CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Jharkhand - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"44284ec7-2c1d-4cd6-bd71-a7a6fc2ed23f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Jharkhand","wgTitle":"Jharkhand","wgCurRevisionId":1258173814,"wgRevisionId":1258173814,"wgArticleId":197225,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia semi-protected pages","Use Indian English from February 2024", "All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from February 2024","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages with Hindi IPA","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Jharkhand","States and union territories of India","States and territories established in 2000","2000 establishments in India","Countries and territories where Bengali is an official language"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel": "wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Jharkhand","wgRelevantArticleId":197225,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Economy_of_Jharkhand","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Jharkhand#Economy","wgCoordinates":{"lat":23.35,"lon":85.33},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1184","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Baba_Dham.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Baba_Dham.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Jharkhand - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand#Economy"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand#Economy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Jharkhand rootpage-Jharkhand skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jharkhand" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jharkhand" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jharkhand" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jharkhand" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jharkhand_statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jharkhand_statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Jharkhand statehood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jharkhand_statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naxal_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naxal_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Naxal insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naxal_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hills_and_mountain_ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hills_and_mountain_ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hills and mountain ranges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hills_and_mountain_ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Main Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Flora and Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Administrative districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_and_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_and_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Divisions and districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_and_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Folk music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tattoo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tattoo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Tattoo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tattoo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Airways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roadways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Roadways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_and_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_and_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Universities and colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_and_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autonomous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Autonomous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.4</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.5</span> <span>Medical colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.6</span> <span>Psychiatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Public Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jharkhand</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%83%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%B8%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ጃርኸንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጃርኸንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="झारखण्ड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="झारखण्ड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جهارخاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهارخاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ঝাৰখণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ঝাৰখণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="झारखण्ड – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="झारखण्ड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charkhand" title="Charkhand – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Charkhand" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جارکند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جارکند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ঝাড়খণ্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঝাড়খণ্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Джхаркханд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джхаркханд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Джгаркганд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джгаркганд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="झारखंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="झारखंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Джаркханд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джаркханд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="རྗར་ཁན་ཌི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྗར་ཁན་ཌི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Jharkhand" title="State of Jharkhand – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEh%C3%A1rkhand" title="Džhárkhand – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džhárkhand" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ޖަރްކަންދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަރްކަންދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="झारखण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="झारखण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τζαρχάντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζαρχάντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Carkando" title="Ĝarkando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝarkando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جارکند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جارکند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="ઝારખંડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઝારખંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandd" title="Jharkhandd – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Jharkhandd" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%B9%B8%EB%93%9C%EC%A3%BC" title="자르칸드주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자르칸드주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Ջարխանդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջարխանդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="झारखण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="झारखण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BAarkand" title="Dźarkand – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Dźarkand" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ঝাড়খন্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ঝাড়খন্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Джаркханд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Джаркханд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ג'הרקאנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'הרקאנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9D%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಝಾರ್ಖಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಝಾರ್ಖಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯარხანდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯარხანდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%88" title="جھارکھَنٛڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جھارکھَنٛڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jh%C4%81rakha%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Jhārakhaṇḍa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Jhārakhaṇḍa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEh%C4%81rkhanda" title="Džhārkhanda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džhārkhanda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEharkhandas" title="Džharkhandas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džharkhandas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsh%C3%A1rkhand" title="Dzshárkhand – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzshárkhand" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="झारखण्ड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="झारखण्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Џарканд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џарканд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9D%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഝാർഖണ്ഡ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഝാർഖണ്ഡ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="झारखंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झारखंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯარხანდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯარხანდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جارکند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جارکند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%97" title="ꯓꯥꯔꯈꯟ꯭ꯗ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯓꯥꯔꯈꯟ꯭ꯗ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Жаркханд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жаркханд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%88%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%81%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဈာရခဏ္ဍပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဈာရခဏ္ဍပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="झारखण्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="झारखण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="झारखण्ड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="झारखण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%B7%9E" title="ジャールカンド州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャールカンド州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Джаркханд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Джаркханд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9D%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଝାଡ଼ଖଣ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଝାଡ଼ଖଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9D%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਝਾਰਖੰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਝਾਰਖੰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%91%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%88" title="جھاڑکھنڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جھاڑکھنڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%89" title="جارکنډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جارکنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarcanda" title="Jarcanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jarcanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Джаркханд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джаркханд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="झारखण्डराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="झारखण्डराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xharkand" title="Xharkand – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xharkand" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%8A" title="جهارکنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جهارکنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEh%C3%A1rkhand" title="Džhárkhand – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Džhárkhand" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Џарканд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џарканд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEarkand" title="Džarkand – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džarkand" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சார்க்கண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்க்கண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Җаркһанд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җаркһанд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="జార్ఖండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జార్ఖండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%8C%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐฌารขัณฑ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐฌารขัณฑ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ҷарханд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷарханд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9D%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಝಾರ್ಖಂಡ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಝಾರ್ಖಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carkhand" title="Carkhand – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carkhand" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Джхаркханд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джхаркханд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%88" title="جھارکھنڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جھارکھنڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E5%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="賈坎德邦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="賈坎德邦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E5%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="贾坎德邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贾坎德邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="דזשארקהאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשארקהאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E6%8B%89%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="乍拉肯德邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乍拉肯德邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E5%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="贾坎德邦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贾坎德邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jharkhand" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1184#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jharkhand" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Jharkhand" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Jharkhand" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&oldid=1258173814" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Jharkhand&id=1258173814&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJharkhand%23Economy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJharkhand%23Economy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Jharkhand&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jharkhand" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Jharkhand" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jharkhand" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jharkhand" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1184" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jharkhand&params=23.35_N_85.33_E_region:IN-JH_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">85°20′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.35°N 85.33°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.35; 85.33</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until October 20, 2025 at 16:38 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Jharkhand&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Economy of Jharkhand</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in eastern India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in East India, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Jharkhand</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baba_Dham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Baba_Dham.jpg/288px-Baba_Dham.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Baba_Dham.jpg/432px-Baba_Dham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Baba_Dham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Temple" title="Baidyanath Temple">Baidyanath Temple</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div style=";height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Abode.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wild_Abode.jpg/115px-Wild_Abode.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wild_Abode.jpg/173px-Wild_Abode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wild_Abode.jpg/230px-Wild_Abode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Dalma_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary">Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div style=";height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhatinda_Falls_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bhatinda_Falls_1.jpg/169px-Bhatinda_Falls_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bhatinda_Falls_1.jpg/254px-Bhatinda_Falls_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bhatinda_Falls_1.jpg/338px-Bhatinda_Falls_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1808" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Bhatinda_Falls" title="Bhatinda Falls">Bhatinda Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style=";height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panchet_Dam_(DVC)_Dhanbad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Panchet_Dam_%28DVC%29_Dhanbad.jpg/139px-Panchet_Dam_%28DVC%29_Dhanbad.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Panchet_Dam_%28DVC%29_Dhanbad.jpg/209px-Panchet_Dam_%28DVC%29_Dhanbad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Panchet_Dam_%28DVC%29_Dhanbad.jpg/278px-Panchet_Dam_%28DVC%29_Dhanbad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Panchet_Dam" title="Panchet Dam">Panchet Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style=";height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dassam_fall,_ranchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dassam_fall%2C_ranchi.jpg/145px-Dassam_fall%2C_ranchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dassam_fall%2C_ranchi.jpg/218px-Dassam_fall%2C_ranchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dassam_fall%2C_ranchi.jpg/290px-Dassam_fall%2C_ranchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3124" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Dassam_Falls" title="Dassam Falls">Dassam Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg/142px-Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg/213px-Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg/284px-Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Parasnath" title="Parasnath">Parasnath Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giridih" title="Giridih">Giridih</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topchanchi_Lake_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Topchanchi_Lake_view.jpg/142px-Topchanchi_Lake_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Topchanchi_Lake_view.jpg/213px-Topchanchi_Lake_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Topchanchi_Lake_view.jpg/284px-Topchanchi_Lake_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Topchanchi" title="Topchanchi">Topchanchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div style=";height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IIT_Dhanbad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IIT_Dhanbad.jpg/146px-IIT_Dhanbad.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IIT_Dhanbad.jpg/219px-IIT_Dhanbad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IIT_Dhanbad.jpg/292px-IIT_Dhanbad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/IIT_Dhanbad" class="mw-redirect" title="IIT Dhanbad">IIT Dhanbad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style=";height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maithon_dam,_india.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maithon_dam%2C_india.jpg/138px-Maithon_dam%2C_india.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maithon_dam%2C_india.jpg/207px-Maithon_dam%2C_india.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maithon_dam%2C_india.jpg/276px-Maithon_dam%2C_india.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Maithon_Dam" title="Maithon Dam">Maithon Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Jharkhand"><img alt="Official emblem of Jharkhand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg/125px-Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg/188px-Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg/250px-Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="182" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Jharkhand" title="Emblem of Jharkhand">Emblem of Jharkhand</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: "Forest Land"</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Land of Forests"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Satyameva Jayate <br /> (Truth alone triumphs)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-JH.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Jharkhand in India"><img alt="The map of India showing Jharkhand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/IN-JH.svg/300px-IN-JH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/IN-JH.svg/450px-IN-JH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/IN-JH.svg/600px-IN-JH.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Jharkhand in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jharkhand&params=23.35_N_85.33_E_region:IN-JH_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">85°20′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.35°N 85.33°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.35; 85.33</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data">Part of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></td></tr><tr class="Part of [[Bihar]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 2000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Jharkhand" title="List of districts of Jharkhand">24 (5 divisions)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jharkhand" title="Government of Jharkhand">Government of Jharkhand</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Jharkhand" title="List of governors of Jharkhand">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santosh_Gangwar" title="Santosh Gangwar">Santosh Gangwar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Jharkhand" title="List of chief ministers of Jharkhand">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hemant_Soren" title="Hemant Soren">Hemant Soren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha" title="Jharkhand Mukti Morcha">JMM</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Unicameral</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jharkhand Legislative Assembly">Jharkhand Legislative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jharkhand Legislative Assembly">81 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#Jharkhand" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">6 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#Jharkhand" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">14 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_High_Court" title="Jharkhand High Court">Jharkhand High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">79,716 km<sup>2</sup> (30,779 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">15th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">463 km (288 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">380 km (240 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">277 m (909 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Parasnath" title="Parasnath">Parasnath</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,382 m (4,534 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)<sup id="cite_ref-2011_pp_tableA2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 32,988,134</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">14th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">414/km<sup>2</sup> (1,070/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">24.05%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">75.95%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Jharkhand" title="List of people from Jharkhand">Jharkhandi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a><sup id="cite_ref-NCLM52nd_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCLM52nd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Additional official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhumij_language" title="Bhumij language">Bhumij</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Avenue_Mail_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Avenue_Mail-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2024–25)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>4.70 lakh crore</span> (US$56 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">19th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>107,436</span> (US$1,300) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">30th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-JH</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">JH</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 0.592 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#fc0">Medium</span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 66.41% (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">948<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">26th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jharkhand.gov.in">jharkhand<wbr />.gov<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Jharkhand</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg/80px-Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg/120px-Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg/160px-Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="182" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Jharkhand" title="Emblem of Jharkhand">Emblem of Jharkhand</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koel" title="Koel">Koel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Butea_monosperma" title="Butea monosperma">Palash</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a><sup id="cite_ref-wiisymbols_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiisymbols-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Sal</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>State highway mark</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-JH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SH_IN-JH.png/90px-SH_IN-JH.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SH_IN-JH.png/135px-SH_IN-JH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SH_IN-JH.png/180px-SH_IN-JH.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of Jharkhand <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Jharkhand" title="List of state highways in Jharkhand">JH SH1 - JH SH</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jharkhand</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hindi:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[d͡ʒʱɑːɾkʰəɳɖ]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the land of forests</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">eastern India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state shares its border with the states of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> to the south. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_India_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and territories of India by area">15th largest state by area</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">14th largest by population</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is the official language of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-NCLM52nd_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCLM52nd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a> is its capital and <a href="/wiki/Dumka" title="Dumka">Dumka</a> its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; <a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Temple" title="Baidyanath Temple">Baidyanath Dham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasnath" title="Parasnath">Parasnath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maa_Dewri_Temple" title="Maa Dewri Temple">Dewri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajrappa" title="Rajrappa">Rajrappa</a> are major religious sites.<sup id="cite_ref-nyoooz.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyoooz.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jharkhand is primarily rural, with about 24% of its population living in cities as of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jharkhand suffers from what is sometimes termed a <a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">resource curse</a>: it accounts for more than 4% of <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">India's mineral production</a> but 39.1% of its population is below the poverty line and 19.6% of children under five years of age are malnourished.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word "<i>Jhar</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> means 'forest' and "<i>Khand</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> means 'land' in various <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>. Thus "Jharkhand" means <i>forest land</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ancient period, in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to location near Kark Rekha, that is, <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagpuri_Shist_Sahitya_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagpuri_Shist_Sahitya-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (September 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the Medieval period, the region was known as <i>Jharkhand</i>. According to <a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a> (1200 CE), Jharkhand was one of the seven <a href="/wiki/Pundra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra">Pundra</a> desa. The name is first found on a 13th-century copper plate in <a href="/wiki/Kendrapara_district" title="Kendrapara district">Kendrapada</a>, Odisha region from the reign of Narasimha Deva II of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a>. Forest land from <a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Temple" title="Baidyanath Temple">Baidhnath dham</a> to <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> was known as Jharkhand. In <a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Panchet" title="Panchet">Panchet</a> in the east to <a href="/wiki/Ratanpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanpur">Ratanpur</a> to west, <a href="/wiki/Rohtasgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohtasgarh">Rohtasgarh</a> to the north and the frontier of Odisha to the south was known as Jharkhand.<sup id="cite_ref-=Mittal_Publications2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-=Mittal_Publications2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jharkhand" title="History of Jharkhand">History of Jharkhand</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3></div> <p>The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period, as shown by several ancient cave paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cave_paintings_lie_in_neglect_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cave_paintings_lie_in_neglect-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_Education_India_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson_Education_India-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone tools have been discovered from Chota Nagpur Plateau region which are from the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, <a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh_district" title="Hazaribagh district">Hazaribagh district</a> which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Cave_paintings_lie_in_neglect_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cave_paintings_lie_in_neglect-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a> and these find complexes are known as the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Hoard Culture">Copper Hoard Culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Son_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Son River">Son</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Koel_River" title="North Koel River">North Koel</a> rivers in <a href="/wiki/Palamu_district" title="Palamu district">Palamu district</a> various antiquities and art objects have been found which are from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> to the medieval period and <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">pot-sherds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Redware" title="Redware">Redware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and red ware culture">black and red ware</a>, black ware, <a href="/wiki/Slipware" title="Slipware">black slipped ware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">NBP ware</a> are from <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> to the late medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">iron slags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microliths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potsherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherds">potsherds</a> have been discovered from <a href="/wiki/Singhbhum_district" title="Singhbhum district">Singhbhum district</a> that are from 1400 BCE according to carbon dating age.