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dam</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: vase of dam"> <meta name="keywords" content="vase of dam"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="vase of dam"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 9</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: vase of dam</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Effect of Aging Time and Mass Concentration on the Rheological Behavior of Vase of Dam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hammadi%20Larbi">Hammadi Larbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water erosion, the main cause of the siltation of a dam, is a natural phenomenon governed by natural physical factors such as aggressiveness, climate change, topography, lithology, and vegetation cover. Currently, a vase from certain dams is released downstream of the dikes during devastation by hydraulic means. The vases are characterized by complex rheological behaviors: rheofluidification, yield stress, plasticity, and thixotropy. In this work, we studied the effect of the aging time of the vase in the dam and the mass concentration of the vase on the flow behavior of a vase from the Fergoug dam located in the Mascara region. In order to test the reproducibility of results, two replicates were performed for most of the experiments. The flow behavior of the vase studied as a function of storage time and mass concentration is analyzed by the Herschel Bulkey model. The increase in the aging time of the vase in the dam causes an increase in the yield stress and the consistency index of the vase. This phenomenon can be explained by the adsorption of the water by the vase and the increase in volume by swelling, which modifies the rheological parameters of the vase. The increase in the mass concentration in the vase leads to an increase in the yield stress and the consistency index as a function of the concentration. This behavior could be explained by interactions between the granules of the vase suspension. On the other hand, the increase in the aging time and the mass concentration of the vase in the dam causes a reduction in the flow index of the vase. The study also showed an exponential decrease in apparent viscosity with the increase in the aging time of the vase in the dam. If a vase is allowed to age long enough for the yield stress to be close to infinity, its apparent viscosity is also close to infinity; then the apparent viscosity also tends towards infinity; this can, for example, subsequently pose problems when dredging dams. For good dam management, it could be then deduced to reduce the dredging time of the dams as much as possible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vase%20of%20dam" title="vase of dam">vase of dam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aging%20time" title=" aging time"> aging time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheological%20behavior" title=" rheological behavior"> rheological behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yield%20stress" title=" yield stress"> yield stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apparent%20viscosity" title=" apparent viscosity"> apparent viscosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thixotropy" title=" thixotropy"> thixotropy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190147/effect-of-aging-time-and-mass-concentration-on-the-rheological-behavior-of-vase-of-dam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190147.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Substitution of Silver-Thiosulfate (STS) with Some Essential Oils on Vase-Life of Cut Carnation cv. Liberty</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Bagher%20Hassanpouraghdam">Mohammad Bagher Hassanpouraghdam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Ali%20Aazami%20Mavaloo"> Mohammad Ali Aazami Mavaloo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the huge side-effects of chemicals; essential oils have been considered as suitable alternatives for keeping the vase-life of cut flowers mainly owing to the availability and environment-friend nature of these bio-chemicals. In the present experiment, 50% substitution of STS was achieved and tested on cut carnation flowers cv. Liberty by using the essential oils from four plants; Satureja sahendica Bornm., Echinophora platyloba DC., Tanacetum balsamita L. and Cupressus arizonica Greene., as CRD with five treatments and 3 replications. Vase-life and flower diameter were affected with 50% substitution of STS by essential oils from C. arizonica and T. balsamita. Membrane stability index, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) amounts were affected by the substitution treatments as well. The main preservative effect belonged to the substitution with C. arizonica. So that, 50% STS substitution with Cupressus oil holds the highest membrane integrity and the least data for MDA and H2O2 content. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carnation" title="Carnation">Carnation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20oil" title=" essential oil"> essential oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Membrane%20stability%20index%20%28MSI%29" title=" Membrane stability index (MSI)"> Membrane stability index (MSI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vase%20life" title=" vase life"> vase life</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55028/substitution-of-silver-thiosulfate-sts-with-some-essential-oils-on-vase-life-of-cut-carnation-cv-liberty" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55028.