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border:2px solid #BDBDBD; font-size:90%; float:right; padding:4px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:115%;"><td colspan="2" align="center"><big><b>Department of Homeland Security</b></big></td></tr> <tr><td align="center" colspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg" class="image"><img alt="US Department of Homeland Security Seal.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="247" /></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top"><b>Secretary:</b></td><td><a href="/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top"><b>Year created:</b></td><td>2002</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top"><b>Official website:</b></td><td><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.dhs.gov/">DHS.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Mission"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Mission</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Leadership"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Leadership</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Organization"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Organization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Recent_news"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Recent news</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center; width:250px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><br /><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Executive_Branch" title="Executive Branch"><img alt="Executive-Branch-Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0a/Executive-Branch-Logo.png/130px-Executive-Branch-Logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0a/Executive-Branch-Logo.png/195px-Executive-Branch-Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0a/Executive-Branch-Logo.png/260px-Executive-Branch-Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></div><br /><center><b>Executive Departments of the United States</b></center><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><b>Executive Departments</b></center> <small><center><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">Department of State</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">Department of Labor</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">Department of Education</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">Department of Veterans Affairs</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Department of Homeland Security</a> </center></small><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><b>Department Secretaries</b></center> <small><center><a href="/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a> • <a href="/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a> • <a href="/Tony_Blinken" title="Tony Blinken">Tony Blinken</a> • <a href="/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> • <a href="/Miguel_Cardona" title="Miguel Cardona">Miguel Cardona</a> • <a href="/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a> • <a href="/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a> • <a href="/Debra_Haaland" title="Debra Haaland">Debra Haaland</a> • <a href="/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a> • <a href="/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a> • <a href="/Gina_Raimondo" title="Gina Raimondo">Gina Raimondo</a> • <a href="/Julie_Su" title="Julie Su">Julie Su</a> <i>(Acting)</i> • <a href="/Joe_Biden%27s_Cabinet" title="Joe Biden's Cabinet">Adrienne Todman</a> <i>(Acting)</i> • <a href="/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> • <a href="/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a></center></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Department of Homeland Security</b> (DHS) is a United States executive department formed in 2002 in order to "to secure the nation from the many threats we face," according to the department's official website.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>The Department of Homeland Security oversees the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, U.S. Immigration and Citizenship Enforcement (ICE), U.S. Coast Guard, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), U.S. Secret Service, and the <a href="/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> (TSA).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a> is the current secretary of homeland security. The Senate <a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Alejandro_Mayorkas_for_secretary_of_homeland_security" title="Confirmation process for Alejandro Mayorkas for secretary of homeland security">confirmed him</a> on February 2, 2021, by a vote of 56-43. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <p>The Office of Homeland Security was formed by President <a href="/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> 11 days after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack.<sup id="cite_ref-DHShist_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHShist-3">[3]</a></sup> The office worked with the White House to coordinate a national strategy to protect against and respond to terrorist acts. On November 19, 2002, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 passed through <a href="/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and was signed into law by President Bush on November 25, 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The law resulted in 22 agencies being re-assigned to the department, the largest such change since the consolidation of the armed forces into the <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> under President <a href="/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wapohist_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapohist-6">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, under Secretary Michael Chertoff, the department underwent changes to improve efficiency. Agencies such as FEMA and ICE were given more independence within the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-wapohist_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapohist-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mission">Mission</span></h2> <p>According to the Department of Homeland Security's official website, the department's mission is as follows: </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">With honor and integrity, we will safeguard the American people, our homeland, and our values. <p><br /> The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and its homeland security mission are born from the commitment and resolve of Americans across the United States in the wake of the September 11th attacks. In those darkest hours, we witnessed true heroism, self-sacrifice, and unified resolve against evil. We rallied together for our common defense, and we pledged to stand united against the threats attacking our great Nation, fellow Americans, and way of life. <br /> </p><p>Together, we are committed