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_Education_India_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson_Education_India-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was ruled by many empires and dynasties including <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> during ancient period. </p><p>In the Mahabharata, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to its location near Tropic of Cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagpuri_Shist_Sahitya_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagpuri_Shist_Sahitya-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BCE, Jharkhand state was a part of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states were subdued and were forced to accept the <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya empire">Maurya empire</a> during <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s reign (c. 232 BCE). In the ancient site of <a href="/wiki/Saridkel" title="Saridkel">Saridkel</a>, burnt brick houses, red ware pottery, copper tools, coins and iron tools have been found which belong to the early centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-asiranchicircle_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiranchicircle-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Khunti district which are from the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>, while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region (<a href="/wiki/North_Chotanagpur_division" title="North Chotanagpur division">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Chotanagpur_division" title="South Chotanagpur division">South</a>), directed the first attack against the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala" title="Dakshina Kosala">Dakshina Kosala</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi" title="Mahanadi">Mahanadi</a> valley.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3></div> <p>In the 7th century, the Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> passed through the region. He described the kingdom as <a href="/wiki/Karnasuvarna" title="Karnasuvarna">Karnasuvarna</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a> as its ruler. To the north of Karn-Suberna was Magadha, Champa was in the east, Mahendra in the west, and Orissa in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the medieval period, the region was governed by <a href="/wiki/Nagvanshi_dynasty" title="Nagvanshi dynasty">Nagvanshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khayaravala_dynasty" title="Khayaravala dynasty">Khayaravala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_Raj" title="Ramgarh Raj">Ramgarh Raj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chero_dynasty" title="Chero dynasty">Chero</a> rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoma_Niyogi1959119_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoma_Niyogi1959119-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-https_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Buddhist monastery has been found in <a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh_district" title="Hazaribagh district">Hazaribagh</a> which was built during the Pala period in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhim_Karn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhim Karn">Bhim Karn</a> was a Nagvanshi king during medieval period. He defeated the <a href="/wiki/Raksel_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Raksel dynasty">Raksel dynasty</a> of Surguja when they invaded the region with cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khakparta_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Khakparta_Temple.jpg/220px-Khakparta_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Khakparta_Temple.jpg/330px-Khakparta_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Khakparta_Temple.jpg/440px-Khakparta_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption>Khakparta Temple, a 9th-century Shiva temple in Lohardaga</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> influence reached <a href="/wiki/Palamu_district" title="Palamu district">Palamu</a> during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> when it was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> <a href="/wiki/Raja_Mansingh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Mansingh">Raja Mansingh</a> in 1574. Several invasions took place during Mughal rule.<sup id="cite_ref-latehar.nic.in_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latehar.nic.in-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of the Nagvanshi King <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Singh_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhu Singh (king)">Madhu Singh</a>, Akbar's general invaded <a href="/wiki/Khukhragarh" title="Khukhragarh">Khukhra</a>. Also there was an invasion during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Durjan_Shah" title="Durjan Shah">Durjan Shah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Ram_Shah_(king)" title="Ram Shah (king)">Ram Shah</a> ruled Navratangarh from 1640 to 1663. He built the <a href="/wiki/Kapilnath_Temple" title="Kapilnath Temple">Kapilnath Temple</a> in 1643. He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Shah" title="Raghunath Shah">Raghunath Shah</a>. Thakur <a href="/wiki/Ani_Nath_Shahdeo" title="Ani Nath Shahdeo">Ani Nath Shahdeo</a> built the Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1691.<sup id="cite_ref-livehistoryindia_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livehistoryindia-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King <a href="/wiki/Medini_Ray" title="Medini Ray">Medini Ray</a> ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahiry201424_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahiry201424-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rule extended to areas in South <a href="/wiki/Gaya_district" title="Gaya district">Gaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh" title="Hazaribagh">Hazaribagh</a>. He attacked Navratangarh and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Nagvanshi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagvanshi Kingdom">Nagvanshi</a> Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chhotanagpur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palamu.nic.in_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palamu.nic.in-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chero rule in the <a href="/wiki/Palamu_division" title="Palamu division">Palamu</a> region lasted until the 19th century until internal conflict between various factions weakened the Cheros and they were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. Later Palamu estates were sold by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMGJagannathpur_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jagannath temple at Ranchi built by king Ani Nath Shahdeo"><img alt="Jagannath temple at Ranchi built by king Ani Nath Shahdeo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMGJagannathpur_Temple.jpg/268px-IMGJagannathpur_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMGJagannathpur_Temple.jpg/403px-IMGJagannathpur_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMGJagannathpur_Temple.jpg/536px-IMGJagannathpur_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_temple,_Ranchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath temple, Ranchi">Jagannath temple</a> at Ranchi built by king <a href="/wiki/Ani_Nath_Shahdeo" title="Ani Nath Shahdeo">Ani Nath Shahdeo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malooti3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maluti temples in Dumka"><img alt="Maluti temples in Dumka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Malooti3.jpg/268px-Malooti3.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Malooti3.jpg/403px-Malooti3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Malooti3.jpg/536px-Malooti3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maluti_temples" title="Maluti temples">Maluti temples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dumka" title="Dumka">Dumka</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palamau_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palamu Forts"><img alt="Palamu Forts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Palamau_Fort.jpg/268px-Palamau_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Palamau_Fort.jpg/403px-Palamau_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Palamau_Fort.jpg/536px-Palamau_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palamu_Forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Palamu Forts">Palamu Forts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nawratan_gadh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navratangarh fort"><img alt="Navratangarh fort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nawratan_gadh.jpg/302px-Nawratan_gadh.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nawratan_gadh.jpg/453px-Nawratan_gadh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nawratan_gadh.jpg/603px-Nawratan_gadh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Navratangarh" title="Navratangarh">Navratangarh fort</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>During the 18th century, regions under the Kings of the Chero dynasty, Nagvanshi dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_Raj" title="Ramgarh Raj">Ramgarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharagdiha" title="Kharagdiha">Kharagdiha</a> became parts of territories of <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. Ramgarh Raj along with estates of other chiefs in the regions were permanently settled as Zamindari estates. The <a href="/wiki/Kharagdiha" title="Kharagdiha">Kharagdiha</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">Rajas</a> were settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809, and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates. Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari estates were <a href="/wiki/Koderma" class="mw-redirect" title="Koderma">Koderma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasnath" title="Parasnath">Gadi Palganj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghochia" title="Baghochia">Ledo Gadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The princely states in the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a> came within the <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Empire</a>, but they became tributary states of British East India Company as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)">Anglo-Maratha Wars</a> and became known as <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Tributary_States" title="Chota Nagpur Tributary States">Chota Nagpur Tributary States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subjugation, colonisation and imposition of taxes by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. <a href="/wiki/Chuar_Rebellion" title="Chuar Rebellion">Chuar Rebellion</a>, the first revolt against the British East India Company led by Jagannath Singh Patar in 1767 with the <a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a> tribals. The Bhumijes again revolted in 1769–71, led by their Sardar Ghatwals in Dhalbhum. In 1769, <a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Mahato" title="Raghunath Mahato">Raghunath Mahato</a> also revolted against the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> (EIC).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1771, the revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by <a href="/wiki/Tilka_Manjhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilka Manjhi">Tilka Majhi</a>, a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills. Soon after in 1779, the <a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a> tribes again rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, called the Chuar Rebellion. In 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their landlord from <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a> tribe rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. <a href="/wiki/Bakhtar_Say" title="Bakhtar Say">Bakhtar Say</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mundal_Singh" title="Mundal Singh">Mundal Singh</a>, two landowners, fought against the British East India Company in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hos in Singhbhum revolted in 1820 and a <a href="/wiki/Kol_uprising" title="Kol uprising">Kol revolt</a> occurred in 1832. Also in 1832 the <a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumijs</a> revolted again against the British, this time under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Narayan_Singh" title="Ganga Narayan Singh">Ganga Narayan Singh</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Bhumij_rebellion" title="Bhumij rebellion">Bhumij Rebellion</a>. During the 19th century, large numbers of santals from <a href="/wiki/Manbhum" title="Manbhum">Manbhum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh" title="Hazaribagh">Hazaribagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a> were settled by British in <a href="/wiki/Damin-i-koh" title="Damin-i-koh">Damin-i-koh</a> to cultivate the land and generate revenue. But the Santal revolted against tax imposition. The <a href="/wiki/Santhal_rebellion" title="Santhal rebellion">Santhal rebellion</a> broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers <a href="/wiki/Sidhu_and_Kanhu_Murmu" title="Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu">Sidhu and Kanhu</a>. Later the British renamed it as Santal Pargana.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys,_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys%2C_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg/220px-Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys%2C_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys%2C_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg/330px-Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys%2C_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys%2C_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg/440px-Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys%2C_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santhal_rebellion" title="Santhal rebellion">Santhal rebellion</a> against tax imposition during British <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a> in 1855</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishwanath_Shahdeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo">Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandey_Ganpat_Rai" title="Pandey Ganpat Rai">Pandey Ganpat Rai</a> rebelled against the British East India Company in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chatra" title="Battle of Chatra">Battle of Chatra</a>, conflict took place between the rebels and the East India company.<sup id="cite_ref-Ustad1997_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ustad1997-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tikait_Umrao_Singh" title="Tikait Umrao Singh">Tikait Umrao Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bhikhari" title="Sheikh Bhikhari">Sheikh Bhikhari</a>, Nadir Ali and Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothers <a href="/wiki/Nilambar_and_Pitambar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilambar and Pitambar">Nilambar and Pitambar</a> were chiefs of Bhogta clan of the <a href="/wiki/Kharwar" title="Kharwar">Kharwar</a> tribe who held ancestral jagirs with many <a href="/wiki/Chero" title="Chero">Chero</a> Jagirdars and led revolt against the British East India company.<sup id="cite_ref-latehar.nic.in_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latehar.nic.in-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">rule</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> was transferred to the Crown in the person of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, in 1876, was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chero" title="Chero">Cheros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharwar" title="Kharwar">Kharwars</a> again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then <a href="/wiki/Birsa_Munda" title="Birsa Munda">Birsa Munda</a> revolt,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> broke out in 1895 and lasted until 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a> belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon. </p><p>In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-speaking states of <a href="/wiki/Chang_Bhakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang Bhakar">Chang Bhakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jashpur_State" title="Jashpur State">Jashpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_State" title="Korea State">Koriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surguja_State" title="Surguja State">Surguja</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Udaipur_State,_Chhattisgarh" title="Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh">Udaipur</a> was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces" title="Central Provinces">Central Provinces</a>, while the two <a href="/wiki/Oriya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a>-speaking states of <a href="/wiki/Gangpur_State" title="Gangpur State">Gangpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonai">Bonai</a> were attached to the <a href="/wiki/Orissa_Tributary_States" title="Orissa Tributary States">Orissa Tributary States</a>, leaving only <a href="/wiki/Kharsawan_State" title="Kharsawan State">Kharsawan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraikela_State" title="Saraikela State">Saraikela</a> answerable to the Bengal governor.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Agency" title="Eastern States Agency">Eastern States Agency</a>, the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any provinces. </p><p>In March 1940, the INC 53rd Session<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurred under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a> at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh, which is now <a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_Cantonment" title="Ramgarh Cantonment">Ramgarh Cantonment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Patel">Sardar Patel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acharya_J.B._Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Acharya J.B. Kripalani">Acharya J.B. Kripalani</a>, Industrialist <a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj" title="Jamnalal Bajaj">Jamnalal Bajaj</a> and other great leaders<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh Session.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahatma Gandhi also opened the Khadi and Village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At that time, under the leadership of Netaji <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a> a conference against Samjhauta was also completed. In Ramgarh, Subhas Chandra Bose was seen as president of the All India Forward Block and M. N. Roy was seen as leader of the Radical democratic party. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg/250px-Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg/375px-Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg/500px-Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Jawaharlal Nehru, industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Indian National Congress.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Independence">Post Independence</h3></div> <p>After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of many states chose to accede to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Changbhakar" title="Changbhakar">Changbhakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jashpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jashpur">Jashpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Koriya">Koriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surguja" class="mw-redirect" title="Surguja">Surguja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipur</a> after that became part of the state of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Gangpur" title="Gangpur">Gangpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonai">Bonai</a> became part of the state of <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharsawan" title="Kharsawan">Kharsawan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraikela" title="Saraikela">Saraikela</a> became part of the state of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, a separate state was demanded by <i>Unnati Samaj</i>, the political wing of the Christian Tribals Association, which submitted a memorandum to the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">Simon Commission</a> to constitute a tribal state in eastern India.<sup id="cite_ref-=Mittal_Publications2008_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-=Mittal_Publications2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent leaders like <a href="/wiki/Jaipal_Singh_Munda" title="Jaipal Singh Munda">Jaipal Singh Munda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ram_Narayan_Singh" title="Ram Narayan Singh">Ram Narayan Singh</a> also demanded a separate state. In 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Party" title="Jharkhand Party">Jharkhand Party</a>, led by Jaipal Singh Munda, submitted a memorandum to the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganization_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganization Commission">States Reorganization Commission</a> for a separate Jharkhand state comprising the tribal area of South Bihar, but it was rejected because there were many languages, no link language in the region, tribals were in the minority, Hindustani was the majority language, and it risked adverse effect on the economy of Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-Concept_Publishing_Company_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concept_Publishing_Company-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later the <a href="/wiki/Sadan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadan people">Sadan people</a>, the native various caste/non-tribal groups, also joined the movement for a separate state.<sup id="cite_ref-Concept_Publishing_Company_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concept_Publishing_Company-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Binod_Bihari_Mahato" title="Binod Bihari Mahato">Binod Bihari Mahato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shibu_Soren" title="Shibu Soren">Shibu Soren</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._K._Roy" title="A. K. Roy">A. K. Roy</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha" title="Jharkhand Mukti Morcha">Jharkhand Mukti Morcha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Mahto" title="Nirmal Mahto">Nirmal Mahto</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/All_Jharkhand_Students_Union" title="All Jharkhand Students Union">All Jharkhand Students Union</a>. They led the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting of <a href="/wiki/Ram_Dayal_Munda" title="Ram Dayal Munda">Ram Dayal Munda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisheshwar_Prasad_Keshari" title="Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari">B. P. Keshri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binod_Bihari_Mahato" title="Binod Bihari Mahato">Binod Bihari Mahato</a>, Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra started a new initiative and tried to coordinate between different parties. Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jharkhand co-ordination committee was then led by Congress General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ram_Ratan_Ram" title="Ram Ratan Ram">Ram Ratan Ram</a>, who urged <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> to pay attention to the issue at hand. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_to_Mr._Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Letter_to_Mr._Gandhi.jpg/220px-Letter_to_Mr._Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Letter_to_Mr._Gandhi.jpg/330px-Letter_to_Mr._Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Letter_to_Mr._Gandhi.jpg/440px-Letter_to_Mr._Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Congress General Secretary Mr. Ram Ratan Ram's letter to PM Mr. Rajiv Gandhi on the issue of the state of Jharkhand</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Janata party">Bharatiya Janata party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a> decided to demand a separate state, Vanachal, comprising the forest region of South Bihar in <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inder_Singh_Namdhari" title="Inder Singh Namdhari">Inder Singh Namdhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samresh_Singh" title="Samresh Singh">Samresh Singh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudra_Pratap_Sarangi" title="Rudra Pratap Sarangi">Rudra Pratap Sarangi</a> were the leaders of the Vanachal movement. They organised several rallies to form a separate state.<sup id="cite_ref-jagran2018_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jagran2018-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need for greater allocation of development funds for the area. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a> areas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. Chotanagpur and <a href="/wiki/Santal" class="mw-redirect" title="Santal">Santal</a> Pargana development boards were constituted under the chairmanship of the then chief minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972. This failed to achieve the desired result. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha wanted more representation and the All Jharkhand Students Union was against it. Due to differences these parties broke away from each other. The All Jharkhand Students Union introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for a boycott of election while Jharkhand Mukti Morcha opposed this. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council bill passed in Bihar's legislative assembly in December 1994. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council were given responsibility for forty areas including agriculture, rural health, public work, public health and minerals. The council has power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-https_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Concept_Publishing_Company_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concept_Publishing_Company-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, when the separate state movement was falling apart, Justice <a href="/wiki/Lal_Pingley_Nath_Shahdeo" title="Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo">Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo</a> was leading the movement. In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Union_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Union government">Union government</a> decided to send the bill concerning the formation of the state of Jharkhand to the <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bihar Legislative Assembly">Bihar Legislative Assembly</a> to which <a href="/wiki/Lalu_Prasad_Yadav" title="Lalu Prasad Yadav">Lalu Prasad Yadav</a> had said that the state would be divided over his dead body. A total of 16 political parties including the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, the <a href="/wiki/All_Jharkhand_Students_Union" title="All Jharkhand Students Union">All Jharkhand Students Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> came in one platform and formed the 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. Voting on the Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in Bihar legislation. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march. Thousands of supporters of a separate state took to the streets led by Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in a police station for hours along with many supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999 the Bharatiya Janata party promised to form a separate Vanachal state if they won the state election with a majority of votes.<sup id="cite_ref-jagran2018_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jagran2018-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, <a href="/wiki/RJD" class="mw-redirect" title="RJD">RJD</a>'s dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000">Bihar reorganisation Bill</a>. Finally, with the support from both RJD and <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a>, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the Bharatiya Janata Party which had made statehood its main poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Bihar reorganisation Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament on 2 and 11 August in Loksabha and Rajyasabha. This paved the way for the creation of a separate Vanachal state comprising the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Division" title="Chota Nagpur Division">Chota Nagpur Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santhal_Pargana_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal Pargana Division">Santhal Pargana Division</a> of South Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Alliance (India)">NDA</a> formed the government with <a href="/wiki/Babulal_Marandi" title="Babulal Marandi">Babulal Marandi</a> as chief minister. Later the name of the state was changed from Vanachal to Jharkhand.<sup id="cite_ref-jagran2018_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jagran2018-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Babulal_Marandi" title="Babulal Marandi">Babulal Marandi</a> took the oath of chief minister on 15 November 2000 on the anniversary of the birth of tribal leader <a href="/wiki/Birsa_Munda" title="Birsa Munda">Birsa Munda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-https_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jharkhand_statehood">Jharkhand statehood</h3></div> <p>The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of the relatively underdeveloped southern part of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% is <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a> while 12% of the people belong to <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_castes_and_scheduled_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes">scheduled castes</a>. Jharkhand has 24 districts, 260 blocks, and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% have access to electricity while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> state, endowed as it is with a vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naxal_insurgency">Naxal insurgency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tritiya_Prastuti_Committee" title="Tritiya Prastuti Committee">Tritiya Prastuti Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Front_of_India" title="People's Liberation Front of India">People's Liberation Front of India</a></div> <p>Jharkhand has been at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Naxalite-Maoist_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite-Maoist insurgency">Naxalite-Maoist insurgency</a>. Since the uprising of the <a href="/wiki/Naxalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalites">Naxalites</a> in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Police" title="Jharkhand Police">police</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Salwa_Judum" title="Salwa Judum">Salwa Judum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's geographical area<sup id="cite_ref-globalpolitician.com_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpolitician.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (home to 5.50% of India's population), the state of Jharkhand is part of the "<a href="/wiki/Red_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Corridor">Red Corridor</a>" comprising 92,000 square kilometres,<sup id="cite_ref-globalpolitician.com_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpolitician.