CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>M. Karunanidhi - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"38e041fa-0ac7-4fe2-bdb0-c823ab663379","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"M._Karunanidhi","wgTitle":"M. Karunanidhi","wgCurRevisionId":1261126009,"wgRevisionId":1261126009,"wgArticleId":479912,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Tamil-language sources (ta)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use Indian English from December 2023","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from October 2024","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2020","All articles needing additional references","Articles needing additional references from April 2020", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2014","1924 births","2018 deaths","Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam","Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu","Deaths from multiple organ failure","Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians","Dravidian movement","Indian atheists","Indian male dramatists and playwrights","Indian male screenwriters","Indian Peace Keeping Force","Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)","Karunanidhi family","Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu","Madras MLAs 1957–1962","Madras MLAs 1962–1967","Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council","People from Nagapattinam district","People of the Sri Lankan civil war","Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu","Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971","Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976","Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980", "Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984","Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991","Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996","Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001","Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006","Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011","Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016","Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021","Tamil screenwriters","Tamil television writers","Tirukkural commentators"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"M._Karunanidhi","wgRelevantArticleId":479912,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q470875","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/M._Karunanidhi_.jpg/1200px-M._Karunanidhi_.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/M._Karunanidhi_.jpg/800px-M._Karunanidhi_.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/M._Karunanidhi_.jpg/640px-M._Karunanidhi_.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="M. Karunanidhi - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-M_Karunanidhi rootpage-M_Karunanidhi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=M.+Karunanidhi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=M.+Karunanidhi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=M.+Karunanidhi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=M.+Karunanidhi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry_into_politics_and_early_writing_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_into_politics_and_early_writing_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Entry into politics and early writing career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_into_politics_and_early_writing_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Early political career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early political career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kallakudi_demonstration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kallakudi_demonstration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Kallakudi demonstration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kallakudi_demonstration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MLA_and_deputy_leader_of_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MLA_and_deputy_leader_of_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 MLA and deputy leader of opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MLA_and_deputy_leader_of_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1965_Anti-Hindi_Agitations_and_imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965_Anti-Hindi_Agitations_and_imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1965 Anti-Hindi Agitations and imprisonment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965_Anti-Hindi_Agitations_and_imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet_Minister_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_Minister_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cabinet Minister of state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_Minister_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_term_as_Chief_minister_(1969–1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_as_Chief_minister_(1969–1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 First term as Chief minister (1969–1971) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term_as_Chief_minister_(1969–1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_as_Chief_Minister_(1971–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_as_Chief_Minister_(1971–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Second term as Chief Minister (1971–1976) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_term_as_Chief_Minister_(1971–1976)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second term as Chief Minister (1971–1976) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_term_as_Chief_Minister_(1971–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Emergency_and_government_dismissal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Emergency_and_government_dismissal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The Emergency and government dismissal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Emergency_and_government_dismissal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_opposition_(1977–1983)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_opposition_(1977–1983)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Leader of the opposition (1977–1983) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_opposition_(1977–1983)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_DMK_(1983–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_DMK_(1983–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Leader of the DMK (1983–1989) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_DMK_(1983–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_term_as_Chief_minister_(1989–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_term_as_Chief_minister_(1989–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Third term as Chief minister (1989–1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_term_as_Chief_minister_(1989–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_DMK_(1991–1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_DMK_(1991–1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Leader of the DMK (1991–1996) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_DMK_(1991–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_term_as_Chief_minister_(1996–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_term_as_Chief_minister_(1996–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Fourth term as Chief minister (1996–2001) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fourth_term_as_Chief_minister_(1996–2001)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fourth term as Chief minister (1996–2001) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fourth_term_as_Chief_minister_(1996–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thiruvalluvar_statue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thiruvalluvar_statue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Thiruvalluvar statue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thiruvalluvar_statue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001_state_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_state_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 2001 state elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_state_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_DMK_(2001–2006_)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_DMK_(2001–2006_)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Leader of the DMK (2001–2006 ) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leader_of_the_DMK_(2001–2006_)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leader of the DMK (2001–2006 ) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_DMK_(2001–2006_)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy_of_arrests_in_Tamil_Nadu_about_construction_of_flyovers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_of_arrests_in_Tamil_Nadu_about_construction_of_flyovers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_of_arrests_in_Tamil_Nadu_about_construction_of_flyovers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_general_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_general_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 2004 general elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_general_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_term_as_Chief_minister_(2006–2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_term_as_Chief_minister_(2006–2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Fifth term as Chief minister (2006–2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_term_as_Chief_minister_(2006–2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_DMK_(2011–2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_DMK_(2011–2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Leader of the DMK (2011–2016) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_DMK_(2011–2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Political positions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political positions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sri_Lankan_Tamil_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lankan_Tamil_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Sri Lankan Tamil issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lankan_Tamil_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Tamil language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Tamil_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Tamil_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2.1 World Tamil Conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Tamil_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screenwriting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screenwriting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Screenwriting </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Screenwriting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Screenwriting subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Screenwriting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parasakthi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasakthi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Parasakthi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasakthi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_and_narration_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_and_narration_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Writing and narration style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_and_narration_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_scriptwriter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_scriptwriter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3.1 As a scriptwriter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_scriptwriter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3.3 Lyrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Literature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Stage plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness,_death_and_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness,_death_and_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Illness, death and reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness,_death_and_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Awards and titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_contested_and_positions_held" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_contested_and_positions_held"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Elections contested and positions held </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elections_contested_and_positions_held-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Elections contested and positions held subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Elections_contested_and_positions_held-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posts_in_Legislative_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posts_in_Legislative_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Posts in Legislative Assembly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posts_in_Legislative_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ram_Setu_remarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ram_Setu_remarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 Ram Setu remarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ram_Setu_remarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connections_with_LTTE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connections_with_LTTE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.2 Connections with LTTE </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connections_with_LTTE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_nepotism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_nepotism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.3 Allegations of nepotism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_nepotism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">M. Karunanidhi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="করুণানিধি মুথুবেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="করুণানিধি মুথুবেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="M. Karunanidhi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthuvel_Karunanidhi" title="Muthuvel Karunanidhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muthuvel Karunanidhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="करुणानिधि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="करुणानिधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="M. Karunanidhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಎಂ ಕರುಣಾನಿಧಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಂ ಕರುಣಾನಿಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82._%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF" title="എം. കരുണാനിധി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എം. കരുണാനിധി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE._%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="एम. करुणानिधी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एम. करुणानिधी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%89" title="كارونانيدهى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارونانيدهى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.Karunanidhi" title="M.Karunanidhi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="M.Karunanidhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="M・カルナーニディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="M・カルナーニディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D._%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BF" title="ଏମ୍. କରୁଣାନିଧି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଏମ୍. କରୁଣାନିଧି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE._%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80" title="ਐਮ. ਕਰੁਣਾਨਿਧੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਮ. ਕਰੁਣਾਨਿਧੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="ایم کروناندھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایم کروناندھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="M. Karunanidhi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="करुणानिधिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="करुणानिधिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthuvel_Karunanidhi" title="Muthuvel Karunanidhi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muthuvel Karunanidhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="M. Karunanidhi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="M. Karunanidhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="M. Karunanidhi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81._%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="மு. கருணாநிதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மு. கருணாநிதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82.%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" title="ఎం.కరుణానిధి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎం.కరుణానిధి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="ایم کروناندھی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایم کروناندھی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q470875#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:M._Karunanidhi" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/M._Karunanidhi" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/M._Karunanidhi" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&oldid=1261126009" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=M._Karunanidhi&id=1261126009&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FM._Karunanidhi">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FM._Karunanidhi">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=M._Karunanidhi&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:M._Karunanidhi" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Karunanidhi" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q470875" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian writer and politician (1924–2018)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Karunanidhi" redirects here. For the actor, see <a href="/wiki/A._Karunanidhi" title="A. Karunanidhi">A. Karunanidhi</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the television channel, see <a href="/wiki/Kalaignar_TV" title="Kalaignar TV">Kalaignar TV</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Tamil_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil name">Tamil name</a>, there is no <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname or family name</a>. The name Muthuvel is a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>, and the person should be referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, Karunanidhi.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">M. Karunanidhi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:M._Karunanidhi_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/M._Karunanidhi_.jpg/220px-M._Karunanidhi_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/M._Karunanidhi_.jpg/330px-M._Karunanidhi_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/M._Karunanidhi_.jpg/440px-M._Karunanidhi_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait of Karunanidhi</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu">Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 13 May 2006 – 15 May 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Singh_Barnala" title="Surjit Singh Barnala">Surjit Singh Barnala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a> (from 2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chepauk_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)">Chepauk</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 13 May 1996 – 13 May 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marri_Chenna_Reddy" title="Marri Chenna Reddy">Marri Chenna Reddy</a> (1996) <a href="/wiki/Krishan_Kant" title="Krishan Kant">Krishan Kant</a> (Addition Charge) (1996–1997) <a href="/wiki/M._Fathima_Beevi" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Fathima Beevi">M. Fathima Beevi</a> (from 1997)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chepauk_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)">Chepauk</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 January 1989 – 30 January 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/P._C._Alexander" title="P. C. Alexander">P. C. Alexander</a> (until 1990) <a href="/wiki/Surjit_Singh_Barnala" title="Surjit Singh Barnala">Surjit Singh Barnala</a> (from 1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harbour_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)">Chennai Harbour</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 February 1969 – 31 January 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ujjal_Singh" title="Ujjal Singh">Ujjal Singh</a> (until 1971) <a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a> (from 1971)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C. N. Annadurai</a> <a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saidapet_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)">Saidapet</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Legislative offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Leader of the Opposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 25 July 1977 – 18 August 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chief Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/P._G._Karuthiruman" title="P. G. Karuthiruman">P. G. Karuthiruman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K._S._G._Haja_Shareef" title="K. S. G. Haja Shareef">K. S. G. Haja Shareef</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Nagar (state assembly constituency)">Anna Nagar</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 22 May 1996 – 7 August 2018</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chepauk_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepauk (state assembly constituency)">Chepauk</a> (1996–2011) <a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvarur (state assembly constituency)">Thiruvarur</a> (2011–2018)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 January 1989 – 1 July 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harbour_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour (state assembly constituency)">Harbour</a> (1989–1991)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 April 1957 – 18 August 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kulithalai_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulithalai (state assembly constituency)">Kulithalai</a> (1957–1962) <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur (state assembly constituency)">Thanjavur</a> (1962–1967) <a href="/wiki/Saidapet_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saidapet (state assembly constituency)">Saidapet</a> (1967–1977) <a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Nagar (state assembly constituency)">Anna Nagar</a> (1977–1983)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Council" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Council">Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 March 1984<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> – 1 November 1986<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader of the House</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R._M._Veerappan" title="R. M. Veerappan">R. M. Veerappan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">K. A. Krishnasway</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">position abolished</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Elected by MLAs</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st President of <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 July 1969 – 7 August 2018</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">V. R. Nedunchezhiyan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K. Anbazhagan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Muthuvel Karunanidhi</div> (1924-06-03)3 June 1924 <a href="/wiki/Thirukuvalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukuvalai">Thirukuvalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 August 2018(2018-08-07) (aged 94)<a href="#cite_note-Narayan_2018-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Memorial" title="Anna Memorial">Kalaignar Karunanidhi Ninaividam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(India)" title="Justice Party (India)">Justice Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a> (before 1949)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Padmavathi Ammal</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1944; died 1948)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Dayalu Ammal</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1948)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Rajathi Ammal </div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1966)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/M._K._Muthu" title="M. K. Muthu">M. K. Muthu</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._K._Alagiri" title="M. K. Alagiri">M. K. Alagiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanimozhi_Karunanidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanimozhi Karunanidhi">Kanimozhi Karunanidhi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karunanidhi_family" title="Karunanidhi family">Karunanidhi family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residences</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>No. 15, 4th Street <a href="/wiki/Gopalapuram,_Chennai" title="Gopalapuram, Chennai">Gopalapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teynampet" title="Teynampet">Teynampet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>-600086</li> <li>No. 14-I, First Main Road, CIT Colony, <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a>, Chennai</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Doctorate">Honorary Doctorate</a> (1971)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Karunanidhi_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="M. Karunanidhi's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Karunanidhi_Signature.svg/93px-Karunanidhi_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Karunanidhi_Signature.svg/139px-Karunanidhi_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Karunanidhi_Signature.svg/185px-Karunanidhi_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="399" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalaignar.dmk.in/">kalaignar.dmk.in</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Kalaignar, Mutthamizh Arignar</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">En uyirinum melana anbu udan pirappukkale ("My beloved siblings who are esteemed loftier than my life")<div style="display:inline-block; margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Muthuvel Karunanidhi (3 June 1924 – 7 August 2018) was an Indian writer and politician who served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu</a> for almost two decades over five terms between 1969 and 2011. He is popularly referred to as Kalaignar (Artist) and Mutthamizh Arignar (Tamil Scholar) for his contributions to Tamil literature. He had the longest intermittent tenure as <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu</a> with 6,863 days in office. He was also a long-standing leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_movement" title="Dravidian movement">Dravidian movement</a> and ten-time president of the <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> political party. Karunanidhi has the record of never losing an election to the Tamil Nadu Assembly, having won 13 times since his first victory in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Before entering politics, he worked in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil film industry</a> as a screenwriter. He also made contributions to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a>, having written stories, plays, novels, and a multiple-volume memoir.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Karunanidhi died on 7 August 2018 at <a href="/wiki/Kauvery_Hospital" title="Kauvery Hospital">Kauvery Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> after a series of prolonged, age-related illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-Narayan_2018-4">[3]</a> Karunanidhi was born in the Tamil Nadu village of <a href="/wiki/Thirukkuvalai" title="Thirukkuvalai">Thirukkuvalai</a> on 3 June 1924. His parents were from the Tamil-speaking <a href="/wiki/Isai_Vellalar" title="Isai Vellalar">Isai Vellalar</a> community, a caste of musicians that perform at temples and other social gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Growing up in a caste-ridden culture, Karunanidhi was learned about the crippling circumstances that arose from being born into a <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">low caste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> When he was 14, he formed a student movement against the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> as <a href="/wiki/India%27s_National_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="India's National Language">India's National Language</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitation_of_1937%E2%80%9340" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40">Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40</a>. This served as a forerunner to Karunanidhi's wider <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">anti-Hindi demonstrations in 1965</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abi-Habib_2018-10">[9]</a> As a high school student, Karunanidhi created the Tamil Nadu Tamil Manavar Mandram, the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_movement" title="Dravidian movement">Dravidian movement</a>'s first student wing. He also started a news paper during his school days, which grew into the <a href="/wiki/Murasoli_(India)" title="Murasoli (India)">Murasoli</a>, the DMK's official publication.<a href="#cite_note-Suri_2018-11">[10]</a> Karunanidhi began participating in theatrical productions at a young age, including composing plays. Later on, he started writing for movies.<a href="#cite_note-Abi-Habib_2018-10">[9]</a> As a writer, he wrote screenplays, historical novels, screenplays, biographies, poems and novels.<a href="#cite_note-Narasimhan_2018-12">[11]</a> He utilised his writing to propagate reformist ideals effectively.<a href="#cite_note-Kazmin_2018-13">[12]</a> He wrote the script and dialogue for <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a>'s maiden film as a hero, <a href="/wiki/Rajakumari_(1947_film)" title="Rajakumari (1947 film)">Rajakumari</a>. He also composed the dialogue for Sivaji Ganesan's debut film, <a href="/wiki/Parasakthi_(film)" title="Parasakthi (film)">Parasakthi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2018-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> He was critical of organised religion and superstition.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> He was an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> and a self-described <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kazmin_2018-13">[12]</a> Karunanidhi started his political career in 1957, when he was voted to the Madras state legislature. When the DMK first entered the state legislature the following year, he was named treasurer and deputy leader of the opposition. Karunanidhi ascended quickly through the ranks. After the death of <a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C.N. Annadurai</a> in 1969, he became the DMK's leader and Chief minister of Tamil Nadu<a href="#cite_note-Suri_2018-11">[10]</a> and led the party to a landslide win in the 1971 Assembly elections.<a href="#cite_note-Kolappan_2018-18">[17]</a> He was influenced by the rationalist and egalitarian ideology of <a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a> and DMK founder C N Annadurai.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Karunanidhi was among those who fought <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">Emergency</a> in 1975 which led to governments getting dismissed in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Titan_2018-20">[19]</a> In the 1976 Assembly elections, he gave the Congress 50 per cent of the seats, but the partnership fell apart, and MGR prevailed. After MGR's death in 1989, he led the party to power.<a href="#cite_note-Kolappan_2018-18">[17]</a> His administration was dismissed in 1991 for its alleged links with the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE).<a href="#cite_note-Titan_2018-20">[19]</a> He came to power in the state in 1996 after forming a partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Maanila_Congress" title="Tamil Maanila Congress">Tamil Maanila Congress</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(India,_1996)" title="United Front (India, 1996)">United Front</a> led by <a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">Deve Gowda</a> in the centre. His party allied with the BJP in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Kolappan_2018-18">[17]</a> He was arrested from his house in 2001 by the police on the orders of <a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">Jayalalitha</a> as an act of vendetta over alleged losses in construction of fly-overs.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> In the Lok Sabha elections of 2004, he teamed up with the Congress and won by a landslide.<a href="#cite_note-Kolappan_2018-18">[17]</a> He became a chief minister again in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Titan_2018-20">[19]</a> In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, he contested alone and lost. In 2016, he made the DMK become the Tamil Nadu Assembly's biggest opposition party.<a href="#cite_note-Kolappan_2018-18">[17]</a> During his political career, Karunanidhi advocated for increased <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state autonomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> to favour lower castes.<a href="#cite_note-Kazmin_2018-13">[12]</a> He implemented a caste-based quota system for government employment and government school students, as well as subsidies to the poor. His initiatives were quickly adopted in other Indian states. His initiatives earned him popularity among the <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">lower castes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abi-Habib_2018-10">[9]</a> He was frequently confronted with accusations of <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2018-14">[13]</a> He has also stirred controversies by publicly supporting the LTTE and other separatist groups in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> During his different tenures, he implemented a number of initiatives aimed at promoting the expansion of industry in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Narasimhan_2018-12">[11]</a> He was also instrumental in erecting a 133-foot <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar_Statue" title="Thiruvalluvar Statue">monument of Thiruvalluvar</a> in Kanyakumari<a href="#cite_note-Narasimhan_2018-12">[11]</a> and ensuring classical language status to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deccan_Chronicle_2018-23">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2></div> Karunanidhi was born on 3 June 1924, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Thirukkuvalai" title="Thirukkuvalai">Thirukkuvalai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanjore_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)">Tanjore district</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_district" title="Nagapattinam district">Nagapattinam district</a>), <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, to Ayyadurai Muthuvel and Anjugam. He had two elder sisters, Periyanayaki and Shanmugasundari.<a href="#cite_note-Ravishankar_2018a-24">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] There was some misconception that his birth name was Dakshinamurthy,<a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times_2018-25">[24]</a> later changed to Karunanidhi as influenced by <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_movement" title="Dravidian movement">Dravidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist movements</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Karunanidhi himself stated that <a href="/wiki/C.N._Annadurai" class="mw-redirect" title="C.N. Annadurai">C.N. Annadurai</a> asked him to keep his birthname "Karunanidhi", since it is already popular among the people.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] In his own writings Karunanidhi said that his family were of the <a href="/wiki/Isai_Vellalar" title="Isai Vellalar">Isai Vellalar</a>, a community who had traditionally played musical instruments at ceremonial occasions;<a href="#cite_note-Ravishankar_2018a-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times_2018-25">[24]</a> however his political rival <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> and some observers contested that and said that he was of <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu ancestry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Karunanidhi started his education at a local school. Karunanidhi's father was eager to teach him music. His music teachers were from the Isai Vellalar group, and the lessons were conducted in temples where he was not allowed to cover his upper body, wear slippers, or wear a cotton cloth around his hips as a sign of respect for the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">upper caste</a> people. He couldn't tolerate learning in an environment where he wasn't treated with respect, which made his father agree to stop his music classes. His father also asked the local headmaster to set up special tutoring courses for Karunanidhi and paid a tuition fee of milk every morning and evening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202125-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Panneerselvan_2018-31">[30]</a><blockquote>My music lessons were actually my first political studies. I learnt about the oppression of humans based on their caste. I saw the delight with which certain individuals could humiliate others, and the self-righteousness of others in carrying out their customs without realising that they were mistreating a large majority of the people.<a href="#cite_note-Panneerselvan_2018-31">[30]</a> </blockquote> At the age of 12, he left to <a href="/wiki/Thiruvarur" title="Thiruvarur">Thiruvarur</a> to start his high school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202126-32">[31]</a> Karunanidhi started to organise school students for the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202129-33">[32]</a> The deaths of two anti-Hindi agitators by the police made a profound impact on him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202131-34">[33]</a> At the age of 13, he wrote his first Tamil historical novel titled Selvachandira.