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">496</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Effect of Chemicals on Keeping Quality and Vase Life of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Cv. Eskimo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qurrat%20Ul%20Ain%20Farooq">Qurrat Ul Ain Farooq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Misha%20Arshad"> Misha Arshad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malik%20Abid%20Mehmood"> Malik Abid Mehmood</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The experiment under discussion was carried out to check the effect of different concentrations of sucrose (2%, 4%, 6%), CuSO4 (200ppm, 300ppm, 400 ppm), GA3 (25ppm, 50ppm, 75 ppm), and combinations of sucrose and GA3 (2% +25 ppm), (4%+50 ppm), (6%+75 ppm) on the carnation cut flower. Visual symptoms of flower senescence, changes in weight (g) of a flower was observed and recorded by using weight balance. The experiment was laid out according to CRD (Complete Randomized Design) it was two-factor factorial, the software used for the analysis was Statistix. Maximum TSS were found in 6% sucrose + 75 ppm GA3 (8.3 %) followed by CuSO4 400 ppm, 4% sucrose + 50 ppm GA3 and 6% sucrose + 75 ppm GA3. Maximum vase life in term of days was recorded in treatment. CuSO4 400 ppm and 6% sucrose + 75 ppm GA3 (8 days) followed by CuSO4 200 ppm (7.7 days). CuSO4 300 ppm & 6% sucrose + 75 ppm GA3 were at par (7 days). Maximum water uptake was also observed in 6% sucrose + 75 ppm GA3 (56.7 ml) followed by CuSO4 400 ppm (49.7 ml) and 50 ppm GA3 (45 ml). Hence, CuSO4 400 ppm found best in all aspects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carnation" title="carnation">carnation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaselife" title=" vaselife"> vaselife</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GA3" title=" GA3"> GA3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CuSO4" title=" CuSO4"> CuSO4</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sucrose" title=" sucrose "> sucrose </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32736/effect-of-chemicals-on-keeping-quality-and-vase-life-of-carnation-dianthus-caryophyllus-l-cv-eskimo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32736.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Melatonin Improved Vase Quality by Delaying Oxidation Reaction and Supplying More Energies in Cut Peony (Paeonia Lactiflora cv. Sarah)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tai%20Chen">Tai Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caihuan%20Tian"> Caihuan Tian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiuxia%20Ren"> Xiuxia Ren</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingqi%20Xue"> Jingqi Xue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiuxin%20Zhang"> Xiuxin Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The herbaceous peony has become increasingly popular worldwide in recent years, especially as a cut flower with great economic value. However, peony has a very short vase life, only 3-5 d usually, which seriously affects its commodity value. In this study, we used the cut peony (Paeonia lactiflora cv. Sarah) as a material and found that melatonin treatment significantly improved its postharvest performance. In the control group, its vase life was 4.8 d, accompanied by petal dropping at last; melatonin treatment (40 μM) increased this time to 6.9 d without petal dropping at the end. Further study showed that melatonin treatment significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes as well as reduced sugar content in petals, whereas the starch content in petals decreased. These results indicated that melatonin treatment may delay the oxidation reaction caused by aging, which also provides extra energy for maintaining flowering. Through full-length transcriptome sequencing, a total of 2819 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and melatonin treatment groups were identified. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in three pathways, including melatonin synthesis, starch and sucrose conversion, and plant disease resistance. After the RT-qPCR verification, we identified three DEGs, named PlBAM3, PlWRKY22 and PlTIP1, and they should play major roles in melatonin-improved postharvest performance. One possible reason is that PlBAM3 caused maltose production (by starch degradation), maintained the proline biosynthesis, and then alleviated oxidative stress. Another reason is that both PlBAM3 and PlWRKY22 are key drought resistance regulators, which have the ability to alleviate osmotic stress and improve water absorption, which may also help to improve the postharvest quality of cut peony. In addition, PlTIP1 is involved in the sugar signal pathway, indicating sugar may also as a signal substance during this process. Our work may give new ideas for developing new ways to prolong the vase life of cut peony and improve its commodity value eventually. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cut%20peony" title="cut peony">cut peony</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=melatonin" title=" melatonin"> melatonin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vase%20life" title=" vase life"> vase life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation%20reaction" title=" oxidation reaction"> oxidation reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20supply" title=" energy supply"> energy supply</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differentially%20expressed%20genes" title=" differentially expressed genes"> differentially expressed genes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186344/melatonin-improved-vase-quality-by-delaying-oxidation-reaction-and-supplying-more-energies-in-cut-peony-paeonia-lactiflora-cv-sarah" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186344.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">50</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Greywater Reuse for Sunflower Irrigation Previously Radiated with Helium-Neon Laser: Evaluation of Growth, Flowering, and Chemical Constituents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sami%20Ali%20Metwally">Sami Ali Metwally</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bedour%20Helmy%20Abou-Leila"> Bedour Helmy Abou-Leila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussien%20Ibrahim%20Abdel-Shafy"> Hussien Ibrahim Abdel-Shafy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was carried out at the pilot plant area in the National Research Centre during the two successive seasons, 2020 and 2022. The aim is to investigate the response of vegetative growth and chemical constituents of sunflowers plants irrigated by two types of wastewater, namely: black wastewater W1 (Bathroom) and grey wastewater W1, under irradiation conditions of helium-neon (He-Ne) laser. The examined data indicated that irrigation of W1 significantly increased the growth and flowering parameters (plant height, leaves number, leaves area, leaves fresh and dry weight, flower diameter, flower stem length, flower stem thickness, number of days to flower, and total chlorophyll). Treated sunflower plants with 0 to 10 min. recorded an increase in the fresh weight and dry weight of leaves. However, the superiority of increasing vase life and delaying flowers were recorded by prolonging exposure time by up to 10 min. Regarding the effect of interaction treatments, the data indicated that the highest values on almost growth parameters were obtained from plants treated with W1+0 laser followed by W2+10 min. laser, compared with all interaction treatments. As for flowering parameters, the interactions between W2+2 min. time exposure, W1+0 time, w1+10 min., and w1+2 min. exposures recorded the highest values on flower diameter, flower stem length, flower stem thickness, vase life, and delaying flowering. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greywater" title="greywater">greywater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sunflower%20plant" title=" sunflower plant"> sunflower plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20reuse" title=" water reuse"> water reuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetative%20growth" title=" vegetative growth"> vegetative growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20radiation" title=" laser radiation"> laser radiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160570/greywater-reuse-for-sunflower-irrigation-previously-radiated-with-helium-neon-laser-evaluation-of-growth-flowering-and-chemical-constituents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Application of Acer velutinum for Absorbing Heavy Metal, Mercury, from the Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Armin%20Hashemi">Seyed Armin Hashemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somayeh%20Rahimzadeh"> Somayeh Rahimzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One-year seedlings of Acer velutinum were provided from plantations and the solution of Mercuric chloride was developed in 20,40 and 60 mg/l concentrations, then this solution was added to the soil and the Acer velutinum were placed in a vase. Six months after seedlings’ growth, the leaf, stem and roots were separated. The results were investigated by variance analysis and Duncan test. The highest level of mercury accumulation in the organs of leaf, stem and root was 45.67, 40 and 55 mg/kg, respectively. According to the obtained results from this research, the velutinum species was appropriate for refining the soils contaminated by mercury. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title="heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acer%20velutinum" title=" acer velutinum"> acer velutinum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mercury" title=" mercury"> mercury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytoremediation" title=" phytoremediation"> phytoremediation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57819/application-of-acer-velutinum-for-absorbing-heavy-metal-mercury-from-the-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57819.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Valorization of Sawdust for the Treatment of Purified Water for Irrigation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dalila%20Oulhaci">Dalila Oulhaci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Zahaf"> Mohammed Zahaf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The watering technique is essential to maintain a moist perimeter around the roots of the crop. This is the case with topical watering, where the soil around the root system can be kept permanently moist between the two extremes of water content. Moreover, one of the oldest methods used since Roman times throughout North Africa and the Near East was based on the repeated pouring of water into porous earthen vessels buried in the ground. In this context, these two techniques have been combined by replacing the earthen vase with plastic bottles filled with sand which release water through their perforated walls into the surrounding soil. The objective of this work is to first determine the purifying power of the activated sludge treatment plant of Toggourt and then that of the bottled Sawdust filter. For the station, the BOD purification rate was (96.5%), the COD purification rate was (87%) and suspended solids (90%). For the bottle, the BOD removal rate was (35%), and COD removal rate was (12.58%). This work falls within the framework of water saving, sustainable development and environmental protection, and also within the framework of agriculture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wasterwater" title="wasterwater">wasterwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sawdust" title=" sawdust"> sawdust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=purification" title=" purification"> purification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation" title=" irrigation"> irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=touggourt%20%28Algeria%29" title=" touggourt (Algeria)"> touggourt (Algeria)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169605/valorization-of-sawdust-for-the-treatment-of-purified-water-for-irrigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169605.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Determination of the Water Needs of Some Crops Irrigated with Treated Water from the Sidi Khouiled Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ouargla, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dalila%20Oulhaci">Dalila Oulhaci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Benlarbi"> Mehdi Benlarbi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Zahaf"> Mohammed Zahaf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The irrigation method is fundamental for maintaining a wet bulb around the roots of the crop. This is the case with localized irrigation, where soil moisture can be maintained permanently around the root system between the two water content extremes. Also, one of the oldest methods used since Roman times throughout North Africa and the Near East is based on the frequent dumping of water into porous pottery vases buried in the ground. In this context, these two techniques have been combined by replacing the pottery vase with plastic bottles filled with sand that discharge water through their perforated walls into the surrounding soil. The first objective of this work is the theoretical determination using CLIMWAT and CROPWAT software of the irrigation doses of some crops (palm, wheat, and onion) and experimental by measuring the humidity of the soil before and after watering. The second