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the highest concentration of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants fight.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours an abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution.<sup id="cite_ref-atimes.com_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impoverished state provides ample recruits for <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor and tribals that see few benefits from the resource extractions.<sup id="cite_ref-atimes.com_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a> population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.<sup id="cite_ref-atimes.com_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.<sup id="cite_ref-globalpolitician.com_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpolitician.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 March 2007, <a href="/wiki/Sunil_Kumar_Mahato" title="Sunil Kumar Mahato">Sunil Mahato</a>, a member of the national parliament, was shot dead by <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalite</a> rebels near <a href="/wiki/Kishanpur" title="Kishanpur">Kishanpur</a> while watching a football match on the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> festival of <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>. His widow, <a href="/wiki/Suman_Mahato" title="Suman Mahato">Suman Mahato</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha" title="Jharkhand Mukti Morcha">Jharkhand Mukti Morcha</a> candidate, won the <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a> Lok Sabha by-election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <p>Jharkhand is located in the eastern part of India and is enclosed by <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> to the eastern side, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> to the western side, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> to the northern part and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> to the southern part. </p><p>Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of 79,716 square kilometres (30,779 sq mi). Much of Jharkhand lies on the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a>. Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau. They are: <a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Koel_River" title="North Koel River">North Koel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barakar" title="Barakar">Barakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Koel_River" title="South Koel River">South Koel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankh_River" title="Sankh River">Sankh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_River" title="Subarnarekha River">Subarnarekha</a> rivers. The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state. Much of the Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest. Forests sustain the population of elephants and tigers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Jharkhand_relief_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/India_Jharkhand_relief_map.png/220px-India_Jharkhand_relief_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/India_Jharkhand_relief_map.png/330px-India_Jharkhand_relief_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/India_Jharkhand_relief_map.png/440px-India_Jharkhand_relief_map.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Physical map of Jharkhand</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>Climate of Jharkhand varies from <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">Humid subtropical</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical wet and dry</a> in the south-east.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main seasons are summer, rainy, autumn, winter and spring. The summer lasts from mid-April to mid-June. May, the hottest month, characterised by daily high temperatures around 37 °C (99 °F) and low temperatures around 25 °C (77 °F). The <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">southwest monsoon</a>, from mid-June to October, brings nearly all the state's annual rainfall, which ranges from about 1,000 mm (40 in) in the west-central part of the state to more than 1,500 mm (60 in) in the southwest. Nearly half of the annual precipitation falls in July and August. The winter season lasts from November to February. The temperatures in <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a> in December usually vary from 10–24 °C (50–75 °F). Spring season lasts from mid-February to mid-April.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hills_and_mountain_ranges">Hills and mountain ranges</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parasnath" title="Parasnath">Parasnath</a>: Parasnath Hill is also called as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sammed_Sikharji" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sammed Sikharji">Sri Sammed Sikharji</a> by Jains and <a href="/wiki/Marang_Buru" title="Marang Buru">Marang Buru</a> by <a href="/wiki/Santal" class="mw-redirect" title="Santal">Santal</a> tribes. The Parasnath Hill is situated in Giridih district of Jharkhand. It is a chief <a href="/wiki/Jain_pilgrimage_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain pilgrimage site">Jain pilgrimage site</a> and the holy place for <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jains</a>. Additionally,for <a href="/wiki/Santal" class="mw-redirect" title="Santal">Santal</a> tribes, their supreme deity <a href="/wiki/Marang_Buru" title="Marang Buru">Marang Buru</a> is prayed and <i>Jug Jaher</i> is the holy enshrine in its valley where <i>Jaher Ayo</i> being worshiped. It is believed in the Jain culture that 20 of the 24 Tirthankaras attained Moksha from this place. The height of the hill is 1,365 meters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netarhat" title="Netarhat">Netarhat</a>: Netarhat is a town in Latehar district. Referred to as the "Queen of Chotanagpur", it is a hill station. <a href="/wiki/Netarhat_Residential_School" title="Netarhat Residential School">Netarhat Residential School</a> is located here. Netarhat Dam is also located in this area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajmahal_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajmahal Hills">Rajmahal Hills</a>: These hills are located in <a href="/wiki/Sahibganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibganj">Sahibganj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godda" title="Godda">Godda</a> districts of Eastern part of Jharkhand. The <a href="/wiki/Rajmahal_hills" title="Rajmahal hills">Rajmahal hills</a> belong to the Jurassic era. These hills like others also have many waterfalls, lakes and greenery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikut" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikut">Trikut</a>: Trikut Hill is located ten kilometres away from Deoghar and lies on the way to Dumka in Jharkhand. Trikut hill is also called Trikutchal because there are 3 major peaks on the hill. The height of Trikut hill is 2470 feet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagore_Hill" title="Tagore Hill">Tagore Hill</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Tagore_Hill" title="Tagore Hill">Tagore Hill</a> is also recognised as the Morabadi Hill. The Tagore hill is located in Morabadi, Ranchi. The brother of Rabindranath Tagore, Jyotirindranath Tagore had made a tour at Ranchi in the year 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_Rivers">Main Rivers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Jharkhand" title="List of rivers of Jharkhand">List of rivers of Jharkhand</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga River">Ganga River</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Holy_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy river">holy river</a> Ganga passes through the north-eastern district of Sahebganj. Cities on the banks of Ganga river in Jharkhand: Sahebganj, Rajmahal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Son River">Son River</a>: Origin of Son River: Amarkantak, Cities on the Shore of Son River: Sidhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_River" title="Subarnarekha River">Subarnarekha River</a>: Origin of Subarnarekha River: (Nagdi Ranchi) Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of Subarnarekha River: Ranchi, Chandil, Jamshedpur, Ghatshila, Gopiballavpur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkai_River" title="Kharkai River">Kharkai River</a>: Origin of Kharkai River: Mayurbhanj District, Odisha; Cities on the Shore of Kharkai River: Rairangpur, Adityapur, and enters the Subarnarekha river in north-western Jamshedpur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a>: Origin of Damodar River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Tori latehar), Cities on the Shore of Damodar River: latehar, lohardaga, Ramgarh, Gridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Asansol, Raniganj, Durgapur, Bardhaman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Koel_River" title="North Koel River">North Koel River</a>: Origin of North Koel River: Chota Nagpur plateau, Cities on Shore of North Koel River: Daltonganj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Koel_River" title="South Koel River">South Koel River</a>: Origin of South Koyal River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Nagdi Ranchi), Cities on the Shore of South Koyal River: Manoharpur, Rourkela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilajan_River" title="Lilajan River">Lilajan River</a>: Also known as Falgu river. Origin of Lilajan River: Northern Chota Nagpur Plateau, City on the Shore: Gaya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_River" title="Ajay River">Ajay River</a>: Origin of Ajay River: Munger, Cities on the Shore of Ajay River: Purulia, Chittaranjan, Ilambazar, Jaydev Kenduli</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurakshi_River" title="Mayurakshi River">Mayurakshi River</a>: Origin of Mayurakshi River: Trikut hill, City on the Shore of Mayurakshi River: Suri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakar_River" title="Barakar River">Barakar River</a>: Origin: Padma in Hazaribagh, Barakar Nadi flows through the districts of Koderma, Giridih, Hazaribagh, etc.</li></ul> <p>For the list of dams built across these revere refer to <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=dams_in_jharkhand">[2]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_Fauna">Flora and Fauna</h3></div> <p>Jharkhand has a rich variety of <a href="/wiki/Flora_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (plants)">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna (animals)">fauna</a>. The national parks and the zoological gardens in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety. </p><p>Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the <a href="/wiki/Palamau_Tiger_Reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Palamau Tiger Reserves">Palamau Tiger Reserves</a> under the Project Tiger. This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palaash_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palash flowers, bright red, pepper the skyline in Jharkhand during fall, also known as forest fire"><img alt="Palash flowers, bright red, pepper the skyline in Jharkhand during fall, also known as forest fire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Palaash_flowers.jpg/302px-Palaash_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Palaash_flowers.jpg/453px-Palaash_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Palaash_flowers.jpg/603px-Palaash_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palash" class="mw-redirect" title="Palash">Palash</a> flowers, bright red, pepper the skyline in Jharkhand during fall, also known as forest fire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muta_crocodile_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A crocodile at Muta crocodile breeding centre at Ormanjhi, Ranchi"><img alt="A crocodile at Muta crocodile breeding centre at Ormanjhi, Ranchi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Muta_crocodile_park.jpg/302px-Muta_crocodile_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Muta_crocodile_park.jpg/453px-Muta_crocodile_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Muta_crocodile_park.jpg/603px-Muta_crocodile_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A crocodile at Muta crocodile breeding centre at <a href="/wiki/Ormanjhi" title="Ormanjhi">Ormanjhi</a>, Ranchi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RAJNI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Female Indian Elephant at Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand"><img alt="A Female Indian Elephant at Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/RAJNI.jpg/304px-RAJNI.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/RAJNI.jpg/456px-RAJNI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/RAJNI.jpg/607px-RAJNI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Female <a href="/wiki/Indian_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Elephant">Indian Elephant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dalma_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary">Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary</a> in Jharkhand</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sadan_peoples" title="Sadan peoples">Sadan peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagpuria_people" title="Nagpuria people">Nagpuria people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Jharkhand" title="Tribes of Jharkhand">Tribes of Jharkhand</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,068,233</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,747,122</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,767,770</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,908,737</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">8,868,069</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+12.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,697,254</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,606,489</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,227,133</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,612,069</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">21,844,911</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+24.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">26,945,829</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">32,988,134</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a><sup id="cite_ref-Census_Population_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_Population-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Indian Census</a>, Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females.<sup id="cite_ref-2011census_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011census-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> is 947 females to 1,000 males.<sup id="cite_ref-2011census_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011census-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literacy rate of the state was 67.63% with <a href="/wiki/Ranchi_district" title="Ranchi district">Ranchi district</a> being most educated at 77.13% compared to rural Pakur district being least at 50.17%.<sup id="cite_ref-2011census_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011census-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In social demographics, Jharkhand's <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes</a> populations are 3,985,644 (12.08%) and 8,646,189 (26.21%), respectively. Nationally, they rank 14th and 6th, comprising 1.98% and 8.29% of the total population within these social groups. They are predominantly concentrated in south-western district <a href="/wiki/Simdega_district" title="Simdega district">Simdega</a> (78.23%), <a href="/wiki/Khunti_district" title="Khunti district">Khunti</a> (77.77%), <a href="/wiki/Gumla_district" title="Gumla district">Gumla</a> (72.11%), <a href="/wiki/West_Singhbhum_district" title="West Singhbhum district">Paschim Singhbhum</a> (71.1%), <a href="/wiki/Latehar_district" title="Latehar district">Latehar</a> (66.85%), and in <a href="/wiki/Lohardaga_district" title="Lohardaga district">Lohardaga district</a> (60.21%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 644.47261993097px; border-left-color:saddlebrown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:saddlebrown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:saddlebrown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 383.46688504855px; border-left-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 258.24308963337px; border-left-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 177.38453261861px; border-left-color:hotpink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:hotpink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:hotpink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 129.08661823098px; border-left-color:mediumseagreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:mediumseagreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:mediumseagreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 89.62410560034px; border-left-color:teal"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:teal"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:teal"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 60.934902615619px; border-left-color:deepskyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:deepskyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:deepskyblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 37.428259311242px; border-left-color:crimson"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:crimson"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:crimson"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 9.8332802417037px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.202767158609px 27.295193551733px 0 0; border-top-color:burlywood"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:burlywood"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:74.468441818811px 66.741674934619px 0 0; border-top-color:darkturquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkturquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:28.501926246998px 95.852178901738px 0 0; border-top-color:orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 298.79917063822px 100px 0; border-right-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:0.46776993917564px; border-width:0 0 99.532230060824px 9.6610133588114px; border-bottom-color:red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Languages of Jharkhand (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-language_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a> (23.46%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (21.40%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orchid; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (9.74%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkturquoise; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> (8.77%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:burlywood; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri</a> (7.23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (5.96%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:crimson; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a> (4.14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:deepskyblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a> (3.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:teal; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a> (2.92%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:mediumseagreen; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a> (2.88%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:hotpink; color:black;"> </span> 'Other' Hindi<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2.32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> (2.29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:pink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a> (1.82%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:saddlebrown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> (1.61%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Others (2.45%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Jharkhand is linguistically diverse, with speakers of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Austroasiatic languages. <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is the official language and is spoken as the link language by the people of the state,<sup id="cite_ref-NCLM52nd_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCLM52nd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although different regional languages exist.<sup id="cite_ref-language_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of which, including <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> are categorised as 'Hindi languages' in the Indian census 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-language_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jharkhand has accorded additional official language status to <a href="/wiki/Angika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Angika language">Angika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhumij_language" title="Bhumij language">Bhumij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadani language">Nagpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Avenue_Mail_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Avenue_Mail-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCLM52nd_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCLM52nd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_Jharkhand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linguistic_map_of_Jharkhand.png/220px-Linguistic_map_of_Jharkhand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linguistic_map_of_Jharkhand.png/330px-Linguistic_map_of_Jharkhand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linguistic_map_of_Jharkhand.png/440px-Linguistic_map_of_Jharkhand.png 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of Jharkhand, showing the most spoken language by district.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jharkhand" title="Religion in Jharkhand">Religion in Jharkhand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Temple,_Bundu,_Ranchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sun_Temple%2C_Bundu%2C_Ranchi.jpg/220px-Sun_Temple%2C_Bundu%2C_Ranchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sun_Temple%2C_Bundu%2C_Ranchi.jpg/330px-Sun_Temple%2C_Bundu%2C_Ranchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sun_Temple%2C_Bundu%2C_Ranchi.jpg/440px-Sun_Temple%2C_Bundu%2C_Ranchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Temple">Sun Temple</a> at Ranchi; Hinduism is the largest religion in the state</figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 7957.3282711643px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 6365.6741162871px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5683.5186676955px; border-left-color:darkkhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkkhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkkhaki"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 321.4582078634px; border-left-color:Maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Maroon"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 49.849444350666px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:90.022759706837px 43.54196521478px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Jharkhand (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (67.83%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (14.53%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Maroon; color:white;"> </span> Other religions and persuasions (12.84%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:dodgerblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jharkhand" title="Christianity in Jharkhand">Christianity</a> (4.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkkhaki; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.22%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.03%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.05%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Not stated (0.21%)</div> <p style="margin-bottom:0">The other religions and persuasions mostly consists of adherents of <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </div> </div></div> <p>As per the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the majority religion in the state at 67.8%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> at 14.5% and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> at 4.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other religions, primarily <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a>, claim to be 12.8% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindus form majority in 19 out of 24 districts of the Jharkhand. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> forms majority in <a href="/wiki/Simdega_district" title="Simdega district">Simdega district</a> (51.04%).<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarna_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarna (religion)">Sarna</a> forms majority in <a href="/wiki/Lohardaga_district" title="Lohardaga district">Lohardaga</a> (51.01%), <a href="/wiki/West_Singhbhum_district" title="West Singhbhum district">West Singhbhum</a> (62.29%) and plurality in <a href="/wiki/Gumla_district" title="Gumla district">Gumla</a> (44.62%) and <a href="/wiki/Khunti_district" title="Khunti district">Khunti</a> (45.37%).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims have highest presence in <a href="/wiki/Pakur_district" title="Pakur district">Pakur district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahebganj_district" title="Sahebganj district">Sahebganj district</a> of Jharkhand forming 35% and 34% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_administration">Government and administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jharkhand" title="Government of Jharkhand">Government of Jharkhand</a></div> <p>The constitutional head of the government of Jharkhand is the <a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">governor</a>, who is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a>. The real executive power rests with the <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">chief minister</a> and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the government. </p><p>The head of the bureaucracy of the state is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">chief secretary</a>. Under this position, is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Forest_Service" title="Indian Forest Service">Indian Forest Service</a> and different wings of the state civil services. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice" title="Chief justice">chief justice</a>. Jharkhand has a <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_High_Court" title="Jharkhand High Court">High Court</a> which has been functioning since 2000. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Ranchi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_districts">Administrative districts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Jharkhand" title="Administrative divisions of Jharkhand">Administrative divisions of Jharkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Jharkhand">Districts of Jharkhand</a></div> <p>The state was formed with 18 districts that were formerly part of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Pakur, Khunti and Ramgarh. At present, the state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts. One interesting thing about Jharkhand is that all its districts, except Lohardaga and Khunti, share a border with a neighbouring state.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions_and_districts">Divisions and districts</h3></div> <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Palamu_division" title="Palamu division">Palamu division</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwa_district" title="Garhwa district">Garhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamu_district" title="Palamu district">Palamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latehar_district" title="Latehar district">Latehar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Chotanagpur_division" title="North Chotanagpur division">North Chotanagpur division</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatra_district" title="Chatra district">Chatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaribag_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaribag district">Hazaribag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giridih_district" title="Giridih district">Giridih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koderma_district" title="Koderma district">Koderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad_district" title="Dhanbad district">Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_district" title="Bokaro district">Bokaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_district" title="Ramgarh district">Ramgarh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Chotanagpur_division" title="South Chotanagpur division">South Chotanagpur division</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi_district" title="Ranchi district">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohardaga_district" title="Lohardaga district">Lohardaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumla_district" title="Gumla district">Gumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simdega_district" title="Simdega district">Simdega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khunti_district" title="Khunti district">Khunti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kolhan_division" title="Kolhan division">Kolhan division</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Singhbhum_district" title="West Singhbhum district">West Singhbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraikela_Kharsawan_district" title="Seraikela Kharsawan district">Seraikela Kharsawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Singhbhum_district" title="East Singhbhum district">East Singhbhum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Santhal_Pargana_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal Pargana Division">Santhal Pargana Division</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoghar_district" title="Deoghar district">Deoghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamtara_district" title="Jamtara district">Jamtara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumka_district" title="Dumka district">Dumka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godda_district" title="Godda district">Godda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakur_district" title="Pakur district">Pakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahebganj_district" title="Sahebganj district">Sahebganj</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3></div> <p>Largest Cities in Jharkhand<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><small>(2011 Census of India estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></span> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>City</th> <th>District</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>City</th> <th>District</th> <th>Population</th> <th rowspan="11"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cityscapes_of_Jamshedpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cityscapes_of_Jamshedpur.jpg/100px-Cityscapes_of_Jamshedpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cityscapes_of_Jamshedpur.jpg/150px-Cityscapes_of_Jamshedpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cityscapes_of_Jamshedpur.jpg/200px-Cityscapes_of_Jamshedpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Jamshedpur</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Classic_Bokaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hotel_Classic_Bokaro.jpg/100px-Hotel_Classic_Bokaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hotel_Classic_Bokaro.jpg/150px-Hotel_Classic_Bokaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hotel_Classic_Bokaro.jpg/200px-Hotel_Classic_Bokaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Bokaro</figcaption></figure> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">01</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Singhbhum_district" title="East Singhbhum district">East Singbhum</a></td> <td>1,339,438</td> <td align="center">06</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Phusro" title="Phusro">Phusro</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_district" title="Bokaro district">Bokaro</a></td> <td>186,139 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">02</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad_district" title="Dhanbad district">Dhanbad</a></td> <td>1,196,214</td> <td align="center">07</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh" title="Hazaribagh">Hazaribagh</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh_district" title="Hazaribagh district">Hazaribagh</a></td> <td>153,595 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">03</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranchi_district" title="Ranchi district">Ranchi</a></td> <td>1,126,741</td> <td align="center">08</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Giridih" title="Giridih">Giridih</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giridih_district" title="Giridih district">Giridih</a></td> <td>143,630 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">04</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro Steel City</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_district" title="Bokaro district">Bokaro</a></td> <td>564,319</td> <td align="center">09</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_Cantonment" title="Ramgarh Cantonment">Ramgarh</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_district" title="Ramgarh district">Ramgarh</a></td> <td>132,441 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">05</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Deoghar" title="Deoghar">Deoghar</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deoghar_district" title="Deoghar district">Deoghar</a></td> <td>203,123</td> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Medininagar" title="Medininagar">Medininagar</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palamu_district" title="Palamu district">Palamu</a></td> <td>120,325 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of Jharkhand is estimated at <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>3.83 lakh crore</span> (US$46 billion) in 2020–21. The per capita GDP of Jharkhand in 2018-19 was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>82,430</span> (US$990).