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_into_politics_and_early_writing_career">Entry into politics and early writing career</h2></div> Karunanidhi entered politics at the age of 14, inspired by a speech by Alagirisamy of the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(India)" title="Justice Party (India)">Justice Party</a>, and participated in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hindi agitations">Anti-Hindi agitations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_2018-35">[34]</a> As a teenager he was captivated by the political writings of Tamil leaders including <a href="/wiki/Panaganti_Ramarayaningar" title="Panaganti Ramarayaningar">Panagal Arasar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar E. V. Ramasamy">Periyar</a> and Pattukottai Azhagirisamy (after whom Karunanidhi later named one of his sons). Karunanidhi joined the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">anti-Hindi protests</a> sparked by the provincial government's legislation making Hindi-education mandatory in schools, and in 1938 organised a group of boys to hold demonstrations travelling around Tiruvarur on a <a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">cycle rickshaw</a>. The law was rescinded in 1939. The taste for activism however stuck and in the ensuing years, after a brief flirtation with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, Karunanidhi started following the work and speeches of leaders of <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(India)" title="Justice Party (India)">Justice Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ravishankar_2018a-24">[23]</a> According to Karunanidhi, he joined the Periyar's movement when he saw his father hurriedly rising and tied his towel to his waist from his head as a gesture of servitude when an upper caste landlord walked past him.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> At the age of fifteen, Karunanidhi started his own magazine Maanavanesan (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> friends of students). He along with his friends would make fifty copies of the magazine and circulate it and also sometimes mailed them to the leaders of Self-respect movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202133-37">[36]</a> A political activist after reading his magazine asked him to lead the forum for peace, liberty equality and justice, he accepted and became its elected secretary. Later, he dissolved the forum after there was a blatant attempt to convert the forum into as a front of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress party">Congress party</a>. He refunded the subscription money many refused to take the refund.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202134-38">[37]</a> Using the rest of ₹75, he started the Tamil Nadu Tamil students association in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202135-39">[38]</a> In 1942, the association held an annual function attended by <a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a> <a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K.A Anbazhagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/K._A._Mathiazhagan" title="K. A. Mathiazhagan">K. A. Mathiazhagan</a> and student leaders from <a href="/wiki/Annamalai_University" title="Annamalai University">Annamalai University</a>. He couldn't afford to pay for the invitees' and guest speakers' travels and expenditures, so he was forced to steal a gold necklace that his mother had made for him but which he rarely wore, pawned it for ₹50, and paid his invitees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202135-39">[38]</a> As his writings were gaining popularity in Thiruvarur, he started <a href="/wiki/Murasoli_(India)" title="Murasoli (India)">Murasoli</a> to widen his publishing platform. Its writer and chief editor was Karunanidhi, and its secretary was his friend Thennavan. It had a large print run, was mailed to many Tamil political organisations, and was in the forefront of the fight against <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>, social isolation, sophistry, and supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202135-39">[38]</a> He wrote a critical piece in Murasoli titled "Varnama, Maanama?" in 1944 when a conference was organised by conservatives in support of <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202135-39">[38]</a> He penned an article named 'Ilamaibali' (Youth Sacrifice) and sent it to C.N Annadurai's Dravida Nadu magazine. It appeared in the next issue. For a week, he wandered the streets of Thiruvarur with a print in hand, persuading many others to read it. He also penned an article that was never published. Within a week, Annadurai arrived in Thiruvarur for a public gathering and asked for Karunanidhi, he was stunned to find Karunanidhi as an 18-year-old school student. He instructed him to cease writing until he completed his education and asked him not to send any more articles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202136-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Failed_2020-42">[41]</a> Karunanidhi refused to go back as a school student.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202136-41">[40]</a> He failed three times in his final exams. During the result day, unable to face his family over his third consecutive failure, he left to <a href="/wiki/Thopputhurai" title="Thopputhurai">Thopputhurai</a> in search of his classmate Asan Abdul Kaathar who consoled him. He then started his passion of writing as a career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202137-43">[42]</a> In Thiruvarur, he started writing and staging plays. These plays served as a channel for the Dravidian movement's ideology to spread. In Thiruvarur, he presented a play named Palaniappan to raise cash for his student association. The total amount collected was only ₹80, despite the fact that the performance had cost him ₹200 to stage. He had no idea how he was going to repay the debt he owed to the individuals who were now harassing him for it. He travelled with his friend Thennavan for Nagapattinam, keen to take his chances somewhere else and met with R. V Gopal, a local leader of the Dravidar Kazhagam. Gopal sympathised with his situation but was hesitant to lend him the money but Instead bought the play for ₹100. The sale of his first play made his to write more ideological plays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202137-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202138-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Failed_2020-42">[41]</a> His parents didn't approve of his writing career. They advised him to look for a job that would pay him at least ₹50 per month. He was determined on not taking a regular job. Karunanidhi then fell in love with a girl. He was certain that the girl was infatuated with him as well. When he and his family met the girl's parents, they demanded that if a wedding was to take place, it must be performed in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Brahmin_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmin priest">Brahmin priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedic_chanting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic chanting">vedic chanting</a>. Karunanidhi rejected, citing his belief in the <a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a> as justification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202138-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Failed_2020-42">[41]</a> After marriage, he worked as a playwright through the help of R.V Gopal who help his earlier with his play.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202142-45">[44]</a> Their first camp for the troupe was at Villupuram where he was joined by his friends Thennavan and C.T Murthy. Their plays failed to bring people even after the attendance of Periyar and Annadurai. The failure was due to their comments against the caste prejudices, the troupe was named "Dravida Theatre group", the term "Dravida" was perceived to be a term for <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a> and hence non-Dalits boycotted it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202143-46">[45]</a> The troupe started to play in <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a> which was at the time a hub for social cultural and political change. His plays were an instant success and people started to call him as "Sivaguru", the name of his character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202143-46">[45]</a> During his stay in Pondicherry, Karunanidhi penned "That Pen!" a criticism of Gandhi and the Congress centred on a pen which was lost from the <a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a>, which infuriated the congress workers. He followed up with a piece titled "What If Gandhi Became Viceroy?" Later, members of the congress attacked a public gathering in Pondicherry attended by Periyar, Annadurai, and Pattukottai Azhagirisamy. Karunanidhi was chased down and beaten until he fell unconscious. They dropped his unconscious body into the sewers and departed, thinking he was dead. He was nursed back by an old women and taken to Periyar who applied medicines to him and took him to Erode along with him where he worked as an assistant editor with Periyar's <a href="/wiki/Kudi_Arasu" title="Kudi Arasu">Kudi Arasu</a> magazine in <a href="/wiki/Erode" title="Erode">Erode</a> for a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202144-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202145-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202146-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravishankar_2018b-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2></div> Karunanidhi along with a group of young band of Tamil enthusiasts led by Annadurai dissented from <a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a> and formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) on 17 September 1949.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kallakudi_demonstration">Kallakudi demonstration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kallakudi_demonstration" title="Kallakudi demonstration">Kallakudi demonstration</a></div> The first major protest that aided Karunanidhi in gaining ground in Tamil politics was his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Kallakudi_demonstration" title="Kallakudi demonstration">Kallakudi demonstration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kallakudi" title="Kallakudi">Kallakudi</a> in 1953 when he was 29. The original name of this industrial town was Kallakudi. Kallakudi was renamed as "Dalmiapuram" by the state administration led by <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Rajagopalachari</a> to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North Indian</a> business magnate Ram Krishan Dalmia, who owned a cement factory there.<a href="#cite_note-Yamunan_2018-52">[51]</a> DMK wanted to change the name back to Kallakudi because Ram Krishna Dalmia depicted north Indian hegemonic power and predatory businesses. In the protest Karunanidhi and his companions erased the name Dalmiapuram from the railway station and lay down on the tracks blocking the course of trains. Six people died in the protest and Karunanidhi was arrested and was sent to jail for six months.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MLA_and_deputy_leader_of_opposition">MLA and deputy leader of opposition</h3></div> At the age of 33, Karunanidhi entered the Tamil Nadu assembly by winning the <a href="/wiki/Kulithalai" title="Kulithalai">Kulithalai</a> seat in Tiruchirapalli during the 1957 election among the 15 DMK legislators elected and were elected as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip" title="Chief Whip">Chief Whip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> During the 1959 elections of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Municipal Corporation">Madras Municipal Corporation</a>, he was managing the party campaigns, the party won 45 out of the 90 contested.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> He was elected as DMK treasurer on 25 September 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> Karunanidhi was elected to the state assembly for the second time on 21 February 1962, from the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur (state assembly constituency)">Thanjavur constituency</a>. He defeated Congress candidate <a href="/wiki/A.Y.S._Parisutha_Nadar" class="mw-redirect" title="A.Y.S. Parisutha Nadar">A.Y.S. Parisutha Nadar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> In the same year, he became the deputy leader of opposition in the state assembly.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2018-14">[13]</a> During this time, Karunanidhi recognised the necessity for a regular engagement with party cadres. He began sending daily letters to his party members, whom he referred to as udan pirappukal (blood brothers), a practice he followed for fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965_Anti-Hindi_Agitations_and_imprisonment">1965 Anti-Hindi Agitations and imprisonment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations in Tamil Nadu</a> started when the Union government announced that <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> would become the single official language. The DMK, led by CN Annadurai, planned to organise a series of rallies against the action and declared 26 January to be a day of mourning. Chants of 'Hindi Ozhiga, Tamil Vaazhga' (Down with Hindi, long live Tamil) were heard everywhere. Violence continued across the state and several set themselves on fire.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> Karunanidhi, the leader of the DMK's anti-Hindi agitation, was arrested on 16 February 1965, and was sentenced to six months imprisonment at the <a href="/wiki/Palayamkottai_Central_Prison" title="Palayamkottai Central Prison">Central Prison in Palayamkottai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> He was later released at 15 April 1985.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_Minister_of_state">Cabinet Minister of state</h3></div> Annadurai declared Karunnanidhi as a DMK candidate for the February <a href="/wiki/1967_Madras_Legislative_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election">1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election</a>, at the DMK's State-level meeting at <a href="/wiki/Virugambakkam" title="Virugambakkam">Virugambakkam</a>, Chennai. Karunanidhi, as DMK treasurer, raised ₹11 lakh for the party's election campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> For the first time, the DMK was elected with an absolute majority in February 1967 and Annadurai became the Chief minister.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> After being elected to the <a href="/wiki/Saidapet_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saidapet (state assembly constituency)">Saidapet Assembly constituency</a> in Chennai in March 1967, Karunanidhi was appointed as the Minister of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Public_Works_Department" title="Tamil Nadu Public Works Department">Tamil Nadu Public Works Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> On 14 January 1969, under CN Annadurai's administration, <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> was rechristened as Tamil Nadu. Karunanidhi was in control of five ministries at the time: Transportation, Public Works, Highways, Ports, and Minor Irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-www.moneycontrol.com-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_term_as_Chief_minister_(1969–1971)">First term as Chief minister (1969–1971)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Karunanidhi_ministry" title="First Karunanidhi ministry">First Karunanidhi ministry</a></div> On 3 February 1969, the existing chief minister Annadurai died of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. On 9 February 1969, the DMK's MLAs chose Karunanidhi to lead the party. He was also chosen as the DMK's legislative assembly leader. Karunanidhi was appointed chief minister on 10 February 1969, the next day and was sworn in by Governor <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Ujjal_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Ujjal Singh">Sardar Ujjal Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> Members of the DMK selected him as the leader of the DMK on 27 July 1969, a position that had been kept vacant during Annadurai's tenure in honour of Periyar.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.moneycontrol.com-60">[59]</a> The six Ministers of Annadurai's Cabinet were kept by Karunanidhi. In addition to his own ministries, Karunanidhi took on the ministries of late Annadurai and <a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">Nedunchezhiyan</a>, who had refused to join his cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> He once found himself in a difficult situation in the state Assembly when members of the Congress party and Rajagopalachari's <a href="/wiki/Swatantra_Party" title="Swatantra Party">Swatantra Party</a> hammered him and his amateur ministers with hard questions. Swatantra Party MP <a href="/wiki/H._V._Hande" title="H. V. Hande">HV Hande</a> described his new government as 'third rate.' Karunanidhi sprang up and exclaimed, 'Sorry, this is not third-rate government', This is a fourth-rate government." The house was startled for a few minutes. Some people believed Karunanidhi had admitted to the government's incompetence. Then Karunanidhi indicated that his government of <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a>, the lowest caste in the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste hierarchy</a> which enraged the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Yamunan_2018-52">[51]</a> Karunanidhi started sending letters to his party members in Murasoli, opening with the words "Udan pirappe" (My blood brothers). These letters covered a wide range of themes, including the DMK's philosophy, his justifications for various party actions, and encouragements to party members to work very hard throughout electoral campaigns, among other things. Karunanidhi sent around 7,000 of these letters to party leaders between 1969 and his death in December 2016. They were later published in seven volumes.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> Karunanidhi sponsored and presided over a State Autonomy Conference in Madras on 12 September 1970, which included Periyar, West Bengal Chief Minister Ajoy Mukherjee, numerous Parliamentarians, and other dignitaries.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> During his tenure, he granted legal status to <a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Respect marriages">Self-Respect marriages</a> and implemented a number of other programs aimed at protecting women and children.<a href="#cite_note-News18_2019-63">[62]</a> Karunanidhi's administration established the Sattanathan commission for backward classes in 1969 to recognise underprivileged groups and give them with representation in government employment and educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> He implemented the "Manu Needhi Thittam", which mandated district officials to set aside a day every week to hear public grievances, and set up grievance redress procedures.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Karunanidhi founded the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Slum_Clearance_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board">Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board</a> in September 1970 to build permanent houses for those living in slums.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> His government gave free eye surgeries for the blind from the 'Kannoli Thittam"<a href="#cite_note-The_News_Minute_2018-67">[66]</a> In 1970, he proposed the Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Reduction of Ceiling on Land) Act, which cut the maximum amount of land a family could possess up to 15 standard acres, down from 30 acres under the previous Congress rule.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_term_as_Chief_Minister_(1971–1976)">Second term as Chief Minister (1971–1976)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Karunanidhi_ministry" title="Second Karunanidhi ministry">Second Karunanidhi ministry</a></div> In March 1971, Karunanidhi formed an alliance with the Congress headed by Indira Gandhi, on the precondition that her party will not contest in any Assembly seats. In March 1971, the DMK contests for both the Assembly and the Lok Sabha. The DMK-Congress combination beat the Swatantra Party-Congress (Organisation) alliance led by Kamaraj and Rajagopalachari. The DMK won a landslide victory, with its candidates capturing 184 of the 234 seats on the ballot. Karunanidhi is re-elected as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the second time. He was elected from Saidapet.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi dismissed DMK's Treasurer M.G. Ramachandran from the party. He made this decision in response to a request from 26 of the executive council's 31 members. Karunanidhi later described the decision as "painful" at a public platform.<a href="#cite_note-Rajasekaran_2021-70">[69]</a> The DMK send him a requisition accusing him of breaking party rules. MGR said he was banned because he "demanded the party's finances, especially those connected to elections".<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> But the finances were submitted to the party executive committee. There had been conflict in the past, with MGR wanting to be Health Minister but Karunanidhi unwilling to satisfy him.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> On 18 October 1972, MGR founded the ADMK.<a href="#cite_note-Rajasekaran_2021-70">[69]</a> M Karunanidhi in 1970 issued an order that he said would "eliminate the thorn in the heart" of social reformer Periyar. The decree made it possible for people of all castes to become priests in public temples. However, the Supreme Court overturned this decision in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Until 1973, Governors raised the national flag in state capitals on both Republic Day and Independence Day. Karunanidhi protested in February of that year that the Chief Ministers were "ignored" on Independence Day and Republic Day. In view of the Rajamannar Committee's report on Centre-State relations(1969–1971) being submitted at the time, he was reinforcing his call for State autonomy. In July, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi gave in to his demands, announcing that Chief Ministers would now hoist the flag on Independence Day, while Governors would do so on Republic Day. Karunanidhi became the first Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu to raise the national flag at Fort St. George on 15 August 1974.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Karunanidhi launched the "Beggar rehabitation scheme" on his 48th birthday on 3 June 1971, and begged for funds for the scheme from shopkeepers near his residence, collecting ₹3,000 and said "Begging is not an insult to the person doing the begging. But it is an insult to the country and society that made him a beggar."<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Karunanidhi established the Government Servants' Family Benefit Fund Scheme to give financial compensation to an employee's relatives in the event that he loses his job owing to permanent complete disability, medical incapacity, or death.<a href="#cite_note-Jauhri_2018-75">[74]</a> In 1971, his government increased reservation for BC from 25% to 31% and the reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) from 16% to 18%. Karunanidhi established a separate Ministry for the Welfare of the backward class, the first such in the country.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_2021-76">[75]</a> During 1973, women were first inducted into the police force.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Emergency_and_government_dismissal">The Emergency and government dismissal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency (India)</a></div> He resisted to let the Emergency's on Tamil Nadu for approximately seven months, until his administration was ousted on 31 January 1976. Karunanidhi was a supporter of Jayaparakash Narayan's anti-Emergency campaign and was the first one to ally with his <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> During an event at Don Bosco School, Karunanidhi stated, "Most likely, this would be my final public function as Chief Minister." He was dismissed before he even got home form the function. This occurred just 50 days before his tenure ended. The DMK suffered a great deal of damage once it was dismissed. 25,000 members of the party including Karunanidhi's close relatives and friends were imprisoned. His maternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Murasoli_Maran" title="Murasoli Maran">Murasoli Maran</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M.K Stalin</a> suffered health issues from torture and <a href="/wiki/C._Chittibabu" title="C. Chittibabu">C. Chittibabu</a> died trying to save M.K Stalin in prison.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> He sent ₹200 a month to their families of jailed DMK members through the party office.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> A one-man <a href="/wiki/Sarkaria_Commission" title="Sarkaria Commission">Sarkaria Commission</a> was established in February 1976 under Supreme Court judge <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh_Sarkaria" title="Ranjit Singh Sarkaria">Ranjit Singh Sarkaria</a>, shortly after the Indira Gandhi government ousted the DMK administration after allegations of corruption were made by opposition leader MGR. DMK tried to make out that the investigation was an act of political vendetta. The Sarkaria commission described the evidence on the claims as "cogent, convincing, and reliable."<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Although none of the corruption charges against him were proved.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_opposition_(1977–1983)">Leader of the opposition (1977–1983)</h2></div> AIADMK led alliance won 34 seats out of 39 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977 Indian general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Top party figures such as general secretary V.R. Nedunchezhiyan, K. Rajaram and S. Madhavan quit accusing Karunanidhi for the DMK's failure in the general elections and demanded Karunanidhi to resign as the party's leader.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> Later, DMK lost the <a href="/wiki/1977_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election">1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election</a>, Karunanidhi won from Anna Nagar consistency and became the leader of the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> On 29 October 1977, DMK supporters brandished black flags and yelled "Go back, Indira!" as she exited the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Airport">Madras Airport</a> for dissolving the DMK government in 1975. Indira Gandhi's vehicle was unable to pass through the black flag barrier in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>. Karunanidhi violated the police prohibition in Madras and led protests in <a href="/wiki/Guindy" title="Guindy">Guindy</a>. Karunanidhi and 28 other DMK leaders were detained the next day and were held in judicial custody.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> MGR offered a kind hand to the <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> government, while Karunanidhi renewed his alliance with Indira Gandhi. When Indira returned to power following the untimely end of Desai's government, she lost no time in dissolving MGR's cabinet. In the <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980 Indian general election</a> and <a href="/wiki/1980_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election">1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election</a>, the state voted in favour of the AIADMK. MGR was re-elected as Chief Minister.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Karunanidhi was elected from <a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Nagar (state assembly constituency)">Anna Nagar consistency</a> again.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> In February 1982, Karunanidhi embarked on a week-long <a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">padayatra</a> from Madurai to Tiruchendur, spanning about 200 kilometres, in order to seek 'justice' for Subramania Pillai, a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Religious_and_Charitable_Endowments_Department" title="Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department">Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department</a> (<a href="/wiki/HR_%26_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="HR & CE">HR & CE</a>) officer who was found dead in November 1980. There were allegations that he was assassinated to cover financial misappropriation in the <a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Swamy_Temple,_Tiruchendur" title="Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruchendur">Tiruchendur temple</a>. While Chief Minister MGR said the victim died by suicide, the DMK claimed it was an assassination. Karunanidhi walked over 30 kilometres during the day with a large crowd of cadres and leaders, stopping for lunch in small towns along the way. He gave public speeches in the evenings. The number of persons joining the padayatra grew by the day, and it became a topic of conversation in every family. The ruling government alarmed by the DMK's support, appointed a one-man committee chaired by retired judge C.J.R. Paul. The conclusions of the panel were never presented to the Assembly. Karunanidhi was able to obtain a copy of the study and disclosed it to the public in 1982 which revealed the panel's conclusion that Pillai had not committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_DMK_(1983–1989)">Leader of the DMK (1983–1989)</h2></div> Karunanidhi and DMK general secretary <a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K. Anbazhagan</a> resigned from the State Assembly soon after the <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">1983 anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka</a> in protest of the union government and state's failure to defend the <a href="/wiki/Eelam_tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Eelam tamils">Eelam tamils</a> in Sri Lanka. In May 1986, Karunanidhi established the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Supporters_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Supporters Organization">Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation</a> (TESO) and held a major national conclave in Madurai to promote the Tamil aspiration for self-determination in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Soon after AIADMK's election win in 1980, Congress abandoned its ally DMK and allied with AIADMK. The 1984 elections took place against the backdrop of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi%27s_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi's assassination">Indira Gandhi's assassination</a>. In December 1984, contested as allies in both Lok Sabha and the State Assembly which conducted together and were carried to victory by the sympathy generated for Indira Gandhi and MGR who was undergoing a Kidney transplant in New york. After being voted to the legislative council in April 1984, Karunanidhi decided to skip the elections.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In 1986, the MLC was however abolished by the Chief Minister, MG Ramachandran.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Karunanidhi was instrumental in bringing the seven-party National Front together in Chennai in October 1988. With a plea for social justice, he backed Vishwanath Pratap Singh and his announcement of the Mandal Commission Report.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Earlier on 17 September 1988, he organised a large rally in Chennai with largely DMK members and a public meeting to commemorate the National Front's formation. It was the largest rally Chennai has ever seen.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> Its inauguration was attended by 20 top national opposition leaders, including three non-Congress(I) chief ministers.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_term_as_Chief_minister_(1989–1991)">Third term as Chief minister (1989–1991)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_Karunanidhi_ministry" title="Third Karunanidhi ministry">Third Karunanidhi ministry</a></div> After a 13-year break, the DMK returned to power in 1989. Following MGR's death from a heart attack, the AIADMK split into two. The late Chief Minister MG Ramachandran's wife Janaki Ramachandran led one faction, while J Jayalalithaa led another that helped the DMK. With about 33% of the vote, the DMK was able to secure a solid majority of 151 seats.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Karunandihi was elected Chief Minister for the third time from Chennai's Harbour constituency.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> Karunanidhi allowed the LTTE to use Tamil Nadu as a rear base for its battle for Eelam Between 1989 and 1991, even after Prabhakaran took up arms against the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF). Karunanidhi accused the Indian soldiers of rape and massacre of Tamils in Sri Lanka and refused to receive the returning soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The Karunanidhi administration is then dismissed and placed under presidents rule by the Chandra Shekhar led union government after only two years of its five-year tenure due to its inability to act against Sri Lankan Tamil militants. Despite Governor S.S. Barnala's unwillingness to report to the Union Cabinet that Tamil Nadu's constitutional apparatus had broken down, the government has been dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> He enacted legislations which provided financial assistance to widows and inter-caste weddings.<a href="#cite_note-News18_2019-63">[62]</a> In 1989, Karunanidhi passed a law giving equal rights to women in family properties.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In 1989, Tamil Nadu became the first state to reserve 30% of government jobs for women.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> After announcing on 17 November 1990, that his government would give free power connection, he followed it up with a Government Order giving power connection to 12.40 lakh farmers.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_2021-76">[75]</a> Women's self-help groups were first established in 1989 in <a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri" title="Dharmapuri">Dharmapuri</a> to integrate women and increase self-employment opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In 1990, Karunanidhi separated reservation for <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)</a> which gave 1% separate quota for STs.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_DMK_(1991–1996)">Leader of the DMK (1991–1996)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi</a> by the LTTE took place during the electoral campaign for the <a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_general_election" title="1991 Indian general election">1991 Indian general elections</a>. The DMK was accused in the incident and mobs vandalised the properties of DMK members and functionaries.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The allies AIADMK and the Congress campaigned together and spread propaganda claiming that the DMK was to responsible for Rajiv Gandhi's assassination and it worked. The AIADMK-Congress coalition won a decisive win in the Assembly elections on 24 June 1991, and Jayalalithaa is elected Chief Minister for the first time. Except for Karunanidhi, <a href="/wiki/Parithi_Ilamvazhuthi" title="Parithi Ilamvazhuthi">Parithi Ilamvazhuthi</a> is the only DMK candidates who elected in the elections, so karunanidhi resign from his seat immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Demolition of the Babri Masjid</a> in 1992, the DMK began holding rallies and public gatherings criticising the inrentions of Kar sevaks. On 5 December 1992, Karunanidhi stated in Murasoli: "What does Kar Seva mean? God's service? Or The service of planting the seeds of unrest?".<a href="#cite_note-Wire_2018-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_term_as_Chief_minister_(1996–2001)">Fourth term as Chief minister (1996–2001)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Karunanidhi_ministry" title="Fourth Karunanidhi ministry">Fourth Karunanidhi ministry</a></div> In 1996, he formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Maanila_Congress" title="Tamil Maanila Congress">Tamil Maanila Congress</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/G._K._Moopanar" title="G. K. Moopanar">G.K. Moopanar</a>, and was elected Chief Minister for the fourth time in the state. At the centre, he joined the Deve Gowda-led United Front government.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_2018-35">[34]</a> Karunanidhi's party, which had only two seats in the 1991 elections got 173 MPs, nine more than the AIADMK had the year before.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In 1999, Karunanidhi made his most significant ideological concession. The DMK joined the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance to fight the elections, portraying Vajpayee as a softer ideological character than LK Advani. The National Democratic Alliance won the elections.<a href="#cite_note-Yamunan_2018-52">[51]</a> Following the DMK's support of the BJP, the TMC, CPI(M), and CPI withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-Chennai_2001-106">[105]</a> The alliance with the BJP put him under increased pressure from both within and outside of the party. Following the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a>, Karunanidhi stated that both DMK and BJP were simply partners in the NDA and that the DMK had no intention of forming an alliance with the BJP. "We are not affiliated with the BJP." We are members of the NDA, and so is the BJP. That's it. So, where does the matter of forming an alliance with the BJP stand?".<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Later, A Raja said that Karunanidhi told him that he regretted the alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Wire_2018-104">[103]</a> He had to deal with caste animosity in numerous districts of Tamil Nadu throughout his tenure.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Centenary_Library_Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Anna_Centenary_Library_Exterior.jpg/220px-Anna_Centenary_Library_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Anna_Centenary_Library_Exterior.jpg/330px-Anna_Centenary_Library_Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Anna_Centenary_Library_Exterior.jpg/440px-Anna_Centenary_Library_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Anna_Centenary_Library" title="Anna Centenary Library">Anna Centenary Library</a> built by the implementation of Karunanidhi</figcaption></figure> In 1996–97, Karunanidhi introduced the free bus pass system, which exempted <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">government school</a> and college students from paying for a ticket while giving private school and college students a 50% discount.