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This is Surveillance Self-Defense: our expert guide to protecting you and your friends from online spying. Read the BASICS to find out how online surveillance works. 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</li> </ul> <a href="/">ssd.eff.org</a> <a href="#off-canvas" class="open-menu">≡</a> </nav> </div> <header class="center"> <a class="logo" href="/" title="Home"> <img alt="Home" class="img-responsive" src="/assets/logo-eba4d85a4e344c3517f7dbff8da80c517937dd9dc3bf42c3f5b77444be4487b9.png" /> </a> <div class="site-name">Surveillance<br/>Self-Defense</div> <div id="tagline">Tips, Tools and How-tos for Safer Online Communications</div> <div id="eff-credit">A Project of the <a href="https://www.eff.org">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></div> </header> <div id="main-content"> <div class="top-content margins" dir="ltr"> <div dir="ltr"><div class="content"><p>We’re the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an independent non-profit working to protect online privacy for over thirty years. This is Surveillance Self-Defense: our expert guide to protecting you and your friends from online spying.</p> <p>Read the <a href="/module-categories/basics">BASICS</a> to find out how online surveillance works. Dive into our <a href="/module-categories/tool-guides">TOOL GUIDES</a> for instructions to installing our pick of the best, most secure applications. We have more detailed information in our <a href="/module-categories/further-learning">FURTHER LEARNING</a> sections. If you’d like a guided tour, look for our list of common <a href="/module-categories/security-scenarios">SECURITY SCENARIOS</a>.</p> </div></div> </div> <div class="overview-items"> <ul class="inline center"> <li class="leaf" dir="ltr"> <a class="center" href="/module-categories/basics"> <img src="https://ssd.eff.org/files/ssd/menu_links/1/ssd-icon-new_0.png" /> <h3>Basics</h3> <span class="summary"><div class="content">All of our Starter Resources in One Place</div></span> </a> <li class="leaf" dir="ltr"> <a class="center" href="/module-categories/tool-guides"> <img src="https://ssd.eff.org/files/ssd/menu_links/2/ssd-icon-download_0.png" /> <h3>Tool Guides</h3> <span class="summary"><div class="content">Software that Protects Privacy</div></span> </a> <li class="leaf" dir="ltr"> <a class="center" href="/module-categories/security-scenarios"> <img src="https://ssd.eff.org/files/ssd/menu_links/3/ssd-icon-sec.png" /> <h3>Security Scenarios</h3> <span class="summary"><div class="content">For a Specific Situation or Security Plan</div></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="popular-guides center container"> <h2 dir="ltr"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.front_page.show.popular_guides">Popular Guides</span></h2> <ul class="flex-parent" dir="ltr"> <li class="leaf"><a href="/module/your-security-plan">Your Security Plan</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/module/attending-protest">Attending a Protest</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/module/how-enable-two-factor-authentication">How to: Enable Two-factor Authentication</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/module/how-to-detect-bluetooth-trackers">How to: Detect Bluetooth Trackers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/module/how-to-use-whatsapp">How to: Use WhatsApp</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/module/how-to-use-signal">How to: Use Signal</a></li> </ul> <a class="see-all" dir="ltr" href="#index"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.front_page.show.see_all_guides">See All Guides</span></a> </div> <div class="site-map" id="index"> <div class="flex-parent"> <div class="column"> <h3 dir="ltr"> <a href="/module-categories/basics">Basics</a> </h3> <ul> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/animated-overview-how-strong-encryption-can-help-avoid-online-surveillance">Animated Overview: How Strong Encryption Can Help Avoid Online Surveillance</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/animated-overview-how-make-super-secure-password-using-dice">Animated Overview: How to Make a Super-Secure Password Using Dice</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/animated-overview-protecting-your-device-hackers">Animated Overview: Protecting Your Device From Hackers</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/animated-overview-using-password-managers-stay-safe-online">Animated Overview: Using Password Managers to Stay Safe Online</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/choosing-your-tools">Choosing Your Tools</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/communicating-others">Communicating With Others</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/creating-strong-passwords">Creating Strong Passwords</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/keeping-your-data-safe">Keeping Your Data Safe</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/seven-steps-digital-security">Seven Steps To Digital Security</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/what-should-i-know-about-encryption">What Should I Know About Encryption?