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_Mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coal_Mine.jpg/220px-Coal_Mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coal_Mine.jpg/330px-Coal_Mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coal_Mine.jpg/440px-Coal_Mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Open-cast Coal Mining in <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is 24.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jharkhand also has immense <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> (4th), <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> (3rd), <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> ore (1st), <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> (1st), <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> (3rd), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_clay" class="mw-redirect" title="China clay">china clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_clay" title="Fire clay">fire clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> (8th), <a href="/wiki/Kainite" title="Kainite">kainite</a> (1st), <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a> (2nd), <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> (1st), <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> (3rd), <a href="/wiki/Sillimanite" title="Sillimanite">sillimanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and even <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rakha_Mines" title="Rakha Mines">Rakha Mines</a>) (6th) and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a>, in centres like <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro</a> and Ranchi. <a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Steel</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/NSE_NIFTY_500" class="mw-redirect" title="NSE NIFTY 500">NSE NIFTY 500</a></i> conglomerate has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar, Jharkhand.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reported a gross income of <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>. 204,910 million for 2005. NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine in state in 2011–12, for which the company will be investing about Rs 18 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-ntpc-mp_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntpc-mp-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2006, the government of Jharkhand established the Jharkhand Silk Textile and Handicraft Development Corporation (Jharcraft) which promotes local sericulture and weaving and the wider marketing of these products.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture is another major economic sector. Farmers in Jharkhand produce several crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, potatoes, and vegetables such as tomato, carrots, cabbage, brinjal, pumpkin, and papaya. Other important industries include the cottage industry and IT.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jharkhand" title="Culture of Jharkhand">Culture of Jharkhand</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Jharkhand">Cuisine of Jharkhand</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_plate_Jharkhand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rice_plate_Jharkhand.jpg/150px-Rice_plate_Jharkhand.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rice_plate_Jharkhand.jpg/225px-Rice_plate_Jharkhand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rice_plate_Jharkhand.jpg/300px-Rice_plate_Jharkhand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A Jharkhand Rice Plate</figcaption></figure> <p>Staple foods of Jharkhand are <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>. Spices are sparingly used in cuisine. Famous dishes include <a href="/wiki/Chhilka_Roti" title="Chhilka Roti">Chhilka Roti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malpua" title="Malpua">Malpua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitha" title="Pitha">Pitha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhooska" title="Dhooska">Dhooska</a>, Arsa roti, Dudhauri, and <a href="/wiki/Panipuri" title="Panipuri">Panipuri</a> (Gupchup).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rugra and Putoo is a type of edible mushroom that is grown extensively in Jharkhand and harvested during the rainy months. It has a hardened, white, edible shell and a softer dark coloured centre. <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">Bamboo shoot</a> are a versatile ingredient used in many culinary traditions, particularly in Jharkhand cuisine. They can be boiled, steamed, stir-fried, or pickled, making them a popular addition to dishes such as soups, curries, and salads. Bamboo shoots are known for their ability to absorb the flavours of the ingredients they are cooked with, enhancing the overall taste of the dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves of Munga (<a href="/wiki/Moringa_oleifera" title="Moringa oleifera">Moringa oleifera</a>) and Koinar (<a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_variegata" title="Bauhinia variegata">Bauhinia variegata</a>) trees are used as a leafy vegetable or <a href="/wiki/Saag" title="Saag">Saag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer, originally known as Handi or <a href="/wiki/Handia_(drink)" title="Handia (drink)">Handia</a>, named after the vessel, handi (earthen pot), used to make it. Handia is culturally associated with natives, i.e., Sadans and Tribals; this drink is consumed by both men and women on social occasions like marriage and festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common liquor is called <i>Mahua <a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">daru</a></i>, made from flowers of the Mahua tree (<a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia" title="Madhuca longifolia">Madhuca longifolia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_music_and_dance">Folk music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Jharkhand" title="Folk dances of Jharkhand">Folk dances of Jharkhand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chhau_Dancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chhau_Dancers.jpg/220px-Chhau_Dancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chhau_Dancers.jpg/330px-Chhau_Dancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chhau_Dancers.jpg/440px-Chhau_Dancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2703" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Chhau Dancers in Jharkhand village</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several folk dances in Jharkhand such as: <a href="/wiki/Jhumair" title="Jhumair">Jhumair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardani_Jhumar" title="Mardani Jhumar">Mardani Jhumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janani_Jhumar" title="Janani Jhumar">Janani Jhumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domkach" title="Domkach">Domkach</a>, Vinsariya, Jhumta, Fagua, <a href="/wiki/Janani_Jhumar" title="Janani Jhumar">Angnai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paiki_dance" title="Paiki dance">Paiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firkal_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Firkal dance">Firkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munda_people#Culture_and_tradition" title="Munda people">Mundari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santal_people#Culture" title="Santal people">Santali</a> dance.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <p>Major festivals of Jharkhand are <a href="/wiki/Sarhul" title="Sarhul">Sarhul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baha_parab" title="Baha parab">Baha Parab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karam_festival" title="Karam festival">Karam Parab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mage_Parab" title="Mage Parab">Mage Parab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohrai" title="Sohrai">Sohrai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandna" title="Bandna">Bandna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tusu_Festival" title="Tusu Festival">Tusu festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawakhani" title="Nawakhani">Nawakhani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jitiya" title="Jitiya">Jitiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rath_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath Yatra">Rath Yatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Puja">Saraswati Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, Phagua and the Sendra festival.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.in_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karam_puja_in_jharkhand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karam festival in Jharkhand"><img alt="Karam festival in Jharkhand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karam_puja_in_jharkhand.jpg/268px-Karam_puja_in_jharkhand.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karam_puja_in_jharkhand.jpg/403px-Karam_puja_in_jharkhand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Karam_puja_in_jharkhand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karam_(festival)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karam (festival)">Karam festival</a> in Jharkhand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Prayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarhul in Jharkhand"><img alt="Sarhul in Jharkhand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Holy_Prayer.jpg/302px-Holy_Prayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Holy_Prayer.jpg/453px-Holy_Prayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Holy_Prayer.jpg/603px-Holy_Prayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Sarhul" title="Sarhul">Sarhul</a> in Jharkhand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durgas_Puja_in_a_Pandal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Durga Puja in Jharkhand"><img alt="Durga Puja in Jharkhand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Durgas_Puja_in_a_Pandal.jpg/138px-Durgas_Puja_in_a_Pandal.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Durgas_Puja_in_a_Pandal.jpg/208px-Durgas_Puja_in_a_Pandal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Durgas_Puja_in_a_Pandal.jpg/277px-Durgas_Puja_in_a_Pandal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="3319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> in Jharkhand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansa_Puja_in_Bhagalpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manasa in Jharkhand"><img alt="Manasa in Jharkhand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mansa_Puja_in_Bhagalpur.jpg/151px-Mansa_Puja_in_Bhagalpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mansa_Puja_in_Bhagalpur.jpg/226px-Mansa_Puja_in_Bhagalpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mansa_Puja_in_Bhagalpur.jpg/301px-Mansa_Puja_in_Bhagalpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a> in Jharkhand </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sohrai_wall_painting_jharkhand_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sohrai_wall_painting_jharkhand_India.jpg/220px-Sohrai_wall_painting_jharkhand_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sohrai_wall_painting_jharkhand_India.jpg/330px-Sohrai_wall_painting_jharkhand_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sohrai_wall_painting_jharkhand_India.jpg/440px-Sohrai_wall_painting_jharkhand_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Sohrai wall painting jharkhand</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sohrai_and_Khovar_painting" title="Sohrai and Khovar painting">Sohrai and Khovar painting</a> is a mural art form practised by women. Sohrai painting is traditionally done at the <a href="/wiki/Sohrai" title="Sohrai">Sohrai</a> harvest festival, while Khovar painting is done at weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.in_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tattoo">Tattoo</h3></div> <p>The tattoo making tradition of <a href="/wiki/Godna" title="Godna">Godna</a> is an essential part of local tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.in_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jharkhand" title="Cinema of Jharkhand">Cinema of Jharkhand</a></div> <p>Jharkhand produces many films in regional and Tribal languages including <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_cinema" title="Nagpuri cinema">Nagpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khortha_cinema" title="Khortha cinema">Khortha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santali_cinema" title="Santali cinema">Santali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film industry in the state of Jharkhand is known as <b>Jhollywood</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <p>There are some television channels, newspapers, and radio stations which operate in Jharkhand. <a href="/wiki/DD_Jharkhand" title="DD Jharkhand">DD Jharkhand</a> is an important channel in Jharkhand. <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> operates from Ranchi.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_(newspaper)" title="Hindustan (newspaper)">Hindustan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dainik_Jagran" title="Dainik Jagran">Dainik Jagran</a>, Sokal Sokal, <a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Khabar" title="Prabhat Khabar">Prabhat Khabar</a>, and Ranchi Express are some of the Hindi newspapers and <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navbharat_Times" title="Navbharat Times">Navbharat Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)" title="The Pioneer (India)">The Pioneer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a> are some English newspapers in Jharkhand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airways">Airways</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birsa_Munda_Airport" title="Birsa Munda Airport">Birsa Munda Airport</a> is the largest domestic airport in the state with air connectivity to major Indian cities of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoghar_Airport" title="Deoghar Airport">Deoghar Airport</a> is the second busiest airport located in the state of Jharkhand, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It is the second operational airport in state of Jharkhand after <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonari_Airport" title="Sonari Airport">Sonari Airport</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a> is the third operational airport in the state and it has daily flight to <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Airport" title="Bokaro Airport">Bokaro Airport</a> is under <a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited" title="Steel Authority of India Limited">Steel Authority of India Limited</a> and 4th operational airport of the state. It is being developed under <a href="/wiki/UDAN" title="UDAN">UDAN</a> scheme.</li> <li>Other airports present in the state are <a href="/wiki/Chakulia_Airport" title="Chakulia Airport">Chakulia Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumka_Airport" title="Dumka Airport">Dumka Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giridih_Airport" title="Giridih Airport">Giridih Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhalbhumgarh_Airport" title="Dhalbhumgarh Airport">Dhalbhumgarh Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad_Airport" title="Dhanbad Airport">Dhanbad Airport</a> which mostly run private and <a href="/wiki/Charter_flights" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter flights">charter flights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roadways">Roadways</h3></div> <p>Jharkhand has extensive network of <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway (India)">National Highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_highways_in_India" title="State highways in India">State Highways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Highways_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is 2,661.83 km (1,653 mi 1,733 yd) of paved National Highways in the state as of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Highways_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National highways present in the state are numbered <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_18_(India)" title="National Highway 18 (India)">18</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_19_(India)" title="National Highway 19 (India)">19</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_20_(India)" title="National Highway 20 (India)">20</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_22_(India)" title="National Highway 22 (India)">22</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_33_(India)" title="National Highway 33 (India)">33</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_39_(India)" title="National Highway 39 (India)">39</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_43_(India)" title="National Highway 43 (India)">43</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_114_(India)" title="National Highway 114 (India)">114A</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_118_(India)" title="National Highway 118 (India)">118</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_133_(India)" title="National Highway 133 (India)">133</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_133A_(India)" title="National Highway 133A (India)">133A</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_133B_(India)" title="National Highway 133B (India)">133B</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_139_(India)" title="National Highway 139 (India)">139</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_143_(India)" title="National Highway 143 (India)">143</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_143A_(India)" title="National Highway 143A (India)">143A</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_143AG_(India)" title="National Highway 143AG (India)">143AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_143D_(India)" title="National Highway 143D (India)">143D</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_143H_(India)" title="National Highway 143H (India)">143H</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_218_(India)" title="National Highway 218 (India)">218</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_220_(India)" title="National Highway 220 (India)">220</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_320_(India)" title="National Highway 320 (India)">320</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_320D_(India)" title="National Highway 320D (India)">320D</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_320G_(India)" title="National Highway 320G (India)">320G</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_333_(India)" title="National Highway 333 (India)">333</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_333A_(India)" title="National Highway 333A (India)">333A</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_343_(India)" title="National Highway 343 (India)">343</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_419_(India)" title="National Highway 419 (India)">419</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_522_(India)" title="National Highway 522 (India)">522</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Highways_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral" title="Golden Quadrilateral">Golden Quadrilateral</a> network of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> route runs through Jharkhand notably at Dhanbad.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports">Ports</h3></div> <p>Jharkhand is landlocked state but has numerous rivers and waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Sahebganj_Multi-Modal_Port" title="Sahebganj Multi-Modal Port">multi-modal port</a> has been planned at <a href="/wiki/Sahebganj" title="Sahebganj">Sahebganj</a> where river <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> flows.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project is estimated to cost <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>65,000 million and phase-1 is estimated to be completed by 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Jharkhand" title="Railway stations in Jharkhand">Railway stations in Jharkhand</a></div> <p>Jharkhand is very well connected by railways. The state has numerous <a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Jharkhand" title="Railway stations in Jharkhand">railway stations</a> and railway junctions.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanbad Junction">Dhanbad Junction</a> is the largest railway station in the state which is connected to almost all big cities of India. Hilly regions of state are equipped with tunnels that form essential organ of railways. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranchi_Airport_Night_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranchi Airport (IXR)"><img alt="Ranchi Airport (IXR)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ranchi_Airport_Night_View.jpg/358px-Ranchi_Airport_Night_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ranchi_Airport_Night_View.jpg/537px-Ranchi_Airport_Night_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ranchi_Airport_Night_View.jpg/715px-Ranchi_Airport_Night_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Birsa_Munda_Airport" title="Birsa Munda Airport">Ranchi Airport (IXR)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NH_33_Between_Ramgarh_and_Chutupallu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Highway 20 near Ramgarh Cantonment"><img alt="National Highway 20 near Ramgarh Cantonment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/NH_33_Between_Ramgarh_and_Chutupallu.jpg/268px-NH_33_Between_Ramgarh_and_Chutupallu.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/NH_33_Between_Ramgarh_and_Chutupallu.jpg/403px-NH_33_Between_Ramgarh_and_Chutupallu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/NH_33_Between_Ramgarh_and_Chutupallu.jpg/536px-NH_33_Between_Ramgarh_and_Chutupallu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_20_(India)" title="National Highway 20 (India)">National Highway 20</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_Cantonment" title="Ramgarh Cantonment">Ramgarh Cantonment</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahibganj_railway_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from the Sahibganj Railway Station"><img alt="View from the Sahibganj Railway Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sahibganj_railway_station.jpg/268px-Sahibganj_railway_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sahibganj_railway_station.jpg/403px-Sahibganj_railway_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sahibganj_railway_station.jpg/536px-Sahibganj_railway_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View from the <a href="/wiki/Sahibganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibganj">Sahibganj</a> Railway Station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhanbad_station_night_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Night View of Dhanbad Junction railway station. (Largest Railway Station in Jharkhand)"><img alt="Night View of Dhanbad Junction railway station. (Largest Railway Station in Jharkhand)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dhanbad_station_night_view.jpg/376px-Dhanbad_station_night_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dhanbad_station_night_view.jpg/565px-Dhanbad_station_night_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dhanbad_station_night_view.jpg/752px-Dhanbad_station_night_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Night View of <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad_Junction_railway_station" title="Dhanbad Junction railway station">Dhanbad Junction railway station</a>. (Largest Railway Station in Jharkhand)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <p>As per the 2011 census conducted by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> the official literacy rate for the state was 66.41% (male: 76.84%; female: 55.42%) with nine districts above the average literacy rate:<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi_district" title="Ranchi district">Ranchi</a>: 76.06% (male: 84.26%; female: 67.44%)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Singhbhum_district" title="East Singhbhum district">East Singhbhum</a>: 75.49% (male: 83.75%; female: 66.81%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad_district" title="Dhanbad district">Dhanbad</a>: 74.52% (male: 83.81%; Female: 64.29%)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_district" title="Ramgarh district">Ramgarh</a>: 73.17% (male: 82.44%; female: 63.09%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_district" title="Bokaro district">Bokaro</a>: 72.01% (male: 82.51%; female: 60.63%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh_district" title="Hazaribagh district">Hazaribagh</a>: 69.75% (male: 80.01%; female: 58.95%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simdega_district" title="Simdega district">Simdega</a>: 67.99% (male: 76.08%; female: 59.92%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraikela_Kharsawan_district" title="Seraikela Kharsawan district">Saraikela Khasawan</a>: 67.70% (male: 79.03%; female: 55.88%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohardaga_district" title="Lohardaga district">Lohardaga</a>: 67.61% (male: 77.21%; female: 57.69%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koderma_district" title="Koderma district">Koderma</a>: 66.84% (male: 79.78%; female: 53.23%)</li></ul> <p>Since the formation of the new state, the Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC) has been implementing four projects to spread elementary education: DPEP, SSA, NPEGEL, and KGBV. The state has been moving towards the goal of universal elementary education but the target of 100% enrolment and retention of children in schools has not yet been attained.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95% of children of ages 6–11 are enrolled in school, as opposed to 56% in 1993–94; this will likely improve literacy a great deal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3></div> <p>The medium of instruction in schools is <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>/<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>/<a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> as second language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join two years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">Commerce</a>. This is followed by three years of degree courses (graduation) or four years of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a>/<a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a> degree. </p><p>The school system comprises various private and public schools. The government schools are abundant. Few notable schools are: <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_School,_Ranchi" title="St. Thomas School, Ranchi">St. Thomas School, Ranchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sainik_School,_Tilaiya" title="Sainik School, Tilaiya">Sainik School Tilaiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyola_School,_Jamshedpur" title="Loyola School, Jamshedpur">Loyola School, Jamshedpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Public_School,_Bokaro" title="Delhi Public School, Bokaro">Delhi Public School, Bokaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Public_School,_Ranchi" title="Delhi Public School, Ranchi">Delhi Public School, Ranchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Westcott_Boys%27_School" title="Bishop Westcott Boys' School">Bishop Westcott Boys' School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Vidyapith,_Deoghar" title="Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar">Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Nobili_School,_FRI" title="De Nobili School, FRI">De Nobili School</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Hazaribagh" title="St. Xavier's School, Hazaribagh">St. Xavier's School, Hazaribagh</a>. </p><p>In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Gastler" title="Franz Gastler">Franz Gastler</a> established <a href="/wiki/Yuwa-India" title="Yuwa-India">Yuwa School</a> a NGO in <a href="/wiki/Hutup" title="Hutup">Hutup</a> village in Ranchi district with helps of friends to use football as a platform to combat <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_India" title="Child marriage in India">child marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India#Women's_education" title="Education in India">illiteracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">human trafficking</a> in rural India.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, It won the Laureus Sport for Good Award.