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Karunanidhi devised the Uzhavar Sandhai plan in 1999, which aims to promote farmer-to-consumer communication and remove the middleman and helped farmers gain more remuneration.<a href="#cite_note-Jauhri_2018-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> He opened the <a href="/wiki/Samathuvapuram" title="Samathuvapuram">Samathuvapuram</a> (Equality Village) schemes in 145 places in Tamil Nadu in 1998 in order to forget and to eliminate caste-based segregation.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> His administration was credited for accelerating the IT revolution, introducing mini-buses for connectivity. Karunanidhi renamed Madras to Chennai to reflect Tamil identity.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> He introduced initiative which gives free education for the first graduate in a family up to their graduation. His decision to phase out hand-pulled rickshaws was enthusiastically applauded, and the rickshaw-pullers were given alternative work. He introduced the marriage assistance scheme for impoverished women.<a href="#cite_note-Radhakrishnan_2018-114">[113]</a> His government introduced legislation establishing 33% reservation for women in local government.<a href="#cite_note-News18_2019-63">[62]</a> He was responsible for almost all of the state's major infrastructure projects which were implemented during this tenure including the <a href="/wiki/TIDEL_Park" title="TIDEL Park">TIDEL Park</a>, the Coimbatore flyover, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus" title="Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus">the Koyambedu bus terminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_flyover" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini flyover">Gemini flyover</a> in Chennai, the rehabilitation of Poompuhar, the <a href="/wiki/Anna_Centenary_Library" title="Anna Centenary Library">Anna Centenary Library</a>, and the grade separators in Chennai and the new Secretariat complex.<a href="#cite_note-Radhakrishnan_2018-114">[113]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiruvalluvar_Statue_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thiruvalluvar_Statue_%28front%29.jpg/220px-Thiruvalluvar_Statue_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thiruvalluvar_Statue_%28front%29.jpg/330px-Thiruvalluvar_Statue_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thiruvalluvar_Statue_%28front%29.jpg/440px-Thiruvalluvar_Statue_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption>The 133 ft Thirvalluvar monument built by the implementation of Karunanidhi.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thiruvalluvar_statue">Thiruvalluvar statue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar_Statue" title="Thiruvalluvar Statue">Thiruvalluvar Statue</a></div> On 31 December 1975, during a state cabinet meeting led by Karunanidhi, a plan was authorised to erect a <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar_Statue" title="Thiruvalluvar Statue">statue for Thiruvalluvar</a> at Kanyakumari. The DMK administration was dismissed a month later, and the state was placed under President's Rule. During his next term from 1989 to 1991, he resurrected the project. In March 1990, when presenting the Budget, he stated that a 133-foot-tall monument of Thiruvalluvar will be erected in Kanyakumari. He launched the project six months later. The project was restarted once he reclaimed power in May 1996. He unveiled the monument on New Year's Day, 2000.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001_state_elections">2001 state elections</h3></div> Jayalalithaa, who was aligned with the Tamil Maanila Congress, the Congress, the <a href="/wiki/Pattali_Makkal_Katchi" title="Pattali Makkal Katchi">Pattali Makkal Katchi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a>, and other parties in <a href="/wiki/2001_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election">2001 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly elections</a> received 49.89% of the vote, defeating the ruling DMK-led alliance by a large majority. Karunanidhi assumption that the DMK will be re-elected on the grounds of its government's good performance proved incorrect. His government's performance was praised by voters but it was not transferred into votes.<a href="#cite_note-Chennai_2001-106">[105]</a> Karunanidhi was elected from <a href="/wiki/Chepauk_(state_assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepauk (state assembly constituency)">Chepauk constituency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_DMK_(2001–2006_)">Leader of the DMK (2001–2006 )</h2></div> He served as the president of the DMK.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K. Anbazhagan</a> was made the leader of opposition.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_of_arrests_in_Tamil_Nadu_about_construction_of_flyovers">Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Controversy_of_arrests_in_Tamil_Nadu_about_construction_of_flyovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers">Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers</a></div> In the midnight 30 June 2001, he was arrested on the orders of <a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a> as an act of Vendetta<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> based on a First Information report over of alleged losses of ₹12 crore on construction of flyovers filed by Commissioner J. C. T. Acharyalu who Karunanidhi had earlier kept under suspension. He was arrested after a few hours after the complaint with no time for investigation. Sun TV broadcast these images live across the state, the cops stormed in, busted open his bedroom door, and hauled him out. The images of Karunanidhi falling, being dragged, being lifted up and pushed by the police created a sympathy wave for him.<a href="#cite_note-Ravishankar-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> T R Baalu and Murasoli Maran, two Union ministers, were also detained.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Karunanidhi told reporters "They didn't have a summons. They didn't have an arrest warrant. They claimed that these were unnecessary. They dragged me. They pushed me. They ripped my shirt. We treated her with respect when we arrested her."<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Union Law Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a> claimed it was a case of 'personal agenda'.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The Union ministers were freed and the allegations against them were dismissed. Karunanidhi was later released on bail on humanitarian grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Ravishankar-119">[118]</a> The police later dropped the case in 2006 citing it was a "mistake of facts".<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_general_elections">2004 general elections</h3></div> Karunanidhi, on the other hand, left the BJP coalition in 2004 as the Union government refused to revoke the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act,_2002" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002">Prevention of Terrorism Act</a>. He stood for the United Progressive Alliance led by the Congress party in the general elections, which won all 39 seats of the Parliament from Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-Yamunan_2018-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fifth_term_as_Chief_minister_(2006–2011)">Fifth term as Chief minister (2006–2011)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Karunanidhi_ministry" title="Fifth Karunanidhi ministry">Fifth Karunanidhi ministry</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu,_Shri_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Deputy_Chairman_Planning_Commission,_Shri_Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia_to_finalize_plan_for_the_current_financial_year,_in_New_Delhi_on_June_6,_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Shri_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Deputy_Chairman_Planning_Commission%2C_Shri_Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia_to_finalize_plan_for_the_current_financial_year%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_June_6%2C_2006.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Shri_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Deputy_Chairman_Planning_Commission%2C_Shri_Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia_to_finalize_plan_for_the_current_financial_year%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_June_6%2C_2006.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Shri_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Deputy_Chairman_Planning_Commission%2C_Shri_Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia_to_finalize_plan_for_the_current_financial_year%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_June_6%2C_2006.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Karunanidhi meeting the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission to finalise plan for the financial year, in New Delhi on 6 June 2006</figcaption></figure>On 8 May 2006, Karunanidhi's administration became the first minority administration in Tamil Nadu's history, and soon after declared a price cut for rice and the waiver of cooperative farmer loans, two of the DMK's main electoral promises.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The DMK won 96 of the 234 seats and emerged as the single-largest party in the Assembly with the alliance of CPI-M, Congress and CPI. Karunanidhi won from Chepauk constituency.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu,_Dr._M_Karunanidhi_inaugurating_the_flyover_at_G_N_Chetty_Road_%E2%80%93_Thirumalai_Road_Junction,_in_Chennai_on_December_29,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Dr._M_Karunanidhi_inaugurating_the_flyover_at_G_N_Chetty_Road_%E2%80%93_Thirumalai_Road_Junction%2C_in_Chennai_on_December_29%2C_2008.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Dr._M_Karunanidhi_inaugurating_the_flyover_at_G_N_Chetty_Road_%E2%80%93_Thirumalai_Road_Junction%2C_in_Chennai_on_December_29%2C_2008.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Dr._M_Karunanidhi_inaugurating_the_flyover_at_G_N_Chetty_Road_%E2%80%93_Thirumalai_Road_Junction%2C_in_Chennai_on_December_29%2C_2008.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Karunanidhi inaugurating the flyover at G N Chetty Road – Thirumalai Road Junction, in Chennai on 29 December 2008</figcaption></figure> Karunanidhi in January 2009 threatened to resign from the ruling alliance if India does not assist in securing a cease-fire in the Sri Lankan civil war.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In 2006, the DMK administration formed 30 special welfare boards entrusted with lobbying for the rights of disadvantaged and marginalised people ranging from transgenders to construction workers who may not have political influence or form voting groups and endure many forms of oppression.<a href="#cite_note-The_News_Minute_2018-67">[66]</a> In 2006, Karunanidhi introduced the 'Anaithu Grama Anna Marumalarchi Thittam,' which aimed for the establishment of a library in each village panchayat.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jauhri_2018-75">[74]</a> In September 2006, he implemented the free land distribution scheme for the benefit of the landless poor.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Karunanidhi saw the value of the ramp as a wheelchair user. He mandated that all new government buildings, as well as existing ones, include a ramp and an elevator. He reserved 3% of government jobs for the physically challenged.<a href="#cite_note-Ramps_2021-131">[130]</a> He launched the free gas connection distribution scheme in mid-January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In September 2008, he declared that 1 kg of rice will be offered at ₹1 at <a href="/wiki/Public_distribution_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Public distribution system">PDS</a> stores, surpassing the campaign promise of ₹2.<a href="#cite_note-Kannan_2018-133">[132]</a> In 2009, he introduced a special quota of 3 per cent reservations for the <a href="/wiki/Arunthathiyar" title="Arunthathiyar">Arunthathiyar</a> community. In 2019, the Arunthathiyars started building a temple "as a mark of thanksgiving to Kalaignar".<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Karunanidhi launched the "Kalaignar Kapitu Thitam" in 2009 to give people from economically disadvantaged backgrounds receive quality medical treatments without discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> At least 3 out of 5 people in the state have medical insurance due to this scheme.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In 2010, he introduced the "Kalaignar Veetu Vasathi Thittam" to convert thatched huts to concrete houses in the state.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> During this tenure he implemented the construction of new Collectorates in nine districts, many universities were established, and highways and flyovers were built. The bus terminal in Koyambedu in Chennai, which is the largest in Asia, was built.<a href="#cite_note-Jauhri_2018-75">[74]</a> His health-care initiatives in the tenure, which included financial help for pregnant mothers, were well received by Jayalalithaa. Multiple medical camps were held around the state as part of the Varumun Kappom Thittam initiative, benefiting a huge portion of Tamil Nadu's population.<a href="#cite_note-Jauhri_2018-75">[74]</a> Schemes were implemented to provide free color TVs to every family with ration cards and to provide gas stoves with free gas connection to the poor women who use wood stove-kerosene stove.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_DMK_(2011–2016)">Leader of the DMK (2011–2016)</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu,_Dr._Kalaignar_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister,_Dr._Manmohan_Singh,_in_Chennai_on_January_03,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Dr._Kalaignar_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh%2C_in_Chennai_on_January_03%2C_2011.jpg/250px-The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Dr._Kalaignar_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh%2C_in_Chennai_on_January_03%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Dr._Kalaignar_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh%2C_in_Chennai_on_January_03%2C_2011.jpg/375px-The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Dr._Kalaignar_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh%2C_in_Chennai_on_January_03%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Dr._Kalaignar_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh%2C_in_Chennai_on_January_03%2C_2011.jpg/500px-The_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Dr._Kalaignar_M._Karunanidhi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh%2C_in_Chennai_on_January_03%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Karunanidhi meeting the then Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, in Chennai, 2011</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/2011_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election">2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election</a>, the AIADMK alliance won 203 seats and the DMK alliance won 31.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Karunanidi won by a huge margin of 50,249 votes Tiruvarur Assembly constituency.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Following the defeat, M. Karunanidhi said, "People have given me proper rest," before congratulating the people of the state.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> On his 86th birthday, Karunanidhi donated his Gopalapuram home to the Annai Anjugam Trust, which would manage a free hospital for the underprivileged after his and his wife's demise.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election">2016 Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections</a>, which the DMK lost only by 1.5 per cent votes.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Karunanidhi won from Tiruvarur constituency with margin of 68,366 votes thereby recording his 13th straight victory since 1957.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In January 2017, Karunanidhi's son M. K. Stalin was made as the working president of the DMK at the general council meet due to his deteriorating health.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lankan_Tamil_issue">Sri Lankan Tamil issue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War">Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War">Protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._Muthukumar" title="K. Muthukumar">K. Muthukumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Anti-Sri_Lanka_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests">2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Sri_Lankans_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Attacks on Sri Lankans in Tamil Nadu">Attacks on Sri Lankans in Tamil Nadu</a></div> Karunanidhi was known among his supporters as the "Tamil Inaththalaivar" (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr>leader of the Tamil race) He was close to numerous Sri Lankan Tamil politicians. In 1956, Karunanidhi issued a resolution at the DMK council in Chidambaram denouncing Sri Lanka's 'Sinhala Only policy'. He was acquainted with <a href="/wiki/S.J.V._Chelvanayakam" class="mw-redirect" title="S.J.V. Chelvanayakam">S.J.V. Chelvanayakam</a> and was close with <a href="/wiki/A._Amirthalingam" title="A. Amirthalingam">A. Amirthalingam</a>, the head of the Tamil United Liberation Front. After <a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">1977 anti-Tamil pogrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">1983 anti-Tamil pogrom</a>, his administration was at the forefront of organising protest demonstrations in Tamil Nadu. In protest at the 1983 riots, Karunanidhi and DMK general secretary K. Anbazhagan resigned from the State Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Venkataramanan_2018-146">[145]</a> The DMK was thought to support the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization">Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization</a> (TELO). After the LTTE started a war against its fellow Tamil militant group TELO in May 1986, Karunanidhi was sceptical of the LTTE's strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Panneerselvan_2021-147">[146]</a> Karunanidhi founded the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Supporters_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Supporters Organization">Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation</a> (TESO) and held a large national conference in Madurai in May 1986 to emphasise the Tamil aspiration for sovereignty in Sri Lanka, during which he urged the LTTE to cease murdering TELO cadre. The LTTE then proceeded to kill the majority of the TELO cadres. The infighting was criticised by Karunanidhi as Sagodhara Yudham' (A Battle Between Brothers). Since the AIADMK and MGR were prepared to support the LTTE as the only representation of Sri Lankan Tamils, his constant attempts to convey the necessity for an unified front to the LTTE were ignored.<a href="#cite_note-Panneerselvan_2021-147">[146]</a> Karunanidhi was a vocal opponent of the decision to send <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian peace keeping forces</a> (IPKF) to Sri Lanka as part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lankan Accord</a>, and he was accused of being anti-national for his outspoken criticism of the atrocities perpetrated by the IPKF.<a href="#cite_note-Venkataramanan_2018-146">[145]</a> He viewed the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">expulsion of Muslims from the North by the LTTE</a> in 1990 as "ethnic cleansing."<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> His inaction against the LTTE in the state finally led to the Chandrasekhar government dismissing his cabinet in January 1991.<a href="#cite_note-The_Week-149">[148]</a> After the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi by LTTE he was not friendly with the overt LTTE sympathizers in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Venkataramanan_2018-146">[145]</a> He ordered a special investigation of the conditions in the Tamil refugee camps in 2006, and subsequently provided funds to repair deteriorating dwellings.<a href="#cite_note-Venkataramanan_2018-146">[145]</a> In 2009, during the final stages of the war, Karunanidhi was unable to convince the UPA alliance to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-The_Week-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil_language">Tamil language</h3></div> Karunanidhi on multiple occasions, expressed his admiration for <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Thiruvalluvar</a>. The DMK administration built <a href="/wiki/Valluvar_Kottam" title="Valluvar Kottam">Valluvar Kottam</a>, a memorial in Chennai dedicated to Valluvar in the mid-1970s. However, the government was removed from power in 1976, just weeks before the memorial was to be opened. Karunanidhi awaited 13 years to visit the memorial, and when the DMK regained power in January 1989, he held the swearing-in ceremony there. Karunanidhi built the Silappadikaram Art Gallery in Poompuhar and a special department for Tamil development as Chief Minister. His administration passed an order making Tamil obligatory in all schools until Class X a few weeks after he became Chief Minister in May 2006. Karunanidhi, a supporter of the two-language formula, had stressed the need of retaining English as the sole additional language in educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Ramakrishnan_2018-150">[149]</a> After consulting with scholars, his government determined in 1972 that Thiruvalluvar was born in 31 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Kannan_2018-133">[132]</a> Karunanidhi and Congress leader Sonia Gandhi were vital in ensuring classical language status to Tamil in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Deccan_Chronicle_2018-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Tamil_Conference">World Tamil Conference</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RRK_9493_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/RRK_9493_copy.jpg/220px-RRK_9493_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/RRK_9493_copy.jpg/330px-RRK_9493_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/RRK_9493_copy.jpg/440px-RRK_9493_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Karunanidhi in Paavendhar Tamil Literature & Research library</figcaption></figure> He delivered the special address on the inaugural day of 3rd World Tamil Conference held in Paris in 1970, and also on the inaugural day of 6th World Tamil Conference held in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) in 1987. He penned the song "<a href="/wiki/Semmozhiyaana_Tamizh_Mozhiyaam" class="mw-redirect" title="Semmozhiyaana Tamizh Mozhiyaam">Semmozhiyaana Tamizh Mozhiyaam</a>", the official theme song for the <a href="/wiki/World_Classical_Tamil_Conference_2010" title="World Classical Tamil Conference 2010">World Classical Tamil Conference 2010</a>, that was set to tune by <a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> In June 2010, his administration organised the World Classical Tamil Conference in Coimbatore.<a href="#cite_note-Ramakrishnan_2018-150">[149]</a> 'Ulaga Tamizh Manadu' (World Tamil Conference), was the first coined word for the conference in 2010, however the IATR organisation that had right to conduct the conference was not happy hence change in name.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> In the conference, Karunanidhi described Tamil as supreme among all classical languages. He reinforced the demand for Tamil to be recognised as a language of the Madras High Court.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Karunanidhi announced the foundation of the World Tholkappiyar Classical Tamil Sangam, that would include worldwide academics and will be based in Madurai, to hold World Classical Tamil Conferences at periodic intervals in the future. and to bring dispersed Tamil research centres and develop connections with Tamil organisations throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalaimamani_Award.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kalaimamani_Award.jpg/220px-Kalaimamani_Award.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kalaimamani_Award.jpg/330px-Kalaimamani_Award.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kalaimamani_Award.jpg/440px-Kalaimamani_Award.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5020" data-file-height="3810" /></a><figcaption>Karunanidhi awarding Kalaimamani</figcaption></figure>   <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parasakthi_(1952_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasakthi (1952 film)">Parasakthi (1952 film)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema_and_Dravidian_politics" title="Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics">Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics</a></div> Karunanidhi began his career as a screenwriter in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> film industry.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> His first movie as screenwriter was <a href="/wiki/Rajakumari_(1947_film)" title="Rajakumari (1947 film)">Rajakumari</a> produced by Coimbatore-based <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Pictures" title="Jupiter Pictures">Jupiter Pictures</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/A._S._A._Sami" title="A. S. A. Sami">A. S. A. Sami</a> starring <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a>. During this period he and <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a>, then an upcoming actor and later day founder of <a href="/wiki/AIADMK" class="mw-redirect" title="AIADMK">AIADMK</a> party started a long friendship eventually turning into rivals in later years politics. His stint with Jupiters Pictures then housed at <a href="/wiki/Central_Studios" title="Central Studios">Central Studios</a> continued for another MGR starrer <a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu_(1948_film)" title="Abhimanyu (1948 film)">Abhimanyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marudhanaattu_Ilavarasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi">Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi</a> (1950) starring <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> and <a href="/wiki/V._N._Janaki" title="V. N. Janaki">V. N. Janaki</a>. Around late 1949, <a href="/wiki/T._R._Sundaram" title="T. R. Sundaram">T. R. Sundaram</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Theatres" title="Modern Theatres">Modern Theatres</a> Studio in Salem engaged Karunanidhi as scriptwriter for the film <a href="/wiki/Manthiri_Kumari" title="Manthiri Kumari">Manthiri Kumari</a> starring <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> which would become be a blockbuster hit. Later <a href="/wiki/T._R._Sundaram" title="T. R. Sundaram">T. R. Sundaram</a> had Karunanidhi on permanent rolls at Modern Studio. Karunanidhi chose to pen a script for a TV series based on the Vaishnavite philosopher-sage Ramanuja. He claimed that his party opposed Hindu fundamentalism, not Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-Yamunan_2018-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasakthi">Parasakthi</h3></div> His most notable movie was <a href="/wiki/Parasakthi_(1952_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasakthi (1952 film)">Parasakthi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Guneratne_2003-156">[155]</a> a turning point in Tamil cinema, as it espoused the ideologies of the Dravidian movement and also introduced two prominent actors of Tamil filmdom, <a href="/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan" title="Sivaji Ganesan">Sivaji Ganesan</a> and <a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajendran" title="S. S. Rajendran">S. S. Rajendran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hardgrave_1973-157">[156]</a> The movie was initially marred with controversies and faced censorship troubles, but was eventually released in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-Hardgrave_1973-157">[156]</a> becoming a huge box office hit. The movie was opposed by orthodox Hindus since it contained elements that criticised Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The story contained condemnation of Tamil Nadu's severe social disparities, India's power difference between South and the North, and the moral corruption of the Hindu priestly caste. Upper caste Hindus sought to ban the movie.<a href="#cite_note-Kazmin_2018-13">[12]</a> Two other movies that contained such messages were <a href="/wiki/Panam_(film)" title="Panam (film)">Panam</a> (1952) directed by famous comedian and political activist <a href="/wiki/N._S._Krishnan" title="N. S. Krishnan">N. S. Krishnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thangarathinam" title="Thangarathinam">Thangarathinam</a> (1960) produced and acted by <a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajendran" title="S. S. Rajendran">S. S. Rajendran</a> another popular actor and DMK activist.<a href="#cite_note-Guneratne_2003-156">[155]</a> These movies contained themes such as widow remarriage, abolition of <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-respect_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-respect marriages">self-respect marriages</a>, abolition of <a href="/wiki/Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindari">zamindari</a> and abolition of religious hypocrisy.<a href="#cite_note-Hardgrave_1973-157">[156]</a> Another memorable hit movie was <a href="/wiki/Manohara_(film)" title="Manohara (film)">Manohara</a> (1954) starring Sivaji Ganesan, S. S. Rajendran and P. Kannamba known for its crisp dialogues. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_and_narration_style">Writing and narration style</h3></div> Through his wit and oratorical skills he rapidly rose as a popular politician. As his movies and plays with strong social messages became popular, they suffered from increased censorship; two of his plays in the 1950s were banned.<a href="#cite_note-Hardgrave_1973-157">[156]</a> He was famous for writing historical and social (reformist) stories which propagated the socialist and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_movement" title="Dravidian movement">Dravidian movement</a> to which he belonged. Alongside <a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C. N. Annadurai</a> he began using <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil cinema</a> to propagate his political ideals through his movies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] His compositions, which often chastised upper castes while it making heroes out of the poor and advocating secularism, were seen as revolutionary.<a href="#cite_note-Abi-Habib_2018-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filmography">Filmography</h3></div> At the age of 20, Karunanidhi went to work for Jupiter Pictures as a scriptwriter. His first film, <a href="/wiki/Rajakumaari" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajakumaari">Rajakumaari</a>, gained him much popularity. It was here that his skills as a scriptwriter were honed, which extended to several films. He was active in screenwriting even during his later political career until 2011 when he last wrote for historic movie <a href="/wiki/Ponnar_Shankar_(film)" title="Ponnar Shankar (film)">Ponnar Shankar</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_a_scriptwriter">As a scriptwriter</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponnar_Shankar_(film)" title="Ponnar Shankar (film)">Ponnar Shankar</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaignan" title="Ilaignan">Ilaignan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_Singam" title="Pen Singam">Pen Singam</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uliyin_Osai" title="Uliyin Osai">Uliyin Osai</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasa_Kiligal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasa Kiligal">Pasa Kiligal</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannamma_(film)" title="Kannamma (film)">Kannamma</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannin_Maindhan" title="Mannin Maindhan">Mannin Maindhan</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthiya_Parasakthi" title="Puthiya Parasakthi">Puthiya Parasakthi</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Meenakshi_(film)" title="Madurai Meenakshi (film)">Madurai Meenakshi</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalukku_Kettikaran" title="Kavalukku Kettikaran">Kavalukku Kettikaran</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paasa_Mazhai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paasa Mazhai (page does not exist)">Paasa Mazhai</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Tharasu" title="Nyaya Tharasu">Nyaya Tharasu</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thendral_Sudum" title="Thendral Sudum">Thendral Sudum</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poruthadhu_Pothum" class="mw-redirect" title="Poruthadhu Pothum">Poruthadhu Pothum</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithu_Engal_Neethi" title="Ithu Engal Neethi">Ithu Engal Neethi</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasa_Paravaigal_(1988_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paasa Paravaigal (1988 film)">Paasa Paravaigal</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paadatha_Thenikkal" title="Paadatha Thenikkal">Paadatha Thenikkal</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makkal_Aanaiyittal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makkal Aanaiyittal (page does not exist)">Makkal Aanaiyittal</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_Raththam" title="Ore Raththam">Ore Raththam</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Veluthambi" title="Veeran Veluthambi">Veeran Veluthambi</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neethikku_Thandanai" title="Neethikku Thandanai">Neethikku Thandanai</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattam_Oru_Vilayaattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattam Oru Vilayaattu">Sattam Oru Vilayaattu</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyal_Paadum_Paattu" title="Puyal Paadum Paattu">Puyal Paadum Paattu</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaivana_Rojakkal" title="Palaivana Rojakkal">Palaivana Rojakkal</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaval_Kaithigal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaaval Kaithigal (page does not exist)">Kaaval Kaithigal</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thooku_Medai" title="Thooku Medai">Thooku Medai</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadi_Veettu_Ezhai" title="Maadi Veettu Ezhai">Maadi Veettu Ezhai</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaalam_Pathil_Sollum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaalam Pathil Sollum (page does not exist)">Kaalam Pathil Sollum</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aadu_Paambe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aadu Paambe (page does not exist)">Aadu Paambe</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenjukku_Needhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenjukku Needhi">Nenjukku Needhi</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandikaran_Magan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandikaran Magan">Vandikaran Magan</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyo_Pillai_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillaiyo Pillai (film)">Pillaiyo Pillai</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanga_Thambi" title="Thanga Thambi">Thanga Thambi</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valiba_Virundhu" title="Valiba Virundhu">Valiba Virundhu</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avan_Pithana%3F" title="Avan Pithana?">Avan Pithana?