</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/why-metadata-matters">Why Communication Metadata Matters</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/your-security-plan">Your Security Plan</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <h3 dir="ltr"> <a href="/module-categories/tool-guides">Tool Guides</a> </h3> <ul> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-avoid-phishing-attacks">How to: Avoid Phishing Attacks</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-delete-your-data-securely-windows">How to: Delete Your Data Securely on Windows</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-delete-your-data-securely-macos">How to: Delete Your Data Securely on macOS</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-delete-your-data-securely-linux">How to: Delete your Data Securely on Linux</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-to-detect-bluetooth-trackers">How to: Detect Bluetooth Trackers</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-to-enable-lockdown-mode-on-iphone">How to: Enable Lockdown Mode on iPhone</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-enable-two-factor-authentication">How to: Enable Two-factor Authentication</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-encrypt-your-windows-device">How to: Encrypt Your Windows, Mac, or Linux Computer</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-encrypt-your-iphone">How to: Encrypt Your iPhone</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/understanding-and-circumventing-network-censorship">How to: Understand and Circumvent Network Censorship</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-to-use-signal">How to: Use Signal</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-use-tor-linux">How to: Use Tor for Linux</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-use-tor-windows">How to: Use Tor for Windows</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-use-tor-macos">How to: Use Tor for macOS</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-to-use-tor-on-android-and-iphone">How to: Use Tor on Android and iPhone</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-to-use-whatsapp">How to: Use WhatsApp</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <h3 dir="ltr"> <a href="/module-categories/further-learning">Further Learning</a> </h3> <ul> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/deep-dive-end-end-encryption-how-do-public-key-encryption-systems-work">A Deep Dive on End-to-End Encryption: How Do Public Key Encryption Systems Work?</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/attending-protest">Attending a Protest</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/choosing-the-password-manager-that-s-right-for-you">Choosing a Password Manager</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/choosing-vpn-thats-right-you">Choosing the VPN That's Right for You</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/facebook-groups-reducing-risks">Facebook Groups: Reducing Risks</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/how-do-i-protect-myself-against-malware">How Do I Protect Myself Against Malware?</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/key-concepts-encryption">Key Concepts in Encryption</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/key-verification">Key Verification</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/playlist/privacy-breakdown-of-mobile-phones">Privacy Breakdown of Mobile Phones</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/privacy-students">Privacy for Students</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/protecting-yourself-social-networks">Protecting Yourself on Social Networks</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/things-consider-when-crossing-us-border">Things to Consider When Crossing the U.S. Border</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/module/what-fingerprinting">What Is Fingerprinting?</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <h3 dir="ltr"> <a href="/module-categories/security-scenarios">Security Scenarios</a> </h3> <ul> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/playlist/reproductive-healthcare-service-provider-seeker-or-advocate">Abortion Access Activist, Worker, or Patient</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/playlist/academic-researcher">Academic researcher?</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/playlist/activist-or-protester">Activist or protester? </a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/playlist/human-rights-defender">Human rights defender?</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/playlist/journalism-student">Journalism student?</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/playlist/journalist-on-the-move">Journalist on the move?</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/playlist/lgbtq-youth">LGBTQ Youth?</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/playlist/online-security-veteran">Online security veteran?</a> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <a href="/playlist/want-security-starter-pack">Want a security starter pack?</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="center"> <a class="logo" href="/" title="Home"> <img src="https://ssd.eff.org/assets/logo-footer-216585e7032331c8163db209c6fba94ae72baee66b6d4e62ef1b67fe534d7c84.png" alt="Surveillance Self-Defense logo" /> </a> <div class="site-name"> Surveillance<br>Self-Defense </div> <div class="footer-nav" role="navigation"> <ul class="flex-parent" dir="ltr"> <li><a href="/pages/about-surveillance-self-defense">About</a></li> <li><a href="/#index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/credits">Credits</a></li> <li><a href="https://supporters.eff.org/donate">Donate</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="footer-bottom" class="center" dir="ltr"> <ul class="flex-parent"> <li><a 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