to relentless resilience, striving to prevent future attacks against the United States and our allies, responding decisively to natural and man-made disasters, and advancing American prosperity and economic security long into the future. <br /> </p><p>In the many years since the September 11th attacks, the Department has marshaled this collective vision to face new and emerging threats against the Homeland. To do so, we are instilling a “culture of relentless resilience” across the United States to harden security for the threats on the horizon, withstand attacks, and rapidly recover. We are raising security baselines across the world, addressing systemic risks, and building redundancies for critical lifelines that enable our prosperity and way of life. Perhaps most importantly, we are forging partnerships to strengthen public, private, and international cooperation and crowd-sourcing solutions that outpace the intentions of our adversaries. <br /> </p><p>As the complex threat environment continues to evolve and loom, the Department will embody the relentless resilience of the American people to ensure a safe, secure, and prosperous Homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Department of Homeland Security<sup id="cite_ref-mission_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-8">[8]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> DHS also lists the following six homeland security missions as part of their strategic plan: </p> <ul><li>Counter terrorism and homeland security threats</li> <li>Secure U.S. borders and approaches</li> <li>Secure cyberspace and critical infrastructure</li> <li>Preserve and uphold the nation's prosperity and economic security</li> <li>Strengthen preparedness and resilience</li> <li>Champion the DHS workforce and strengthen the department<sup id="cite_ref-mission_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-8">[8]</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Leadership">Leadership</span></h2> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; width:200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #364DA8; color:white"><big>Administrative State <big> </big></big></th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state"><img alt="Administrative State Icon Gold.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a/a3/Administrative_State_Icon_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div></div><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Read more about the <a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">administrative state</a> on Ballotpedia. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a> is the current secretary of homeland security. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="background:none; text-align:center; width:65%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" style="background-color:#444; color: white;"><b>Recent Secretaries of Homeland Security</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Secretary of Homeland Security</b></td> <td><b>Years in office</b></td> <td><b>Nominated by</b></td> <td><b>Confirmation vote</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tom Ridge</td> <td>2002 - 2005</td> <td>George W. Bush</td> <td>94-0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michael Chertoff</td> <td>2005 - 2009</td> <td>George W. Bush</td> <td>98-0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a></td> <td>2009 - 2013</td> <td><a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Voice vote </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Jeh_Johnson" title="Jeh Johnson">Jeh Johnson</a></td> <td>2013 - 2017</td> <td><a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>78-16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/John_Kelly_(White_House_chief_of_staff)" title="John Kelly (White House chief of staff)">John Kelly</a></td> <td>January 20, 2017 - July 28, 2017</td> <td><a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td> <td>88-11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Kirstjen_Nielsen" title="Kirstjen Nielsen">Kirstjen Nielsen</a></td> <td>December 6, 2017 - April 7, 2019</td> <td><a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td> <td>62-37 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a></td> <td>February 2, 2021 - Present</td> <td><a href="/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td> <td>56-43 </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Organization">Organization</span></h2> <p><iframe class="pdf-embed" width="500" height="500" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/7/79/DHS_Organization_Chart_2024.pdf#page=1" style="max-width: 100%;"></iframe> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_news">Recent news</span></h2> <p>The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms <b>U.S. Department of Homeland Security.</b> These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles. </p> <div class="rss-feed"> <p><b><span style="font-size:135%"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&q=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&um=1&ie=UTF-8">U.S. Department of Homeland Security - Google News</a></span></b> </p> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Peter_Gaynor" title="Peter Gaynor">Peter Gaynor</a></li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/Executive_Branch" title="Executive Branch">Executive Branch portal</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">U.S. Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.dhs.gov/">Official Department of Homeland Security website</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/homelandsecurity">Department of Homeland Security on Facebook</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/DHSLive">Department of Homeland Security on Twitter</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/ushomelandsecurity">Department of Homeland Security Youtube channel</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/about-dhs"><i>DHS.gov</i>, "About DHS," accessed September 12, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/dhs-orgchart.pdf"><i>Department of Homeland Security</i>, "Organizational Chart," accessed August 27, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHShist-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DHShist_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.dhs.gov/creation-department-homeland-security"><i>U.S. Department of Homeland Security</i>, "Creation of the Department of Homeland Security," accessed August 27, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/107-2002/s249"><i>GovTrack</i>, "H.R. 5005 (107th): Homeland Security Act of 2002 (On Passage of the Bill)," November 19, 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/11/20021125-6.html"><i>The White House</i>, "President Bush Signs Homeland Security Act," November 25, 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapohist-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wapohist_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wapohist_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/homeland-security-department/gIQALxPx4O_topic.html"><i>Washington