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_and_colleges">Universities and colleges</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Jharkhand" title="List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand">List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AISECT_University,_Jharkhand" title="AISECT University, Jharkhand">AISECT University, Jharkhand</a>, Hazaribagh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arka_Jain_University" title="Arka Jain University">Arka Jain University</a>, Jamshedpur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binod_Bihari_Mahto_Koyalanchal_University" title="Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University">Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University</a>, Dhanbad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birsa_Agricultural_University" title="Birsa Agricultural University">Birsa Agricultural University</a>, Kanke, Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Jharkhand" title="Central University of Jharkhand">Central University of Jharkhand</a>, Brambe, Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Rai_University" title="Jharkhand Rai University">Jharkhand Rai University</a>, Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Raksha_Shakti_University" title="Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University">Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University</a>, Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhan_University" title="Kolhan University">Kolhan University</a>, Chaibasa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Study_and_Research_in_Law" title="National University of Study and Research in Law">National University of Study and Research in Law</a>, Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilamber-Pitamber_University" title="Nilamber-Pitamber University">Nilamber-Pitamber University</a>, Medininagar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Govind_University" title="Radha Govind University">Radha Govind University</a>, Ramgarh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi_University" title="Ranchi University">Ranchi University</a>, Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarala_Birla_University" title="Sarala Birla University">Sarala Birla University</a>, Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sido_Kanhu_Murmu_University" title="Sido Kanhu Murmu University">Sido Kanhu Murmu University</a>, Dumka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave_University" title="Vinoba Bhave University">Vinoba Bhave University</a>, Hazaribagh</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autonomous">Autonomous</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Shyama_Prasad_Mukherjee_University" title="Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University">Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University</a>, formerly Ranchi college</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Ranchi" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi">Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Ranchi" title="Indian Institute of Management Ranchi">Indian Institute of Management Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_(Indian_School_of_Mines),_Dhanbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad">Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Foundry_and_Forge_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology">National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology</a> (NIFFT), Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Study_and_Research_in_Law" title="National University of Study and Research in Law">National University of Study and Research in Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Jamshedpur" title="National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur">National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Ranchi" title="St. Xavier's College, Ranchi">St. Xavier's College, Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Institute_of_Social_Service" title="Xavier Institute of Social Service">Xavier Institute of Social Service</a> (XISS), Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLRI_-_Xavier_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="XLRI - Xavier School of Management">Xavier Labour Relations Institute</a> (XLRI), Jamshedpur</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Agricultural_Biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology">Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology</a>, Ranchi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Engineering">Engineering</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitmesra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bitmesra.JPG/220px-Bitmesra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bitmesra.JPG/330px-Bitmesra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bitmesra.JPG/440px-Bitmesra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology,_Mesra" title="Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra">Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra</a>, Ranchi</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology,_Mesra" title="Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra">Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra</a>, Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birsa_Institute_of_Technology_Sindri" title="Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri">Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri</a>, Dhanbad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAV_Institute_of_Engineering_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology">DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology</a>, Daltonganj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_(Indian_School_of_Mines),_Dhanbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad">Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad</a>, Dhanbad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Foundry_and_Forge_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology">National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology</a> (NIFFT), Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Jamshedpur" title="National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur">National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Management">Management</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Ranchi" title="Indian Institute of Management Ranchi">Indian Institute of Management Ranchi</a> IIM-Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLRI_-_Xavier_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="XLRI - Xavier School of Management">XLRI - Xavier School of Management</a>, Jamshedpur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_University" title="Netaji Subhas University">NSIBM - Netaji Subhas Institute of Hotel & Business Management</a>, Jamshedpur</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_colleges">Medical colleges</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Deoghar" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar">All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)</a>, Deoghar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaribag_College_of_Dental_Sciences_and_Hospital" title="Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences and Hospital">Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences and Hospital</a>, Hazaribagh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Medical_College,_Jamshedpur" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur">Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College (MGM)</a>, Jamshedpur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medini_Rai_Medical_College_and_Hospital,_Palamu" title="Medini Rai Medical College and Hospital, Palamu">Medini Rai Medical College and Hospital, Palamu</a>, Palamu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulo_Jhano_Murmu_Medical_College_and_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Phulo Jhano Murmu Medical College and Hospital">Phulo Jhano Murmu Medical College and Hospital</a>, Dumka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences">Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS)</a>, Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Nirmal_Mahto_Medical_College,_Dhanbad" title="Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College, Dhanbad">Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College, Dhanbad</a>, Dhanbad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Sheikh_Bhikhari_Medical_College_and_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College and Hospital">Shaheed Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College and Hospital</a>, Hazaribagh</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Psychiatry" title="Central Institute of Psychiatry">Central Institute of Psychiatry</a>, Ranchi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_Health">Public Health</h2></div> <p>Because of its mild climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Mentally_challenged" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentally challenged">mentally challenged</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European Mental Hospital was established along with Indian Mental Hospital. Today they are called Central Institute of Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro-psychiatry and Allied Sciences respectively. In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> (TB). In fact, TB has assumed <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> proportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such TB, Itki TB Sanatorium, Ranchi, established in 1928 has been doing work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB. The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by the Indian government for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M.TB. It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as drug-resistant TB. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is rendering pioneering work. In the same way, Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment of cancer and heart-related problems with the capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India. </p><p>Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements. An exception is the Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of an ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ranchi, the capital, has witnessed a sharp growth in the number of hospitals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a> in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led by the <a href="/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Birla Institute of Technology">Birla Institute of Technology</a>, Mesra, Ranchi in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> in the northwest districts of <a href="/wiki/Palamau" class="mw-redirect" title="Palamau">Palamau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garhwa" title="Garhwa">Garhwa</a> found fluoride levels above the drinking <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> drinking water guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead to <a href="/wiki/Dental_fluorosis" title="Dental fluorosis">dental fluorosis</a>, prevalent bone fractures, and <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_fluorosis" title="Skeletal fluorosis">skeletal fluorosis</a>, an irreversible disabling condition.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> and the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost 80% of Jharkhand's people are farmers, although it contains 40% of India's mineral reserves it has some of India's poorest people, in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought, with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/JRD_Tata_Sports_Complex" title="JRD Tata Sports Complex">JRD TATA Sports Complex, Jamshedpur</a> hosts football matches of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a> and is the home of ISL based football club <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur_FC" title="Jamshedpur FC">Jamshedpur FC</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> are common games in Jharkhand. Players like <a href="/wiki/Jaipal_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipal Singh">Jaipal Singh</a>, a former Indian hockey captain and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manohar_Topno" title="Manohar Topno">Manohar Topno</a> currently play for the <a href="/wiki/India_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="India men's national field hockey team">Indian Hockey team</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jaipal_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipal Singh">Jaipal Singh</a> was the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in the <a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Singh_Dhoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Singh Dhoni">Mahendra Singh Dhoni</a> who was the captain of <a href="/wiki/Indian_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cricket team">Indian cricket team</a> and led the <a href="/wiki/India_national_cricket_team" title="India national cricket team">Indian cricket team</a> to <a href="/wiki/ICC_Cricket_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Cricket World Cup">ICC Cricket World Cup</a> glory on 2 April 2011, ending a 28-year wait to repeat the feat achieved by former Indian captain <a href="/wiki/Kapil_Dev" title="Kapil Dev">Kapil Dev</a> in 1983 at <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s" title="Lord's">Lord's, England</a> is from here.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable cricketers from Jharkhand are <a href="/wiki/Varun_Aaron" title="Varun Aaron">Varun Aaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Nadeem" title="Shahbaz Nadeem">Shahbaz Nadeem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saurabh_Tiwary" title="Saurabh Tiwary">Saurabh Tiwary</a>. He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the <a href="/wiki/2008_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2008 Under-19 Cricket World Cup">2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Other sportspeople include <a href="/wiki/Deepika_Kumari" title="Deepika Kumari">Deepika Kumari</a>, a young archer who won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual recurve event. <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Pradhan" title="Nikki Pradhan">Nikki Pradhan</a> currently a member of the <a href="/wiki/India_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="India women's national field hockey team">national hockey team</a>. Pradhan was the first female hockey player from Jharkhand to represent India in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a>. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/JSCA_International_Cricket_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="JSCA International Cricket Stadium">International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium</a> and a practice ground has been constructed. This international stadium has hosted an International match between India and England on 19 January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from that, this stadium has hosted two <a href="/wiki/IPL_6" class="mw-redirect" title="IPL 6">IPL 6</a> matches for <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Knight_Riders" title="Kolkata Knight Riders">KKR</a> and qualifier 2 of <a href="/wiki/IPL_8" class="mw-redirect" title="IPL 8">IPL 8</a> between <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Super_Kings" title="Chennai Super Kings">CSK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Challengers_Bangalore" title="Royal Challengers Bangalore">RCB</a> and Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs. A tennis academy, which was inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Sania_Mirza" title="Sania Mirza">Sania Mirza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoaib_Malik" title="Shoaib Malik">Shoaib Malik</a>, also runs besides the cricket stadium.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranchi is among six cities in <a href="/wiki/Hockey_India_League" title="Hockey India League">Hockey India League</a> to be played in January 2013. Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel-Uniexcel Group and the team named <a href="/wiki/Ranchi_Rhinos" title="Ranchi Rhinos">Ranchi Rhinos</a> which is now being co-hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and named as <a href="/wiki/Ranchi_Rays" title="Ranchi Rays">Ranchi Rays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keenan_Stadium_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of Keenan Stadium in Jamshedpur"><img alt="Aerial view of Keenan Stadium in Jamshedpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Keenan_Stadium_aerial_view.jpg/151px-Keenan_Stadium_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Keenan_Stadium_aerial_view.jpg/226px-Keenan_Stadium_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Keenan_Stadium_aerial_view.jpg/301px-Keenan_Stadium_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Keenan_Stadium" title="Keenan Stadium">Keenan Stadium</a> in Jamshedpur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J.R.D._Tata_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="JRD Tata Sports Complex"><img alt="JRD Tata Sports Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/J.R.D._Tata_Stadium.jpg/408px-J.R.D._Tata_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/J.R.D._Tata_Stadium.jpg/613px-J.R.D._Tata_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/J.R.D._Tata_Stadium.jpg/816px-J.R.D._Tata_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1010" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">JRD Tata Sports Complex</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jharkhand" title="Tourism in Jharkhand">Tourism in Jharkhand</a></div> <p>Jharkhand is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyoooz.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyoooz.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parasnath" title="Parasnath">Parasnath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Dham" class="mw-redirect" title="Baidyanath Dham">Baidyanath Dham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maa_Dewri_Temple" title="Maa Dewri Temple">Maa Dewri Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chhinnamasta_Temple" title="Chhinnamasta Temple">Chhinnamasta Temple</a> are major religious places.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tattapani Hot Water Spring is located 8 km from <a href="/wiki/Latehar" title="Latehar">Latehar</a>. The hot spring water come out from different places on the Sukari River bed. Rich in sulphur, the hot spring is believed to have medicinal properties and good for skin.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Itkhori_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="Itkhori Block">Itkhori</a> is a holy place for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is believed to be the place from where <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> started his journey for <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>. Many sculptures of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist art styles were found in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rankini_Temple,_Jadugora" title="Rankini Temple, Jadugora">Rankini Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jadugora" title="Jadugora">Jadugora</a> is famous in Jharkhand, as well as in Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several waterfalls in the state including <a href="/wiki/Jonha_Falls" title="Jonha Falls">Jonha Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundru_Falls" title="Hundru Falls">Hundru Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dassam_Falls" title="Dassam Falls">Dassam Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perwaghagh_Falls" title="Perwaghagh Falls">Perwaghagh Falls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panchghagh_Falls" title="Panchghagh Falls">Panchghagh Falls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Netarhat" title="Netarhat">Netarhat</a> is a hill station in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several attractions and wildlife sanctuaries in Jharkhand including <a href="/wiki/Betla_National_Park" title="Betla National Park">Betla National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalma_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary">Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, which are major attraction for tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/State_Museum_Hotwar" class="mw-redirect" title="State Museum Hotwar">State Museum Hotwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Research_Institute_and_Museum" title="Tribal Research Institute and Museum">Tribal Research Institute and Museum</a> showcase various cultural heritage and tribal culture of Jharkhand.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temples_at_Deorgag,_Santal_Parhanas,_Bihar_-_William_Hodges,_1782_-_BL_Foster_396.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ancient Baidyanath Jyotirlinga Temple in Deoghar"><img alt="The ancient Baidyanath Jyotirlinga Temple in Deoghar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Temples_at_Deorgag%2C_Santal_Parhanas%2C_Bihar_-_William_Hodges%2C_1782_-_BL_Foster_396.jpg/260px-Temples_at_Deorgag%2C_Santal_Parhanas%2C_Bihar_-_William_Hodges%2C_1782_-_BL_Foster_396.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Temples_at_Deorgag%2C_Santal_Parhanas%2C_Bihar_-_William_Hodges%2C_1782_-_BL_Foster_396.jpg/391px-Temples_at_Deorgag%2C_Santal_Parhanas%2C_Bihar_-_William_Hodges%2C_1782_-_BL_Foster_396.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Temples_at_Deorgag%2C_Santal_Parhanas%2C_Bihar_-_William_Hodges%2C_1782_-_BL_Foster_396.jpg/520px-Temples_at_Deorgag%2C_Santal_Parhanas%2C_Bihar_-_William_Hodges%2C_1782_-_BL_Foster_396.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ancient <a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Temple" title="Baidyanath Temple">Baidyanath Jyotirlinga Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deoghar" title="Deoghar">Deoghar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shikharji_Jain_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jain temple at Samet Shikharji, the place from where twenty Tirthankars attained nirvana"><img alt="Jain temple at Samet Shikharji, the place from where twenty Tirthankars attained nirvana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shikharji_Jain_temple.jpg/347px-Shikharji_Jain_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shikharji_Jain_temple.jpg/522px-Shikharji_Jain_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Shikharji_Jain_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jain temple at Samet Shikharji, the place from where twenty <a href="/wiki/Tirthankars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankars">Tirthankars</a> attained nirvana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonha_falls.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jonha Falls"><img alt="Jonha Falls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jonha_falls.jpg/302px-Jonha_falls.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jonha_falls.jpg/453px-Jonha_falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jonha_falls.jpg/603px-Jonha_falls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jonha_Falls" title="Jonha Falls">Jonha Falls</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_point.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Netarhat"><img alt="Netarhat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Sunset_point.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Netarhat" title="Netarhat">Netarhat</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Jharkhand" title="List of people from Jharkhand">List of people from Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_families_of_Jharkhand" title="Political families of Jharkhand">Political families of Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSCA_International_Stadium_Complex" title="JSCA International Stadium Complex">JSCA International Stadium Complex</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other languages clubbed within the Hindi group of languages by the Indian census</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" title="2011 census of India">2011 census of India</a>, Jharkhand has 42,35,786 individuals who follow "Other religions and persuasions".<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major religion is <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarna</a>, with 41,31,282 adherents. The <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Oraon tribe</a> has the highest number of followers at 10,00,016, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Santal" class="mw-redirect" title="Santal">Santal</a> at 9,76,742, <a href="/wiki/Ho_people" title="Ho people">Ho</a> at 8,68,133, <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a> at 6,00,910, Lohar at 84,019, and <a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a> at 77,319.<sup id="cite_ref-RelegionTribe_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RelegionTribe-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly religion <i>Addi Bassi</i> has 42,422 adherents, primarily among the Oraon tribe (35,452).<sup id="cite_ref-RelegionTribe_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RelegionTribe-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other religious denominations among the <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Tribes</a> include <i>Bidin</i> (29,187), <i>Adi</i> (9,135), <i>Gond</i> (2,419) and <i><a href="/wiki/Birsa_Munda" title="Birsa Munda">Birsa</a></i> (2,392). The remaining "Other religions and persuasions" are <i>Munda, Ho, Oraon, Achinthar, Kharwar, Paharia, Sarvdharm, Krupa, Dupub, Malla, <a href="/wiki/Tana_Bhagats" title="Tana Bhagats">Tana Bhagat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marang_Buru" title="Marang Buru">Marangboro</a>, Saranath, Kuir, Loco Bohra,</i> and <i>Nature worship</i> practised by various tribes. In summary, <i>Sarna</i> ranks as the third-largest religion with 12.4997%, while <i>Addi Bassi, Bidin, Adi, Gond</i> and <i>Birsa</i> hold the sixth, seventh, tenth, eleventh and twelfth positions, respectively, with percentages of 0.1286%, 0.0885%, 0.0277%, 0.0073% and 0.0073% of the state's population.<sup id="cite_ref-UncRelegion_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UncRelegion-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051018105211/http://giridih.nic.in/Tourist.htm#parasnath">"Important Tourist attraction of Giridih"</a>. 18 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://giridih.nic.in/Tourist.htm#parasnath">the original</a> on 18 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Important+Tourist+attraction+of+Giridih&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgiridih.nic.in%2FTourist.htm%23parasnath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011_pp_tableA2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf">"Jharkhand Profile 2011 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422071627/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jharkhand+Profile+2011+Census&rft.pub=Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fcensusinfodashboard%2Fstock%2Fprofiles%2Fen%2FIND020_Jharkhand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCLM52nd-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCLM52nd_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCLM52nd_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCLM52nd_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCLM52nd_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">"Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 43–44. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+linguistic+minorities%3A+52nd+report+%28July+2014+to+June+2015%29&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities%2C+Ministry+of+Minority+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM52ndReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Avenue_Mail-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Avenue_Mail_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Avenue_Mail_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/">"Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili"</a>. <i>The Avenue Mail</i>. 21 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Avenue+Mail&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+gives+second+language+status+to+Magahi%2C+Angika%2C+Bhojpuri+and+Maithili&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avenuemail.in%2Franchi%2Fjharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili%2F118291%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/">"Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language"</a>. <i>The Avenue Mail</i>. 5 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423064556/https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Avenue+Mail&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+notifies+Bhumij+as+second+state+language&rft.date=2019-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favenuemail.in%2Fjharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14">"Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019-2021)"</a>. <i>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108164803/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Health+and+Family+Welfare%2C+India&rft.atitle=Sex+ratio+of+State+and+Union+Territories+of+India+as+per+National+Health+survey+%282019-2021%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmain.mohfw.gov.in%2Fbasicpage-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiisymbols-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiisymbols_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232302/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf">"State animals, birds, trees and flowers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+animals%2C+birds%2C+trees+and+flowers&rft.pub=Wildlife+Institute+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wii.gov.in%2Fnwdc%2Fstate_animals_tree_flowers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Jharkhand">"Jharkhand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Jharkhand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FJharkhand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/">"Jharkhand – At a Glance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505155252/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jharkhand+%E2%80%93+At+a+Glance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jharkhand.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyoooz.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyoooz.com_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyoooz.com_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyoooz.com/features/travel/adventure-capital-of-the-east-jharkhand-will-drive-you-crazy.html/249/">"Adventure capital of the east, Jharkhand will drive you crazy"</a>. <i>nyoooz.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051841/https://www.nyoooz.com/features/travel/adventure-capital-of-the-east-jharkhand-will-drive-you-crazy.html/249/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nyoooz.com&rft.atitle=Adventure+capital+of+the+east%2C+Jharkhand+will+drive+you+crazy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyoooz.com%2Ffeatures%2Ftravel%2Fadventure-capital-of-the-east-jharkhand-will-drive-you-crazy.html%2F249%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html">"Jharkhand registers 385% increase in foreign tourist visits"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+registers+385%25+increase+in+foreign+tourist+visits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Franchi%2Ftourists-discover-jharkhand%2Fstory-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJharkhand_Profile2011" class="citation web cs1">Jharkhand Profile (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf">"Census India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422071627/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Census+India&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Jharkhand+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fcensusinfodashboard%2Fstock%2Fprofiles%2Fen%2FIND020_Jharkhand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Resource%20Curse%20and%20Jharkhand.pdf">"Resource Curse and Jharkhand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Economic & Political Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202341/http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Resource%20Curse%20and%20Jharkhand.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resource+Curse+and+Jharkhand&rft.pub=Economic+%26+Political+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in%2Ffiles%2FResource%2520Curse%2520and%2520Jharkhand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-why-is-richest-mineral-state-of-india-jharkhand-not-developed-or-even-growing-ra-4565054-NOR.html">"Jharkhand: Here is why India's richest mineral state is not even close to development"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Bhaskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Bhaskar">Daily Bhaskar</a>. 31 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195830/https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-why-is-richest-mineral-state-of-india-jharkhand-not-developed-or-even-growing-ra-4565054-NOR.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jharkhand%3A+Here+is+why+India%27s+richest+mineral+state+is+not+even+close+to+development&rft.pub=Daily+Bhaskar&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmdaily.bhaskar.com%2Fnews%2FBIH-why-is-richest-mineral-state-of-india-jharkhand-not-developed-or-even-growing-ra-4565054-NOR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/jharkhand_factsheet.pdf">"UNDP- Jharkhand: Economic and Human Development Indicators"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.in.undp.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127124643/http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/jharkhand_factsheet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.in.undp.org&rft.atitle=UNDP-+Jharkhand%3A+Economic+and+Human+Development+Indicators&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Findia%2Fdocs%2Fjharkhand_factsheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2WcCIm6WaQC&pg=PA839"><i>Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 839. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313316171" title="Special:BookSources/0313316171"><bdi>0313316171</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+D-K&rft.pages=839&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0313316171&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2WcCIm6WaQC%26pg%3DPA839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagpuri_Shist_Sahitya-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagpuri_Shist_Sahitya_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagpuri_Shist_Sahitya_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.322091/2015.322091.Nagpuri-Sisth_djvu.txt">"Nagpuri Shist Sahitya"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nagpuri+Shist+Sahitya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.322091%2F2015.322091.Nagpuri-Sisth_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-=Mittal_Publications2008-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-=Mittal_Publications2008_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-=Mittal_Publications2008_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautam_Kumar_Bera2008" class="citation book cs1">Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA31"><i>The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India</i></a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 32–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-145-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-145-8"><bdi>978-81-8324-145-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004170932/https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+unrest+axle%3A+ethno-social+movements+in+Eastern+India&rft.pages=32-44&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8324-145-8&rft.au=Gautam+Kumar+Bera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9qrmTdshzKQC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam_Chandra_Prasad1983" class="citation book cs1">Ram Chandra Prasad (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znJuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bihar</i></a>. National Book Trust, India. p. 69<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bihar&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Ram+Chandra+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznJuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi"><i>India – Pre-historic and Proto-historic periods</i></a>. Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. 2016. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788123023458" title="Special:BookSources/9788123023458"><bdi>9788123023458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+%E2%80%93+Pre-historic+and+Proto-historic+periods&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+%26+Broadcasting&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788123023458&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiaprehistoric00indi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cave_paintings_lie_in_neglect-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cave_paintings_lie_in_neglect_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cave_paintings_lie_in_neglect_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124608/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp">"Cave paintings lie in neglect"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a></i>. 13 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp">the original</a> on 6 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cave+paintings+lie+in+neglect&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1080313%2Fjsp%2Fjharkhand%2Fstory_9013558.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson_Education_India-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_Education_India_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_Education_India_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131711200" title="Special:BookSources/9788131711200"><bdi>9788131711200</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225190408/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788131711200&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yule, Paul (8 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/">"Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Man in Environment</i>. <b>26</b>: 117–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fxarep.00000510">10.11588/xarep.00000510</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305045917/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span> – via crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man+in+Environment&rft.atitle=Addenda+to+%22The+Copper+Hoards+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent%3A+Preliminaries+for+an+Interpretation%22&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=117-120&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fxarep.00000510&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2F510%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html">"KABRA – KALA"</a>. <i>www.asiranchi.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008093453/http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.asiranchi.org&rft.atitle=KABRA+%E2%80%93+KALA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiranchi.org%2Factivities-kabrakala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riseranchi.in/jharkhands-historical-references-in-the-mahabharata/">"Jharkhand's Historical References in the Mahabharata"</a>. <i>riseranchi.in</i>. 22 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103124505/https://riseranchi.in/jharkhands-historical-references-in-the-mahabharata/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=riseranchi.in&rft.atitle=Jharkhand%27s+Historical+References+in+the+Mahabharata&rft.date=2023-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friseranchi.in%2Fjharkhands-historical-references-in-the-mahabharata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asiranchicircle-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asiranchicircle_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiranchicircle.in/Attractions-Of-ASI/Asura-Site-Saridkhel.html">"Asura Site Saridkhel"</a>. <i>asiranchicircle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514095642/https://www.asiranchicircle.in/Attractions-Of-ASI/Asura-Site-Saridkhel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiranchicircle&rft.atitle=Asura+Site+Saridkhel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiranchicircle.in%2FAttractions-Of-ASI%2FAsura-Site-Saridkhel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalit_Aditya2018" class="citation web cs1">Lalit Aditya (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360485893">"Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+in+Jharkhand%3A+A+Preliminary+Study&rft.date=2018-10&rft.au=Lalit+Aditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F360485893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1978" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft"><i>Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/258">258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+and+Geographical+Names+in+the+Gupta+Inscriptions&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Tej+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersonalgeograph00sharuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiro2020" class="citation book cs1">Kiro, Santosh (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxdkDwAAQBAJ&q=Sutiambe&pg=PT43"><i>The Life and Times of Jaipal Singh Munda</i></a>. Prabhat Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352669431" title="Special:BookSources/9789352669431"><bdi>9789352669431</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004131103/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxdkDwAAQBAJ&q=Sutiambe&pg=PT43">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Jaipal+Singh+Munda&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.isbn=9789352669431&rft.aulast=Kiro&rft.aufirst=Santosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxdkDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSutiambe%26pg%3DPT43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoma_Niyogi1959119-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoma_Niyogi1959119_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoma_Niyogi1959">Roma Niyogi 1959</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-https-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-https_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-https_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-https_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2017" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Anuj Kumar (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fikvDwAAQBAJ"><i>Unsung Heroes of Jharkhand Movement</i></a>. Prabhat Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352660001" title="Special:BookSources/9789352660001"><bdi>9789352660001</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004131104/https://books.google.com/books?id=fikvDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsung+Heroes+of+Jharkhand+Movement&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2017-01&rft.isbn=9789352660001&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Anuj+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfikvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDey2021" class="citation news cs1">Dey, Sanjoy (23 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/10th-century-buddha-vihar-discovered-in-jharkhand-s-hazaribag-101614072362306-amp.html">"10th century Buddha Vihar discovered in Jharkhand's Hazaribag"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409134625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/10th-century-buddha-vihar-discovered-in-jharkhand-s-hazaribag-101614072362306-amp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=10th+century+Buddha+Vihar+discovered+in+Jharkhand%27s+Hazaribag&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft.aulast=Dey&rft.aufirst=Sanjoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Franchi-news%2F10th-century-buddha-vihar-discovered-in-jharkhand-s-hazaribag-101614072362306-amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneindia.com/2009/05/11/archaeologistsuncover-remains-of-ancient-empire-injharkhan.html">"Archaeologists uncover remains of ancient empire in Jharkhand"</a>. <i>oneindia</i>. 11 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112145948/https://www.oneindia.com/2009/05/11/archaeologistsuncover-remains-of-ancient-empire-injharkhan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oneindia&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+uncover+remains+of+ancient+empire+in+Jharkhand&rft.date=2009-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneindia.com%2F2009%2F05%2F11%2Farchaeologistsuncover-remains-of-ancient-empire-injharkhan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latehar.nic.in-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latehar.nic.in_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latehar.nic.in_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latehar.nic.in/history/">"History | Latehar, Government of Jharkhand"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104338/https://latehar.nic.in/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%26%23124%3B+Latehar%2C+Government+of+Jharkhand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatehar.nic.in%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119550/2015.119550.The-Nagbanshis-And-The-Cheros_djvu.txt">"The Nagbanshis and the Cheros"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=The+Nagbanshis+and+the+Cheros&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.119550%2F2015.119550.The-Nagbanshis-And-The-Cheros_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livehistoryindia-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-livehistoryindia_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/places/navratangarh-lost-kingdom-of-the-nagvanshis">"Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis"</a>. livehistoryindia. 27 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928024431/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/places/navratangarh-lost-kingdom-of-the-nagvanshis">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navratangarh%3A+Lost+Kingdom+of+the+Nagvanshis&rft.pub=livehistoryindia&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livehistoryindia.com%2Fstory%2Fplaces%2Fnavratangarh-lost-kingdom-of-the-nagvanshis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahiry201424-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahiry201424_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahiry2014">Lahiry 2014</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palamu.nic.in-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palamu.nic.in_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118184001/http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html">"Palamufort"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html">the original</a> on 18 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palamufort&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalamu.nic.in%2Fpalamufort.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latehar.nic.in/history/">"history"</a>. <i>latehar.nic.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104338/https://latehar.nic.in/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=latehar.nic.in&rft.atitle=history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatehar.nic.in%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13551/page/n5"><i>Hazaribagh District Gazetteer</i></a>. The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hazaribagh+District+Gazetteer&rft.pub=The+Bengal+Secretariat+Book+Depot%2C+Calcutta&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.13551%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191">"Gazetteer - Chota Nagpur Tributary States Gazetteer. Statistics, 1901-02 - South Asia Archive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032345/http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+-+Chota+Nagpur+Tributary+States+Gazetteer.+Statistics%2C+1901-02+-+South+Asia+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southasiaarchive.com%2FContent%2Fsarf.100009%2F231191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/362948">"चुआड़ विद्रोह के महानायक, क्रांतिवीर शहीद रघुनाथ महतो की 277 वीं जयंती"</a>. <i>Prabhat Khabar</i> (in Hindi). 21 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129172559/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/362948">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prabhat+Khabar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%2C+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+277+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80&rft.date=2015-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prabhatkhabar.com%2Fstate%2Fjharkhand%2Franchi%2F362948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav2014" class="citation news cs1">Yadav, Anumeha (12 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-free-for-all/article5904577.ece">"A parallel conversation: Martyrs, rebels, and peasants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230181112/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-free-for-all/article5904577.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+parallel+conversation%3A+Martyrs%2C+rebels%2C+and+peasants&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Anumeha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fblogs%2Fblog-free-for-all%2Farticle5904577.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jha, Amar Nath (2009). "Locating the Ancient History of Santal Parganas". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>70</b>: 185–196. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147668">44147668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Locating+the+Ancient+History+of+Santal+Parganas&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=185-196&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44147668%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Amar+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ustad1997-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ustad1997_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathur_Das_Ustad1997" class="citation journal cs1">Mathur Das Ustad (1997). "The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>58</b>: 493–500. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143953">44143953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Bishwanath+Sahi+of+Lohardaga+district%2C+During+the+Revolt+of+1857+in+Bihar&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=493-500&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44143953%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mathur+Das+Ustad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniindia.com/raghubar-pays-tributes-to-thakur-vishwnanth-sahdeo-on-his-birth-anniversary/other/news/958378.html">"Raghubar pays tributes to Thakur Vishwnanth Sahdeo on his birth anniversary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107011635/http://www.uniindia.com/raghubar-pays-tributes-to-thakur-vishwnanth-sahdeo-on-his-birth-anniversary/other/news/958378.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raghubar+pays+tributes+to+Thakur+Vishwnanth+Sahdeo+on+his+birth+anniversary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniindia.com%2Fraghubar-pays-tributes-to-thakur-vishwnanth-sahdeo-on-his-birth-anniversary%2Fother%2Fnews%2F958378.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html">"JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari"</a>. <i>news.webindia123.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504151037/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.webindia123.com&rft.atitle=JPCC+remembers+freedom+fighters+Tikait+Umrao+Singh%2C+Sheikh+Bhikari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.webindia123.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FIndia%2F20160108%2F2765171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaul" class="citation web cs1">Kaul, Chandrika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml">"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617125740/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Empire+to+Independence%3A+The+British+Raj+in+India+1858%E2%80%931947&rft.aulast=Kaul&rft.aufirst=Chandrika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fmodern%2Findependence1947_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151013031700/http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm">"Historical Background, Latehar District, Jharkhand"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm">the original</a> on 13 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Background%2C+Latehar+District%2C+Jharkhand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatehar.nic.in%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur, by Kumar Suresh Singh. Oxford University Press, 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Gazetteer of India">Imperial Gazetteer of India</a></i>, Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601092332/http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-sessions.php">"All India Congress Committee - AICC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-sessions.php">the original</a> on 1 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+India+Congress+Committee+-+AICC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aicc.org.in%2Fnew%2Fcongress-sessions.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danik jagran Ranchi Page No.14, 2 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhimedia.org/cgi-bin/gm/gm.cgi?action=view&link=Images/Photographs/Personalities/Mahatma_Gandhi/1940&image=IMPHPEMG">"Error"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002845/http://www.gandhimedia.org/cgi-bin/gm/gm.cgi?action=view&link=Images%2FPhotographs%2FPersonalities%2FMahatma_Gandhi%2F1940&image=IMPHPEMG">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Error&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhimedia.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgm%2Fgm.cgi%3Faction%3Dview%26link%3DImages%2FPhotographs%2FPersonalities%2FMahatma_Gandhi%2F1940%26image%3DIMPHPEMG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/gphotgallery/1933-1948/pages/g7.htm">"Photo Gallery of Mahatma Gandhi (1933-1948)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001101/http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/gphotgallery/1933-1948/pages/g7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+Gallery+of+Mahatma+Gandhi+%281933-1948%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org%2Fgphotgallery%2F1933-1948%2Fpages%2Fg7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianmovements.blogspot.in/2010/01/ramgarh-session-1940.html">"RAMGARH SESSION-1940"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211141544/http://indianmovements.blogspot.in/2010/01/ramgarh-session-1940.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAMGARH+SESSION-1940&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianmovements.blogspot.in%2F2010%2F01%2Framgarh-session-1940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215617/http://gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1940/chronology_1940.html">"Chronology 1940"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1940/chronology_1940.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+1940&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhiserve.org%2Finformation%2Fchronology_1940%2Fchronology_1940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: <i>Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States,</i> 1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concept_Publishing_Company-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concept_Publishing_Company_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concept_Publishing_Company_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concept_Publishing_Company_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumāra1998" class="citation book cs1">Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA115"><i>Small States Syndrome in India</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 115–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170226918" title="Special:BookSources/9788170226918"><bdi>9788170226918</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221103090828/https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+States+Syndrome+in+India&rft.pages=115-118&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788170226918&rft.aulast=Kum%C4%81ra&rft.aufirst=Braja+Bih%C4%81r%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKqF_AgDd4gC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaku_Srivastava2022" class="citation book cs1">Aaku Srivastava (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251"><i>Sensex Of Regional Parties</i></a>. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9355212368" title="Special:BookSources/978-9355212368"><bdi>978-9355212368</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307065102/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sensex+Of+Regional+Parties&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9355212368&rft.au=Aaku+Srivastava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOEeHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinay_Kumar_Srivastava2020" class="citation book cs1">Vinay Kumar Srivastava (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z94JEAAAQBAJ"><i>India′s Tribes Unfolding Realities</i></a>. SAGE Publishing India. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9353886608" title="Special:BookSources/978-9353886608"><bdi>978-9353886608</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221103082228/https://books.google.com/books?id=z94JEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%E2%80%B2s+Tribes+Unfolding+Realities&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing+India&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9353886608&rft.au=Vinay+Kumar+Srivastava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz94JEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jagran2018-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jagran2018_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jagran2018_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jagran2018_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-jharkhand-state-in-existence-18322230.html">"वनांचल की रूपरेखा, झारखंड का नाम"</a>. jagran. 17 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052550/https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-jharkhand-state-in-existence-18322230.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%2C+%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fjamshedpur-jharkhand-state-in-existence-18322230.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tributes-pour-in-for-justice-shahdeo.html">"Tributes pour in for Justice Shahdeo"</a>. 10 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802104126/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tributes-pour-in-for-justice-shahdeo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tributes+pour+in+for+Justice+Shahdeo&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F2018%2Fstate-editions%2Ftributes-pour-in-for-justice-shahdeo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/remembering-justice-lpn-shahdeo-on-his-7th-death-anniversary.html">"Remembering Justice LPN Shahdeo on his 7th death anniversary"</a>. 10 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802124203/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/remembering-justice-lpn-shahdeo-on-his-7th-death-anniversary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remembering+Justice+LPN+Shahdeo+on+his+7th+death+anniversary&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F2019%2Fstate-editions%2Fremembering-justice-lpn-shahdeo-on-his-7th-death-anniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFgigisoftsolutions" class="citation web cs1">gigisoftsolutions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traveljharkhand.com/jharkhand-tourism/jharkhand-overview/jharkhand-history.html">"History of Jharkhand, Jharkhand History"</a>. <i>traveljharkhand.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419014954/http://www.traveljharkhand.com/jharkhand-tourism/jharkhand-overview/jharkhand-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=traveljharkhand.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Jharkhand%2C+Jharkhand+History&rft.au=gigisoftsolutions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traveljharkhand.com%2Fjharkhand-tourism%2Fjharkhand-overview%2Fjharkhand-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20000814-uttaranchal-vananchal-and-chhattisgarh-celebrate-their-statehood-777857-2000-08-14">"Uttaranchal, Vananchal and Chhattisgarh celebrate their statehood"</a>. indiatoday. 13 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002055912/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20000814-uttaranchal-vananchal-and-chhattisgarh-celebrate-their-statehood-777857-2000-08-14">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uttaranchal%2C+Vananchal+and+Chhattisgarh+celebrate+their+statehood&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fstates%2Fstory%2F20000814-uttaranchal-vananchal-and-chhattisgarh-celebrate-their-statehood-777857-2000-08-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/about">"About : Official Website of Government of Jharkhand"</a>. <i>www.jharkhand.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123154219/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/about">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jharkhand.gov.in&rft.atitle=About+%3A+Official+Website+of+Government+of+Jharkhand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jharkhand.gov.in%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaumik2009" class="citation news cs1">Bhaumik, Subir (5 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7871976.stm">"Cell phones to fight India rebels"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208112321/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7871976.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cell+phones+to+fight+India+rebels&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft.aulast=Bhaumik&rft.aufirst=Subir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F7871976.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalpolitician.com-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globalpolitician.com_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalpolitician.com_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalpolitician.com_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411005134/http://www.globalpolitician.com/22790-india">"Rising Maoists Insurgency in India"</a>. Global Politician. 15 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalpolitician.com/22790-india">the original</a> on 11 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rising+Maoists+Insurgency+in+India&rft.pub=Global+Politician&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalpolitician.com%2F22790-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/opinion/17iht-edbowring.html">Maoists who menace India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017052957/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/opinion/17iht-edbowring.html">Archived</a> 17 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New York Times, 17 April 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atimes.com-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atimes.com_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atimes.com_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atimes.com_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040548/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HH09Df01.html">"Hidden civil war drains India's energy"</a>. Asia Times Online. 9 August 2006. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hidden+civil+war+drains+India%27s+energy&rft.pub=Asia+Times+Online&rft.date=2006-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSouth_Asia%2FHH09Df01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaker2014" class="citation news cs1">Thaker, Jayesh (12 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000704/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140412/jsp/jharkhand/story_18182208.jsp">"Ex-MPs add she might to LS fight"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Kolkata. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140412/jsp/jharkhand/story_18182208.jsp">the original</a> on 21 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Ex-MPs+add+she+might+to+LS+fight&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft.aulast=Thaker&rft.aufirst=Jayesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1140412%2Fjsp%2Fjharkhand%2Fstory_18182208.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.climate-data.org/region/772/">"Climate: Jharkhand"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114510/https://en.climate-data.org/region/772/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate%3A+Jharkhand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.climate-data.org%2Fregion%2F772%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/jharkhand-climate-1373963187-1">"Jharkhand: Climate"</a>. 16 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418025101/https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/jharkhand-climate-1373963187-1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jharkhand%3A+Climate&rft.date=2013-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.jagranjosh.com%2Fgeneral-knowledge%2Fjharkhand-climate-1373963187-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ranchi.nic.in/tourist-place/tagore-hill/">"Tagore Hill"</a>. <i>ranchi.nic.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802161327/https://ranchi.nic.in/tourist-place/tagore-hill/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ranchi.nic.in&rft.atitle=Tagore+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Franchi.nic.in%2Ftourist-place%2Ftagore-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112121518/http://palamu.nic.in/forestchap4.htm">"Birds and animals found in the forest of the Palamau district"</a>. Official website of the Palamau district. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palamu.nic.in/forestchap4.htm">the original</a> on 12 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birds+and+animals+found+in+the+forest+of+the+Palamau+district&rft.pub=Official+website+of+the+Palamau+district&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalamu.nic.in%2Fforestchap4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_Population-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_Population_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf">"Census Population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Census of India</i>. Ministry of Finance India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Census+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiabudget.nic.in%2Fes2006-07%2Fchapt2007%2Ftab97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011census-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011census_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011census_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011census_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/jharkhand/Jharkhand%20Provisional%20Result%20Data%20sheet%20for%20release.pdf">"Jharkhand Provisional Result-Census 2011-Data Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India</i>. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517080810/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/jharkhand/Jharkhand%20Provisional%20Result%20Data%20sheet%20for%20release.