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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">USA law granting equal access to education for children with disabilities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">EAHCA/EHA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">3500</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Pub. L. 94-142</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_20_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 20 of the United States Code">20 U.S.C.: Education</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on June 18, 1975 (83-10)</li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on July 29, 1975 </li><li><b>Reported by the joint conference committee</b> on November 14, 1975; <b>agreed to by the House</b> on November 18, 1975 (404-7) and by the <b>Senate</b> on November 19, 1975 (87-7)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> on November 29, 1975</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act" title="Individuals with Disabilities Education Act">Individuals with Disabilities Education Act</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_the_Hendrick_Hudson_Central_School_District_v._Rowley" title="Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley">Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_458" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 458">458</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/458/176/">176</a> (1982)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Independent_School_Dist._v._Tatro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Independent School Dist. v. Tatro (page does not exist)">Irving Independent School Dist. v. Tatro</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_468" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 468">468</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/468/883/">883</a> (1984)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Robinson (page does not exist)">Smith v. Robinson</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_468" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 468">468</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/468/992/">992</a> (1984)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honig_v._Students_of_Cal._School_for_Blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honig v. Students of Cal. School for Blind (page does not exist)">Honig v. Students of Cal. School for Blind</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_471" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 471">471</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/471/148/">148</a> (1985)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burlington_School_Comm._v._Mass._Dept._of_Ed.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burlington School Comm. v. Mass. Dept. of Ed. (page does not exist)">Burlington School Comm. v. Mass. Dept. of Ed.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_471" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 471">471</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/471/359/">359</a> (1985)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honig_v._Doe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honig v. Doe (page does not exist)">Honig v. Doe</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_484" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 484">484</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/484/305/">305</a> (1988)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dellmuth_v._Muth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dellmuth v. Muth (page does not exist)">Dellmuth v. Muth</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_491" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 491">491</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/491/223/">223</a> (1989)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Education for All Handicapped Children Act</b> (sometimes referred to using the acronyms EAHCA or EHA, or Public Law (PL) 94-142) was enacted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 1975. This act required all <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a> accepting federal funds to provide equal access to <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and one free meal a day for <a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">children</a> with physical and mental <a href="/wiki/Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a>. Public schools were required to evaluate children with disabilities and create an educational plan with parent input that would emulate as closely as possible the educational experience of non-disabled students. The act was an amendment to Part B of the Education of the Handicapped Act enacted in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act also required that school districts provide administrative procedures so that parents of disabled children could dispute decisions made about their children's education. Once the administrative efforts were exhausted, parents were then authorized to seek judicial review of the administration's decision. Prior to the enactment of EHA, parents could take their disputes straight to the judiciary under the <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Rehabilitation Act of 1973</a>. The mandatory system of dispute resolution created by EHA was an effort to alleviate the financial burden created by litigation pursuant to the Rehabilitation Act. </p><p>PL 94-142 also contains a provision that disabled students should be placed in the least restrictive environment-one that allows the maximum possible opportunity to interact with non-disabled students. Separate schooling may only occur when the nature or severity of the disability is such that instructional goals cannot be achieved in the regular classroom. Finally, the law contains a due process clause that guarantees an impartial hearing to resolve conflicts between the parents of disabled children to the school system. </p><p>The law was passed to meet four huge goals: </p> <ol><li>To ensure that special education services are available to children who need them</li> <li>To guarantee that decisions about services to students with disabilities are fair and appropriate</li> <li>To establish specific management and auditing requirements for special education</li> <li>To provide federal funds to help the states educate students with disabilities</li></ol> <p>EHA was revised and renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act" title="Individuals with Disabilities Education Act">Individuals with Disabilities Education Act</a> in 1990 for improvement of <a href="/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special education in the United States">special education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">inclusive education</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functional_relationship_between_EHA,_the_Rehabilitation_Act,_and_the_equal_protection_clause"><span id="Functional_relationship_between_EHA.2C_the_Rehabilitation_Act.2C_and_the_equal_protection_clause"></span>Functional relationship between EHA, the Rehabilitation Act, and the equal protection clause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functional relationship between EHA, the Rehabilitation Act, and the equal protection clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court decided that EHA would be the exclusive remedy for disabled students asserting their right to equal access to public education in <i>Smith v. Robinson</i>, 468 U.S. 992 (1984). The petitioner, Tommy Smith, was an eight-year-old student who had <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>. The school district in <a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Rhode_Island" title="Cumberland, Rhode Island">Cumberland, Rhode Island</a> originally agreed to subsidize Tommy's education by placing him in a program for special needs children at the Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital. The school district later decided to remove Tommy from that program and send him to the Rhode Island Division of Mental Health, Retardation and Hospitals, which was severely understaffed and underfunded. This transfer would have effectively terminated Tommy's public education. Tommy's parents appealed the school district's