</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marakka_Mudiyumaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marakka Mudiyumaa (page does not exist)">Marakka Mudiyumaa</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Magudam" title="Mani Magudam">Mani Magudam</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poomalai" title="Poomalai">Poomalai</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poompuhar_(film)" title="Poompuhar (film)">Poompuhar</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaanchi_Thalaivan" title="Kaanchi Thalaivan">Kaanchi Thalaivan</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iruvar_Ullam_(1963_film)" title="Iruvar Ullam (1963 film)">Iruvar Ullam</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thayilla_Pillai_(1961_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thayilla Pillai (1961 film)">Thayilla Pillai</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arasilangkumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Arasilangkumari">Arasilangkumari</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravanji" title="Kuravanji">Kuravanji</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellorum_Innaattu_Mannar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellorum Innaattu Mannar">Ellorum Innaattu Mannar</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudhumai_Pithan_(1957_film)" title="Pudhumai Pithan (1957 film)">Pudhumai Pithan</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudhaiyal" title="Pudhaiyal">Pudhaiyal</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Rani_(1956_film)" title="Raja Rani (1956 film)">Raja Rani</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoon_Radha" title="Rangoon Radha">Rangoon Radha</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaikkallan" title="Malaikkallan">Malaikkallan</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manohara_(film)" title="Manohara (film)">Manohara</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammaiyappan_(film)" title="Ammaiyappan (film)">Ammaiyappan</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumbi_Paar_(1953_film)" title="Thirumbi Paar (1953 film)">Thirumbi Paar</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_(1953_film)" title="Naam (1953 film)">Naam</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panam_(1952_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panam (1952 film)">Panam</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasakthi_(1952_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasakthi (1952 film)">Parasakthi</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manamagal" title="Manamagal">Manamagal</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaki_(1951_film)" title="Devaki (1951 film)">Devaki</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthiri_Kumari" title="Manthiri Kumari">Manthiri Kumari</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marudhanaattu_Ilavarasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi">Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu_(1948_film)" title="Abhimanyu (1948 film)">Abimanyu</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakumaari" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajakumaari">Rajakumaari</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4></div> <ul><li>Romapuri Pandian (Kalaignar TV)</li> <li>Ramanujar (Kalaignar TV)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lyrics">Lyrics</h4></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Film</th> <th>Song</th> <th>Composer </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thooku_Medai" title="Thooku Medai">Thooku Medai</a></td> <td>"Kodi Uyara", "Aayiram Piraigal", "Kurinji malar"</td> <td>Shankar Ganesh </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ore_Raththam" title="Ore Raththam">Ore Raththam</a></td> <td>"Ore Ratham", "Oru Poraliyin"</td> <td>Devendran </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Veluthambi" title="Veeran Veluthambi">Veeran Veluthambi</a></td> <td>"Surulu Meesai"</td> <td>S. A. Rajkumar </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makkal_Aanaiyittal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makkal Aanaiyittal (page does not exist)">Makkal Aanaiyittal</a></td> <td>"Aara Amara Konjam"</td> <td>S. A. Rajkumar </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Meenakshi_(film)" title="Madurai Meenakshi (film)">Madurai Meenakshi</a></td> <td>"Neethi mandram"</td> <td>Deva </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannamma_(film)" title="Kannamma (film)">Kannamma</a></td> <td>"Ilaignane", "Iru Vizhi"</td> <td>S. A. Rajkumar </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mannin_Maindhan" title="Mannin Maindhan">Mannin Maindhan</a></td> <td>"Kannin Manipola"</td> <td>Bharathwaj </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasa_Kiligal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasa Kiligal">Pasa Kiligal</a></td> <td>"Thendral ennum"</td> <td>Vidyasagar </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pen_Singam" title="Pen Singam">Pen Singam</a></td> <td>"Aaha Veenaiyil"</td> <td>Deva </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sivaji_Kalingar_Sakthi_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sivaji_Kalingar_Sakthi_.jpg/220px-Sivaji_Kalingar_Sakthi_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sivaji_Kalingar_Sakthi_.jpg/330px-Sivaji_Kalingar_Sakthi_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sivaji_Kalingar_Sakthi_.jpg/440px-Sivaji_Kalingar_Sakthi_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Karunanidhi (middle) with actor Sivaji Ganesan (left)</figcaption></figure>Karunanidhi is known for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a>. His contributions cover a wide range: poems, letters, screenplays, novels, biographies, historical novels, stage-plays, dialogues and movie songs. He has written Kuraloviam for <a href="/wiki/Thirukural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukural">Thirukural</a>, Tholkaappiya Poonga, Poombukar, as well as many poems, essays and books. Apart from literature, Karunanidhi has also contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> through art and architecture. Like the Kuraloviyam, in which Kalaignar wrote about Thirukkural, through the construction of <a href="/wiki/Valluvar_Kottam" title="Valluvar Kottam">Valluvar Kottam</a> he gave an architectural presence to <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Thiruvalluvar</a>, in Chennai. At <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>, Karunanidhi constructed a 133-foot-high statue of Thiruvalluvar in honour of the scholar. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> The books written by Karunanidhi include Sanga Thamizh, Thirukkural Urai, Ponnar Sankar, Romapuri Pandian, <a href="/wiki/Thenpandi_Singam" title="Thenpandi Singam">Thenpandi Singam</a>, Vellikizhamai, Nenjukku Needhi, Iniyavai Irubathu and Kuraloviam.<a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2018-159">[158]</a> His books of prose and poetry number more than 100.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_plays">Stage plays</h3></div> Karunanidhi's stage plays<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> include: Manimagudam, Ore Ratham, Palaniappan, Thooku Medai, Kagithapoo, Naane Arivali, Vellikizhamai, Udhayasooriyan and <a href="/wiki/Silappathikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappathikaram">Silappathikaram</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> Karunanidhi married three times. Karunanidhi's parents were eager to marry him off to Padma, the sister of C. S. Jayaraman. He made one condition that the bride side must accept a reformist wedding. He hoped they would call off the marriage as he was not earning and the bride's father was religious but their family agreed to their marriage also held the marriage of their son C.S Jayaraman the same day. He married Padmavathi Ammal on 13 September 1944, under the Dravidian movement's Self-Respect form of marriage where the bride and groom exchanged garlands, without a thaali (mangalsutra), and specifically without Brahmin priests presiding.<a href="#cite_note-Ravishankar_2018b-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202138-44">[43]</a> They had a son <a href="/wiki/M._K._Muthu" title="M. K. Muthu">M. K. Muthu</a>, who was briefly active in Tamil films and politics. Padmavathi died in 1948 soon after childbirth. In September of that year, Karunanidhi's marriage was <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged</a> with Dayalu Ammal, with whom he had three sons, <a href="/wiki/M._K._Alagiri" title="M. K. Alagiri">M. K. Alagiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a> and M. K. Tamilarasu, and a daughter, M. K. Selvi. Alagiri and Stalin are active in state politics and competed to be their father's political successors, before Stalin prevailed. Tamilarasu is a businessman and film-producer and campaigner for his father and his party; Selvi campaigned for Karunanidhi elections too. With his third marriage with Rajathi Ammal, Karunanidhi had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Kanimozhi" title="Kanimozhi">Kanimozhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravishankar_2018a-24">[23]</a> Karunanidhi's left eye got critically injured in 1953 when the vehicle in which he was travelling got involved in an accident near Tirupattur. An eye surgery was performed and doctors recommended him to wear sunglasses to protect his eyes from the sun. Karunanidhi used regular spectacles. However, after following American ophthalmologists recommendation for his ongoing discomfort in his left eye, which he had been suffering from since the mid-1950s, he switched to his trade-mark dark glasses in 1971. Doctors determined that the dark glass frames were too hefty for him in November 2017 and advised a lighter frame.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">[20]</a> Since 2004, he has had to deal with his deteriorating health and struggled to stand when a spinal operation went wrong and became wheelchair-dependent. After a few years, he upgraded to a <a href="/wiki/Motorized_wheelchair" title="Motorized wheelchair">motorised wheelchair</a> and a customised van with a hydraulic system to raise the chair into or out of the vehicle easily.<a href="#cite_note-Ramps_2021-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness,_death_and_reactions">Illness, death and reactions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_pays_tributes_at_the_mortal_remains_of_Kalaignar_Karunanidhi,_in_Chennai_on_August_08,_2018.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_pays_tributes_at_the_mortal_remains_of_Kalaignar_Karunanidhi%2C_in_Chennai_on_August_08%2C_2018.JPG/220px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_pays_tributes_at_the_mortal_remains_of_Kalaignar_Karunanidhi%2C_in_Chennai_on_August_08%2C_2018.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_pays_tributes_at_the_mortal_remains_of_Kalaignar_Karunanidhi%2C_in_Chennai_on_August_08%2C_2018.JPG/330px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_pays_tributes_at_the_mortal_remains_of_Kalaignar_Karunanidhi%2C_in_Chennai_on_August_08%2C_2018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_pays_tributes_at_the_mortal_remains_of_Kalaignar_Karunanidhi%2C_in_Chennai_on_August_08%2C_2018.JPG/440px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_pays_tributes_at_the_mortal_remains_of_Kalaignar_Karunanidhi%2C_in_Chennai_on_August_08%2C_2018.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> paying tribute to Karunanidhi in <a href="/wiki/Rajaji_Hall" title="Rajaji Hall">Rajaji Hall</a></figcaption></figure> Due to a drug-induced allergy, Karunanidhi became unwell in October 2016. He was hospitalised in the first week of December 2016 for "optimization of nutrition and hydration" and subsequently for a throat and lung infections. He went through a <a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">tracheostomy</a> surgery to improve his breathing. He has stayed out of politics since then, making just a few public appearances. His last public appearance was on 3 June 2018, when he turned 94.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> On 28 July 2018, Karunanidhi's health deteriorated and became "extremely critical and unstable", and he was admitted at <a href="/wiki/Kauvery_Hospital" title="Kauvery Hospital">Kauvery Hospital</a> in Chennai for treatment.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> He died there at 18:10 on 7 August 2018 due to age-related illness, which led to multiple organ failure.<a href="#cite_note-Narayan_2018-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The government of Tamil Nadu declared a public holiday on 8 August 2018 and a seven-day mourning after Karunanidhi's death.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> He was accorded a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> A national mourning on 8 August 2018 was announced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">government of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> The national flag flew half-mast in Delhi, all state capitals and across Tamil Nadu on 8 August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The governments of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka" title="Government of Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">Bihar</a> announced one-day and two-days state mourning respectively.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> On 18 August 2018, the DMK said that as many as 248 party workers died, 'shocked' by Karunanidhi's demise, and announced a solatium of ₹2 lakh to their families.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_titles">Awards and titles</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annamalai_University" title="Annamalai University">Annamalai University</a> awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Drkalaignar.org_2009-174">[173]</a></li> <li>He was awarded "Raja Rajan Award" by Tamil University, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> for his book Thenpandi Singam.<a href="#cite_note-Drkalaignar.org_2009-174">[173]</a></li> <li>On 15 December 2006, the Governor of Tamil Nadu and the Chancellor of Madurai Kamaraj University, Surjit Singh Barnala conferred an honorary doctorate on the Chief Minister on the occasion of the 40th annual convocation.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a></li> <li>In June 2007, the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi announced that it would confer the title "Friend of the Muslim Community" (Yaaran-E-Millath) upon M. Karunanidhi.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_contested_and_positions_held">Elections contested and positions held</h2></div> Karunanidhi contested and won in all Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections (then Madras) since 1957 except 1984 when he didn't contest the election. He resigned immediately after being elected in 1991, due to the routing of his party (only 2 seats out of 234). <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Constituency </th> <th>Result </th> <th>Vote percentage </th> <th>Opposition Candidate </th> <th>Opposition Party </th> <th>Opposition vote percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1957_Madras_legislative_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1957 Madras legislative assembly election">1957</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulithalai_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulithalai (State Assembly Constituency)">Kulithalai</a></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td></td> <td>K.A. Dharmalingam</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1962_Madras_legislative_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Madras legislative assembly election">1962</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/A.Y.S._Parisutha_Nadar" class="mw-redirect" title="A.Y.S. Parisutha Nadar">A.Y.S. Parisutha Nadar</a></td> <td>INC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_Tamil_Nadu_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election">1967</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saidapet_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)">Saidapet</a></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td></td> <td>S.G. Vinayagamurthy</td> <td>INC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1971_Tamil_Nadu_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election">1971</a></td> <td>Saidapet</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td></td> <td>Kudanthai Ramalingam</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Congress (O)</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_Tamil_Nadu_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election">1977</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)">Anna Nagar</a></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td>50.1</td> <td>G. Krishnamurthy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/AIADMK" class="mw-redirect" title="AIADMK">AIADMK</a></td> <td>31.0<a href="#cite_note-ECoI_1977a-177">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Tamil_Nadu_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election">1980</a></td> <td>Anna Nagar</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td>49.0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H._V._Hande" title="H. V. Hande">H. V. Hande</a></td> <td>AIADMK</td> <td>48.3<a href="#cite_note-ECoI_1977a-177">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election">1984</a> </td> <td colspan="6"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Not Contested</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_Tamil_Nadu_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election">1989</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harbour_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)">Harbour</a></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td>59.8</td> <td>K.A. Wahab</td> <td>Muslim League</td> <td>13.8<a href="#cite_note-ECoI_1977c-178">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1991_Tamil_Nadu_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election">1991</a></td> <td>Harbour</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td>48.7</td> <td>K. Suppu</td> <td>AIADMK</td> <td>47.3<a href="#cite_note-ECoI_1977c-178">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_Tamil_Nadu_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election">1996</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chepauk_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)">Chepauk</a></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td>77.1</td> <td>N.S. Nellai Kannan</td> <td>INC</td> <td>17.2<a href="#cite_note-ECoI_1977b-179">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2001_Tamil_Nadu_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election">2001</a></td> <td>Chepauk</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td>51.9</td> <td>R. Damodharan</td> <td>INC</td> <td>43.5<a href="#cite_note-ECoI_1977b-179">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_Tamil_Nadu_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election">2006</a></td> <td>Chepauk</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td>51.0</td> <td>Dawood Miah Khan</td> <td>Independent</td> <td>38.3<a href="#cite_note-ECoI_1977b-179">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Tamil_Nadu_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election">2011</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiruvarur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvarur (State Assembly Constituency)">Thiruvarur</a></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td>62.9</td> <td>M. Rajendran</td> <td>AIADMK</td> <td>33.9<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election">2016</a></td> <td>Thiruvarur</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td>61.73</td> <td>R. Pannerselvam</td> <td>AIADMK</td> <td>26.99<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posts_in_Legislative_Assembly">Posts in Legislative Assembly</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"> <th>Assembly</th> <th>From</th> <th>To</th> <th>Position</th> <th>Party – Number of seats /Seats contested </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Assembly_of_Madras_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Assembly of Madras State">Third Assembly</a></td> <td>1962</td> <td>1967</td> <td>Deputy Leader of the Opposition</td> <td>50/143<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Assembly_of_Madras_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Assembly of Madras State">Fourth Assembly</a></td> <td>1967</td> <td>1969</td> <td>State Minister for Public Works</td> <td>138/233<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Assembly_of_Madras_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Assembly of Madras State">Fourth Assembly</a></td> <td>10 February 1969</td> <td>5 January 1971</td> <td>Chief Minister (1)<a href="#cite_note-Assembly_2014-184">[183]</a></td> <td>136/233<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Assembly_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Assembly of Tamil Nadu">Fifth Assembly</a></td> <td>15 March 1971</td> <td>31 January 1976</td> <td>Chief Minister (2)<a href="#cite_note-Assembly_2014-184">[183]</a></td> <td>182/203<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Assembly_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Assembly of Tamil Nadu (page does not exist)">Sixth Assembly</a></td> <td>25 July 1977</td> <td>17 February 1980</td> <td>Leader of the Opposition (1)<a href="#cite_note-Assembly_2014-184">[183]</a></td> <td>48/230<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Assembly_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Assembly of Tamil Nadu (page does not exist)">Seventh Assembly</a></td> <td>27 June 1980</td> <td>18 August 1983</td> <td>Leader of the Opposition (2)<a href="#cite_note-Assembly_2014-184">[183]</a></td> <td>37/112<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninth_Assembly_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninth Assembly of Tamil Nadu (page does not exist)">Ninth Assembly</a></td> <td>27 January 1989</td> <td>30 January 1991</td> <td>Chief Minister (3)<a href="#cite_note-Assembly_2014-184">[183]</a></td> <td>150/202<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleventh_Assembly_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleventh Assembly of Tamil Nadu (page does not exist)">Eleventh Assembly</a></td> <td>13 May 1996</td> <td>14 May 2001</td> <td>Chief Minister (4)<a href="#cite_note-Assembly_2014-184">[183]</a></td> <td>173/182<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Assembly_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Assembly of Tamil Nadu">Twelfth Assembly</a></td> <td>14 May 2001</td> <td>16 May 2006</td> <td>Member of Legislative Assembly<a href="#cite_note-Assembly_2014-184">[183]</a></td> <td>31/182<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Assembly_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu">Thirteenth Assembly</a></td> <td>13 May 2006</td> <td>14 May 2011</td> <td>Chief Minister (5)<a href="#cite_note-Assembly_2014-184">[183]</a></td> <td>96/132<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Assembly_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu">Fourteenth Assembly</a></td> <td>16 May 2011</td> <td>19 May 2016</td> <td>Member of Legislative Assembly</td> <td>23/124 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Assembly_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu">Fifteenth Assembly</a></td> <td>19 May 2016</td> <td>7 August 2018 (died)</td> <td>Member of Legislative Assembly</td> <td>89/176 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ram_Setu_remarks">Ram Setu remarks</h3></div> In September 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) opposed <a href="/wiki/Sethusamudram_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sethusamudram Canal">Sethusamudram Canal</a> project stating that it will demolish <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> shoals the party claimed to be remains of a bridge built by <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> to get to Lanka to save his wife <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>. He replied, "It is said that there was a God thousands of years ago called Ram. Do not touch the bridge built by him. I ask who is this Ram? Which engineering college did he graduate from?"<a href="#cite_note-Sannith_2021-193">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a> accused Karunanidhi of religious discrimination when noting "We would like to know from Karunanidhi if he would make a similar statement against the head of any other religion."<a href="#cite_note-Outlook-Eng-194">[193]</a> CPM general secretary <a href="/wiki/Prakash_Karat" title="Prakash Karat">Prakash Karat</a> came to his support and said "in this country, there are individuals with religious views and people like us. It is not wrong to voice an opinion".<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Later, Karunanidhi clarified his remarks by saying that "I'm not against Ram, my conscience is my God".<a href="#cite_note-Sannith_2021-193">[192]</a> Suspected <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> activists attacked the house of Karunanidhi's daughter Selvi in Bangalore with <a href="/wiki/Petrol_Bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol Bombs">Petrol Bombs</a> and stones over his comments.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> A bus bound to Chennai was set on fire in Bangalore by a mob which <a href="/wiki/Burn_alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn alive">burnt alive</a> two people. The police blamed the attack on <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu activists</a> who were enraged over his comments.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Karunanidhi said the attacks showed the "true culture of Ram Sevaks."<a href="#cite_note-Outlook-Eng-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connections_with_LTTE">Connections with LTTE</h3></div> In an April 2009 interview to <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>, Karunanidhi made a controversial remark stating that "<a href="/wiki/Prabhakaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Prabhakaran">Prabhakaran</a> is my good friend" and also said, "India could not forgive the LTTE for assassinating Rajiv Gandhi".<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> An interim report of Justice <a href="/wiki/Jain_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Commission">Jain Commission</a>, which oversaw the investigation into <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>'s assassination, had indicted Karunanidhi for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers, who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE).<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> but the final report contained no such allegations.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_nepotism">Allegations of nepotism</h3></div> Karunanidhi has been accused by opponents, by some members of his party, and by other political observers of trying to promote <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Many political opponents and DMK party senior leaders have been critical of the rise of <a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a> in the party.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] But some of the party men have pointed out that Stalin has come up on his own. Stalin was jailed under the <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">Maintenance of Internal Security Act</a> (MISA) during the Emergency that a fellow DMK party prisoner died trying to save him.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_2">Books</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Sanga Tamizh<a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2018-159">[158]</a></li> <li>Nenjukku needhi<a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2018-159">[158]</a></li> <li>Thenpandi singam<a href="#cite_note-Dailythanthi.com_2018-205">[204]</a></li> <li>Thirukkural Urai<a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2018-159">[158]</a></li> <li>Payum puli pandara vanniyan<a href="#cite_note-Dailythanthi.com_2018-205">[204]</a></li> <li>Sindhanaiyum seiyalum<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></li> <li>Nerukkadi neruppuaru<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></li> <li>Pesum kalai Valarpom<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a></li> <li>Anaiya Vizhakku Anna<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></li> <li>Yaaral? Yaaral? Yaaral?<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a></li> <li>Sanga Tamil<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a></li> <li>Oru thalai kadhal</li> <li>Pongi Varum Puthu Vellam<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a></li> <li>Kaala Pethayum Kavithai Saaviyum<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a></li> <li>Ilaya Samuthayam Elugave<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></li> <li>Kuraloviyam<a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2018-159">[158]</a></li> <li>Kalaignarin kavithai mazhai<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a></li> <li>Vaanpugazh konda valluvam</li> <li>Romapuri Pandiyan<a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2018-159">[158]</a></li> <li>Iniyvai Irubadhu<a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2018-159">[158]</a></li> <li>Mani Magudam<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a></li> <li>Valimael Vizhivanthu<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a></li> <li>Vellikizhamai<a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2018-159">[158]</a></li> <li>Marakka Mudiyuma<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a></li> <li>Kalaignar sonna kathaigal<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a></li> <li>Ponnar sankar<a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2018-159">[158]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List of political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_writers" title="List of Indian writers">List of Indian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunanidhi_family" title="Karunanidhi family">Karunanidhi family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Karunanidhi_ministry" title="First Karunanidhi ministry">First Karunanidhi ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Karunanidhi_ministry" title="Second Karunanidhi ministry">Second Karunanidhi ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Karunanidhi_ministry" title="Third Karunanidhi ministry">Third Karunanidhi ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Karunanidhi_ministry" title="Fourth Karunanidhi ministry">Fourth Karunanidhi ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Karunanidhi_ministry" title="Fifth Karunanidhi ministry">Fifth Karunanidhi ministry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">V. R. Nedunchezhiyan</a> served acting chief minister for 8 days. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/7th_1980/7threview_80-84.pdf">http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/7th_1980/7threview_80-84.pdf</a> 7th Review 1980–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/195458/">indiankanoon.org</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Narayan_2018-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narayan_2018_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narayan_2018_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narayan_2018_4-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNarayan" class="citation news cs1">Narayan, Pushpa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/m-karunanidhi-dmk-chief-and-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-dies-aged-94/articleshow/65309709.cms">"M Karunanidhi, DMK chief and former Tamil Nadu chief minister, dies aged 94"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. No. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=M+Karunanidhi%2C+DMK+chief+and+former+Tamil+Nadu+chief+minister%2C+dies+aged+94&rft.issue=7+August+2018&rft.aulast=Narayan&rft.aufirst=Pushpa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fm-karunanidhi-dmk-chief-and-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-dies-aged-94%2Farticleshow%2F65309709.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrashekharVaitheesvaran" class="citation news cs1">Chandrashekhar, Anandi; Vaitheesvaran, Bharani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/m-karunanidhi-dies-aged-94-an-era-ends-in-dravidian-politics/articleshow/65309822.cms">"Karunanidhi Death: M Karunanidhi dies at 94, an era ends in Dravidian politics"</a>. The Economic Times. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+Death%3A+M+Karunanidhi+dies+at+94%2C+an+era+ends+in+Dravidian+politics&rft.aulast=Chandrashekhar&rft.aufirst=Anandi&rft.au=Vaitheesvaran%2C+Bharani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fm-karunanidhi-dies-aged-94-an-era-ends-in-dravidian-politics%2Farticleshow%2F65309822.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-36253790">"M Karunanidhi: India's 91-year-old politician who is still fighting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=M+Karunanidhi%3A+India%27s+91-year-old+politician+who+is+still+fighting&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-36253790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2009" class="citation news cs1">Mohan, Gopu (31 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/karunas-kutumbam/468573/0">"Karunanidhi's Kutumbam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi%27s+Kutumbam&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=Gopu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fkarunas-kutumbam%2F468573%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi-Habib2018" class="citation news cs1">Abi-Habib, Maria (13 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/13/obituaries/muthuvel-karunanidhi-94-screenwriter-turned-politician-dies.html">"Muthuvel Karunanidhi, 94, Screenwriter Turned Politician, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Muthuvel+Karunanidhi%2C+94%2C+Screenwriter+Turned+Politician%2C+Dies&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Abi-Habib&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F13%2Fobituaries%2Fmuthuvel-karunanidhi-94-screenwriter-turned-politician-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/muthuvel-karunanidhi-from-failing-class-x-to-scripting-the-history-of-modern-tamil-nadu/">"Muthuvel Karunanidhi: From failing Class X to changing the social fabric of Tamil Nadu"</a>. 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muthuvel+Karunanidhi%3A+From+failing+Class+X+to+changing+the+social+fabric+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fmuthuvel-karunanidhi-from-failing-class-x-to-scripting-the-history-of-modern-tamil-nadu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abi-Habib_2018-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abi-Habib_2018_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abi-Habib_2018_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abi-Habib_2018_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abi-Habib_2018_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi-Habib2018" class="citation news cs1">Abi-Habib, Maria (13 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/13/obituaries/muthuvel-karunanidhi-94-screenwriter-turned-politician-dies.html">"Muthuvel Karunanidhi, 94, Screenwriter Turned Politician, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Muthuvel+Karunanidhi%2C+94%2C+Screenwriter+Turned+Politician%2C+Dies&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Abi-Habib&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F13%2Fobituaries%2Fmuthuvel-karunanidhi-94-screenwriter-turned-politician-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suri_2018-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suri_2018_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suri_2018_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManveena_Suri2018" class="citation web cs1">Manveena Suri (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/07/asia/muthuvel-karunanidhi-intl/index.html">"M. Karunanidhi, Indian political icon, dies at 94"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M.+Karunanidhi%2C+Indian+political+icon%2C+dies+at+94&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.au=Manveena+Suri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F08%2F07%2Fasia%2Fmuthuvel-karunanidhi-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narasimhan_2018-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narasimhan_2018_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narasimhan_2018_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narasimhan_2018_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhan2018" class="citation news cs1">Narasimhan, T. E. (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/end-of-an-era-dmk-president-m-karunanidhi-passes-away-118080701039_1.html">"End of an era: DMK President M Karunanidhi passes away at 94"</a>. Business Standard India. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=End+of+an+era%3A+DMK+President+M+Karunanidhi+passes+away+at+94&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Narasimhan&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fend-of-an-era-dmk-president-m-karunanidhi-passes-away-118080701039_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazmin_2018-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kazmin_2018_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazmin_2018_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazmin_2018_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazmin_2018_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazmin2018" class="citation news cs1">Kazmin, Amy (10 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a010f052-9b31-11e8-ab77-f854c65a4465">"Muthuvel Karunanidhi, Indian politician and screenwriter, 1924–2018"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a010f052-9b31-11e8-ab77-f854c65a4465">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Muthuvel+Karunanidhi%2C+Indian+politician+and+screenwriter%2C+1924%E2%80%932018&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.aulast=Kazmin&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa010f052-9b31-11e8-ab77-f854c65a4465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_2018-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2018_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2018_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2018_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-45093900">"M Karunanidhi: The radical wordsmith who shook up Indian politics"</a>. BBC News. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=M+Karunanidhi%3A+The+radical+wordsmith+who+shook+up+Indian+politics&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-45093900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/karunanidhi-the-script-writer-who-wrote-tamil-nadu-s-destiny-118080701065_1.html">"Karunanidhi: The script writer who wrote Tamil Nadu's destiny"</a>. Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi%3A+The+script+writer+who+wrote+Tamil+Nadu%27s+destiny&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpti-stories%2Fkarunanidhi-the-script-writer-who-wrote-tamil-nadu-s-destiny-118080701065_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/india-politician-idINKBN1KT0GT">"Tamil leader Karunanidhi, crusader for social justice, dies"</a>. Reuters. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tamil+leader+Karunanidhi%2C+crusader+for+social+justice%2C+dies&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Findia-politician-idINKBN1KT0GT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45002553">"M Karunanidhi: Veteran Indian politician dies at 94"</a>. BBC News. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=M+Karunanidhi%3A+Veteran+Indian+politician+dies+at+94&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-45002553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolappan_2018-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolappan_2018_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolappan_2018_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolappan_2018_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolappan_2018_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolappan_2018_18-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolappan2018" class="citation news cs1">Kolappan, B. (27 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-50-years-at-the-helm-of-dmk/article24524314.ece">"M. Karunanidhi: at the 50th year of being at the helm of DMK"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=M.+Karunanidhi%3A+at+the+50th+year+of+being+at+the+helm+of+DMK&rft.date=2018-07-27&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Kolappan&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fm-karunanidhi-50-years-at-the-helm-of-dmk%2Farticle24524314.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/dmk-chief-and-former-tamil-nadu-cm-m-karunanidhi-dies/314652">"DMK Chief And Former Tamil Nadu CM M Karunanidhi Dies"</a>. outlookindia.com/. 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=outlookindia.com%2F&rft.atitle=DMK+Chief+And+Former+Tamil+Nadu+CM+M+Karunanidhi+Dies&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fwebsite%2Fstory%2Fdmk-chief-and-former-tamil-nadu-cm-m-karunanidhi-dies%2F314652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Titan_2018-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Titan_2018_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Titan_2018_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Titan_2018_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karunanidhi-dead-tamil-nadu-dmk-mk-stalin-5296780/">"M Karunanidhi (1924–2018): A Titan Departs"</a>. 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+Karunanidhi+%281924%E2%80%932018%29%3A+A+Titan+Departs&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fkarunanidhi-dead-tamil-nadu-dmk-mk-stalin-5296780%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subramanian_2018-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_2018_21-24">y</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Subramanian, T. S. (31 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24705340.ece">"Milestones in a long journey"</a>. Frontline. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Milestones+in+a+long+journey&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fcover-story%2Farticle24705340.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/national/karunanidhi-doyen-dravidian-686169.html">"Obituary: Karunanidhi, the doyen of Dravidian politics"</a>. Deccan Herald. 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Karunanidhi%2C+the+doyen+of+Dravidian+politics&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fnational%2Fkarunanidhi-doyen-dravidian-686169.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deccan_Chronicle_2018-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deccan_Chronicle_2018_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deccan_Chronicle_2018_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140618/lively-debate-on-who-nurtured-tamil-language-contributed-to-tamil-pri.html">"Lively debate on who nurtured Tamil language, contributed to Tamil pride"</a>. Deccan Chronicle. 14 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Lively+debate+on+who+nurtured+Tamil+language%2C+contributed+to+Tamil+pride&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fnation%2Fcurrent-affairs%2F140618%2Flively-debate-on-who-nurtured-tamil-language-contributed-to-tamil-pri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravishankar_2018a-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ravishankar_2018a_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravishankar_2018a_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravishankar_2018a_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravishankar_2018a_24-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavishankar2018" class="citation book cs1">Ravishankar, Sandhya (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzJVDwAAQBAJ">Karunanidhi: A Life in Politics</a>. HarperCollins Publishers India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5277-920-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5277-920-8"><bdi>978-93-5277-920-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karunanidhi%3A+A+Life+in+Politics&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.isbn=978-93-5277-920-8&rft.aulast=Ravishankar&rft.aufirst=Sandhya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwzJVDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindustan_Times_2018-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_Times_2018_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_Times_2018_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kalaignar-m-karunanidhi-dies-in-chennai-the-dravidan-sun-has-set/story-7f3xqaTm6Qul57dc91iKXM.html">"Kalaignar Karunanidhi dies in Chennai: The colossus of Dravidian politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Kalaignar+Karunanidhi+dies+in+Chennai%3A+The+colossus+of+Dravidian+politics&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fkalaignar-m-karunanidhi-dies-in-chennai-the-dravidan-sun-has-set%2Fstory-7f3xqaTm6Qul57dc91iKXM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolappan2018" class="citation news cs1">Kolappan, B. (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalaignar-m-karunanidhi-dravidian-stalwart-passes-away/article24624489.ece">"Obituary: M. Karunanidhi, Dravidian stalwart"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+M.+Karunanidhi%2C+Dravidian+stalwart&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Kolappan&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fkalaignar-m-karunanidhi-dravidian-stalwart-passes-away%2Farticle24624489.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2003" class="citation news cs1">Anand, S. (27 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/with-them-against-them/218704">"With Them / Against Them"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=With+Them+%2F+Against+Them&rft.date=2003-01-27&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2Fwith-them-against-them%2F218704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-_Rgm2ILRY">"கருணாநிதி – பெயர் வந்தது எப்படி?"</a>. Sun News. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun+News&rft.atitle=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+%E2%80%93+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%3F&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DF-_Rgm2ILRY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> For claims of Karunanidhi's Telugu ancestry see: *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2017" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, V. V. P. (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news18.com/blogs/politics/vvp-sharma/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-14329-1345645.html">"After Series of 'Outsiders', Sasikala to be first Tamil CM in 29 Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News18" class="mw-redirect" title="News18">News18</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=After+Series+of+%27Outsiders%27%2C+Sasikala+to+be+first+Tamil+CM+in+29+Years&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=V.+V.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolitics%2Fvvp-sharma%2Fafter-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-14329-1345645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChellappan2014" class="citation news cs1">Chellappan, Kumar (23 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn.html">"No real Tamil-speaking leaders in TN!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)" title="The Pioneer (India)">The Pioneer</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=No+real+Tamil-speaking+leaders+in+TN%21&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.aulast=Chellappan&rft.aufirst=Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2Fnation%2Fno-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tamil-pride-what-s-that/story-ohWnEClFyFeYwjAzxax57L.html">"Tamil pride: What's that?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 4 May 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Tamil+pride%3A+What%27s+that%3F&rft.date=2006-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Ftamil-pride-what-s-that%2Fstory-ohWnEClFyFeYwjAzxax57L.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202125-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202125_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Panneerselvan_2018-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panneerselvan_2018_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panneerselvan_2018_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanneerselvan2018" class="citation web cs1">Panneerselvan, A.S. (17 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24703216.ece">"Relentless legislator"</a>. Frontline. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Relentless+legislator&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.aulast=Panneerselvan&rft.aufirst=A.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fcover-story%2Farticle24703216.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202126-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202126_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202129-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202129_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202131-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202131_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hindu_2018-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_2018_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_2018_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karunanidhis-political-innings-a-timeline/article24616380.ece">"Karunanidhi's political innings: A timeline"</a>. The Hindu. 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi%27s+political+innings%3A+A+timeline&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fkarunanidhis-political-innings-a-timeline%2Farticle24616380.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2011" class="citation news cs1">Srinivasan, G. (12 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Karunanidhi-turns-nostalgic/article14679694.ece">"Karunanidhi turns nostalgic"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+turns+nostalgic&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2FKarunanidhi-turns-nostalgic%2Farticle14679694.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202133-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202133_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202134-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202134_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202135-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202135_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202135_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202135_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202135_39-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolappan2018" class="citation news cs1">Kolappan, B. (8 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/murasoli-the-first-child-of-karunanidhi/article24548789.ece">"Murasoli, the first child of Karunanidhi"</a>. The Hindu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Murasoli%2C+the+first+child+of+Karunanidhi&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.aulast=Kolappan&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fmurasoli-the-first-child-of-karunanidhi%2Farticle24548789.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202136-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202136_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202136_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-Failed_2020-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Failed_2020_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Failed_2020_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Failed_2020_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/karunanidhi-failed-board-exams-thrice-annadurai-told-him-to-study-not-write-on-revolution/412840/">"Karunanidhi failed board exams thrice. Annadurai told him to study, not write on revolution"</a>. 3 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karunanidhi+failed+board+exams+thrice.+Annadurai+told+him+to+study%2C+not+write+on+revolution&rft.date=2020-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fpageturner%2Fexcerpt%2Fkarunanidhi-failed-board-exams-thrice-annadurai-told-him-to-study-not-write-on-revolution%2F412840%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202137-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202137_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202137_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202138-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202138_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202138_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202138_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202142-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202142_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202143-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202143_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202143_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202144-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202144_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202145-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202145_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202146-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanneerselvan202146_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanneerselvan2021">Panneerselvan 2021</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravishankar_2018b-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ravishankar_2018b_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravishankar_2018b_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavishankar2018" class="citation web cs1">Ravishankar, Sandhya (6 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/881373/when-karunanidhi-was-beaten-unconscious-by-congress-workers-for-criticising-gandhi">"When Karunanidhi was beaten unconscious by Congress workers for criticising Gandhi"</a>. Scroll.in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=When+Karunanidhi+was+beaten+unconscious+by+Congress+workers+for+criticising+Gandhi&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft.aulast=Ravishankar&rft.aufirst=Sandhya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F881373%2Fwhen-karunanidhi-was-beaten-unconscious-by-congress-workers-for-criticising-gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkatesh2018" class="citation web cs1">Venkatesh, M. R. (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070818/karunanidhi-dmks-captain-of-50-years-returns-to-pavilion.html">"Muthuvel Karunanidhi, DMK's captain of 50 years returns to pavilion"</a>. Deccan Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Muthuvel+Karunanidhi%2C+DMK%27s+captain+of+50+years+returns+to+pavilion&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Venkatesh&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fnation%2Fcurrent-affairs%2F070818%2Fkarunanidhi-dmks-captain-of-50-years-returns-to-pavilion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yamunan_2018-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yamunan_2018_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamunan_2018_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamunan_2018_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamunan_2018_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamunan_2018_52-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamunan2018" class="citation web cs1">Yamunan, Sruthisagar (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/824295/m-karunanidhi-1924-2018-five-time-tamil-nadu-cm-dravidian-champion-gritty-political-survivor">"M Karunanidhi (1924–2018): Five-time Tamil Nadu CM, Dravidian champion, gritty political survivor"</a>. Scroll.in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=M+Karunanidhi+%281924%E2%80%932018%29%3A+Five-time+Tamil+Nadu+CM%2C+Dravidian+champion%2C+gritty+political+survivor&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Yamunan&rft.aufirst=Sruthisagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F824295%2Fm-karunanidhi-1924-2018-five-time-tamil-nadu-cm-dravidian-champion-gritty-political-survivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#Ramaswamy">Ramaswamy 1997</a>, p. 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-kallakudi-agitation-became-turning-point-karunanidhi-s-political-life-145744">"How the Kallakudi agitation became a turning point in Karunanidhi's political life"</a>. The News Minute. 23 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=How+the+Kallakudi+agitation+became+a+turning+point+in+Karunanidhi%27s+political+life&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fhow-kallakudi-agitation-became-turning-point-karunanidhi-s-political-life-145744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karunanidhi-became-mla-13-times-once-1984-he-didnt-contest-86198">"Karunanidhi became an MLA 13 times, but once in 1984, he didn't contest"</a>. The News Minute. 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+became+an+MLA+13+times%2C+but+once+in+1984%2C+he+didn%27t+contest&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fkarunanidhi-became-mla-13-times-once-1984-he-didnt-contest-86198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/when-karunanidhi-starred-in-the-anti-hindi-agitation/cid/1778161">"When Karunanidhi starred in the anti-Hindi agitation"</a>. The Telegraph (India).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+%28India%29&rft.atitle=When+Karunanidhi+starred+in+the+anti-Hindi+agitation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fwhen-karunanidhi-starred-in-the-anti-hindi-agitation%2Fcid%2F1778161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615195721/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/01/29020437/1060032/An-agitation-to-remember.vpf">"An agitation to remember"</a>. dtNext.in. 29 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/01/29020437/1060032/An-agitation-to-remember.vpf">the original</a> on 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dtNext.in&rft.atitle=An+agitation+to+remember&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtnext.in%2FNews%2FTamilNadu%2F2018%2F01%2F29020437%2F1060032%2FAn-agitation-to-remember.vpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-44974115">"'கலைஞர்' கருணாநிதி: வாழ்க்கை குறிப்பு"</a>. BBC News தமிழ்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D&rft.atitle=%27%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%27+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%3A+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftamil%2Findia-44974115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/080818/hard-early-days-shape-m-karunanidhis-cosmopolitan-outlook.html">"Hard early days shape M Karunanidhi's cosmopolitan outlook"</a>. Deccan Chronicle. 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Hard+early+days+shape+M+Karunanidhi%27s+cosmopolitan+outlook&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fnation%2Fcurrent-affairs%2F080818%2Fhard-early-days-shape-m-karunanidhis-cosmopolitan-outlook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.moneycontrol.com-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.moneycontrol.com_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.moneycontrol.com_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/newsarticle/news_print.php?autono=11276861&sr_no=0&classic=true">"Moneycontrol.com"</a>. moneycontrol.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moneycontrol.com&rft.atitle=Moneycontrol.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Findia%2Fnewsarticle%2Fnews_print.php%3Fautono%3D11276861%26sr_no%3D0%26classic%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808114737/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/aug/08/where-the-legend-of-karunanidhi-began-1854852.html">"Where the legend of Karunanidhi began"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/aug/08/where-the-legend-of-karunanidhi-began-1854852.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Where+the+legend+of+Karunanidhi+began&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2018%2Faug%2F08%2Fwhere-the-legend-of-karunanidhi-began-1854852.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-karunanidhi-pitched-greater-state-autonomy-1970s-151669">"How Karunanidhi pitched for greater state autonomy in the 1970s"</a>. The News Minute. 3 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=How+Karunanidhi+pitched+for+greater+state+autonomy+in+the+1970s&rft.date=2021-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fhow-karunanidhi-pitched-greater-state-autonomy-1970s-151669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-News18_2019-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-News18_2019_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-News18_2019_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-News18_2019_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/karunanidhi-the-social-reformer-who-changed-the-landcape-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1837827.html">"Social Equality was Karunanidhi's Focus During Five Terms as Tamil Nadu CM"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News18" class="mw-redirect" title="News18">News18</a>. 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Social+Equality+was+Karunanidhi%27s+Focus+During+Five+Terms+as+Tamil+Nadu+CM&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fkarunanidhi-the-social-reformer-who-changed-the-landcape-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1837827.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManoharan2018" class="citation web cs1">Manoharan, Karthick Ram (10 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/889760/with-pioneering-schemes-karunanidhi-was-a-champion-of-social-justice-both-in-words-and-in-deeds">"With pioneering schemes, Karunanidhi provided a model for the politics of social justice in India"</a>. Scroll.in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=With+pioneering+schemes%2C+Karunanidhi+provided+a+model+for+the+politics+of+social+justice+in+India&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.aulast=Manoharan&rft.aufirst=Karthick+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F889760%2Fwith-pioneering-schemes-karunanidhi-was-a-champion-of-social-justice-both-in-words-and-in-deeds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2018" class="citation web cs1">Menon, Amarnath K. (10 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20180820-a-towering-torchbearer-1309433-2018-08-10">"RIP Kalaignar, a towering torchbearer"</a>. India Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=RIP+Kalaignar%2C+a+towering+torchbearer&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Amarnath+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fnation%2Fstory%2F20180820-a-towering-torchbearer-1309433-2018-08-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/aug/13/powered-by-basic-politics-1856858.html">"Powered by 'basic' politics"</a>. The New Indian Express. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Powered+by+%27basic%27+politics&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2018%2Faug%2F13%2Fpowered-by-basic-politics-1856858.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_News_Minute_2018-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_Minute_2018_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_Minute_2018_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/self-respect-weddings-transgender-rights-karunanidhi-leader-minorities-86159">"Self-respect weddings to transgender rights: Karunanidhi, a leader of minorities"</a>. The News Minute. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Self-respect+weddings+to+transgender+rights%3A+Karunanidhi%2C+a+leader+of+minorities&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fself-respect-weddings-transgender-rights-karunanidhi-leader-minorities-86159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/m-karunanidhi-1924-2018-an-atheist-who-spoke-of-god-in-the-smile-of-the-poor-5296749/">"M Karunanidhi (1924–2018): An atheist who spoke of God in the smile of the poor"</a>. 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+Karunanidhi+%281924%E2%80%932018%29%3A+An+atheist+who+spoke+of+God+in+the+smile+of+the+poor&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fm-karunanidhi-1924-2018-an-atheist-who-spoke-of-god-in-the-smile-of-the-poor-5296749%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/02/when-karunanidhi-and-indira-gandhi-defeated-kamaraj--rajaji-1945612.html">"When Karunanidhi and Indira Gandhi defeated Kamaraj & Rajaji"</a>. The New Indian Express. March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=When+Karunanidhi+and+Indira+Gandhi+defeated+Kamaraj+%26+Rajaji&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2019%2Fmar%2F02%2Fwhen-karunanidhi-and-indira-gandhi-defeated-kamaraj--rajaji-1945612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajasekaran_2021-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rajasekaran_2021_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rajasekaran_2021_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajasekaran2021" class="citation web cs1">Rajasekaran, Ilangovan (6 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/withering-leaves-aiadmk-leadership-crisis/article37299780.ece">"Withering leaves: AIADMK's leadership crisis"</a>. Frontline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Withering+leaves%3A+AIADMK%27s+leadership+crisis&rft.date=2021-11-06&rft.aulast=Rajasekaran&rft.aufirst=Ilangovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwithering-leaves-aiadmk-leadership-crisis%2Farticle37299780.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekar2016" class="citation news cs1">Sekar, Sunitha (18 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Rising-star-The-suspension-that-gave-birth-to-the-AIADMK/article15614155.ece">"Rising star: The suspension that gave birth to the AIADMK"</a>. The Hindu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Rising+star%3A+The+suspension+that+gave+birth+to+the+AIADMK&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft.aulast=Sekar&rft.aufirst=Sunitha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2FRising-star-The-suspension-that-gave-birth-to-the-AIADMK%2Farticle15614155.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamunan2018" class="citation web cs1">Yamunan, Sruthisagar (30 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/888558/tamil-nadu-has-appointed-its-first-non-brahmin-priest-finally-fulfilling-karunanidhis-2006-reform">"Tamil Nadu has appointed its first non-Brahmin priest, finally fulfilling Karunanidhi's 2006 reform"</a>. Scroll.in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu+has+appointed+its+first+non-Brahmin+priest%2C+finally+fulfilling+Karunanidhi%27s+2006+reform&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=Yamunan&rft.aufirst=Sruthisagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F888558%2Ftamil-nadu-has-appointed-its-first-non-brahmin-priest-finally-fulfilling-karunanidhis-2006-reform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishnan2018" class="citation news cs1">Ramakrishnan, T. (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karunanidhi-secured-a-precious-right-for-all-the-chief-ministers/article24548803.ece">"Karunanidhi secured a precious right for all the Chief Ministers"</a>. The Hindu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+secured+a+precious+right+for+all+the+Chief+Ministers&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Ramakrishnan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fkarunanidhi-secured-a-precious-right-for-all-the-chief-ministers%2Farticle24548803.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jul/30/beggars-rehabilitation-scheme-stalin-to-take-up-fathers-long-fought-cause-2337478.html">"Beggars Rehabilitation Scheme: Stalin to take up father's long-fought cause?"</a>. The New Indian Express. 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Beggars+Rehabilitation+Scheme%3A+Stalin+to+take+up+father%27s+long-fought+cause%3F&rft.date=2021-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2021%2Fjul%2F30%2Fbeggars-rehabilitation-scheme-stalin-to-take-up-fathers-long-fought-cause-2337478.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jauhri_2018-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jauhri_2018_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jauhri_2018_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jauhri_2018_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jauhri_2018_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jauhri_2018_75-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJauhri2018" class="citation news cs1">Jauhri, Shivansh (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/five-top-socio-economic-policies-of-late-dmk-leader-m-karunanidhi-118080701061_1.html">"Five top socio-economic policies of late DMK leader M Karunanidhi"</a>. Business Standard India. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=Five+top+socio-economic+policies+of+late+DMK+leader+M+Karunanidhi&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Jauhri&rft.aufirst=Shivansh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Ffive-top-socio-economic-policies-of-late-dmk-leader-m-karunanidhi-118080701061_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hindu_2021-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_2021_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_2021_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/over-6000-farmers-in-coimbatore-to-get-free-power-connection/article37144852.ece">"Over 6,000 farmers in Coimbatore to get free power connection"</a>. The Hindu. 23 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Over+6%2C000+farmers+in+Coimbatore+to+get+free+power+connection&rft.date=2021-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FCoimbatore%2Fover-6000-farmers-in-coimbatore-to-get-free-power-connection%2Farticle37144852.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/134171-tamilnadus-first-women-police-batch-pays-homage-to-karunanidhi">"'கருணாநிதியால் கிடைத்த அங்கீகாரம் இது!' - கண்ணீர் அஞ்சலி செலுத்திய பெண் காவலர்கள்"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Vikatan" title="Ananda Vikatan">Ananda Vikatan</a>. 16 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ananda+Vikatan&rft.atitle=%27%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%21%27+-+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vikatan.com%2Fgovernment-and-politics%2Fpolitics%2F134171-tamilnadus-first-women-police-batch-pays-homage-to-karunanidhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankar2018" class="citation web cs1">Sankar, R. Vijaya (17 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/an-island-of-democracy/article24703897.ece">"An island of democracy"</a>. Frontline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=An+island+of+democracy&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.aulast=Sankar&rft.aufirst=R.+Vijaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fcover-story%2Fan-island-of-democracy%2Farticle24703897.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriyamvatha_P.2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Priyamvatha P. (3 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-2021/story/mk-stalin-s-perseverance-finally-pays-off-as-sun-and-son-rise-in-tamil-nadu-1798184-2021-05-03">"MK Stalin's perseverance finally pays off as 'sun' and son rise in Tamil Nadu"</a>. India Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=MK+Stalin%27s+perseverance+finally+pays+off+as+%27sun%27+and+son+rise+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft.au=Priyamvatha+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Felections%2Ftamil-nadu-assembly-polls-2021%2Fstory%2Fmk-stalin-s-perseverance-finally-pays-off-as-sun-and-son-rise-in-tamil-nadu-1798184-2021-05-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722082111/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/11/11015810/1095146/How-Emergency-impacted-Madras.vpf">"How Emergency impacted Madras"</a>. dtNext.in. 11 November 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/11/11015810/1095146/How-Emergency-impacted-Madras.vpf">the original</a> on 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dtNext.in&rft.atitle=How+Emergency+impacted+Madras&rft.date=2018-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtnext.in%2FNews%2FCity%2F2018%2F11%2F11015810%2F1095146%2FHow-Emergency-impacted-Madras.vpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2018" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, D. Suresh (8 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-karunanidhi-outwitted-morarji-desai-cs-indira-gandhi/article24629313.ece">"How Karunanidhi outwitted Morarji Desai, CS, Indira Gandhi"</a>. The Hindu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=How+Karunanidhi+outwitted+Morarji+Desai%2C+CS%2C+Indira+Gandhi&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=D.+Suresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fhow-karunanidhi-outwitted-morarji-desai-cs-indira-gandhi%2Farticle24629313.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2019" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, D. Suresh (16 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/on-scientific-corruption-and-recommendation-letters/article29102489.ece">"On scientific corruption and 'recommendation letters'"</a>. The Hindu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=On+scientific+corruption+and+%27recommendation+letters%27&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=D.+Suresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fon-scientific-corruption-and-recommendation-letters%2Farticle29102489.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19770415-sarkaria-commission-karunanidhi-partially-guilty-823648-2014-08-04">"Sarkaria Commission: Karunanidhi partially guilty"</a>. India Today. 4 August 2014 [15 April 1977].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Sarkaria+Commission%3A+Karunanidhi+partially+guilty&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Findiascope%2Fstory%2F19770415-sarkaria-commission-karunanidhi-partially-guilty-823648-2014-08-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/karunanidhi-a-visionary-and-a-reformist-pushing-for-social-justice-biographer-vasanthi/1823441">"Karunanidhi a visionary and a reformist pushing for social justice: Biographer Vasanthi"</a>. outlookindia.com/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=outlookindia.com%2F&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+a+visionary+and+a+reformist+pushing+for+social+justice%3A+Biographer+Vasanthi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewsscroll%2Fkarunanidhi-a-visionary-and-a-reformist-pushing-for-social-justice-biographer-vasanthi%2F1823441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/03/emergency-period-interval-block-for-tamil-nadu-politics-as-admk-enters-fray-1945975.html">"Emergency period: Interval block for Tamil Nadu politics as ADMK enters fray"</a>. The New Indian Express. 3 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Emergency+period%3A+Interval+block+for+Tamil+Nadu+politics+as+ADMK+enters+fray&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2019%2Fmar%2F03%2Femergency-period-interval-block-for-tamil-nadu-politics-as-admk-enters-fray-1945975.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227192106/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2018/08/08033353/1083340/Golden-moments-of-glorious-M-Karunanidhi.vpf">"Golden moments of glorious M Karunanidhi"</a>. dtNext.in. 8 August 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2018/08/08033353/1083340/Golden-moments-of-glorious-M-Karunanidhi.vpf">the original</a> on 27 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dtNext.in&rft.atitle=Golden+moments+of+glorious+M+Karunanidhi&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtnext.in%2FNews%2FTopNews%2F2018%2F08%2F08033353%2F1083340%2FGolden-moments-of-glorious-M-Karunanidhi.vpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/black-flag-dmks-brahmastra-that-never-missed-the-mark/articleshow/63790557.cms">"Black flag: DMK's 'brahmastra' that never missed the mark"</a>. The Times of India. 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Black+flag%3A+DMK%27s+%27brahmastra%27+that+never+missed+the+mark&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fblack-flag-dmks-brahmastra-that-never-missed-the-mark%2Farticleshow%2F63790557.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415144658/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/03/03172742/1278460/The-Road-To-Tamil-Nadu-Elections-2021.vpf">"The Road To Tamil Nadu Elections 2021"</a>. dtNext.in. 3 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/03/03172742/1278460/The-Road-To-Tamil-Nadu-Elections-2021.vpf">the original</a> on 15 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dtNext.in&rft.atitle=The+Road+To+Tamil+Nadu+Elections+2021&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtnext.in%2FNews%2FTopNews%2F2021%2F03%2F03172742%2F1278460%2FThe-Road-To-Tamil-Nadu-Elections-2021.vpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrikrishna2018" class="citation news cs1">Srikrishna, L. (8 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-long-march-for-justice/article24637350.ece">"A long march for 'justice'"</a>. The Hindu. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+long+march+for+%27justice%27&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.aulast=Srikrishna&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fa-long-march-for-justice%2Farticle24637350.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkataramanan2018" class="citation news cs1">Venkataramanan, K. (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-a-lifelong-warrior-for-sri-lankan-tamil-cause-but-misunderstood-in-the-end/article24548728.ece">"M. Karunanidhi: A lifelong warrior for Sri Lankan Tamil cause, but misunderstood in the end"</a>. The Hindu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=M.+Karunanidhi%3A+A+lifelong+warrior+for+Sri+Lankan+Tamil+cause%2C+but+misunderstood+in+the+end&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Venkataramanan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fm-karunanidhi-a-lifelong-warrior-for-sri-lankan-tamil-cause-but-misunderstood-in-the-end%2Farticle24548728.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/mar/07/from-tiruvarur-to-marina-the-platinum-jubilee-friendship-of-karunanidhi-and-anbazhagan-2113692.html">"From Tiruvarur to Marina: The platinum jubilee friendship of Karunanidhi and Anbazhagan"</a>. The New Indian Express. 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=From+Tiruvarur+to+Marina%3A+The+platinum+jubilee+friendship+of+Karunanidhi+and+Anbazhagan&rft.date=2020-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2020%2Fmar%2F07%2Ffrom-tiruvarur-to-marina-the-platinum-jubilee-friendship-of-karunanidhi-and-anbazhagan-2113692.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427232039/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/28/from-the-archives-when-mgr-sailed-on-sympathy-in1984-polls-2295720.html">"From the archives: When MGR sailed on sympathy in 1984 polls"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/28/from-the-archives-when-mgr-sailed-on-sympathy-in1984-polls-2295720.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=From+the+archives%3A+When+MGR+sailed+on+sympathy+in+1984+polls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2021%2Fapr%2F28%2Ffrom-the-archives-when-mgr-sailed-on-sympathy-in1984-polls-2295720.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dravidian-chronicles-1984-year-karunanidhi-skipped-election-42683">"Dravidian Chronicles: 1984- The year Karunanidhi skipped an election"</a>. The News Minute. 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Dravidian+Chronicles%3A+1984-+The+year+Karunanidhi+skipped+an+election&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fdravidian-chronicles-1984-year-karunanidhi-skipped-election-42683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/debate-over-reviving-tns-madras-legislative-council-hots-up/">"Debate over reviving Tamil Nadu Legislative Council hots up"</a>. The Federal. 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Federal&rft.atitle=Debate+over+reviving+Tamil+Nadu+Legislative+Council+hots+up&rft.date=2021-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefederal.com%2Fstates%2Fsouth%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fdebate-over-reviving-tns-madras-legislative-council-hots-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/karunanidhi-was-the-last-warrior-of-tamil-nadu-s-dravidian-politics/story-NcfkQOBxyngskKwOy3FA2H.html">"Karunanidhi was the last warrior of Tamil Nadu's Dravidian politics"</a>. Hindustan Times. 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+was+the+last+warrior+of+Tamil+Nadu%27s+Dravidian+politics&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fanalysis%2Fkarunanidhi-was-the-last-warrior-of-tamil-nadu-s-dravidian-politics%2Fstory-NcfkQOBxyngskKwOy3FA2H.