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+Provisional+Result-Census+2011-Data+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fdata_files%2Fjharkhand%2FJharkhand%2520Provisional%2520Result%2520Data%2520sheet%2520for%2520release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-language-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-language_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-language_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX">"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand"</a>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713020533/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Table+C-16+Population+by+Mother+Tongue%3A+Jharkhand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F10207%2Fdownload%2F13319%2FDDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723034431/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bedlam-bill-rush-in-assembly-246442">"Bedlam & bill rush in Assembly"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 21 June 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bedlam-bill-rush-in-assembly-246442">the original</a> on 23 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Bedlam+%26+bill+rush+in+Assembly&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fstates%2Fjharkhand%2Fbedlam-bill-rush-in-assembly-246442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Table C-01 Population By Religion: Jharkhand"</a>. <i>census.gov.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509181739/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov.in&rft.atitle=Table+C-01+Population+By+Religion%3A+Jharkhand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F11377%2Fdownload%2F14490%2FDDW20C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RelegionTribe-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RelegionTribe_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RelegionTribe_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12523/download/15636/ST-20-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS">"ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Jharkhand - 2011"</a>. <i>Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026131337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12523/download/15636/ST-20-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft.atitle=ST-14+A%3A+Scheduled+tribe+population+by+religious+community+%28State%2FUT+level%29%2C+Jharkhand+-+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F12523%2Fdownload%2F15636%2FST-20-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UncRelegion-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UncRelegion_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11398/download/14511/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx">"C-01 Appendix: Details of religious community shown under 'Other religions and persuasions' in main table C01 - 2011"</a>. <i>Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029192517/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11398/download/14511/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft.atitle=C-01+Appendix%3A+Details+of+religious+community+shown+under+%27Other+religions+and+persuasions%27+in+main+table+C01+-+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F11398%2Fdownload%2F14511%2FDDW00C-01%2520Appendix%2520MDDS.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/754985/in-jharkhands-singhbhum-religion-census-deepens-divide-among-tribals">"In Jharkhand's Singhbhum, religion census deepens divide among tribals"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923000231/http://scroll.in/article/754985/in-jharkhands-singhbhum-religion-census-deepens-divide-among-tribals">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=In+Jharkhand%27s+Singhbhum%2C+religion+census+deepens+divide+among+tribals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F754985%2Fin-jharkhands-singhbhum-religion-census-deepens-divide-among-tribals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2011_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religion community – 2011"</a>. <i>Census of India, 2011</i>. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</a> on 25 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India%2C+2011&rft.atitle=Population+by+religion+community+%E2%80%93+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW00C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshraf2017" class="citation news cs1">Ashraf, Ajaz (22 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/850957/census-data-shows-the-outcry-against-christian-missionaries-by-hindutva-groups-is-propaganda">"Census data shows the outcry against Christian missionaries by Hindutva groups is propaganda"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802130313/https://scroll.in/article/850957/census-data-shows-the-outcry-against-christian-missionaries-by-hindutva-groups-is-propaganda">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Census+data+shows+the+outcry+against+Christian+missionaries+by+Hindutva+groups+is+propaganda&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Ajaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F850957%2Fcensus-data-shows-the-outcry-against-christian-missionaries-by-hindutva-groups-is-propaganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/politics/elections-2019-jharkhand-grand-alliance-muslims">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Treated as Mere Vote Bank,' Say Muslims Left Out of Jharkhand's Grand Alliance"</a>. <i>thewire.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802171159/https://thewire.in/politics/elections-2019-jharkhand-grand-alliance-muslims">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thewire.in&rft.atitle=%27Treated+as+Mere+Vote+Bank%2C%27+Say+Muslims+Left+Out+of+Jharkhand%27s+Grand+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fpolitics%2Felections-2019-jharkhand-grand-alliance-muslims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/districts">"Districts of Jharkhand"</a>. <i>www.jharkhand.gov.in</i>. Government of Jharkhan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080855/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/districts">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jharkhand.gov.in&rft.atitle=Districts+of+Jharkhand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jharkhand.gov.in%2Fdistricts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Jharkhand.html">"Jharkhand"</a>. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. 18 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915034959/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Jharkhand.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jharkhand&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner&rft.date=2007-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FIndia-Jharkhand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/jharkhand-budget-analysis-2023-24">"Jharkhand Budget Analysis 2023-24"</a>. <i>PRSIndia</i>. 23 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325052022/https://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/budgets/jharkhand-budget-analysis-2020-21">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PRSIndia&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+Budget+Analysis+2023-24&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprsindia.org%2Fbudgets%2Fstates%2Fjharkhand-budget-analysis-2023-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibef.org/download/Jharkhand_261211.pdf">"Jharkhand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. India Brand Equity Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032403/http://www.ibef.org/download/Jharkhand_261211.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jharkhand&rft.pub=India+Brand+Equity+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibef.org%2Fdownload%2FJharkhand_261211.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/tatasteel/listing/TIS">"Tata Steel > Listing Details > Steel – Large > Listing Details of Tata Steel – BSE: 500470, NSE: TATASTEEL"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707062130/http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/tatasteel/listing/TIS">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tata+Steel+%3E+Listing+Details+%3E+Steel+%E2%80%93+Large+%3E+Listing+Details+of+Tata+Steel+%E2%80%93+BSE%3A+500470%2C+NSE%3A+TATASTEEL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Fcompany-facts%2Ftatasteel%2Flisting%2FTIS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ntpc-mp-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ntpc-mp_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/26/ntpc-eyes-thermal-plant-in-mp.htm">"NTPC eyes 20K crore thermal plant in MP"</a>. business.rediff.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715165021/http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/26/ntpc-eyes-thermal-plant-in-mp.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTPC+eyes+20K+crore+thermal+plant+in+MP&rft.pub=business.rediff.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.rediff.com%2Freport%2F2010%2Foct%2F26%2Fntpc-eyes-thermal-plant-in-mp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2006" class="citation news cs1">Dasgupta, Ranjan (10 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/craft-hub-on-the-cards/cid/820787">"Craft hub on the cards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(India)" title="The Telegraph (India)">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229105803/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/craft-hub-on-the-cards/cid/820787">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Craft+hub+on+the+cards&rft.date=2006-02-10&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Ranjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fcraft-hub-on-the-cards%2Fcid%2F820787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahuliyar2015" class="citation news cs1">Sahuliyar, Arti (2 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharcraft-platform-for-ethnic-inc/cid/1428426">"Jharcraft platform for ethnic Inc"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(India)" title="The Telegraph (India)">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229114900/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharcraft-platform-for-ethnic-inc/cid/1428426">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jharcraft+platform+for+ethnic+Inc.&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft.aulast=Sahuliyar&rft.aufirst=Arti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fjharcraft-platform-for-ethnic-inc%2Fcid%2F1428426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.mapsofindia.com/india-state/jharkhand-economy.html">"Jharkhand Economy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001750/https://business.mapsofindia.com/india-state/jharkhand-economy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jharkhand+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.mapsofindia.com%2Findia-state%2Fjharkhand-economy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080725/https://greatindianfood.in/10-dishes-cuisine-jharkhand-must-try-least-life/">"10 Dishes of Cuisine of Jharkhand you must try at least once in Life"</a>. <i>Great Indian Food</i>. 30 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greatindianfood.in/10-dishes-cuisine-jharkhand-must-try-least-life/">the original</a> on 3 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Indian+Food&rft.atitle=10+Dishes+of+Cuisine+of+Jharkhand+you+must+try+at+least+once+in+Life&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreatindianfood.in%2F10-dishes-cuisine-jharkhand-must-try-least-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jharkhandtourism.in/artculture/cuisines.htm">"Jharkhand Tourism::Cusines"</a>. <i>www.jharkhandtourism.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226222111/http://jharkhandtourism.in/artculture/cuisines.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jharkhandtourism.in&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+Tourism%3A%3ACusines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jharkhandtourism.in%2Fartculture%2Fcuisines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2020" class="citation web cs1">Mishra, Prerna (13 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buddymantra.com/food-of-jharkhand/">"Traditional savory food of Jharkhand"</a>. <i>www.buddymantra.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102105657/https://buddymantra.com/food-of-jharkhand/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buddymantra.com&rft.atitle=Traditional+savory+food+of+Jharkhand&rft.date=2020-07-13&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Prerna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuddymantra.com%2Ffood-of-jharkhand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianvagabond.com/2016/04/15/tribal-food-of-chota-nagpur/">"Tribal Food of Chota Nagpur"</a>. 15 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418061544/https://indianvagabond.com/2016/04/15/tribal-food-of-chota-nagpur/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribal+Food+of+Chota+Nagpur&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianvagabond.com%2F2016%2F04%2F15%2Ftribal-food-of-chota-nagpur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rkmp.co.in/general-domain/rice-facts/hadia-is-a-popular-beverage-of-jharkhand">"Hadia is a popular beverage of Jharkhand | Rice Knowledge Management Portal – Rice, Paddy, Dhan, Chawal, Rice Research Domain, Rice Extension Domain, Rice Farmers Domain, Rice General Domain, Rice Service Domain, RKMP, Rice in India, Rice Government Schemes, Rice ITKs, Rice FLDs, Rice Package of Practices"</a>. <i>www.rkmp.co.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203162516/http://www.rkmp.co.in/general-domain/rice-facts/hadia-is-a-popular-beverage-of-jharkhand">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rkmp.co.in&rft.atitle=Hadia+is+a+popular+beverage+of+Jharkhand+%7C+Rice+Knowledge+Management+Portal+%E2%80%93+Rice%2C+Paddy%2C+Dhan%2C+Chawal%2C+Rice+Research+Domain%2C+Rice+Extension+Domain%2C+Rice+Farmers+Domain%2C+Rice+General+Domain%2C+Rice+Service+Domain%2C+RKMP%2C+Rice+in+India%2C+Rice+Government+Schemes%2C+Rice+ITKs%2C+Rice+FLDs%2C+Rice+Package+of+Practices&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rkmp.co.in%2Fgeneral-domain%2Frice-facts%2Fhadia-is-a-popular-beverage-of-jharkhand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203161946/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040303/asp/jharkhand/story_2832423.asp">"The Telegraph – Calcutta : Jharkhand"</a>. <i>www.telegraphindia.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040303/asp/jharkhand/story_2832423.asp">the original</a> on 3 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraphindia.com&rft.atitle=The+Telegraph+%E2%80%93+Calcutta+%3A+Jharkhand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1040303%2Fasp%2Fjharkhand%2Fstory_2832423.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/High-time-to-make-most-of-mahua/articleshow/19687715.cms">"High time to make most of mahua – Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209082700/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/High-time-to-make-most-of-mahua/articleshow/19687715.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=High+time+to+make+most+of+mahua+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Franchi%2FHigh-time-to-make-most-of-mahua%2Farticleshow%2F19687715.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/content/explore/art">"Welcome :: Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation Ltd"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805212613/http://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/content/explore/art">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+%3A%3A+Jharkhand+Tourism+Development+Corporation+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjharkhandtourism.gov.in%2Fcontent%2Fexplore%2Fart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.in-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.in_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.in_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.in_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2010" class="citation book cs1">Khanna, C. L. (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PWhBQAAQBAJ&q=Jharkhand+General+Knowledge+festivals&pg=PA53"><i>Jharkhand General Knowledge</i></a>. Upkar Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174822468" title="Special:BookSources/9788174822468"><bdi>9788174822468</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004170933/https://books.google.com/books?id=7PWhBQAAQBAJ&q=Jharkhand+General+Knowledge+festivals&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jharkhand+General+Knowledge&rft.pub=Upkar+Prakashan&rft.date=2010-09&rft.isbn=9788174822468&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PWhBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DJharkhand%2BGeneral%2BKnowledge%2Bfestivals%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/03/jharkhand-govt-gives-approval-for-production-of-20-films-1690803.html">"Jharkhand govt gives approval for production of 20 films"</a>. 3 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165012/http://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/03/jharkhand-govt-gives-approval-for-production-of-20-films-1690803.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jharkhand+govt+gives+approval+for+production+of+20+films&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fpti-news%2F2017%2Fnov%2F03%2Fjharkhand-govt-gives-approval-for-production-of-20-films-1690803.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/from-india-today-magazine/story/20170320-jharkhand-cm-raghubar-das-jhollywood-bollywood-films-made-in-jharkhand-mukesh-bhatt-985972-2017-03-11">"Here comes Jollywood"</a>. India today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627140916/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/from-india-today-magazine/story/20170320-jharkhand-cm-raghubar-das-jhollywood-bollywood-films-made-in-jharkhand-mukesh-bhatt-985972-2017-03-11">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here+comes+Jollywood&rft.pub=India+today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Ffrom-india-today-magazine%2Fstory%2F20170320-jharkhand-cm-raghubar-das-jhollywood-bollywood-films-made-in-jharkhand-mukesh-bhatt-985972-2017-03-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/2648/jhollywood-gets-moving-forward-in-regional-film-industry/">"Jollywood gets moving forward in regional film industry"</a>. Jharkhandstatenews. 22 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627140917/http://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/2648/jhollywood-gets-moving-forward-in-regional-film-industry/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jollywood+gets+moving+forward+in+regional+film+industry&rft.pub=Jharkhandstatenews&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjharkhandstatenews.com%2Farticle%2Ftop-stories%2F2648%2Fjhollywood-gets-moving-forward-in-regional-film-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/media.html">"Jharkhand Media"</a>. <i>mapsofindia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430072908/https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/media.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mapsofindia.com&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsofindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fmedia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi-airport-crosses-1-million-mark-of-passengers.html">"Ranchi Airport crosses one million mark of passengers. PASSENGERS"</a>. <i>Pioneer</i>. www.dailypioneer.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730152209/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi-airport-crosses-1-million-mark-of-passengers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pioneer&rft.atitle=Ranchi+Airport+crosses+one+million+mark+of+passengers.+PASSENGERS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2Fstate-editions%2Franchi-airport-crosses-1-million-mark-of-passengers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/construction-work-at-jharkhand-s-deoghar-airport-to-be-completed-soon-aai-120090301730_1.html">"Construction work at Jharkhand's Deoghar airport to be completed soon: AAI"</a>. <i>Business Standard India</i>. Press Trust of India. 3 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119181941/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/construction-work-at-jharkhand-s-deoghar-airport-to-be-completed-soon-aai-120090301730_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=Construction+work+at+Jharkhand%27s+Deoghar+airport+to+be+completed+soon%3A+AAI&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fconstruction-work-at-jharkhand-s-deoghar-airport-to-be-completed-soon-aai-120090301730_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235804/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110814/jsp/frontpage/story_14377165.jsp">"Dhanbad, Dumka on chartered flight path"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a></i>. 14 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110814/jsp/frontpage/story_14377165.jsp">the original</a> on 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Dhanbad%2C+Dumka+on+chartered+flight+path&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1110814%2Fjsp%2Ffrontpage%2Fstory_14377165.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Highways-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Highways_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Highways_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Highways_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147618">"National highways in Jharkhand"</a>. <i>pib.nic.in</i>. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201556/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147618">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.nic.in&rft.atitle=National+highways+in+Jharkhand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Fnewsite%2FmbErel.aspx%3Frelid%3D147618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/golden-quadrilateral-highway-network/">"Golden Quadrilateral Highway Network"</a>. <i>roadtraffic-technology.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202042/https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/golden-quadrilateral-highway-network/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roadtraffic-technology.com&rft.atitle=Golden+Quadrilateral+Highway+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadtraffic-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fgolden-quadrilateral-highway-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034111/http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm">"NHAI"</a>. <i>www.nhai.org</i>. National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nhai.org&rft.atitle=NHAI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhai.org%2Fgqmain_english.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/multi-model-port-to-come-up-at-sahibganj-gadkari.html">"Multi-model port to come up at Sahibganj: Gadkari"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pioneer (newspaper)">The Pioneer</a>. 28 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822220148/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/multi-model-port-to-come-up-at-sahibganj-gadkari.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multi-model+port+to+come+up+at+Sahibganj%3A+Gadkari&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2Fstate-editions%2Franchi%2Fmulti-model-port-to-come-up-at-sahibganj-gadkari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sahibganj-to-be-exim-hub-with-a-multimodal-plan-nitin-gadkari-116101300729_1.html">"Sahibganj to be exim hub with a multimodal plan: Nitin Gadkari"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a>. 13 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822220514/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sahibganj-to-be-exim-hub-with-a-multimodal-plan-nitin-gadkari-116101300729_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sahibganj+to+be+exim+hub+with+a+multimodal+plan%3A+Nitin+Gadkari&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Feconomy-policy%2Fsahibganj-to-be-exim-hub-with-a-multimodal-plan-nitin-gadkari-116101300729_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora2016" class="citation news cs1">Arora, Rajat (19 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/lt-to-construct-sahibganj-multi-modal-transportation-terminal/articleshow/54937877.cms">"L&T to construct Sahibganj Multi modal transportation terminal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629231331/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/lt-to-construct-sahibganj-multi-modal-transportation-terminal/articleshow/54937877.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%26T+to+construct+Sahibganj+Multi+modal+transportation+terminal&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Findustry%2Ftransportation%2Flt-to-construct-sahibganj-multi-modal-transportation-terminal%2Farticleshow%2F54937877.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/rail-funds-up-this-time-206613">Rail funds up this time</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211230/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/rail-funds-up-this-time-206613">Archived</a> 30 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a> 7 February 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArun_C._Mehta" class="citation web cs1">Arun C. Mehta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html">"District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001"</a>. Educationforallinindia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414170051/http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District-specific+Literates+and+Literacy+Rates%2C+2001&rft.pub=Educationforallinindia.com&rft.au=Arun+C.+Mehta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationforallinindia.com%2Fpage157.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071003195738/http://www.nfhsindia.org/data/jh/jhfctsum.pdf">"National Family Health Survey, 1998–99: Fact Sheet, Jharkhand, Section: Basic Socio-Demographic Features of Jharkhand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfhsindia.org/data/jh/jhfctsum.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Family+Health+Survey%2C+1998%E2%80%9399%3A+Fact+Sheet%2C+Jharkhand%2C+Section%3A+Basic+Socio-Demographic+Features+of+Jharkhand&rft.pages=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfhsindia.org%2Fdata%2Fjh%2Fjhfctsum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2007" class="citation web cs1">Pandey, Sanjay (16 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mynews.in/fullstory.aspx?storyid=89">"The poor state of girl child education in Jharkhand State"</a>. <i>MyNews.in</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyNews.in&rft.atitle=The+poor+state+of+girl+child+education+in+Jharkhand+State&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mynews.in%2Ffullstory.aspx%3Fstoryid%3D89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar,_Monica2013" class="citation news cs1">Sarkar, Monica (23 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20929762">"How football is changing lives of Indian slum girls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018121112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20929762">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+football+is+changing+lives+of+Indian+slum+girls&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-20929762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laureus.com/news/and-the-laureus-world-sports-awards-2019-winners-are">"And the Laureus World Sports Awards 2019 Winners are..."</a> <i>Laureus</i>. 18 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227084113/https://www.laureus.com/news/and-the-laureus-world-sports-awards-2019-winners-are">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laureus&rft.atitle=And+the+Laureus+World+Sports+Awards+2019+Winners+are...&rft.date=2019-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laureus.com%2Fnews%2Fand-the-laureus-world-sports-awards-2019-winners-are&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404173734/http://cipranchi.nic.in/intro.htm">"Introduction to Cip, Ranchi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cipranchi.nic.in/intro.htm">the original</a> on 4 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2005</span>. <q>The British established this hospital on 17th May 1918 with the name of Ranchi European Lunatic Asylum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Cip%2C+Ranchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcipranchi.nic.in%2Fintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218152943/http://www.tatamemorialcentre.com/index.htm">"Welcome to Tata Memorial Centre"</a>. Tatamemorialcentre.com. 1 January 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tatamemorialcentre.com/index.htm">the original</a> on 18 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Tata+Memorial+Centre&rft.pub=Tatamemorialcentre.com&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatamemorialcentre.com%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709103738/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp">"Fluoride alert for groundwater"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Calcutta. 11 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp">the original</a> on 9 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fluoride+alert+for+groundwater&rft.date=2008-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1080111%2Fjsp%2Fjharkhand%2Fstory_8768921.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhandareHarikumarSivakumar2005" class="citation journal cs1">Khandare, AL; Harikumar, R; Sivakumar, B (2005). "Severe bone deformities in young children from vitamin D deficiency and fluorosis in Bihar-India". <i>Calcified Tissue International</i>. <b>76</b> (6): 412–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00223-005-0233-2">10.1007/s00223-005-0233-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15895280">15895280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21536934">21536934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calcified+Tissue+International&rft.atitle=Severe+bone+deformities+in+young+children+from+vitamin+D+deficiency+and+fluorosis+in+Bihar-India&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=412-8&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21536934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15895280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00223-005-0233-2&rft.aulast=Khandare&rft.aufirst=AL&rft.au=Harikumar%2C+R&rft.au=Sivakumar%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090107153452/http://www.disabled-world.com/news/india/fluoride-toxicity-8758.shtml">"Fluoride Toxicity in Jharkhand State of India"</a>. Disability News India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.disabled-world.com/news/india/fluoride-toxicity-8758.shtml">the original</a> on 7 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fluoride+Toxicity+in+Jharkhand+State+of+India&rft.pub=Disability+News+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disabled-world.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Ffluoride-toxicity-8758.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fluoride alert for groundwater," The Telegraph, Calcutta, Friday 11 January 2008.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206135154/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp">Archived</a> 6 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald, L. "Water and Health:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~lmacdona/water-health.html">An effective, sustainable treatment strategy to halt the fluorosis endemic in rural villages of Jharkhand State, India"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201175037/http://www.princeton.edu/~lmacdona/water-health.html">Archived</a> 1 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2009" class="citation news cs1">Pandey, Geeta (1 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8178636.stm">"Jharkhand farmers despair at drought"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110141736/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8178636.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+farmers+despair+at+drought&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Geeta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F8178636.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports-news/dhonis-world-cup-bat-sold-for-rs-72-lakhs-at-auction-120337">"Dhoni's world cup bat sold for Rs. 72 lakhs"</a>. Ndtv.com. 19 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007225807/http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports-news/dhonis-world-cup-bat-sold-for-rs-72-lakhs-at-auction-120337">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dhoni%27s+world+cup+bat+sold+for+Rs.