decision through the administrative process created by EAHCA. Once the administrative process was exhausted, the Smiths sought judicial review pursuant to the EAHCA, § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> held that the administrative process created by EHA was the exclusive remedy for disabled students asserting their right to equal access to education. "Allowing a plaintiff to circumvent the EHA administrative remedies would be inconsistent with Congress’ carefully tailored scheme...We conclude, therefore, that where the EHA is available to a disabled child asserting a right to a free appropriate public education, based either on the EHA or on the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>, the EHA is the exclusive avenue through which the child and his parents or guardian can pursue their claim." The court based its decision on a contextual analysis of the applicable statutes. To permit a student to rely on § 504 or the § 1983 would be to effectively eliminate the EHA, because it would circumvent the EHA’s requirement that petitioners first exhaust their administrative options before seeking judicial intervention. </p><p>In the face of this Supreme Court decision, the United States Congress passed an amendment to the EHA which explicitly overruled the Supreme Court's decision in two ways: (1) The amended law allowed parents to collect attorney's fees upon winning a case against the school. (2) The amended law permitted parents to bring a lawsuit under either EHA, § 504, or § 1983 once the administrative remedies had been exhausted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempt_to_weaken_EHA">Attempt to weaken EHA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attempt to weaken EHA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> attempted to weaken EHA, but <a href="/wiki/Patrisha_Wright" title="Patrisha Wright">Patrisha Wright</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evan_Kemp_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evan Kemp Jr. (page does not exist)">Evan Kemp Jr.</a> (of the Disability Rights Center) led a grassroots and lobbying campaign against this that generated more than 40,000 cards and letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, the administration dropped its attempts to weaken EHA; however, they did end the Social Security benefits of hundreds of thousands of disabled recipients.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breakthrough:Federal Special Education Legislation, 1965-1981, Edwin W. Martin, Bardolf& Co., Sarasota, FL. 2013. </p> <ul><li><i>Legislation: Understanding and Using Statutes</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58778-950-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58778-950-7">1-58778-950-7</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Robinson (page does not exist)">Smith v. Robinson</a></i>, 468 U.S. 992 (1984)</li> <li>Gregory, R., J. (2007). Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications. Psychological Testing and the Law. 5th ed.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1979" class="citation journal cs1">Boyer, Ernest (February 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el_197902_boyer.pdf">"Public Law 94-142: A Promising Start?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Educational Leadership</i>. <b>36</b> (5): 300<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Leadership&rft.atitle=Public+Law+94-142%3A+A+Promising+Start%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=300&rft.date=1979-02&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascd.org%2FASCD%2Fpdf%2Fjournals%2Fed_lead%2Fel_197902_boyer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+for+All+Handicapped+Children+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timeline-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm">"Disability History Timeline"</a>. <i>Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management</i>. <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm">the original</a> on 2013-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rehabilitation+Research+%26+Training+Center+on+Independent+Living+Management&rft.atitle=Disability+History+Timeline&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisc.temple.edu%2Fneighbor%2Fds%2Fdisabilityrightstimeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+for+All+Handicapped+Children+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0002/ai_2602000217">Article on EAHCA</a></li> <li>Text of the 1975 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-89/pdf/STATUTE-89-Pg773.pdf">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</a>"</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Amendments_of_1974" title="Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974">Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_Retirement_Income_Security_Act_of_1974" title="Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974">Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords#Ford_Administration" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Study_Memorandum_200" title="National Security Study Memorandum 200">National Security Study Memorandum 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Nixon pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_inflation_now" class="mw-redirect" title="Whip inflation now">Whip inflation now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Gerald_Ford_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Gerald Ford administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li>Assassination attempts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_Sacramento" title="Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_San_Francisco" title="Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1975 State of the Union Address">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1976 State of the Union Address">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1977 State of the Union Address">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Gerald_Ford" title="List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Gerald Ford judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gerald_Rudolph_Ford/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Gerald Rudolph Ford/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gerald_Rudolph_Ford/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Gerald Rudolph Ford/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Birthsite_and_Gardens" title="Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens">Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Gerald_R._Ford_Jr._Boyhood_Home" title="President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home">President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Jr._House" title="Gerald R. Ford Jr. House">Gerald R. Ford Jr. House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">Confirmation as Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEI_World_Forum" title="AEI World Forum">AEI World Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Museum" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Library" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Electoral history of Gerald Ford">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States House of Representatives elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1954 United States House of Representatives elections">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1958 United States House of Representatives elections">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1962 United States House of Representatives elections">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1970 United States House of Representatives elections">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">1972</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Carter transition</a></li></ul></li> <li>Republican Party presidential primaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>1976 Republican National Convention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_Panther_Strikes_Again" title="The Pink Panther Strikes Again">The Pink Panther Strikes Again</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_vs._Muhammad_Ali" title="Superman vs. Muhammad Ali">Superman vs. Muhammad Ali</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)" title="Dynasty (1981 TV series)">Dynasty</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Betty_Ford_Story" title="The Betty Ford Story">The Betty Ford Story</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assassins_(musical)" title="Assassins (musical)">Assassins</a></i> (1990)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Two_Bad_Neighbors" title="Two Bad Neighbors">Two Bad Neighbors</a>" (1996)</li> <li><i>Saturday Night Live</i> parodies <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a></i> (2010)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Machine" title="The Political Machine">The Political Machine</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Butler" title="The Butler">The Butler</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_International_Airport" title="Gerald R. Ford International Airport">Gerald R. Ford International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Gerald_R._Ford_Award" title="NCAA Gerald R. Ford Award">Gerald R. Ford Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Ford School of Public Policy">Ford School of Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford House Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Gerald_R._Ford" title="USS Gerald R. Ford">USS <i>Gerald R. Ford</i> (CVN-78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Freeway" title="Gerald R. Ford Freeway">Gerald R. Ford Freeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Gerald_Ford" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Statue of Gerald Ford">Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_King" title="Charles Henry King">Charles Henry King</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lynch_King_Sr." title="Leslie Lynch King Sr.">Leslie Lynch King Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ayer_Gardner_Ford" title="Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford">Dorothy Gardner Ford</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Rudolff_Ford" title="Gerald Rudolff Ford">Gerald Rudolff Ford</a> (stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gardner_Ford" title="Thomas Gardner Ford">Thomas Gardner Ford</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerald_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gerald Ford">Michael Gerald Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gardner Ford">John Gardner Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ford" title="Steven Ford">Steven Meigs Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Ford_Bales" title="Susan Ford Bales">Susan Ford Bales</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(dog)" title="Liberty (dog)">Liberty</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">← Richard Nixon</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">← Spiro Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gerald_Ford" title="Category:Gerald Ford">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deaf_rights_movement113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deaf_rights_movement" title="Template:Deaf rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deaf_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Deaf rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deaf_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deaf rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deaf_rights_movement113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deaf_rights_movement" title="Deaf rights movement">Deaf rights movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Topics<br /> and events<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_International_Congress_on_Education_of_the_Deaf" title="Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf">Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf</a>/The Milan Conference (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Rehabilitation Act of 1973</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_President_Now" title="Deaf President Now">Deaf President Now</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_R._Newman" title="Lawrence R. Newman">Lawrence R. Newman</a> (b. 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Miner_Gallaudet" title="Edward Miner Gallaudet">Edward Miner Gallaudet</a> (b. 1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Miles" title="Dorothy Miles">Dorothy Miles</a> (b. 1931)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Association_for_Deaf_people" title="Royal Association for Deaf people">Royal Association for Deaf people</a> (est. 1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_the_Deaf_(United_States)" title="National Association of the Deaf (United States)">National Association of the Deaf (United States)</a> (est. 1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Association_of_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Hungarian Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Hungarian Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing</a> (est. 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_on_Hearing_Loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Action on Hearing Loss">The Royal National Institute for Deaf people (RNID)</a> (est. 1911, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_National_Agency_for_the_Deaf" title="Italian National Agency for the Deaf">Italian National Agency for the Deaf</a> (est. 1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Society_of_the_Deaf" title="Ukrainian Society of the Deaf">Ukrainian Society of the Deaf</a> (est. 1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_the_Deaf" title="Canadian Association of the Deaf">Canadian Association of the Deaf</a> (est. 1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Association_of_the_Deaf" title="Edmonton Association of the Deaf">Edmonton Association of the Deaf</a> (est. 1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Hard_of_Hearing_Young_People" title="International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People">International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People</a> (est. 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Hard_of_Hearing_People" title="International Federation of Hard of Hearing People">International Federation of Hard of Hearing People</a> (est. 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Deaf_Advocates" title="National Black Deaf Advocates">National Black Deaf Advocates</a> (est. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_the_Deaf" title="European Union of the Deaf">European Union of the Deaf</a> (est. 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Association_of_the_Deaf" title="Pakistan Association of the Deaf">Pakistan Association of the Deaf</a> (est. 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Deaf_Youth" title="Action Deaf Youth">Action Deaf Youth</a> (est. 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitato_Giovani_Sordi_Italiani" title="Comitato Giovani Sordi Italiani">Comitato Giovani Sordi Italiani</a> (est. 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Deaf_Federation_Nepal" title="National Deaf Federation Nepal">National Deaf Federation Nepal</a> (est. 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_the_Deaf_(India)" title="National Association of the Deaf (India)">National Association of the Deaf (India)</a> (est. 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Qatari_Center_of_Social_Cultural_for_the_Deaf" title="The Qatari Center of Social Cultural for the Deaf">The Qatari Center of Social Cultural for the Deaf</a> (est. 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_des_sourds_et_malentendants_socialistes" title="Section des sourds et malentendants socialistes">Section des sourds et malentendants socialistes</a> (est. 2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Deaf<br /> institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_for_the_deaf" title="List of schools for the deaf">List of schools for the deaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata596" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628615#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/182654431">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78008459">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007597125305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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