objective is to determine the purifying power of the sand filter in the bottle. Based on the CROPWAT software results, the date palm needs 18.5 mm in the third decade of December, 57.2 mm in January, and 73.7 mm in February, whereas the doses received by experimentally determined by means of soil moisture before and after irrigation are 19.5 mm respectively, 79.66 mm and 95.66 mm. The onion needs 14.3 mm in the third decade of December of, 59.1 mm in January, and 80 mm in February, whereas the experimental dose received is 15.07 mm, respectively, 64.54 and 86.8 mm. The total requirements for the vegetative period are estimated at 1642.6 mm for date palms, 277.4 mm for wheat, and 193.5 mm for onions. The removal rate of the majority of pollutants from the bottle is 80%. This work covers, on the one hand, the context of water conservation, sustainable development, and protection of the environment, and on the other, the agricultural field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation" title="irrigation">irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sand" title=" sand"> sand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter" title=" filter"> filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humidity" title=" humidity"> humidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bottle" title=" bottle"> bottle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169650/determination-of-the-water-needs-of-some-crops-irrigated-with-treated-water-from-the-sidi-khouiled-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-ouargla-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Analysis of Superconducting and Optical Properties in Atomic Layer Deposition and Sputtered Thin Films for Next-Generation Single-Photon Detectors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nidhi%20Choudhary">Nidhi Choudhary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silke%20A.%20Peeters"> Silke A. Peeters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ciaran%20T.%20Lennon"> Ciaran T. Lennon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dmytro%20Besprozvannyy"> Dmytro Besprozvannyy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harm%20C.%20M.%20Knoops"> Harm C. M. Knoops</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20H.%20Hadfield"> Robert H. Hadfield</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) have become leading devices in quantum optics and photonics, known for their exceptional efficiency in detecting single photons from ultraviolet to mid-infrared wavelengths with minimal dark counts, low noise, and reduced timing jitter. Recent advancements in materials science focus attention on refractory metal thin films such as NbN and NbTiN to enhance the optical properties and superconducting performance of SNSPDs, opening the way for next-generation detectors. These films have been deposited by several different techniques, such as atomic layer deposition (ALD), plasma pro-advanced plasma processing (ASP) and magnetron sputtering. The fabrication flexibility of these films enables precise control over morphology, crystallinity, stoichiometry and optical properties, which is crucial for optimising the SNSPD performance. Hence, it is imperative to study the optical and superconducting properties of these materials across a wide range of wavelengths. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the optical and superconducting properties of some important materials in this category (NbN, NbTiN) by different deposition methods. Using Variable angle ellipsometry spectroscopy (VASE), we measured the refractive index, extinction, and absorption coefficient across a wide wavelength range (200-1700 nm) to enhance light confinement for optical communication devices. The critical temperature and sheet resistance were measured using a four-probe method in a custom-built, cryogen-free cooling system with a Sumitomo RDK-101D cold head and CNA-11C compressor. Our results indicate that ALD-deposited NbN shows a higher refractive index and extinction coefficient in the near-infrared region (~1500 nm) than sputtered NbN of the same thickness. Further, the analysis of the optical properties of plasma pro-ASP deposited NbTiN was performed at different substrate bias voltages and different thicknesses. The analysis of substrate bias voltage indicates that the maximum value of the refractive index and extinction coefficient observed for the substrate biasing of 50-80 V across a substrate bias range of (0 V - 150 V). The optical properties of sputtered NbN films are also investigated in terms of the different substrate temperatures during deposition (100 °C-500 °C). We find the higher the substrate temperature during deposition, the higher the value of the refractive index and extinction coefficient has been observed. In all our superconducting thin films ALD-deposited NbN films possess the highest critical temperature (~12 K) compared to sputtered (~8 K) and plasma pro-ASP (~5 K). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20communication" title="optical communication">optical communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20films" title=" thin films"> thin films</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superconductivity" title=" superconductivity"> superconductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic%20layer%20deposition%20%28ALD%29" title=" atomic layer deposition (ALD)"> atomic layer deposition (ALD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=niobium%20nitride%20%28NbN%29" title=" niobium nitride (NbN)"> niobium nitride (NbN)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=niobium%20titanium%20nitride%20%28NbTiN%29" title=" niobium titanium nitride (NbTiN)"> niobium titanium nitride (NbTiN)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SNSPD" title=" SNSPD"> SNSPD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superconducting%20detector" title=" superconducting detector"> superconducting detector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photon-counting." title=" photon-counting."> photon-counting.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190213/analysis-of-superconducting-and-optical-properties-in-atomic-layer-deposition-and-sputtered-thin-films-for-next-generation-single-photon-detectors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190213.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads 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