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhu_Chawla1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Prabhu Chawla (15 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19881015-seven-party-national-front-formally-launched-in-madras-797802-1988-10-15">"Seven party National Front formally launched in Madras"</a>. India Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Seven+party+National+Front+formally+launched+in+Madras&rft.date=1988-10-15&rft.au=Prabhu+Chawla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fspecial-report%2Fstory%2F19881015-seven-party-national-front-formally-launched-in-madras-797802-1988-10-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428233608/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/29/from-the-archives-when-dmk-stormed-to-power-in-tn-after-13-years-2296195.html">"From the archives: When DMK stormed to power in TN after 13 years"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/29/from-the-archives-when-dmk-stormed-to-power-in-tn-after-13-years-2296195.html">the original</a> on 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=From+the+archives%3A+When+DMK+stormed+to+power+in+TN+after+13+years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2021%2Fapr%2F29%2Ffrom-the-archives-when-dmk-stormed-to-power-in-tn-after-13-years-2296195.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/m-karunanidhi-majestic-political-career-dotted-mistakes-86172">"M Karunanidhi: A majestic political career dotted by mistakes"</a>. The News Minute. 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=M+Karunanidhi%3A+A+majestic+political+career+dotted+by+mistakes&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fm-karunanidhi-majestic-political-career-dotted-mistakes-86172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS2020" class="citation web cs1">S, Jayaseelan K. (13 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefederal.com/news/tn-did-30-years-ago-what-sc-ordered-on-aug-11-but-has-it-helped/">"TN did 30 years ago what SC ordered on Aug 11. But has it helped?"</a>. The Federal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Federal&rft.atitle=TN+did+30+years+ago+what+SC+ordered+on+Aug+11.+But+has+it+helped%3F&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft.aulast=S&rft.aufirst=Jayaseelan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefederal.com%2Fnews%2Ftn-did-30-years-ago-what-sc-ordered-on-aug-11-but-has-it-helped%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/madras-hc-upholds-30-quota-for-women/articleshow/4818348.cms">"Madras HC upholds 30% quota for women"</a>. The Times of India. 25 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Madras+HC+upholds+30%25+quota+for+women&rft.date=2009-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fmadras-hc-upholds-30-quota-for-women%2Farticleshow%2F4818348.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kumar, Veera (9 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/karunanidhi-top-achievements-327041.html">"கருணாநிதி அப்படி என்ன சாதனைகள் செய்தார் என்று கேட்பவரா நீங்கள்? அப்போ இது உங்களுக்குத்தான்"</a>. Oneindia (in Tamil). Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oneindia&rft.atitle=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%3F+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B+%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Veera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftamil.oneindia.com%2Fnews%2Ftamilnadu%2Fkarunanidhi-top-achievements-327041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116">"How Tamil Nadu's reservation stands at 69% despite the 50% quota cap"</a>. The News Minute. 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=How+Tamil+Nadu%27s+reservation+stands+at+69%25+despite+the+50%25+quota+cap&rft.date=2021-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fhow-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/08/amid-political-turmoil-jayalalithaa-becomes-tns-1st-woman-cm-in-1991-1948270.html">"Amid political turmoil, Jayalalithaa becomes TN's first woman CM in 1991"</a>. The New Indian Express. 8 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Amid+political+turmoil%2C+Jayalalithaa+becomes+TN%27s+first+woman+CM+in+1991&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2019%2Fmar%2F08%2Famid-political-turmoil-jayalalithaa-becomes-tns-1st-woman-cm-in-1991-1948270.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wire_2018-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wire_2018_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wire_2018_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWire2018" class="citation news cs1">Wire, Sandhya Ravishankar ! The (8 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/the-one-alliance-karunanidhi-regretted-in-six-decade-long-political-career-118080800490_1.html">"The one alliance Karunanidhi regretted in six-decade long political career"</a>. Business Standard India. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=The+one+alliance+Karunanidhi+regretted+in+six-decade+long+political+career&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.aulast=Wire&rft.aufirst=Sandhya+Ravishankar+%21+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fthe-one-alliance-karunanidhi-regretted-in-six-decade-long-political-career-118080800490_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/article29020825.ece">"Advantage Jayalalitha?"</a>. @businessline. 3 April 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%40businessline&rft.atitle=Advantage+Jayalalitha%3F&rft.date=2001-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-others%2Farticle29020825.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chennai_2001-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chennai_2001_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chennai_2001_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChennai2001" class="citation web cs1">Chennai, T. S. SUBRAMANIAN in (25 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30250676.ece">"The return of Jayalalitha"</a>. Frontline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+return+of+Jayalalitha&rft.date=2001-05-25&rft.aulast=Chennai&rft.aufirst=T.+S.+SUBRAMANIAN+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle30250676.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamasubramanian2018" class="citation web cs1">Ramasubramanian, R. (17 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/one-who-set-the-agenda-for-half-a-century/article24703639.ece">"One who set the agenda for half a century"</a>. Frontline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=One+who+set+the+agenda+for+half+a+century&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.aulast=Ramasubramanian&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fcover-story%2Fone-who-set-the-agenda-for-half-a-century%2Farticle24703639.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkataramanan2018" class="citation news cs1">Venkataramanan, K. (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/championing-social-justice-caste-amity/article24548715.ece">"Karunanidhi – a champion of social justice, caste amity"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+%E2%80%93+a+champion+of+social+justice%2C+caste+amity&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Venkataramanan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fchampioning-social-justice-caste-amity%2Farticle24548715.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-school-students-can-use-old-bus-passes-till-new-ones-are-distributed/articleshow/69621236.cms">"Tamil Nadu school students can use old bus passes till new ones are distributed"</a>. The Times of India. 2 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu+school+students+can+use+old+bus+passes+till+new+ones+are+distributed&rft.date=2019-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Ftamil-nadu-school-students-can-use-old-bus-passes-till-new-ones-are-distributed%2Farticleshow%2F69621236.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/aug/15/10-years-on-new-lease-of-life-for-kalaignars-uzhavar-santhai-2344931.html">"10 years on, new lease of life for Kalaignar's Uzhavar Santhai"</a>. The New Indian Express. 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=10+years+on%2C+new+lease+of+life+for+Kalaignar%27s+Uzhavar+Santhai&rft.date=2021-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2021%2Faug%2F15%2F10-years-on-new-lease-of-life-for-kalaignars-uzhavar-santhai-2344931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/are-tamil-nadu-s-samathuvapurams-losing-their-sheen-111421">"Are Tamil Nadu's Samathuvapurams losing their sheen?"</a>. The News Minute. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Are+Tamil+Nadu%27s+Samathuvapurams+losing+their+sheen%3F&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fare-tamil-nadu-s-samathuvapurams-losing-their-sheen-111421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/samathuvapuram-an-ideal-thats-far-removed-from-reality/articleshow/87580299.cms">"Samathuvapuram: An ideal that's far removed from reality"</a>. The Times of India. 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Samathuvapuram%3A+An+ideal+that%27s+far+removed+from+reality&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fsamathuvapuram-an-ideal-thats-far-removed-from-reality%2Farticleshow%2F87580299.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/01/from-the-archives-1996-assembly-polls-brought-great-upset-for-aiadmk-2297077.html">"From the archives: 1996 Assembly polls brought great upset for AIADMK"</a>. The New Indian Express. May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=From+the+archives%3A+1996+Assembly+polls+brought+great+upset+for+AIADMK&rft.date=2021-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2021%2Fmay%2F01%2Ffrom-the-archives-1996-assembly-polls-brought-great-upset-for-aiadmk-2297077.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radhakrishnan_2018-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radhakrishnan_2018_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhakrishnan_2018_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan2018" class="citation web cs1">Radhakrishnan, R. K. (17 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24702996.ece">"Deft double role"</a>. Frontline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Deft+double+role&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fcover-story%2Farticle24702996.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Monumental-achievements/article16566833.ece">"Monumental achievements"</a>. The Hindu. 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Monumental+achievements&rft.date=2010-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2FMonumental-achievements%2Farticle16566833.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/mk-stalin-contest-kolathur-udhayanidhi-chepauk-7209598/">"MK Stalin to contest from Kolathur, his son Udhayanidhi from Chepauk"</a>. 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MK+Stalin+to+contest+from+Kolathur%2C+his+son+Udhayanidhi+from+Chepauk&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fmk-stalin-contest-kolathur-udhayanidhi-chepauk-7209598%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/may/24tn.htm">"Karunanidhi writes to PM over Azhagiri's arrest"</a>. Rediff.com. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karunanidhi+writes+to+PM+over+Azhagiri%27s+arrest&rft.pub=Rediff.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fmay%2F24tn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/12th_2001/overview.php">"12th Assembly – Overview"</a>. assembly.tn.gov.in. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assembly.tn.gov.in&rft.atitle=12th+Assembly+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assembly.tn.gov.in%2Farchive%2F12th_2001%2Foverview.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravishankar-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ravishankar_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravishankar_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavishankar" class="citation web cs1">Ravishankar, Sandhya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/news/special/jaya-had-her-revenge-but-karunanidhi-won-the-war/20180808.htm">"Jaya had her revenge, but Karunanidhi won the war"</a>. Rediff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff&rft.atitle=Jaya+had+her+revenge%2C+but+Karunanidhi+won+the+war&rft.aulast=Ravishankar&rft.aufirst=Sandhya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial%2Fjaya-had-her-revenge-but-karunanidhi-won-the-war%2F20180808.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2018" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, D. Suresh (8 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-emotions-overwhelmed-him/article24627889.ece">"When emotions overwhelmed Karunanidhi"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=When+emotions+overwhelmed+Karunanidhi&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=D.+Suresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fwhen-emotions-overwhelmed-him%2Farticle24627889.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.readersdigest.in/culturescape/story-looking-back-at-a-political-shocker-when-jayalalithaa-ordered-the-arrest-of-dmk-head-m.-karunanidhi-125762">"Looking Back at a Political Shocker: When Jayalalithaa Ordered The Arrest Of DMK Head M. Karunanidhi"</a>. readersdigest.in. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=readersdigest.in&rft.atitle=Looking+Back+at+a+Political+Shocker%3A+When+Jayalalithaa+Ordered+The+Arrest+Of+DMK+Head+M.+Karunanidhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.readersdigest.in%2Fculturescape%2Fstory-looking-back-at-a-political-shocker-when-jayalalithaa-ordered-the-arrest-of-dmk-head-m.-karunanidhi-125762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060601062532/http://www.blonnet.com/businessline/2001/07/01/stories/14015501.htm">"Karunanidhi held in pre-dawn swoop – Jailed on corruption charges"</a>. Blonnet.com. 31 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blonnet.com/businessline/2001/07/01/stories/14015501.htm">the original</a> on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karunanidhi+held+in+pre-dawn+swoop+%E2%80%93+Jailed+on+corruption+charges&rft.pub=Blonnet.com&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blonnet.com%2Fbusinessline%2F2001%2F07%2F01%2Fstories%2F14015501.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChennai2001" class="citation web cs1">Chennai, T. S. SUBRAMANIAN in (6 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30251114.ece">"TAMIL NADU'S SHAME"</a>. Frontline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=TAMIL+NADU%27S+SHAME&rft.date=2001-07-06&rft.aulast=Chennai&rft.aufirst=T.+S.+SUBRAMANIAN+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fcover-story%2Farticle30251114.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaitleyBhatt2001" class="citation news cs1">Jaitley, Arun; Bhatt, Sheela (30 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928213513/http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2001/jun/30tn10.htm">"Personal agenda prevailed over rule of the law"</a>. Rediff OnTheNet. New Delhi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2001/jun/30tn10.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff+OnTheNet&rft.atitle=Personal+agenda+prevailed+over+rule+of+the+law&rft.date=2001-06-30&rft.aulast=Jaitley&rft.aufirst=Arun&rft.au=Bhatt%2C+Sheela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiaabroad.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fjun%2F30tn10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/may/21tn.htm">"Police drop flyover case against Karunanidhi"</a>. Rediff.com. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+drop+flyover+case+against+Karunanidhi&rft.pub=Rediff.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fmay%2F21tn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/karunanidhi-takes-over-as-tn-cm-for-fifth-time/384526">"Karunanidhi takes over as TN CM for fifth time"</a>. outlookindia.com/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=outlookindia.com%2F&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+takes+over+as+TN+CM+for+fifth+time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewswire%2Fstory%2Fkarunanidhi-takes-over-as-tn-cm-for-fifth-time%2F384526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/karunanidhi-sworn-in-as-tn-cm/story-ArPgSYj90n1pimshHelKgI.html">"Karunanidhi sworn in as TN CM"</a>. Hindustan Times. 13 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+sworn+in+as+TN+CM&rft.date=2006-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Fkarunanidhi-sworn-in-as-tn-cm%2Fstory-ArPgSYj90n1pimshHelKgI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-37625720090123">"Karunanidhi renews resignation threat over Sri Lanka"</a>. Reuters. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+renews+resignation+threat+over+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2009-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidINIndia-37625720090123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/india/changing-face-of-bihars-least-literate-district-now-every-village-has-access-to-a-library/740367/">"Changing face of Bihar's 'least literate' district: Now, every village has access to a library"</a>. 26 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+face+of+Bihar%27s+%27least+literate%27+district%3A+Now%2C+every+village+has+access+to+a+library&rft.date=2021-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Findia%2Fchanging-face-of-bihars-least-literate-district-now-every-village-has-access-to-a-library%2F740367%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/free-land-distribution-scheme-launched-in-tamil-nadu/416357">"Free land distribution scheme launched in Tamil Nadu"</a>. OutlookIndia. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OutlookIndia&rft.atitle=Free+land+distribution+scheme+launched+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewswire%2Fstory%2Ffree-land-distribution-scheme-launched-in-tamil-nadu%2F416357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramps_2021-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramps_2021_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramps_2021_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/ramps-to-reservations-karunanidhis-political-legacy-includes-infrastructure-for-disabled/626047/">"Ramps to reservations – Karunanidhi's political legacy includes infrastructure for disabled"</a>. 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ramps+to+reservations+%E2%80%93+Karunanidhi%27s+political+legacy+includes+infrastructure+for+disabled&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fpageturner%2Fexcerpt%2Framps-to-reservations-karunanidhis-political-legacy-includes-infrastructure-for-disabled%2F626047%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkumar2018" class="citation web cs1">kumar, j v siva prasanna (8 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/080818/build-a-free-hospital-on-land-i-own-in-my-native-village-m-karunanidh.html">"Build a free hospital on land I own in my native village: M Karunanidhi"</a>. Deccan Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Build+a+free+hospital+on+land+I+own+in+my+native+village%3A+M+Karunanidhi&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.aulast=kumar&rft.aufirst=j+v+siva+prasanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fnation%2Fcurrent-affairs%2F080818%2Fbuild-a-free-hospital-on-land-i-own-in-my-native-village-m-karunanidh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kannan_2018-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kannan_2018_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kannan_2018_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKannan2018" class="citation news cs1">Kannan, Ramya (8 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-from-health-care-to-community-living-his-schemes-were-aimed-at-social-equality/article24548812.ece">"M. Karunanidhi: From health care to community living, his schemes were aimed at social equality"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=M.+Karunanidhi%3A+From+health+care+to+community+living%2C+his+schemes+were+aimed+at+social+equality&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Kannan&rft.aufirst=Ramya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fm-karunanidhi-from-health-care-to-community-living-his-schemes-were-aimed-at-social-equality%2Farticle24548812.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/08/25/temple-to-honour-dmk-leader-karunanidhi-to-be-built-in-tn.html">"Temple to honour DMK leader Karunanidhi to be built in TN"</a>. The Week. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Temple+to+honour+DMK+leader+Karunanidhi+to+be+built+in+TN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fnews%2Findia%2F2019%2F08%2F25%2Ftemple-to-honour-dmk-leader-karunanidhi-to-be-built-in-tn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Nath, Akshaya (26 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayushman-bharat-chief-minister-health-insurance-scheme-tamil-nadu-modi-1349261-2018-09-26">"Ayushman Bharat scheme to be merged with Tamil Nadu Chief Minister's Health Insurance Scheme"</a>. India Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Ayushman+Bharat+scheme+to+be+merged+with+Tamil+Nadu+Chief+Minister%27s+Health+Insurance+Scheme&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Akshaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fayushman-bharat-chief-minister-health-insurance-scheme-tamil-nadu-modi-1349261-2018-09-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/karunanidhi-administrator-par-excellence-61343">"Karunanidhi: Administrator par excellence"</a>. downtoearth.org.in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=downtoearth.org.in&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi%3A+Administrator+par+excellence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.downtoearth.org.in%2Fnews%2Fgovernance%2Fkarunanidhi-administrator-par-excellence-61343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Rural-housing-to-become-concrete-structures/article16373470.ece">"Rural housing to become concrete structures"</a>. The Hindu. 23 April 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Rural+housing+to+become+concrete+structures&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2FRural-housing-to-become-concrete-structures%2Farticle16373470.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneindia.com/2008/02/16/karunanidhi-launches-phase-3-of-free-ctv-gas-stove-scheme-1203218398.html">"Karunanidhi launches Phase 3 of free CTV, gas stove scheme"</a>. OnIndia. 17 February 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OnIndia&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+launches+Phase+3+of+free+CTV%2C+gas+stove+scheme&rft.date=2008-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneindia.com%2F2008%2F02%2F16%2Fkarunanidhi-launches-phase-3-of-free-ctv-gas-stove-scheme-1203218398.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Fourteenth Assembly Election Results in Tamil Nadu". Economic and Political Weekly. 46 (25): 138–142. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23018681">23018681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Fourteenth+Assembly+Election+Results+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=138-142&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23018681%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2011" class="citation news cs1">Srinivasan, G. (13 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karunanidhi-wins-by-a-huge-margin-in-tiruvarur/article2016094.ece">"Karunanidhi wins by a huge margin in Tiruvarur"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+wins+by+a+huge+margin+in+Tiruvarur&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkarunanidhi-wins-by-a-huge-margin-in-tiruvarur%2Farticle2016094.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/people-have-given-me-proper-rest-says-karunanidhi/">"People have given me proper rest, says Karunanidhi"</a>. 13 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+have+given+me+proper+rest%2C+says+Karunanidhi&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Flatest-news%2Fpeople-have-given-me-proper-rest-says-karunanidhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Karunanidhi-donates-Gopalapuram-residence/article16240543.ece">"Karunanidhi donates Gopalapuram residence"</a>. The Hindu. 3 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+donates+Gopalapuram+residence&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2FKarunanidhi-donates-Gopalapuram-residence%2Farticle16240543.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/03/25/data-story-how-dmk-ended-up-losing-20-16-election.html">"Data story: How DMK ended up losing 2016 election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Week_(Indian_magazine)" title="The Week (Indian magazine)">The Week</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Data+story%3A+How+DMK+ended+up+losing+2016+election&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fnews%2Findia%2F2021%2F03%2F25%2Fdata-story-how-dmk-ended-up-losing-20-16-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/karunanidhi-breaks-his-own-record-of-victory-margin/article8623159.ece">"Karunanidhi breaks his own record of victory margin"</a>. The Hindu. 20 May 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+breaks+his+own+record+of+victory+margin&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Felections%2Ftamilnadu2016%2Fkarunanidhi-breaks-his-own-record-of-victory-margin%2Farticle8623159.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThangavelu2017" class="citation web cs1">Thangavelu, Dharani (4 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/tHFIyhHcjxdB2O6L2Tcm7J/Stalin-named-as-DMK-working-president-amid-the-churn-in-Tami.html">"Stalin named as DMK working president amid a churn in Tamil Nadu politics"</a>. mint.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mint&rft.atitle=Stalin+named+as+DMK+working+president+amid+a+churn+in+Tamil+Nadu+politics&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft.aulast=Thangavelu&rft.aufirst=Dharani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FPolitics%2FtHFIyhHcjxdB2O6L2Tcm7J%2FStalin-named-as-DMK-working-president-amid-the-churn-in-Tami.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venkataramanan_2018-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Venkataramanan_2018_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venkataramanan_2018_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venkataramanan_2018_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venkataramanan_2018_146-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkataramanan2018" class="citation news cs1">Venkataramanan, K. (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-a-lifelong-warrior-for-sri-lankan-tamil-cause-but-misunderstood-in-the-end/article24548728.ece">"M. Karunanidhi: A lifelong warrior for Sri Lankan Tamil cause, but misunderstood in the end"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=M.+Karunanidhi%3A+A+lifelong+warrior+for+Sri+Lankan+Tamil+cause%2C+but+misunderstood+in+the+end&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Venkataramanan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fm-karunanidhi-a-lifelong-warrior-for-sri-lankan-tamil-cause-but-misunderstood-in-the-end%2Farticle24548728.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panneerselvan_2021-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panneerselvan_2021_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panneerselvan_2021_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Panneerselvan, A. S. (21 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/karunanidhi-and-the-sri-lankan-tamil-issue-book-excerpt-karunanidhi-a-life-by-a-s-panneerselvan/article34117100.ece">"Karunanidhi and the Sri Lankan Tamil Issue"</a>. Frontline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+and+the+Sri+Lankan+Tamil+Issue&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft.aulast=Panneerselvan&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fkarunanidhi-and-the-sri-lankan-tamil-issue-book-excerpt-karunanidhi-a-life-by-a-s-panneerselvan%2Farticle34117100.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524063546/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/14/20392/A-Fresh-Assessment-of-Karunanidhi-Sri-Lanka-LTTE-Policy">"A Fresh Assessment of Karunanidhi' Sri Lanka (LTTE) Policy"</a>. thecitizen.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/14/20392/a-fresh-assessment-of-karunanidhi-sri-lanka-ltte-policy">the original</a> on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecitizen.in&rft.atitle=A+Fresh+Assessment+of+Karunanidhi%27+Sri+Lanka+%28LTTE%29+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecitizen.in%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fnewsdetail%2Findex%2F14%2F20392%2Fa-fresh-assessment-of-karunanidhi-sri-lanka-ltte-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Week-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Week_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Week_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/07/28/Karunanidhi-A-blind-champion-of-Tamil-cause.html">"Karunanidhi: A blind champion of the Lankan Tamil cause"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Week_(Indian_magazine)" title="The Week (Indian magazine)">The Week</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi%3A+A+blind+champion+of+the+Lankan+Tamil+cause&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fnews%2Findia%2F2018%2F07%2F28%2FKarunanidhi-A-blind-champion-of-Tamil-cause.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramakrishnan_2018-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramakrishnan_2018_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramakrishnan_2018_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishnan2018" class="citation news cs1">Ramakrishnan, T. (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karunanidhi-a-die-hard-proponent-of-tamil-language/article24548741.ece">"Karunanidhi: A die-hard proponent of Tamil language"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi%3A+A+die-hard+proponent+of+Tamil+language&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Ramakrishnan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fkarunanidhi-a-die-hard-proponent-of-tamil-language%2Farticle24548741.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.2010" class="citation news cs1">T., Ramakrishnan (16 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519120624/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/16/stories/2010051660120100.htm">"Front Page: Theme song launched for world classical Tamil meet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/16/stories/2010051660120100.htm">the original</a> on 19 May 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Front+Page%3A+Theme+song+launched+for+world+classical+Tamil+meet&rft.date=2010-05-16&rft.aulast=T.&rft.aufirst=Ramakrishnan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2010%2F05%2F16%2Fstories%2F2010051660120100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarashima2010" class="citation news cs1">Karashima, Noboru (23 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/IATR-and-the-World-Classical-Tamil-Conference/article16206321.ece">"IATR and the World Classical Tamil Conference"</a>. The Hindu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=IATR+and+the+World+Classical+Tamil+Conference&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft.aulast=Karashima&rft.aufirst=Noboru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2FIATR-and-the-World-Classical-Tamil-Conference%2Farticle16206321.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101165038/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/jun/23/making-a-case-for-classical-tamil-125925.html">"Making a case for classical Tamil"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/jun/23/making-a-case-for-classical-tamil-125925.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Making+a+case+for+classical+Tamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2010%2Fjun%2F23%2Fmaking-a-case-for-classical-tamil-125925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/how-karunanidhi-hijacked-tamil-meet/639269/1">"How Karunanidhi hijacked Tamil meet – Indian Express"</a>. The Indian Express.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=How+Karunanidhi+hijacked+Tamil+meet+%E2%80%93+Indian+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-karunanidhi-hijacked-tamil-meet%2F639269%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326130359/http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=817&StoryStyle=FullStory">"The Last Lear – The Long Profile of Karunanidhi in The Caravan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Caravan_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caravan (magazine)">The Caravan India</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=817&StoryStyle=FullStory">the original</a> on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Caravan+India&rft.atitle=The+Last+Lear+%E2%80%93+The+Long+Profile+of+Karunanidhi+in+The+Caravan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaravanmagazine.in%2FStory.aspx%3FStoryid%3D817%26StoryStyle%3DFullStory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guneratne_2003-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne_2003_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne_2003_156-1">b</a> <a href="#Guneratne">Guneratne 2003</a>, p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardgrave_1973-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hardgrave_1973_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardgrave_1973_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardgrave_1973_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardgrave_1973_157-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardgrave1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hardgrave, Robert L Jr. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/34387/1/politicsandthefilm.pdf">"Politics and the Film in Tamil Nadu: The Stars and the DMK"</a> (PDF). Asian Survey. 13 (3): 288–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2643038">10.2307/2643038</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2152%2F34387">2152/34387</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643038">2643038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Politics+and+the+Film+in+Tamil+Nadu%3A+The+Stars+and+the+DMK&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-305&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2152%2F34387&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2643038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2643038&rft.aulast=Hardgrave&rft.aufirst=Robert+L+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2152%2F34387%2F1%2Fpoliticsandthefilm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.2006" class="citation news cs1">A., Srivathsan (12 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613192240/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/12/stories/2006061206151100.htm">"Films and the politics of convenience"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/12/stories/2006061206151100.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Films+and+the+politics+of+convenience&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.aulast=A.&rft.aufirst=Srivathsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F06%2F12%2Fstories%2F2006061206151100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Indian_Express_2018-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_2018_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_2018_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_2018_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_2018_159-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_2018_159-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_2018_159-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_2018_159-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_2018_159-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_2018_159-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/karunanidhi-books-karunanidhi-funeral-karunanidhi-life-story-5297908/">"Muthuvel Karunanidhi's life immortalised in books"</a>. The Indian Express. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Muthuvel+Karunanidhi%27s+life+immortalised+in+books&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Flifestyle%2Fbooks%2Fkarunanidhi-books-karunanidhi-funeral-karunanidhi-life-story-5297908%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/a-man-of-letters-who-straddled-the-stage-and-the-celluloid-world/article24624754.ece">"A man of letters, who straddled the stage and the celluloid world"</a>. 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+man+of+letters%2C+who+straddled+the+stage+and+the+celluloid+world&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fa-man-of-letters-who-straddled-the-stage-and-the-celluloid-world%2Farticle24624754.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/p102/p1024/html/p1024334.htm">"Self respect movement (Dravida Iyakkam) plays by Bharathidasan, C.N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi and others"</a>. Tamil Virtual University. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tamil+Virtual+University&rft.atitle=Self+respect+movement+%28Dravida+Iyakkam%29+plays+by+Bharathidasan%2C+C.N.+Annadurai%2C+M.+Karunanidhi+and+others.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilvu.org%2Fcourses%2Fdegree%2Fp102%2Fp1024%2Fhtml%2Fp1024334.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807180528/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/aug/07/life-and-family-of-dmk-supremo-kalaignar-m-karunanidhi-1854601.html">"Life and family of DMK supremo 'Kalaignar' M Karunanidhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. 7 August 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/aug/07/life-and-family-of-dmk-supremo-kalaignar-m-karunanidhi-1854601.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Life+and+family+of+DMK+supremo+%27Kalaignar%27+M+Karunanidhi&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2018%2Faug%2F07%2Flife-and-family-of-dmk-supremo-kalaignar-m-karunanidhi-1854601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/this-is-the-real-reason-behind-late-m-karunanidhis-style-statement-of-wearing-black-glasses">"This is the real reason behind late M Karunanidhi's 'style statement' of wearing black glasses"</a>. Free Press Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Press+Journal&rft.atitle=This+is+the+real+reason+behind+late+M+Karunanidhi%27s+%27style+statement%27+of+wearing+black+glasses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepressjournal.in%2Fcmcm%2Fthis-is-the-real-reason-behind-late-m-karunanidhis-style-statement-of-wearing-black-glasses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807215150/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/aug/07/when-kalaignar-m-karunanidhi-bid-adieu-to-his-black-glasses-after-46-years-1854609.html">"When Kalaignar M Karunanidhi bid adieu to his black glasses after 46 years"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/aug/07/when-kalaignar-m-karunanidhi-bid-adieu-to-his-black-glasses-after-46-years-1854609.