Koehler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Paul_II2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKeane2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirchgaessner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlenicki2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhiwczak2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutleša2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwitny1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKüng2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_M._Salinger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepiarz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivesay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannion2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcin_Frydrych2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Riebling2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin,_S.J.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell-Stuart2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonnellKington2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeissen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelinda_Henneberger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenachery1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenachery2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_J._Matt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrow1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavarro-Valls_2_April_2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoonan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoonan2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Malley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Reilly2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstlingRoberto_Suro1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaisley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_C._Kent2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiekara2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPisa2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitzAndrew_Druckenbrod2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPovoledoAlan_Cowell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadio2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReese1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuters1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRev._Adam_Boniecki2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson,_B._A.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScislowska2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSean_Gannon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigmund\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStammer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephanopoulos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStourton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStourton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuro1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvidercoschi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSystems\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzulc2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagliabue1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTchorekRoger_Boyes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry,_Karen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_York_Times2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTime_Magazine_1982-01-25\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinci2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeigel2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeigel2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestcott2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Frank_Smith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWojtyła1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYallop2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZahn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Béthune2022\"] = 1,\n [\"Poynter69\"] = 1,\n [\"Renehan69\"] = 1,\n [\"Stanley69\"] = 1,\n [\"Vicariato70\"] = 1,\n [\"Yale06\"] = 1,\n [\"de_Montfort73\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic philosophy footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic saints\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic-hierarchy\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 7,\n [\"Charlemagne Prize recipients\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 188,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 118,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:John Paul 02\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-pl\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 15,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Indented plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox Christian leader\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox pope styles\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox saint\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"James Smithson Medal recipients\"] = 1,\n [\"John Paul II\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langnf\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 24,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"More sources needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbnd\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordination\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Popes\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 5,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 5,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-rel\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 5,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 61,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Spnd\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 5,\n [\"Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year 1976–2000\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikinews\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","15.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","9.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","240","7.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","7.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","5.2"],["type","120","3.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","100","2.9"],["[others]","1200","34.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-85pl5","timestamp":"20241122194947","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope_John_Paul_II","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q989","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q989","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-10T22:15:19Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T19:49:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9c\/ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"264th pope of the Catholic Church (1920\u20132005)"}</script> </body> </html>