Post</i>, "Homeland Security Department," accessed August 27, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mission-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mission_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mission_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/mission"><i>DHS.gov</i>, "Mission," accessed February 26, 2024</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Executive branch"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#bbccee;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Executive_branch&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><big><a href="/Executive_Branch" title="Executive Branch">U.S. Executive Branch</a></big></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;">Elected offices</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">President <a href="/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> • Vice President <a href="/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> <hr /></div></td><td style="width:1%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:0.5em;" rowspan="9"><a href="/Executive_Branch" title="Executive Branch"><img alt="Executive-Branch-Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0a/Executive-Branch-Logo.png/200px-Executive-Branch-Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0a/Executive-Branch-Logo.png/300px-Executive-Branch-Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0a/Executive-Branch-Logo.png/400px-Executive-Branch-Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;">Executive departments</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">Department of State</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Department of Homeland Security</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">Department of Education</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">Department of Labor</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">Department of Veterans Affairs</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;">Cabinet-level offices</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> • <a href="/U.S._Mission_to_the_United_Nations" title="U.S. Mission to the United Nations">U.S. Mission to the United Nations</a> • Council of Economic Advisors • <a href="/U.S._Small_Business_Administration" title="U.S. Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a> • <a href="/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;">Federally appointed offices</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/U.S._Federal_Reserve_System" title="U.S. Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> • National Security Advisor • <a href="/White_House_Press_Secretary" title="White House Press Secretary">White House Press Secretary</a> • U.S. Postmaster General • <a href="/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> • <a href="/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> • <a href="/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> • <a href="/U.S._Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> • <a href="/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> • <a href="/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> • <a href="/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> • <a href="/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> • <a href="/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> • <a href="/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;">Glossary</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Appointment_confirmation_process" title="Appointment confirmation process">Appointment confirmation process</a> • <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> • <a href="/Electoral_College" title="Electoral College">Electoral College</a> • <a href="/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a> • <a href="/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals_(DACA)" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)</a> • <a href="/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_U.S._Citizens_and_Lawful_Permanent_Residents_(DAPA)" title="Deferred Action for Parents of U.S. Citizens and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA)">Deferred Action for Parents of U.S. Citizens and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA)</a> • <a href="/Impeachment_of_federal_officials" title="Impeachment of federal officials">Impeachment of federal officials</a> • <a href="/Investor-State_Dispute_Settlement_(ISDS)" title="Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)">Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)</a> • <a href="/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement_(NAFTA)" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a> • <a href="/P5%2B1_and_E3%2B3" title="P5+1 and E3+3">P5+1 and E3+3</a> • <a href="/Trade_adjustment_assistance_(TAA)" title="Trade adjustment assistance (TAA)">Trade adjustment assistance (TAA)</a> • <a href="/Trade_promotion_authority_(TPA)" title="Trade promotion authority (TPA)">Trade promotion authority (TPA)</a><hr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:TASP_hnt" title="Template:TASP hnt"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#bbccee;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:TASP_hnt&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><big><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">The Administrative State</a></big></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Main</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">The Administrative State Project main page</a> • <a href="/Administrative_State_Project_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative State Project Index">Administrative State Project Index</a> • <a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">Glossary of administrative state terms</a> • <a href="/Quotes_about_the_administrative_state" title="Quotes about the administrative state">Quotes about the administrative state</a> • <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a> • <a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Deference">Deference</a> • <a href="/Adjudication" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a> • <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a> • <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Ballotpedia's administrative state legislation tracker</a></div></td><td style="width:1%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:0.5em;" rowspan="13"><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" title="The Administrative State Project"><img alt="The Administrative State Project Badge.