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Kalaignar+M+Karunanidhi+bid+adieu+to+his+black+glasses+after+46+years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2018%2Faug%2F07%2Fwhen-kalaignar-m-karunanidhi-bid-adieu-to-his-black-glasses-after-46-years-1854609.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Hindu_Net_Desk2018" class="citation news cs1">The Hindu Net Desk (29 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karunanidhis-vital-signs-normalising-says-hospital/article24547486.ece">"Karunanidhi's vital signs normalising after transient setback, says hospital"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi%27s+vital+signs+normalising+after+transient+setback%2C+says+hospital&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.au=The+Hindu+Net+Desk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fkarunanidhis-vital-signs-normalising-says-hospital%2Farticle24547486.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45002229">"Crowds amass for ailing Indian politician"</a>. BBC News. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Crowds+amass+for+ailing+Indian+politician&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-45002229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-passes-away/article24624413.ece">"'Kalaignar' M. Karunanidhi, former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and DMK chief, passes away aged 94"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27Kalaignar%27+M.+Karunanidhi%2C+former+Tamil+Nadu+Chief+Minister+and+DMK+chief%2C+passes+away+aged+94&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fm-karunanidhi-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-passes-away%2Farticle24624413.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tn-govt-announces-7-day-mourning-over-karunanidhis-death/article24625906.ece/#stateGovt">"TN govt announces 7-day mourning over Karunanidhi's death"</a>. Business Line. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Line&rft.atitle=TN+govt+announces+7-day+mourning+over+Karunanidhi%27s+death&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftn-govt-announces-7-day-mourning-over-karunanidhis-death%2Farticle24625906.ece%2F%23stateGovt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStalinMajumder2019" class="citation news cs1">Stalin, J Sam Daniel; Majumder, Soumyajit (22 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/karunanidhi-funeral-thousands-pay-homage-to-karunanidhi-madras-high-court-hearing-on-burial-site-10-1896941">"Karunanidhi Buried at Chennai's Marina Beach, Next To Mentor Annadurai"</a>. NDTV. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+Buried+at+Chennai%27s+Marina+Beach%2C+Next+To+Mentor+Annadurai&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft.aulast=Stalin&rft.aufirst=J+Sam+Daniel&rft.au=Majumder%2C+Soumyajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fkarunanidhi-funeral-thousands-pay-homage-to-karunanidhi-madras-high-court-hearing-on-burial-site-10-1896941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/karunanidhi-death-died-government-of-india-declares-one-day-state-mourning-across-india/266056">"DMK chief M Karunanidhi death: One day national mourning declared by Centre"</a>. Times now news. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DMK+chief+M+Karunanidhi+death%3A+One+day+national+mourning+declared+by+Centre&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Findia%2Farticle%2Fkarunanidhi-death-died-government-of-india-declares-one-day-state-mourning-across-india%2F266056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233758/https://headlinestoday.org/national/1352/national-flag-flew-half-mast-marking-death-of-karunanidhi/">"National Flag Flew Half Mast Marking Death Of Karunanidhi"</a>. Headlines Today. 8 August 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://headlinestoday.org/national/1352/national-flag-flew-half-mast-marking-death-of-karunanidhi/">the original</a> on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=National+Flag+Flew+Half+Mast+Marking+Death+Of+Karunanidhi&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheadlinestoday.org%2Fnational%2F1352%2Fnational-flag-flew-half-mast-marking-death-of-karunanidhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807220456/https://headlinestoday.org/national/1328/former-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu-and-dmk-chief-m-karunanidhi-passed-away/#stateGovt">"Former Chief Minister Of Tamil Nadu And DMK Chief M Karunanidhi Passed Away"</a>. Headlines Today. 7 August 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://headlinestoday.org/national/1328/former-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu-and-dmk-chief-m-karunanidhi-passed-away/#stateGovt">the original</a> on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+Chief+Minister+Of+Tamil+Nadu+And+DMK+Chief+M+Karunanidhi+Passed+Away&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheadlinestoday.org%2Fnational%2F1328%2Fformer-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu-and-dmk-chief-m-karunanidhi-passed-away%2F%23stateGovt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/shocked-by-the-death-of-m-karunanidhi-248-party-workers-died-dmk-118082800599_1.html">"Shocked by the death of M Karunanidhi, 248 party workers died: DMK"</a>. Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=Shocked+by+the+death+of+M+Karunanidhi%2C+248+party+workers+died%3A+DMK&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Fshocked-by-the-death-of-m-karunanidhi-248-party-workers-died-dmk-118082800599_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drkalaignar.org_2009-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drkalaignar.org_2009_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drkalaignar.org_2009_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107084951/http://www.drkalaignar.org/about-kalaignar/awards/">"Awards"</a>. Drkalaignar.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drkalaignar.org/about-kalaignar/awards/">the original</a> on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awards&rft.pub=Drkalaignar.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drkalaignar.org%2Fabout-kalaignar%2Fawards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-editorial/honorary-dr-more-the-merrier/articleshow/3830806.cms">"Honorary Dr: More the Merrier"</a>. The Economic Times. 13 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Honorary+Dr%3A+More+the+Merrier&rft.date=2008-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fet-editorial%2Fhonorary-dr-more-the-merrier%2Farticleshow%2F3830806.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneindia.com/2007/06/03/tmmk-to-confer-karunanidhi-with-friend-of-the-community-title-1180859680.html">"MK awarded 'Friend of the Community' title"</a>. Retrieved 20 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MK+awarded+%27Friend+of+the+Community%27+title&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneindia.com%2F2007%2F06%2F03%2Ftmmk-to-confer-karunanidhi-with-friend-of-the-community-title-1180859680.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECoI_1977a-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECoI_1977a_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECoI_1977a_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp08.htm">"Party wise comparison since 1977 in Anna Nagar constituency"</a>. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+wise+comparison+since+1977+in+Anna+Nagar+constituency&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feci.nic.in%2Feci_main%2Felectionanalysis%2FAE%2FS22%2Fpartycomp08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECoI_1977c-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECoI_1977c_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECoI_1977c_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp02.htm">"Party wise comparison since 1977 in Harbour constituency"</a>. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+wise+comparison+since+1977+in+Harbour+constituency&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feci.nic.in%2Feci_main%2Felectionanalysis%2FAE%2FS22%2Fpartycomp02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECoI_1977b-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECoI_1977b_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECoI_1977b_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECoI_1977b_179-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp11.htm">"Party wise comparison since 1977 in Chepauk constituency"</a>. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+wise+comparison+since+1977+in+Chepauk+constituency&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feci.nic.in%2Feci_main%2Felectionanalysis%2FAE%2FS22%2Fpartycomp11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#thirteenth">Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011</a>, p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3473-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2016/">"Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2016"</a>. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Election+Commission+of+India&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu+General+Legislative+Election+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.eci.gov.in%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2F3473-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> [Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–70 1967], pp. 6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> [Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70 1971], p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Assembly_2014-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_2014_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_2014_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_2014_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_2014_184-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_2014_184-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_2014_184-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_2014_184-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assembly_2014_184-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083126/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm">"Details of Successive legislative assemblies constituted under the constitution of India"</a>. Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Details+of+Successive+legislative+assemblies+constituted+under+the+constitution+of+India&rft.pub=Tamil+Nadu+Legislative+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assembly.tn.gov.in%2Farchive%2Flist%2Fassemblies-overview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> [Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70 1971], p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> [Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76 1976], p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> [Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80 1980], p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> [Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980], p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> [Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989], p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> [Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996], p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> [Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2001], p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> [Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006], p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sannith_2021-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sannith_2021_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sannith_2021_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSannith2021" class="citation web cs1">Sannith, Jude (7 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/not-in-the-name-of-god-why-mk-stalins-atheism-is-par-for-the-course-9230411.htm">"Not in the name of God: Why MK Stalin's atheism is par for the course"</a>. cnbctv18.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnbctv18.com&rft.atitle=Not+in+the+name+of+God%3A+Why+MK+Stalin%27s+atheism+is+par+for+the+course&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft.aulast=Sannith&rft.aufirst=Jude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbctv18.com%2Fviews%2Fnot-in-the-name-of-god-why-mk-stalins-atheism-is-par-for-the-course-9230411.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Outlook-Eng-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Outlook-Eng_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlook-Eng_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/will-karunanidhi-dare-to-ask-for-engineering-certificates-from-other-religions/505081">"Will Karunanidhi dare to ask for engineering certificates from other religions?"</a>. outlookindia.com/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=outlookindia.com%2F&rft.atitle=Will+Karunanidhi+dare+to+ask+for+engineering+certificates+from+other+religions%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewswire%2Fstory%2Fwill-karunanidhi-dare-to-ask-for-engineering-certificates-from-other-religions%2F505081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cpm-backs-karunanidhi-on-ram-setu/articleshow/2390065.cms">"CPM backs Karunanidhi on Ram Setu"</a>. The Times of India. 21 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=CPM+backs+Karunanidhi+on+Ram+Setu&rft.date=2007-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fcpm-backs-karunanidhi-on-ram-setu%2Farticleshow%2F2390065.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/sep/18ram1.htm">"Bomb hurled at TN CM's daughter's house"</a>. Rediff.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomb+hurled+at+TN+CM%27s+daughter%27s+house&rft.pub=Rediff.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fsep%2F18ram1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chennai-bound-bus-set-on-fire-2-burnt-to-death/story-4TnHXPtYTMHR6mO00KjAmL.html">"Chennai-bound bus set on fire, 2 burnt to death"</a>. Hindustan Times. 19 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Chennai-bound+bus+set+on+fire%2C+2+burnt+to+death&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Fchennai-bound-bus-set-on-fire-2-burnt-to-death%2Fstory-4TnHXPtYTMHR6mO00KjAmL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421163353/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karunanidhi-flip-flops-says-cant-forgive-ltte/90663-37.html">"Karunanidhi flip flops, says can't forgive LTTE"</a>. CNN-IBN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karunanidhi-flip-flops-says-cant-forgive-ltte/90663-37.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karunanidhi+flip+flops%2C+says+can%27t+forgive+LTTE&rft.pub=CNN-IBN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibnlive.in.com%2Fnews%2Fkarunanidhi-flip-flops-says-cant-forgive-ltte%2F90663-37.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamilNet2012" class="citation web cs1">TamilNet (21 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234628/http://www.tamilnet.tv/tn/2012/04/karunanidhi-tamil-eelam-still-around-the-corner/">"Karunanidhi: "Tamil Eelam Still Around the Corner""</a>. Tamilnet.tv. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnet.tv/tn/2012/04/karunanidhi-tamil-eelam-still-around-the-corner/">the original</a> on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karunanidhi%3A+%22Tamil+Eelam+Still+Around+the+Corner%22&rft.pub=Tamilnet.tv&rft.date=2012-04-21&rft.au=TamilNet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnet.tv%2Ftn%2F2012%2F04%2Fkarunanidhi-tamil-eelam-still-around-the-corner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS2015" class="citation book cs1">S, Rajanayagam (12 June 2015). Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth. Routledge, 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58772-9"><bdi>978-1-317-58772-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Cinema+and+Politics+in+South+India%3A+The+Films+of+MGR+and+Rajinikanth&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+2015&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58772-9&rft.aulast=S&rft.aufirst=Rajanayagam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034354/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html">"India Today Cover Story Jain Commission Revelations: Damning the DMK]"</a>. India Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=India+Today+Cover+Story+Jain+Commission+Revelations%3A+Damning+the+DMK%26%2393%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.india-today.com%2Fitoday%2F17111997%2Fcov.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040228033749/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm">"No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. 14 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm">the original</a> on 28 February 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=No+adverse+comments+on+DMK+leaders+in+Jain+report&rft.date=2004-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2004%2F02%2F14%2Fstories%2F2004021405140100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS2015" class="citation book cs1">S, Rajanayagam (12 June 2015). Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth. Routledge, 2015. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58772-9"><bdi>978-1-317-58772-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Cinema+and+Politics+in+South+India%3A+The+Films+of+MGR+and+Rajinikanth&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+2015&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58772-9&rft.aulast=S&rft.aufirst=Rajanayagam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034411/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html">"Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin"</a>. India Today. 1 November 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Politics%3A+Special+Series%3B+M+K+Stalin&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.india-today.com%2Fitoday%2F19991101%2Fstalin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dailythanthi.com_2018-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dailythanthi.com_2018_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dailythanthi.com_2018_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2018/08/08122053/Drama-and-Books-by-Karunanidhi.vpf">"கருணாநிதி எழுதிய நாடகங்கள், புத்தகங்கள்"</a>. Dailythanthi.com. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dailythanthi.com&rft.atitle=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%2C+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailythanthi.com%2FNews%2FState%2F2018%2F08%2F08122053%2FDrama-and-Books-by-Karunanidhi.vpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1v1AnQEACAAJ">சிந்தனையும் செயலும்</a> (in Tamil). தமிழ்க்கனி பதிப்பகம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.pub=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1v1AnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kceGOwAACAAJ">நெருக்கடி நெருப்பாறு</a> (in Tamil). திருமகள் நிலையம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81&rft.pub=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkceGOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0O6SOwAACAAJ">பேசும் கலை வளர்ப்போம்</a> (in Tamil). பாரதி பதிப்பகம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.pub=%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0O6SOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ue3XwAACAAJ">அணையா விளக்கு அண்ணா</a> (in Tamil). தி. மு. க. தலைமைக்கழகம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE&rft.pub=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF.+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81.+%E0%AE%95.+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ue3XwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9_pOwAACAAJ">யாரால்? யாரால்? யாரால்?</a> (in Tamil). பாரதி பதிப்பகம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%3F+%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%3F+%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%3F&rft.pub=%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ9_pOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jm1HPwAACAAJ">சங்கத் தமிழ்</a> (in Tamil). திருமகள் நிலையம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D&rft.pub=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djm1HPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5i5-XwAACAAJ">பொங்கி வரும் புது வெள்ளம்</a> (in Tamil). திருமகள் நிலையம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.pub=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5i5-XwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qxNInQEACAAJ">காலப் பேழையும் கவிதைச் சாவியும்</a> (in Tamil). தமிழ்க்கனி பதிப்பகம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.pub=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqxNInQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wcVlPQAACAAJ">இளைய சமுதாயம் எழுகவே!</a> (in Tamil). திருமகள் நிலையம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%21&rft.pub=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwcVlPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFமு.கருணாநிதி" class="citation web cs1">மு.கருணாநிதி, Kalaingar M. Karunanidhi [கலைஞர். <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://routemybook.com/products_details/kalaignarin-kavithai-mazhai-1706">"Kalaignarin Kavithai Mazhai [கலைஞரின் கவிதை மழை]"</a>. Routemybook. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routemybook&rft.atitle=Kalaignarin+Kavithai+Mazhai+%5B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%5D&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81.%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=Kalaingar+M.+Karunanidhi+%5B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froutemybook.com%2Fproducts_details%2Fkalaignarin-kavithai-mazhai-1706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-8HPAAACAAJ">மணி மகுடம்</a> (in Tamil). பாரதி பதிப்பகம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.pub=%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5-8HPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_u8MwEACAAJ">வழிமேல் விழிவைத்து</a> (in Tamil). திருமகள் நிலையம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81&rft.pub=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_u8MwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F06sXwAACAAJ">மறக்கமுடியுமா?</a> (in Tamil). திராவிட முன்னேற்றக் கழகம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%3F&rft.pub=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF06sXwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFகருணாநிதி2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">கருணாநிதி, கலைஞர் மு (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrvPOwAACAAJ">கலைஞர் சொன்ன கதைகள்</a> (in Tamil). பாரதி பதிப்பகம்.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D&rft.pub=%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrvPOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Guneratne" class="citation book cs1">Guneratne, Anthony R.; <a href="/wiki/Wimal_Dissanayake" title="Wimal Dissanayake">Wimal Dissanayake</a>; Sumita S. Chakravarty (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2IFR0oHGHKUC">Rethinking Third Cinema</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21354-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21354-1"><bdi>0-415-21354-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Third+Cinema&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-21354-1&rft.aulast=Guneratne&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.au=Wimal+Dissanayake&rft.au=Sumita+S.+Chakravarty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2IFR0oHGHKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ramaswamy" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&chunk.id=s2.2.10&toc.depth=1&toc.id=s1.2.8&brand=ucpress">Passions of the tongue: language devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20805-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20805-6"><bdi>0-520-20805-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passions+of+the+tongue%3A+language+devotion+in+Tamil+India%2C+1891%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-520-20805-6&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Sumathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Feditions%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft5199n9v7%26chunk.id%3Ds2.2.10%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Ds1.2.8%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanneerselvan2021" class="citation book cs1">Panneerselvan, A. S. (15 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXEhEAAAQBAJ">Karunanidhi: A Life</a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-90914-54-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-90914-54-8"><bdi>978-93-90914-54-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karunanidhi%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft.isbn=978-93-90914-54-8&rft.aulast=Panneerselvan&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXEhEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+Karunanidhi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/M._Karunanidhi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326130359/http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=817&StoryStyle=FullStory">The Last Lear: A Long Profile of Muthuvel Karunanidhi by Vinod K Jose in The Caravan magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/karunanidhi.htm">Muthuvel Karunanidhi: One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C. N. Annadurai</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu">Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu</a> First & Second Tenure 1969–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Rule">President's Rule</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Rule">President's Rule</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/V._N._Janaki_Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Janaki Ramachandran">V. N. Janaki Ramachandran</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu">Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu</a> Third Tenure 1989–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Rule">President's Rule</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu">Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu</a> Fourth Tenure 1996–2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu">Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu</a> Fifth Tenure 2006–2011 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chief_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chief ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P._S._Kumaraswamy_Raja" title="P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja">P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bakthavatsalam" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Bakthavatsalam">M. Bakthavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C. N. Annadurai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Janaki_Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Janaki Ramachandran">V. N. Janaki Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Panneerselvam" title="O. Panneerselvam">O. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappadi_K._Palaniswami" title="Edappadi K. Palaniswami">Edappadi K. Palaniswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/60px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/90px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/120px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">V. R. Nedunchezhiyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_14th_Tamil_Nadu_Assembly" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_(2011-2016)" title="Template:Members of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_(2011-2016)" title="Template talk:Members of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_(2011-2016)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_14th_Tamil_Nadu_Assembly" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Tamil_Nadu_Assembly" title="14th Tamil Nadu Assembly">14th Tamil Nadu Assembly</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AIADMK+ alliance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">AIADMK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pon._Raja" title="Pon. Raja">Pon. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Ramanaa" title="B. V. Ramanaa">B. V. Ramanaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Manimaran_(Poonamallee_MLA)" title="R. Manimaran (Poonamallee MLA)">R. Manimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Abdul_Rahim" title="S. Abdul Rahim">S. Abdul Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Vedachalam" title="S. Vedachalam">S. Vedachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Moorthy" title="V. Moorthy">V. Moorthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kuppan" title="K. Kuppan">K. Kuppan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Vetriivel" title="P. Vetriivel">P. Vetriivel</a> (to 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._D._Prabhakar" title="J. C. D. Prabhakar">J. C. D. Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Neelakandan" title="V. Neelakandan">V. Neelakandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Jayakumar" title="D. Jayakumar">D. Jayakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala._Karuppiah" title="Pala. Karuppiah">Pala. Karuppiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Valarmathi" title="B. Valarmathi">B. Valarmathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Gokula_Indira" title="S. Gokula Indira">S. Gokula Indira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Senthamizhan" title="G. Senthamizhan">G. Senthamizhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Kalairajan" title="V. P. Kalairajan">V. P. Kalairajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Rajalakshmi_(politician)" title="R. Rajalakshmi (politician)">R. Rajalakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Ashok" title="M. K. Ashok">M. K. Ashok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Kandan" title="K. P. Kandan">K. P. Kandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Perumal" title="R. Perumal">R. Perumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Dhansingh" title="P. Dhansingh">P. Dhansingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._M._Chinnayya" title="T. K. M. Chinnayya">T. K. M. Chinnayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Manoharan" title="K. Manoharan">K. Manoharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Manoharan" title="R. Manoharan">R. Manoharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Raji" title="V. S. Raji">V. S. Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Kanitha_Sampath" title="S. Kanitha Sampath">S. Kanitha Sampath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Ganesan" title="P. Ganesan">P. Ganesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Somasundaram" title="V. Somasundaram">V. Somasundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Ravi_(politician)" title="S. Ravi (politician)">S. Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mohammed_John" title="A. Mohammed John">A. Mohammed John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Srinivasan" title="R. Srinivasan">R. Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Vijay" title="V. S. Vijay">V. S. Vijay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govi._Sampath_Kumar" title="Govi. Sampath Kumar">Govi. Sampath Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Veeramani" title="K. C. Veeramani">K. C. Veeramani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._Ramesh" title="K. G. Ramesh">K. G. Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._P._Venkatraman" title="V. N. P. Venkatraman">V. N. P. Venkatraman</a> (from 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoranjitham_Nagaraj" title="Manoranjitham Nagaraj">Manoranjitham Nagaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Krishnamoorthy" class="mw-redirect" title="S. S. Krishnamoorthy">S. S. Krishnamoorthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Alaguvelu" title="K. Alaguvelu">K. Alaguvelu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._M._Anandan" title="M. S. M. Anandan">M. S. M. Anandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Anbalagan" title="K. P. Anbalagan">K. P. Anbalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Aranganathan" title="A. K. Aranganathan">A. K. Aranganathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Arukutty" title="V. C. Arukutty">V. C. Arukutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._P._Baskar" title="K. P. P. Baskar">K. P. P. Baskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Bose" title="A. K. Bose">A. K. Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budhichandhiran" title="Budhichandhiran">Budhichandhiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Chandrasekar" title="R. Chandrasekar">R. Chandrasekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._T._Chellapandian" title="S. T. Chellapandian">S. T. Chellapandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chendur_Pandian" title="P. Chendur Pandian">P. Chendur Pandian</a> (to 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._K._Chinnaraj" title="O. K. Chinnaraj">O. K. Chinnaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Chinnaswamy" title="R. Chinnaswamy">R. Chinnaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Palanichamy" title="C. T. Palanichamy">C. T. Palanichamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Damodaran_(politician)" title="S. Damodaran (politician)">S. Damodaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Dhanapal" title="P. Dhanapal">P. Dhanapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Doraikkannu" title="R. Doraikkannu">R. Doraikkannu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Doraisamy" title="R. Doraisamy">R. Doraisamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Duraiappa" title="S. Duraiappa">S. Duraiappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappadi_K._Palaniswami" title="Edappadi K. Palaniswami">Edappadi K. Palaniswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Gopalsamy" title="K. Gopalsamy">K. Gopalsamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Gunaseelan" title="V. Gunaseelan">V. Gunaseelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Gunasekaran" title="M. Gunasekaran">M. Gunasekaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Haridoss" title="D. Haridoss">D. Haridoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Indragandhi" title="T. Indragandhi">T. Indragandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Janagiraman" title="I. Janagiraman">I. Janagiraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayalalithaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayalalithaa">Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Jayapal" title="K. A. Jayapal">K. A. Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Jaya_Sudha" title="L. Jaya Sudha">L. Jaya Sudha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadambur_Raju" title="Kadambur Raju">Kadambur Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._V._Kamaraj" title="N. V. Kamaraj">N. V. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Kamaraj" title="R. Kamaraj">R. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Kamaraj" title="S. Kamaraj">S. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._A._Karuppasamy" title="A. A. Karuppasamy">A. A. Karuppasamy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Desiya_Murpokku_Dravida_Kazhagam" title="Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam">DMDK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Sekar" title="C. H. Sekar">C. H. Sekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Arun_Subramanian" title="M. Arun Subramanian">M. Arun Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Nalla_Thambi" title="K. Nalla Thambi">K. Nalla Thambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Parthasarathy" title="B. Parthasarathy">B. Parthasarathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panruti_S._Ramachandran" title="Panruti S. Ramachandran">Panruti S. Ramachandran</a> (to 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Murugesan" title="D. Murugesan">D. Murugesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Mohan_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Mohan Raj">R. Mohan Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Arulselvan" title="R. Arulselvan">R. Arulselvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Arunpandian" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Arunpandian">C. Arunpandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Babu_Murugavel" title="R. M. Babu Murugavel">R. M. Babu Murugavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Baskar" title="A. Baskar">A. Baskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Chandhirakumar" title="V. C. Chandhirakumar">V. C. Chandhirakumar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._Beem_Rao" title="G. Beem Rao">G. Beem Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Soundararajan" title="A. Soundararajan">A. Soundararajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Balabharathi" title="K. Balabharathi">K. Balabharathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Balakrishnan_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="K. Balakrishnan (Tamil Nadu)">K. Balakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Dillibabu" title="P. Dillibabu">P. Dillibabu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Lingamuthu" title="K. Lingamuthu">K. Lingamuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Arumugham" title="M. Arumugham">M. Arumugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Gunasekaran_(Communist_Party_of_India_politician)" title="S. Gunasekaran (Communist Party of India politician)">S. Gunasekaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manithaneya_Makkal_Katchi" title="Manithaneya Makkal Katchi">MNMK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Aslam_Basha" title="A. Aslam Basha">A. Aslam Basha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Jawahirullah" title="M. H. Jawahirullah">M. H. Jawahirullah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India" title="Republican Party of India">RPI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Thamizharasan" title="C. K. Thamizharasan">C. K. Tamilarasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DMK+ alliance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Anbazhagan" title="J. Anbazhagan">J. Anbazhagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durai_Murugan" title="Durai Murugan">Durai Murugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Anbalagan" title="G. Anbalagan">G. Anbalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anitha_R._Radhakrishnan" title="Anitha R. Radhakrishnan">Anitha R. Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Annadurai" title="R. Annadurai">R. Annadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govi._Chezhian" title="Govi. Chezhian">Govi. Chezhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Eramakrishnan" title="N. Eramakrishnan">N. Eramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunanidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunanidhi">Karunanidhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pattali_Makkal_Katchi" title="Pattali Makkal Katchi">PMK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._Kalai_Arasu" title="M. Kalai Arasu">M. Kalai Arasu</a> (expelled 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Ganeshkumar" title="A. Ganeshkumar">A. Ganeshkumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduvetti_Guru" title="Kaduvetti Guru">Kaduvetti Guru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Gopinath" title="K. Gopinath">K. Gopinath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._John_Jacob" title="S. John Jacob">S. John Jacob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dravidian_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;background:#000000; color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dravidian_politics" title="Template:Dravidian politics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dravidian_politics" title="Template talk:Dravidian politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian politics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dravidian_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dravidian politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_parties" title="Dravidian parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiya_Murpokku_Dravida_Kazhagam" title="Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam">Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilaga_Vettri_Kazhagam" title="Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam">Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union cabinet ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sathiavani_Muthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathiavani Muthu">Sathiavani Muthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravinda_Bala_Pajanor" title="Aravinda Bala Pajanor">Aravinda Bala Pajanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murasoli_Maran" title="Murasoli Maran">Murasoli Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._G._Venkatraman" class="mw-redirect" title="T. G. Venkatraman">T. G. Venkatraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedapatti_R._Muthiah" title="Sedapatti R. Muthiah">Sedapatti R. Muthiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Thambidurai" title="M. Thambidurai">M. Thambidurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._Baalu" title="T. R. Baalu">T. R. Baalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Raja" title="A. Raja">A. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayanidhi_Maran" title="Dayanidhi Maran">Dayanidhi Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Alagiri" title="M. K. Alagiri">M. K. Alagiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C. N. Annadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">V. R. Nedunchezhiyan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._O._H._Farook" title="M. O. H. Farook">M. O. H. Farook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Ramassamy" title="S. Ramassamy">S. Ramassamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._D._R._Ramachandran" title="M. D. R. Ramachandran">M. D. R. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Janaki_Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Janaki Ramachandran">V. N. Janaki Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._V._Janakiraman" title="R. V. Janakiraman">R. V. Janakiraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Panneerselvam" title="O. Panneerselvam">O. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappadi_K._Palaniswami" title="Edappadi K. Palaniswami">Edappadi K. Palaniswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)#Deputy_chief_minister" title="Chief minister (India)">Deputy chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Panneerselvam" title="O. Panneerselvam">O. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhayanidhi_Stalin" title="Udhayanidhi Stalin">Udhayanidhi Stalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha">Deputy speakers of the Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._Lakshmanan" title="G. Lakshmanan">G. Lakshmanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Thambidurai" title="M. Thambidurai">M. Thambidurai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union ministers of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._V._N._Somu" title="N. V. N. Somu">N. V. N. Somu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._Baalu" title="T. R. Baalu">T. R. Baalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Kumar" title="R. K. Kumar">R. K. Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadambur_R._Janarthanan" title="Kadambur R. Janarthanan">Kadambur M. R. Janarthanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Kannappan" title="M. Kannappan">M. Kannappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingee_N._Ramachandran" title="Gingee N. Ramachandran">Gingee N. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Raja" title="A. Raja">A. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Venkatapathy" title="K. Venkatapathy">K. Venkatapathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbulakshmi_Jagadeesan" title="Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan">Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Regupathy" title="S. Regupathy">S. Regupathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Palanimanickam" title="S. S. Palanimanickam">S. S. Palanimanickam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Radhika_Selvi" title="V. Radhika Selvi">V. Radhika Selvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Jagathrakshakan" title="S. Jagathrakshakan">S. Jagathrakshakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Gandhiselvan" title="S. Gandhiselvan">S. Gandhiselvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(actor)" title="Napoleon (actor)">D. Nepoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Legislative Assembly (India)">Speakers of the legislative assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Adithanar" title="S. P. Adithanar">Si. Pa. Adithanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulavar_K._Govindan" title="Pulavar K. Govindan">Pulavar K. Govindan</a></li> <li>S. Perumal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Mathiazhagan" title="K. A. Mathiazhagan">K. A. Mathiazhagan</a></li> <li>S. Pakkiam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munu_Adhi" title="Munu Adhi">Munu Adhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Rajaram" title="K. Rajaram">K. Rajaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._H._Pandian" title="P. H. Pandian">P. H. Pandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Tamilkudimagan" title="M. Tamilkudimagan">M. Tamilkudimagan</a></li> <li>G. Palaniraja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedapatti_R._Muthiah" title="Sedapatti R. Muthiah">Sedapatti R. Muthiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._T._R._Palanivel_Rajan" title="P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan">P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V.M.C._Sivakumar" class="mw-redirect" title="V.M.C. Sivakumar">V. M. C. Sivakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kalimuthu" title="K. Kalimuthu">K. Kalimuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Avudaiyappan" title="R. Avudaiyappan">R. Avudaiyappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Jayakumar" title="D. Jayakumar">D. Jayakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Dhanapal" title="P. Dhanapal">P. Dhanapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Appavu" title="M. Appavu">M. Appavu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%">Deputy speakers of the legislative assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulavar_K._Govindan" title="Pulavar K. Govindan">Pulavar K. Govindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._Edmund" title="G. R. Edmund">G. R. Edmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Seenivasan" title="P. Seenivasan">P. Seenivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Ganapathy_(Thanjavur)" title="N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)">N. Ganapathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su._Thirunavukkarasar" title="Su. Thirunavukkarasar">Su. Thirunavukkarasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._H._Pandian" title="P. H. Pandian">P. H. Pandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Balasubramanian" title="V. P. Balasubramanian">V. P. Balasubramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Duraisamy" title="V. P. Duraisamy">V. P. Duraisamy</a></li> <li>K. Ponnusamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Gandhirajan" title="S. Gandhirajan">S. Gandhirajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parithi_Ilamvazhuthi" title="Parithi Ilamvazhuthi">Parithi Ilamvazhuthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Arunachalam" title="A. Arunachalam">A. Arunachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Dhanapal" title="P. Dhanapal">P. Dhanapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollachi_V._Jayaraman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollachi V. Jayaraman">Pollachi V. Jayaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Pitchandi" title="K. Pitchandi">K. Pitchandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(India)" title="Leader of the Opposition (India)">Leaders of the opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">V. R. Nedunchezhiyan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li>P. K. Loganathan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li>S. R. Eradha</li> <li>V. M. C. V. Ganapathy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._V._Janakiraman" title="R. V. Janakiraman">R. V. Janakiraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K. Anbazhagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Panneerselvam" title="O. Panneerselvam">O. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.M.H._Nazeem" class="mw-redirect" title="A.M.H. Nazeem">A. M. H. Nazeem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayakant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayakant">Vijayakant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Siva" title="R. Siva">R. Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappadi_K._Palaniswami" title="Edappadi K. Palaniswami">Edappadi K. Palaniswami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%">Deputy leaders of the opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K. Anbazhagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su._Thirunavukkarasar" title="Su. Thirunavukkarasar">Su. Thirunavukkarasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraimurugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duraimurugan">Duraimurugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Sengottaiyan" title="K. A. Sengottaiyan">K. A. Sengottaiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Panneerselvam" title="O. Panneerselvam">O. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panruti_S._Ramachandran" title="Panruti S. Ramachandran">Panruti S. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alagaapuram_R._Mohanraj" title="Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj">Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Udhayakumar" title="R. B. Udhayakumar">R. B. Udhayakumar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E5E5E5; color:#000000;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema_and_Dravidian_politics" title="Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics">Cinema in Dravidian politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_movement" title="Dravidian movement">Dravidian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidianism">Dravidianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Dravidian_parties_to_power_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Rise of Dravidian parties to power in Tamil Nadu">Rise of Dravidian parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lankan_civil_war_(1983–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Template:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_civil_war_(1983–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a> (1983–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1956 anti-Tamil pogrom">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1981 anti-Tamil pogrom">1981</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna Library">Burning of Jaffna Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Patrol_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)">LRRP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Police Service">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Task_Force_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Task Force (Sri Lanka)">Special Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Civil_Security_Force" title="Sri Lanka Civil Security Force">Home Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_civilians_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" title="List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces">Attacks on civilians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_assassinated_by_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people assassinated by Sri Lankan government forces">Assassinations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/23px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/35px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/45px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tigers" title="Air Tigers">Air Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Tigers" title="Sea Tigers">Sea Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tigers" title="Black Tigers">Black Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE">Attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1970s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1970s">in the 1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1980s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1990s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_2000s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_assassinated_by_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="List of people assassinated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombings_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide bombings in Sri Lanka">Suicide bombings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Other militants</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Democratic_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front">ENDLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Liberation Front">ENLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Revolutionary_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front">EPRLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_Revolutionary_Organisation_of_Students" title="Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students">EROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Organisation_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam">PLOTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization">TELO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Paramilitary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Democratic_Party" title="Eelam People's Democratic Party">EPDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Makkal_Viduthalai_Pulikal" title="Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal">TMVP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_I" title="Eelam War I">Eelam War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war">Indian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_II" title="Eelam War II">Eelam War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">IV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Eastern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Eastern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Northern theatres</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="List of military operations of the Sri Lankan civil war">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokkilai_offensive" title="Kokkilai offensive">Kokkilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadamarachchi_Operation" title="Vadamarachchi Operation">Vadamarachchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Poomalai" title="Operation Poomalai">Poomalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pawan" title="Operation Pawan">Pawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_University_Helidrop" title="Jaffna University Helidrop">Jaffna University Helidrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balavegaya" title="Operation Balavegaya">Balavegaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="First Battle of Elephant Pass">1st Elephant Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pooneryn" title="Battle of Pooneryn">Pooneryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Riviresa" title="Operation Riviresa">Riviresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(1996)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (1996)">1st Mullaitivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Weli_Oya_(1995)" title="Battle of Weli Oya (1995)">Weli Oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sath_Jaya" title="Operation Sath Jaya">Sath Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Vavunathivu_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Vavunathivu Offensive">Vavunathivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jayasikurui" title="Operation Jayasikurui">Jayasikurui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandikulam%E2%80%93Omanthai_offensive" title="Thandikulam–Omanthai offensive">Thandikulam–Omanthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Battle of Kilinochchi">1st Kilinochchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddusuddan_offensive_(1999)" title="Oddusuddan offensive (1999)">Oddusuddan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_A-9_highway" title="Battle for the A-9 highway">A-9 highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="Second Battle of Elephant Pass">2nd Elephant Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pedro_(2006)" title="Battle of Point Pedro (2006)">Point Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffna_(2006)" title="Battle of Jaffna (2006)">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoppigala" title="Battle of Thoppigala">Thoppigala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vidattaltivu" title="Battle of Vidattaltivu">Vidattaltivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Battle of Kilinochchi">2nd Kilinochchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(2009)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (2009)">2nd Mullaitivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puthukkudiyirippu" title="Battle of Puthukkudiyirippu">Puthukkudiyirippu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Lanka_Flight_512" title="Air Lanka Flight 512">Air Lanka Flight 512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">Expulsions from Northern province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Lalith_Athulathmudali" title="Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali">Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa">Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Temple_of_the_Tooth_attack" title="1998 Temple of the Tooth attack">Temple of the Tooth attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionair_Flight_602" title="Lionair Flight 602">Lionair Flight 602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_non-resident_Tamils_from_Colombo" title="Expulsion of non-resident Tamils from Colombo">Expulsions from Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_suicide_air_raid_on_Colombo" title="2009 suicide air raid on Colombo">2009 suicide air raid on Colombo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Army_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tissa_Weeratunga" title="Tissa Weeratunga">Tissa Weeratunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalin_Seneviratne" title="Nalin Seneviratne">Nalin Seneviratne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wanasinghe" title="Hamilton Wanasinghe">Hamilton Wanasinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Waidyaratne" title="Cecil Waidyaratne">Cecil Waidyaratne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._De_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="G. H. De Silva">G. H. De Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Daluwatte" title="Rohan Daluwatte">Rohan Daluwatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srilal_Weerasooriya" title="Srilal Weerasooriya">Srilal Weerasooriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._P._Balagalle" class="mw-redirect" title="L. P. Balagalle">L. P. Balagalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantha_Kottegoda" title="Shantha Kottegoda">Shantha Kottegoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">Sarath Fonseka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Navy_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asoka_de_Silva_(Admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka de Silva (Admiral)">Asoka de Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._A._Silva" title="H. A. Silva">H. A. Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clancy_Fernando" title="Clancy Fernando">Clancy Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._M._R._Samarasekara" title="D. A. M. R. Samarasekara">D. A. M. R. Samarasekara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._A._C._Thisera" title="H. C. A. C. Thisera">H. C. A. C. Thisera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Sandagiri" title="Daya Sandagiri">Daya Sandagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasantha_Karannagoda" title="Wasantha Karannagoda">Wasantha Karannagoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Air_Force_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Perera" title="Dick Perera">Dick Perera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andibuduge_Fernando" class="mw-redirect" title="Andibuduge Fernando">Andibuduge Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalandage_Gunawardena" class="mw-redirect" title="Makalandage Gunawardena">Makalandage Gunawardena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ranasinghe" title="Oliver Ranasinghe">Oliver Ranasinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayalath_Weerakkody" title="Jayalath Weerakkody">Jayalath Weerakkody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Perera" title="Donald Perera">Donald Perera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshan_Goonetileke" title="Roshan Goonetileke">Roshan Goonetileke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingiri_Banda_Wijetunga" title="Dingiri Banda Wijetunga">Dingiri Banda Wijetunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LTTE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_LTTE" title="List of commanders of the LTTE">Militant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottu_Amman_(Tamil_militant)" title="Pottu Amman (Tamil militant)">Pottu Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thillaiyampalam_Sivanesan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan">Soosai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagamoorthy_Muralitharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan">Karuna Amman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selvarasa_Pathmanathan" title="Selvarasa Pathmanathan">Selvarasa Pathmanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Balasingham" title="Anton Balasingham">Anton Balasingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Thamilselvan" title="S. P. Thamilselvan">S. P. Thamilselvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harkirat_Singh_(general)" title="Harkirat Singh (general)">Harkirat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_K._Mehta" title="Ashok K. Mehta">Ashok K. Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulwant_Singh_(general)" title="Kulwant Singh (general)">Kulwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depinder_Singh" title="Depinder Singh">Depinder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvir_Singh" title="Dalvir Singh">Dalvir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Sundarji" title="Krishnaswamy Sundarji">Krishnaswamy Sundarji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiko" title="Vaiko">Vaiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Tamil_genocide" title="List of films about the Tamil genocide">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Northern_Province_Council_resolution_on_genocide_of_Tamils" title="2015 Northern Province Council resolution on genocide of Tamils">NPC resolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission">LLRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_end_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Reactions to the end of the Sri Lankan civil war">Reactions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Protests</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Remembrance Day (Sri Lanka)">Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">UN Panel on Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_chemical_weapons_use_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of chemical weapons use in the Sri Lankan civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Sri Lankan civil war">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan civil war">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of massacres in Sri Lanka">Massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_use_of_children_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant use of children in Sri Lanka">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">Disappearances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_on_Missing_Persons" title="Office on Missing Persons">Office on Missing Persons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war_in_popular_culture" title="Sri Lankan civil war in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_(non-state)_terrorist_incidents_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of (non-state) terrorist incidents in Sri Lanka">Non-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act (Sri Lanka)">PTA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">Sixth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">Thirteenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_attempt" title="1988 Maldives coup attempt">1988 Maldives coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a> at <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Main Page">Wiktionary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Sri Lankan Civil War">Source texts</a> at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Main Page">Wikisource</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Sri Lankan Civil War">Textbooks</a> at <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Main Page">Wikibooks</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Sri Lankan Civil War">Images and media</a> at the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="commons:Main Page">Commons</a> </li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Sri Lankan Civil War">Quotations</a> at <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Main Page">Wikiquote</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Sri Lankan Civil War">News stories</a> at <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Main Page">Wikinews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470875#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470875#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470875#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078836861">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/80705248">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/53390/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrPT6fb9fF4wmtJdfXh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/136344690">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80045166">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an41183703">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810580310105606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007272469505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1453332">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/063464594">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sn44xs">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/21px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/42px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Filmmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&oldid=1261126009">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&oldid=1261126009</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1924_births" title="Category:1924 births">1924 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2018_deaths" title="Category:2018 deaths">2018 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chief_ministers_from_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Category:Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_multiple_organ_failure" title="Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure">Deaths from multiple organ failure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam_politicians" title="Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dravidian_movement" title="Category:Dravidian movement">Dravidian movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_atheists" title="Category:Indian atheists">Indian atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_male_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights">Indian male dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_male_screenwriters" title="Category:Indian male screenwriters">Indian male screenwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_people_imprisoned_during_the_Emergency_(India)" title="Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)">Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Karunanidhi_family" title="Category:Karunanidhi family">Karunanidhi family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu">Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Madras_MLAs_1957%E2%80%931962" title="Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962">Madras MLAs 1957–1962</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Madras_MLAs_1962%E2%80%931967" title="Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967">Madras MLAs 1962–1967</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Council" title="Category:Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council">Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Nagapattinam_district" title="Category:People from Nagapattinam district">People from Nagapattinam district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Category:People of the Sri Lankan civil war">People of the Sri Lankan civil war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu">Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_1967%E2%80%931971" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971">Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_1971%E2%80%931976" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976">Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_1977%E2%80%931980" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980">Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_1980%E2%80%931984" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984">Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_1989%E2%80%931991" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991">Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_1991%E2%80%931996" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996">Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_1996%E2%80%932001" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001">Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_2001%E2%80%932006" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006">Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_2006%E2%80%932011" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011">Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_2011%E2%80%932016" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016">Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu_MLAs_2016%E2%80%932021" title="Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021">Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_screenwriters" title="Category:Tamil screenwriters">Tamil screenwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_television_writers" title="Category:Tamil television writers">Tamil television writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tirukkural_commentators" title="Category:Tirukkural commentators">Tirukkural commentators</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Tamil-language_sources_(ta)" title="Category:CS1 Tamil-language sources (ta)">CS1 Tamil-language sources (ta)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_December_2023" title="Category:Use Indian English from December 2023">Use Indian English from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2024">Use dmy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2020">Articles needing additional references from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2014" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2014">Articles with dead external links from July 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 December 2024, at 11:14 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Karunanidhi&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-mkp4r","wgBackendResponseTime":166,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.893","walltime":"3.270","ppvisitednodes":{"value":34907,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":611602,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34729,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":786697,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2776.742 1 -total"," 35.88% 996.232 3 Template:Reflist"," 31.10% 863.510 2 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 13.81% 383.485 34 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 13.60% 377.596 64 Template:Cite_news"," 12.83% 356.155 102 Template:Cite_web"," 7.19% 199.746 12 Template:Navbox"," 5.76% 159.844 23 Template:Sfn"," 4.28% 118.822 1 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 4.20% 116.714 3 Template:Marriage"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.647","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26406738,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbi-Habib2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAnand2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandrashekharVaitheesvaran\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChellappan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChennai2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHardgrave1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaitleyBhatt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJauhri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKannan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarashima2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazmin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolappan2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManoharan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManveena_Suri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarasimhan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNath2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanneerselvan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanneerselvan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrabhu_Chawla1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriyamvatha_P.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajasekaran2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamakrishnan2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRamasubramanian2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavishankar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavishankar2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFS2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFS2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSankar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSannith2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSekar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrikrishna2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStalinMajumder2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamilNet2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThangavelu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Hindu_Net_Desk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenkataramanan2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFVenkatesh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWire2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamunan2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFkumar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFகருணாநிதி1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFகருணாநிதி1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFகருணாநிதி1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFகருணாநிதி1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFகருணாநிதி2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFகருணாநிதி2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFகருணாநிதி2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFகருணாநிதி2006\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFகருணாநிதி2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFகருணாநிதி2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFமு.கருணாநிதி\"] = 1,\n [\"Guneratne\"] = 1,\n [\"Ramaswamy\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Additional citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 64,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 102,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Karunanidhi, M.\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Dravidian politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 3,\n [\"Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011–2016)\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-break\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 4,\n [\"S-vac\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 23,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Smaller\"] = 1,\n [\"Sri Lankan Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Tamil name\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Won\"] = 13,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","620","31.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","18.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","5.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.0"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","2.0"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","40","2.0"],["[others]","300","15.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-wnnjs","timestamp":"20241207144450","ttl":2106916,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"M. Karunanidhi","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M._Karunanidhi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q470875","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q470875","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-21T08:14:24Z","dateModified":"2024-12-04T11:14:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/25\/M._Karunanidhi_.jpg","headline":"Indian politician, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, India (1924\u20132018)"}</script> </body> </html>