+72+lakhs&rft.pub=Ndtv.com&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Fsports-news%2Fdhonis-world-cup-bat-sold-for-rs-72-lakhs-at-auction-120337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Ranchis-new-stadium-set-to-host-maiden-One-Day-International-on-January-19/articleshow/16870995.cms">"Ranchi's new stadium set to host maiden One-Day International on January 19"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 19 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509010706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-19/ranchi/34583646_1_jsca-jharkhand-state-cricket-association-foundation-stone">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ranchi%27s+new+stadium+set+to+host+maiden+One-Day+International+on+January+19&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Franchi%2FRanchis-new-stadium-set-to-host-maiden-One-Day-International-on-January-19%2Farticleshow%2F16870995.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/news/tennis-takes-sania-shoaib-to-ranchi-7204">"Tennis takes Sania-Shoaib to Ranchi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408165410/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/news/tennis-takes-sania-shoaib-to-ranchi-7204">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tennis+takes+Sania-Shoaib+to+Ranchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Falbum%2Flisting%2Fnews%2Ftennis-takes-sania-shoaib-to-ranchi-7204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Ranchi-franchise-becomes-third-team-in-Hockey-India-League/articleshow/16394320.cms">"Ranchi franchise becomes third team in Hockey India League"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 14 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508225654/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-14/top-stories/33845464_1_hockey-india-league-sport-joint-venture">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ranchi+franchise+becomes+third+team+in+Hockey+India+League&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fsports%2Fhockey%2Ftop-stories%2FRanchi-franchise-becomes-third-team-in-Hockey-India-League%2Farticleshow%2F16394320.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/tourism.html">"Places to Visit in Jharkhand"</a>. <i>Maps of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403080016/https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/tourism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maps+of+India&rft.atitle=Places+to+Visit+in+Jharkhand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsofindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Ftourism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html">"Jharkhand registers 385% increase in foreign tourist visits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+registers+385%25+increase+in+foreign+tourist+visits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Franchi%2Ftourists-discover-jharkhand%2Fstory-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2018" class="citation news cs1">Srivastava, Priya (12 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/worshipping-headless-deity-at-chinnamasta-temple-in-jharkhand/as65375480.cms">"Worshipping 'headless deity' at Chinnamasta Temple in Jharkhand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a> Travel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425131051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/worshipping-headless-deity-at-chinnamasta-temple-in-jharkhand/as65375480.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India+Travel&rft.atitle=Worshipping+%27headless+deity%27+at+Chinnamasta+Temple+in+Jharkhand&rft.date=2018-08-12&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fworshipping-headless-deity-at-chinnamasta-temple-in-jharkhand%2Fas65375480.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latehar.nic.in/tourist-place/tattapani/">"Tattapani"</a>. <i>latehar.nic.in</i>. Government of Jharkhand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625074122/https://latehar.nic.in/tourist-place/tattapani/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=latehar.nic.in&rft.atitle=Tattapani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatehar.nic.in%2Ftourist-place%2Ftattapani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaipuriar2017" class="citation news cs1">Jaipuriar, Vishvendu (21 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/cop-picket-plan-for-temple/cid/1341266">"Cop picket plan for temple"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Kolkata)">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729061057/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/cop-picket-plan-for-temple/cid/1341266">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cop+picket+plan+for+temple&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft.aulast=Jaipuriar&rft.aufirst=Vishvendu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fcop-picket-plan-for-temple%2Fcid%2F1341266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavi2018" class="citation news cs1">Ravi, S. (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/deciphering-the-past/article23840307.ece">"Deciphering the past"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802114959/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/deciphering-the-past/article23840307.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Deciphering+the+past&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Ravi&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Fart%2Fdeciphering-the-past%2Farticle23840307.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjan202" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ranjan, Rakesh (26 April 202). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-lockdown-had-a-tremendous-impact-on-the-enchanting-rankini-temple-jadugora-doors-opened-devotees-absent-jamshedpur-jharkhand-news-21593413.html">"Lockdown: आंशिक लॉकडाउन का जादूगोड़ा रंकिनी मंदिर पर पड़ा जबर्दस्त असर, कपाट खुले, भक्त नदारद"</a>. <i>Jagran</i> (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602203535/https://m.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-lockdown-had-a-tremendous-impact-on-the-enchanting-rankini-temple-jadugora-doors-opened-devotees-absent-jamshedpur-jharkhand-news-21593413.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jagran&rft.atitle=Lockdown%3A+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%2C+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%2C+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6&rft.date=202&rft.aulast=Ranjan&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.jagran.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fjamshedpur-lockdown-had-a-tremendous-impact-on-the-enchanting-rankini-temple-jadugora-doors-opened-devotees-absent-jamshedpur-jharkhand-news-21593413.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/east-singhbhum/importance-of-mata-rankani-temple-in-jamshedpur/jh20201024054741151">"मां रंकिणी का पाषाण और जागृत रूप, जानिए मां की महिमा"</a>. <i>ETV Bharat News</i>. 24 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129142928/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/east-singhbhum/importance-of-mata-rankani-temple-in-jamshedpur/jh20201024054741151">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ETV+Bharat+News&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%2C+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etvbharat.com%2Fhindi%2Fjharkhand%2Fstate%2Feast-singhbhum%2Fimportance-of-mata-rankani-temple-in-jamshedpur%2Fjh20201024054741151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-tourism-department-to-rope-in-police-for-crackdown-on-plastic-at-picnic-spots/cid/1679147">"Jharkhand steps up plastic policing at picnic spots"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Kolkata)">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051633/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/jharkhand-tourism-department-to-rope-in-police-for-crackdown-on-plastic-at-picnic-spots/cid/1679147">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+steps+up+plastic+policing+at+picnic+spots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fjharkhand-tourism-department-to-rope-in-police-for-crackdown-on-plastic-at-picnic-spots%2Fcid%2F1679147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/emerging-tourist-destinations-vie-for-attention-at-iitm/article24534940.ece">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Emerging' tourist destinations vie for attention at IITM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802155751/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/emerging-tourist-destinations-vie-for-attention-at-iitm/article24534940.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27Emerging%27+tourist+destinations+vie+for+attention+at+IITM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fbangalore%2Femerging-tourist-destinations-vie-for-attention-at-iitm%2Farticle24534940.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/adventure-tourism-extravaganza-kick-starts-today.html">"Adventure tourism extravaganza kick-starts today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)" title="The Pioneer (India)">The Pioneer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051253/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/adventure-tourism-extravaganza-kick-starts-today.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Adventure+tourism+extravaganza+kick-starts+today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F2019%2Fstate-editions%2Fadventure-tourism-extravaganza-kick-starts-today.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/autumn-of-thrill-at-netarhat/cid/1670312">"Autumn of thrill at hill station of Netarhat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Kolkata)">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051609/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/autumn-of-thrill-at-netarhat/cid/1670312">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Autumn+of+thrill+at+hill+station+of+Netarhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fautumn-of-thrill-at-netarhat%2Fcid%2F1670312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69239/a-guide-to-netarhat-jharkhands-secret-hill-station">"Netarhat: Jharkhand's Secret Hill Station"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051728/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69239/a-guide-to-netarhat-jharkhands-secret-hill-station">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=Netarhat%3A+Jharkhand%27s+Secret+Hill+Station&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Foutlooktraveller%2Fexplore%2Fstory%2F69239%2Fa-guide-to-netarhat-jharkhands-secret-hill-station&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.india.com/news-travel/netarhat-is-home-to-innumerable-waterfalls-and-unlimited-peace-3591554/">"Netarhat is Home to Innumerable Waterfalls And Unlimited Peace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India.com" class="mw-redirect" title="India.com">India.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051730/https://www.india.com/news-travel/netarhat-is-home-to-innumerable-waterfalls-and-unlimited-peace-3591554/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India.com&rft.atitle=Netarhat+is+Home+to+Innumerable+Waterfalls+And+Unlimited+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.com%2Fnews-travel%2Fnetarhat-is-home-to-innumerable-waterfalls-and-unlimited-peace-3591554%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/wildlife/tigerreserves/betla_national_park/index.htm">"BETLA NATIONAL PARK & TIGER RESERVE"</a>. <i>WebIndia123</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403063337/https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/wildlife/tigerreserves/betla_national_park/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebIndia123&rft.atitle=BETLA+NATIONAL+PARK+%26+TIGER+RESERVE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftourism.webindia123.com%2Ftourism%2Fwildlife%2Ftigerreserves%2Fbetla_national_park%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.india.com/news-travel/you-can-walk-amid-wildlife-at-dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-in-jharkhand-3448450/">"You Can Walk Amid Wildlife at Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India.com" class="mw-redirect" title="India.com">India.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051744/https://www.india.com/news-travel/you-can-walk-amid-wildlife-at-dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-in-jharkhand-3448450/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India.com&rft.atitle=You+Can+Walk+Amid+Wildlife+at+Dalma+Wildlife+Sanctuary+in+Jharkhand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.com%2Fnews-travel%2Fyou-can-walk-amid-wildlife-at-dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-in-jharkhand-3448450%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/winter-holiday-rush-at-betla-netarhat/cid/1340501">"Winter holiday rush at Betla, Netarhat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Kolkata)">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051715/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/winter-holiday-rush-at-betla-netarhat/cid/1340501">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Winter+holiday+rush+at+Betla%2C+Netarhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fwinter-holiday-rush-at-betla-netarhat%2Fcid%2F1340501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-bursts-at-the-seams-of-autumn-season.html">"Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary bursts at the seams of autumn season"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)" title="The Pioneer (India)">The Pioneer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051250/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-bursts-at-the-seams-of-autumn-season.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Dalma+Wildlife+Sanctuary+bursts+at+the+seams+of+autumn+season&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F2019%2Fstate-editions%2Fdalma-wildlife-sanctuary-bursts-at-the-seams-of-autumn-season.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/heritage-meet-at-hotwar-museum/cid/242331">"Heritage meet at Hotwar museum"</a>. <i>telegraphindia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419172520/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/heritage-meet-at-hotwar-museum/cid/242331">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=telegraphindia&rft.atitle=Heritage+meet+at+Hotwar+museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fheritage-meet-at-hotwar-museum%2Fcid%2F242331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2020" class="citation news cs1">Roy, Saurav (13 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-plans-study-to-detect-psychological-barriers-of-tribal-students-at-play-psychiatrists-on-board/cid/1794632">"What holds back tribal students in an urban milieu?"</a>. <i>the Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412141938/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-plans-study-to-detect-psychological-barriers-of-tribal-students-at-play-psychiatrists-on-board/cid/1794632">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Telegraph&rft.atitle=What+holds+back+tribal+students+in+an+urban+milieu%3F&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Saurav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fjharkhand-plans-study-to-detect-psychological-barriers-of-tribal-students-at-play-psychiatrists-on-board%2Fcid%2F1794632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiry2014" class="citation book cs1">Lahiry, Sangam (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckYlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7"><i>Pugmarks In Palamau</i></a>. Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81115-64-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81115-64-0"><bdi>978-93-81115-64-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pugmarks+In+Palamau&rft.pub=Leadstart+Publishing+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-81115-64-0&rft.aulast=Lahiry&rft.aufirst=Sangam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DckYlBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoma_Niyogi1959" class="citation book cs1">Roma Niyogi (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty</i></a>. Oriental. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5386449">5386449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+G%C4%81ha%E1%B8%8Dav%C4%81la+Dynasty&rft.pub=Oriental&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5386449&rft.au=Roma+Niyogi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJQBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJharkhand" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Jharkhand</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jharkhand" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Jharkhand">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jharkhand" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Jharkhand">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Jharkhand" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Jharkhand">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jharkhand" class="extiw" title="q:Jharkhand">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jharkhand" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Jharkhand">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jharkhand" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Jharkhand">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jharkhand" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Jharkhand">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jharkhand" class="extiw" title="voy:Jharkhand">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <p><b>Government</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jharkhand.gov.in/">Government of Jharkhand, India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422103228/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/">Archived</a> 22 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><b>General information</b> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1960191">Jharkhand</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Jharkhand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Jharkhand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Jharkhand</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Jharkhand</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_India_by_state_or_territory" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_India_by_state_or_territory" title="Template:Geography of India by state or territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_India_by_state_or_territory" title="Template talk:Geography of India by state or territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_India_by_state_or_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of India by state or territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_India_by_state_or_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a> by state or territory</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Geography of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Geography of Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bihar" title="Geography of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chhattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gujarat" title="Geography of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haryana" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Geography of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madhya_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Maharashtra" title="Geography of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Meghalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mizoram" title="Geography of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nagaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Odisha" title="Geography of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Punjab,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sikkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Geography of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Telangana" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tripura" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Geography of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttarakhand" title="Geography of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chandigarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ladakh" title="Geography of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lakshadweep" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puducherry_(union_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Jharkhand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jharkhand" title="Template:Jharkhand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jharkhand" title="Template talk:Jharkhand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jharkhand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jharkhand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Jharkhand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jharkhand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jharkhand" title="Category:Jharkhand">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jharkhand" title="History of Jharkhand">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jharkhand" title="Government of Jharkhand">Government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Jharkhand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Jharkhand" title="List of people from Jharkhand">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jharkhand" title="Tourism in Jharkhand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasnath" title="Parasnath">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jharkhand_by_area" title="List of cities in Jharkhand by area">Cities by area</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg/80px-Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg/120px-Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg/160px-Jharkhand_Rajakiya_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="182" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Jharkhand" title="Administrative divisions of Jharkhand">Divisions</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Jharkhand" title="List of districts of Jharkhand">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;; text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Palamu_division" title="Palamu division">Palamu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwa_district" title="Garhwa district">Garhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamu_district" title="Palamu district">Palamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latehar_district" title="Latehar district">Latehar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;; text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/North_Chotanagpur_division" title="North Chotanagpur division">North<br />Chotanagpur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatra_district" title="Chatra district">Chatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh_district" title="Hazaribagh district">Hazaribagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giridih_district" title="Giridih district">Giridih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koderma_district" title="Koderma district">Koderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad_district" title="Dhanbad district">Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_district" title="Bokaro district">Bokaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_district" title="Ramgarh district">Ramgarh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;; text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/South_Chotanagpur_division" title="South Chotanagpur division">South<br />Chotanagpur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi_district" title="Ranchi district">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohardaga_district" title="Lohardaga district">Lohardaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumla_district" title="Gumla district">Gumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simdega_district" title="Simdega district">Simdega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khunti_district" title="Khunti district">Khunti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;; text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Kolhan_division" title="Kolhan division">Kolhan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Singhbhum_district" title="West Singhbhum district">West Singhbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraikela_Kharsawan_district" title="Seraikela Kharsawan district">Seraikela Kharsawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Singhbhum_district" title="East Singhbhum district">East Singhbhum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;; text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Santhal_Pargana_division" title="Santhal Pargana division">Santhal<br />Pargana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoghar_district" title="Deoghar district">Deoghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamtara_district" title="Jamtara district">Jamtara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumka_district" title="Dumka district">Dumka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godda_district" title="Godda district">Godda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakur_district" title="Pakur district">Pakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahebganj_district" title="Sahebganj district">Sahebganj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jharkhand_by_population" title="List of cities in Jharkhand by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoghar" title="Deoghar">Deoghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phusro" title="Phusro">Phusro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh" title="Hazaribagh">Hazaribagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giridih" title="Giridih">Giridih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_Cantonment" title="Ramgarh Cantonment">Ramgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medininagar" title="Medininagar">Medininagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahebganj" title="Sahebganj">Sahebganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaibasa" title="Chaibasa">Chaibasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumka" title="Dumka">Dumka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template talk:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143256032">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1294268/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4364512-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001020816">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150684004">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150684004">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Džhárkhand (Indie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge754266&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007491984605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/31c0eb71-18a4-4946-97a7-d732a35cb08f">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&oldid=1258173814#Economy">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&oldid=1258173814#Economy</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jharkhand" title="Category:Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Category:States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_2000" title="Category:States and territories established in 2000">States and territories established in 2000</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000_establishments_in_India" title="Category:2000 establishments in India">2000 establishments in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Bengali_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Bengali is an official language">Countries and territories where Bengali is an official language</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hindi-language_sources_(hi)" title="Category:CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)">CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2017">Articles with dead external links from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages">Wikipedia semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use Indian English from February 2024">Use Indian English from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2024">Use dmy dates from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_motto_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hindi_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hindi IPA">Pages with Hindi IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 14:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Economy" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jfl4j","wgBackendResponseTime":206,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.170","walltime":"2.519","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20789,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":530649,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":44626,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":42,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":635460,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2142.231 1 -total"," 35.83% 767.557 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.96% 384.753 1 Template:Infobox_Indian_state_or_territory"," 17.68% 378.736 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 17.10% 366.370 81 Template:Cite_web"," 16.70% 357.724 2 Template:Infobox"," 8.56% 183.375 48 Template:Cite_news"," 4.86% 104.188 2 Template:Sfn"," 4.48% 96.046 1 Template:IPA"," 3.89% 83.341 15 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.259","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22062720,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAaku_Srivastava2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArora2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArun_C._Mehta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshraf2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhaumik2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDey2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGautam_Kumar_Bera2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaipuriar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJharkhand_Profile2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaul\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhandareHarikumarSivakumar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanna2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiro2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumāra1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahiry2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalit_Aditya2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathur_Das_Ustad1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam_Chandra_Prasad1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanjan202\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoma_Niyogi1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahuliyar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar,_Monica2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThaker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinay_Kumar_Srivastava2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYule2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFgigisoftsolutions\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 80,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 5,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Geography of India by state or territory\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical population\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"INR\"] = 1,\n [\"INRConvert\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 3,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian Rupee\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Indian state or territory\"] = 1,\n [\"Jharkhand\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit.\"] = 1,\n [\"MW\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"States and territories of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","28.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","21.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","6.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.0"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","2.7"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.7"],["is_set \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:23\u003E","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getUrl","20","1.3"],["[others]","340","22.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mz9ks","timestamp":"20241124053102","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jharkhand","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jharkhand#Economy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1184","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1184","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-16T11:01:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T14:51:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e2\/Baba_Dham.jpg","headline":"state in eastern India"}</script> </body> </html>