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/150px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/225px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/300px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Reporting</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Changes_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Changes to the Federal Register">Changes to the Federal Register</a> • <a href="/Completed_OIRA_review_of_federal_administrative_agency_rules" title="Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules">Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules</a> • <a href="/Federal_agency_rules_repealed_under_the_Congressional_Review_Act" title="Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act">Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act</a> • <a href="/Historical_additions_to_the_Federal_Register,_1936-2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical additions to the Federal Register, 1936-2016">Historical additions to the Federal Register, 1936-2016</a> • Pages added monthly to the Federal Register, 1995-2017</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Laws</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a> • <a href="/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a> • <a href="/Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform Act</a> • <a href="/Clayton_Antitrust_Act" title="Clayton Antitrust Act">Clayton Antitrust Act</a> • <a href="/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> • <a href="/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a> • <a href="/Electronic_Freedom_of_Information_Act" title="Electronic Freedom of Information Act">Electronic Freedom of Information Act</a> • <a href="/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act_of_1938" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938</a> • <a href="/Federal_Housekeeping_Statute" title="Federal Housekeeping Statute">Federal Housekeeping Statute</a> • <a href="/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> • <a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914" title="Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914">Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914</a> • <a href="/Freedom_of_Information_Act" title="Freedom of Information Act">Freedom of Information Act</a> • <a href="/Government_in_the_Sunshine_Act" title="Government in the Sunshine Act">Government in the Sunshine Act</a> • <a href="/Independent_Offices_Appropriations_Act_of_1952" title="Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952">Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952</a> • <a href="/Information_Quality_Act" title="Information Quality Act">Information Quality Act</a> • <a href="/Interstate_Commerce_Act" title="Interstate Commerce Act">Interstate Commerce Act</a> • <a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Act" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> • <a href="/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act">Paperwork Reduction Act</a> • <a href="/Pendleton_Act" title="Pendleton Act">Pendleton Act</a> • <a href="/Privacy_Act_of_1974" title="Privacy Act of 1974">Privacy Act of 1974</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a> • <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a> • <a href="/REINS_Act_(Wisconsin)" title="REINS Act (Wisconsin)">REINS Act (Wisconsin)</a> • <a href="/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a> • <a href="/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934" title="Securities Exchange Act of 1934">Securities Exchange Act of 1934</a> • <a href="/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> • <a href="/Small_Business_Regulatory_Enforcement_Fairness_Act" title="Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act">Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act</a> • <a href="/Truth_in_Regulating_Act" title="Truth in Regulating Act">Truth in Regulating Act</a> • <a href="/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Cases</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/Abbott_Laboratories_v._Gardner" title="Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner">Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner</a></i> • <i><a href="/A.L.A._Schechter_Poultry_Corp._v._United_States" title="A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States">A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Association_of_Data_Processing_Service_Organizations_v._Camp" title="Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp">Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp</a></i> • <i><a href="/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></i> • <i><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></i> • <i><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission_(FTC)_v._Standard_Oil_Company_of_California" title="Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California">Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California</a></i> • <i><a href="/Field_v._Clark" title="Field v. Clark">Field v. Clark</a></i> • <i><a href="/Food_and_Drug_Administration_v._Brown_and_Williamson_Tobacco_Corporation" title="Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation">Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_(INS)_v._Chadha" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha</a></i> • <i><a href="/J.W._Hampton_Jr._%26_Company_v._United_States" title="J.W. Hampton Jr. & Company v. United States">J.W. Hampton Jr. & Company v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i> • <i><a href="/Marshall_v._Barlow%27s" title="Marshall v. Barlow's">Marshall v. Barlow's</a></i> • <i><a href="/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> • <i><a href="/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_(NFIB)_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Noel_Canning_Company" title="National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company">National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co." title="National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.">National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Panama_Refining_Co._v._Ryan" title="Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan">Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan</a></i> • <i><a href="/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_v._Chenery_Corporation" title="Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation">Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Western_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.">United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Universal_Camera_Corporation_v._National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board">Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i> • <i><a href="/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wayman_v._Southard" title="Wayman v. Southard">Wayman v. Southard</a></i> • <i><a href="/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> • <i><a href="/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Associations" title="Whitman v. American Trucking Associations">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wiener_v._United_States" title="Wiener v. United States">Wiener v. United States</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Terms</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Adjudication_(administrative_state)" title="Adjudication (administrative state)">Adjudication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Administrative_judge" title="Administrative judge">Administrative judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a> • <a href="/Arbitrary-or-capricious_test" title="Arbitrary-or-capricious test">Arbitrary-or-capricious test</a> • <a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a> • <a href="/Barrier_to_entry" title="Barrier to entry">Barrier to entry</a> • <a href="/Bootleggers_and_Baptists" title="Bootleggers and Baptists">Bootleggers and Baptists</a> • <a href="/Chevron_deference_(doctrine)" title="Chevron deference (doctrine)">Chevron deference (doctrine)</a> • <a href="/Civil_servant" title="Civil servant">Civil servant</a> • <a href="/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a> • <a href="/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> • <a href="/Codify_(administrative_state)" title="Codify (administrative state)">Codify (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a> • <a href="/Compliance_costs" title="Compliance costs">Compliance costs</a> • <a href="/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a> • <a href="/Coordination_(administrative_state)" title="Coordination (administrative state)">Coordination (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Deference_(administrative_state)" title="Deference (administrative state)">Deference (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Direct_and_indirect_costs_(administrative_state)" title="Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)">Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Enabling_statute" title="Enabling statute">Enabling statute</a> • <a href="/Ex_parte_communication_(administrative_state)" title="Ex parte communication (administrative state)">Ex parte communication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a> • <a href="/Federal_law" title="Federal law">Federal law</a> • <a href="/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> • <a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> • <a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a> • <a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Formalism_(law)" title="Formalism (law)">Formalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Functionalism_(law)" title="Functionalism (law)">Functionalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Incorporation_by_reference" title="Incorporation by reference">Incorporation by reference</a> • <a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a> • <a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Joint_resolution_of_disapproval_(administrative_state)" title="Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)">Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Major_rule" title="Major rule">Major rule</a> • <a href="/Negotiated_rulemaking" title="Negotiated rulemaking">Negotiated rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a> • <a href="/OIRA_prompt_letter" title="OIRA prompt letter">OIRA prompt letter</a> • <a href="/Organic_statute" title="Organic statute">Organic statute</a> • <a href="/Pragmatism_(law)" title="Pragmatism (law)">Pragmatism (law)</a> • <a href="/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a> • <a href="/Promulgate" title="Promulgate">Promulgate</a> • <a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a> • <a href="/Publication_rulemaking" title="Publication rulemaking">Publication rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_budget" title="Regulatory budget">Regulatory budget</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_dark_matter" title="Regulatory dark matter">Regulatory dark matter</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_impact_analysis" title="Regulatory impact analysis">Regulatory impact analysis</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_policy_officer" title="Regulatory policy officer">Regulatory policy officer</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_reform_officer" title="Regulatory reform officer">Regulatory reform officer</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_review" title="Regulatory review">Regulatory review</a> • <a href="/Rent_seeking" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a> • <a href="/Retrospective_regulatory_review" title="Retrospective regulatory review">Retrospective regulatory review</a> • <a href="/Risk_assessment_(administrative_state)" title="Risk assessment (administrative state)">Risk assessment (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a> • <a href="/Significant_regulatory_action" title="Significant regulatory action">Significant regulatory action</a> • <a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference">Skidmore deference</a> • <a href="/Statutory_authority" title="Statutory authority">Statutory authority</a> • <a href="/Substantive_law_and_procedural_law" title="Substantive law and procedural law">Substantive law and procedural law</a> • <a href="/Sue_and_settle" title="Sue and settle">Sue and settle</a> • <a href="/Sunset_provision" title="Sunset provision">Sunset provision</a> • <a href="/Unified_Agenda_of_Federal_Regulatory_and_Deregulatory_Actions" title="Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions">Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions</a> • <a href="/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> • <a href="/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">United States Statutes at Large</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Bibliography</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small> <ul><li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title=""Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title=""Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title=""Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22From_Administrative_State_to_Constitutional_Government%22_by_Joseph_Postell_(2012)" title=""From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)">"From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Interring_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Eric_A._Posner_and_Adrian_Vermeule_(2002)" title=""Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)">"Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title=""Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Checks_%26_Balances_of_the_Regulatory_State%22_by_Paul_R._Verkuil_(2016)" title=""The Checks & Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)">"The Checks & Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Myth_of_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Keith_E._Whittington_and_Jason_Iuliano_(2017)" title=""The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)">"The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Progressive_Origins_of_the_Administrative_State:_Wilson,_Goodnow,_and_Landis%22_by_Ronald_J._Pestritto_(2007)" title=""The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)">"The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Rise_and_Rise_of_the_Administrative_State%22_by_Gary_Lawson_(1994)" title=""The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)">"The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title=""The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Threat_to_Liberty%22_by_Steven_F._Hayward_(2017)" title=""The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)">"The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title=""Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li></ul> </small></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Agencies</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a> • <a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a> • <a href="/U.S._Government_Accountability_Office" title="U.S. Government Accountability Office">U.S. Government Accountability Office</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">U.S. Office of Management and Budget</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Ballotpedia</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Overview</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:What_people_are_saying" title="Ballotpedia:What people are saying">What people are saying</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">Support Ballotpedia</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Contact</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ways_you_can_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Ways you can help">Contribute</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Job opportunities</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Executive:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Leslie_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Leslie Graves">Leslie Graves, President</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Gwen_Beattie" title="Ballotpedia:Gwen Beattie">Gwen Beattie, Chief Operating Officer</a><br /> <p><b>Communications:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Alison_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Alison Graves">Alison Graves</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Carley_Allensworth" title="Ballotpedia:Carley Allensworth">Carley Allensworth</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abigail_Campbell" title="Ballotpedia:Abigail Campbell">Abigail Campbell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Sarah_Groat" title="Ballotpedia:Sarah Groat">Sarah Groat</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathaniel_Harwood" title="Ballotpedia:Nathaniel Harwood">Nathaniel Harwood</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Dillon_Redmond" title="Ballotpedia:Dillon Redmond">Dillon Redmond</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Erica_Shumaker" title="Ballotpedia:Erica Shumaker">Erica Shumaker</a><br /> <b>External Relations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Andrew_Heath" title="Ballotpedia:Andrew Heath">Andrew Heath</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Hannah_Nelson" title="Ballotpedia:Hannah Nelson">Hannah Nelson</a><br /> <b>Operations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Meghann_Olshefski" title="Ballotpedia:Meghann Olshefski">Meghann Olshefski</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Amanda_Herbert" title="Ballotpedia:Amanda Herbert">Amanda Herbert</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Morris" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Morris">Mandy Morris</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Caroline_Presnell" title="Ballotpedia:Caroline Presnell">Caroline Presnell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Rindfleisch" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Rindfleisch">Kelly Rindfleisch</a><br /> <b>Policy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jimmy_McAllister" title="Ballotpedia:Jimmy McAllister">Jimmy McAllister</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Molly_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Molly Byrne">Molly Byrne</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jon_Dunn" title="Ballotpedia:Jon Dunn">Jon Dunn</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Annelise_Reinwald" title="Ballotpedia:Annelise Reinwald">Annelise Reinwald</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Soukup" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Soukup">Emma Soukup</a><br /> <b>Content Strategy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Josh_Altic" title="Ballotpedia:Josh Altic">Josh Altic</a> <br /> <b>Tech:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Matt_Latourelle" title="Ballotpedia:Matt Latourelle">Matt Latourelle</a> • <a 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class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b>Editorial Content</b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Geoff_Pallay" title="Ballotpedia:Geoff Pallay">Geoff Pallay, Director of Editorial Content and Editor-in-Chief</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ken_Carbullido" title="Ballotpedia:Ken Carbullido">Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Daniel_Anderson" title="Ballotpedia:Daniel Anderson">Daniel Anderson, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Byrne">Ryan Byrne, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Cory_Eucalitto" title="Ballotpedia:Cory Eucalitto">Cory Eucalitto, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Gillip" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Gillip">Mandy Gillip, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Doug_Kronaizl" title="Ballotpedia:Doug Kronaizl">Doug Kronaizl, Local Elections Project Manager</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jaclyn_Beran" title="Ballotpedia:Jaclyn Beran">Jaclyn Beran</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Marielle_Bricker" title="Ballotpedia:Marielle Bricker">Marielle Bricker</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Brusgard" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Brusgard">Joseph Brusgard</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Burlingame" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Burlingame">Emma Burlingame</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Coyle" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Coyle">Kelly Coyle</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Thomas_Ellis" title="Ballotpedia:Thomas Ellis">Thomas Ellis</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Frank_Festa" title="Ballotpedia:Frank Festa">Frank Festa</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nicole_Fisher" title="Ballotpedia:Nicole Fisher">Nicole Fisher</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Brianna_Hosea" title="Ballotpedia:Brianna Hosea">Brianna Hosea</a> • <a 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