CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>University of Bonn - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"049d6638-7308-42bf-b478-81ef558d4a2b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"University_of_Bonn","wgTitle":"University of Bonn","wgCurRevisionId":1275309827,"wgRevisionId":1275309827,"wgArticleId": 89061,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"University_of_Bonn","wgRelevantArticleId":89061,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":50.73388888888889,"lon":7.102222222222222},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym": "Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym": "Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް", "dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym": "閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap", "autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym": "Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg", "kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true, "mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q152171","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/University_of_Bonn_seal.svg/1200px-University_of_Bonn_seal.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/University_of_Bonn_seal.svg/800px-University_of_Bonn_seal.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/University_of_Bonn_seal.svg/640px-University_of_Bonn_seal.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="University of Bonn - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-University_of_Bonn rootpage-University_of_Bonn stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=University+of+Bonn" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=University+of+Bonn" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Bonn</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:University_of_Bonn" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=University+of+Bonn" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>University of Bonn</b>, officially the <b>Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn</i>), is a <a href="/wiki/Public_research_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Public research university">public research university</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It was founded in its present form as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rhein-Universität</i></span> (English: <span lang="en"><b>Rhine University</b></span>) on 18 October 1818 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William III">Frederick William III</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, as the linear successor of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn</i></span> (English: <span lang="en">Academy of the Prince-elector of Cologne</span>) which was founded in 1777. The University of Bonn offers many undergraduate and graduate programs in a range of subjects and has 544 professors. The University of Bonn is a member of the <a href="/wiki/U15_(German_universities)" title="U15 (German universities)">German U15 association</a> of major research-intensive universities in Germany and has the title of "University of Excellence" under the <a href="/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative" title="German Universities Excellence Initiative">German Universities Excellence Initiative</a>. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">University of Bonn</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="de"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Bonn_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/University_of_Bonn_seal.svg/166px-University_of_Bonn_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/University_of_Bonn_seal.svg/249px-University_of_Bonn_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/University_of_Bonn_seal.svg/332px-University_of_Bonn_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Official university seal</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Universitas Fridericia Guilelmia Rhenana<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1777<span class="noprint">; 248 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1777</span>)</span> (as <i>Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn</i>);<br>Foundation: 18 October 1818<span class="noprint">; 206 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1818-10-18</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">€850,2 million (without the university hospital)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Hoch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,537<sup id="cite_ref-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,759<sup id="cite_ref-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">35,619<sup id="cite_ref-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Urban</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#07529a; color:white;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eab90c; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #909085; color:black;"> </span> Blue, yellow, grey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_University_Association" title="European University Association">EUA</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_U15" class="mw-redirect" title="German U15">German U15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-German_University" title="Franco-German University">FGU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative" title="German Universities Excellence Initiative">Excellence Initiative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de">uni-bonn.de</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152171#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.svg/220px-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.svg/330px-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.svg/440px-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="71"></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bonn has 6 Clusters of Excellence, the most of any German university;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Hausdorff_Center_for_Mathematics" title="Hausdorff Center for Mathematics">Hausdorff Center for Mathematics</a>, the Matter and Light for Quantum Computing cluster, Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies, PhenoRob: Research for the Future of Crop Production, the Immune Sensory System cluster, and ECONtribute: Markets and Public Policy. The <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek_Bonn" class="extiw" title="de:Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn">University and State Library Bonn (ULB Bonn)</a> is the central university and archive library of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn and North Rhine-Westphalia; it holds more than five million volumes. </p><p>As of October 2020,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> among its notable alumni, faculty and researchers are 11 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Laureates</a>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medalists</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize</a> winners as well as some of the most gifted minds in Natural science, e.g. <a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a>; Eminent mathematicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hirzebruch" title="Friedrich Hirzebruch">Friedrich Hirzebruch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hausdorff" title="Felix Hausdorff">Felix Hausdorff</a>; Major philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>; German poets and writers, for example <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>; Painters, like <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>; Political theorists, for instance <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kirchheimer" title="Otto Kirchheimer">Otto Kirchheimer</a>; Statesmen, viz. <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a>; economists, like <a href="/wiki/Walter_Eucken" title="Walter Eucken">Walter Eucken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>; and furthermore <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Foundation"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Foundation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Rhine_University"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rhine University</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#World_Wars"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">World Wars</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Post-war_to_Modern_Day"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Post-war to Modern Day</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Campus"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Campus</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#University_Library"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">University Library</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#University_Hospital"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">University Hospital</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#University_Museums"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">University Museums</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Organization"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Organization</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Faculties"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Faculties</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Faculty_of_Protestant_Theology"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty of Protestant Theology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Faculty_of_Catholic_Theology"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty of Catholic Theology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Faculty_of_Agriculture"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty of Agriculture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Natural_Sciences"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Faculty_of_Medicine"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty of Medicine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Faculty_of_Law,_Economics_and_Social_Sciences"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty of Law, Economics and Social Sciences</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Faculty_of_Arts"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty of Arts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Student_Life"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Student Life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#University_Sports"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.9</span> <span class="toctext">University Sports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Academic_Exchange"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.10</span> <span class="toctext">Academic Exchange</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Future_Development"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Future Development</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Internationalization"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Internationalization</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Academic_profile"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Academic profile</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Research_Institutes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Research Institutes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Research"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Research</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Rankings"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Rankings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Strategic_Partner_Universities"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Strategic Partner Universities</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Africa"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Africa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Asia_and_Oceania"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Asia and Oceania</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#North_and_South_America"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">North and South America</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Middle_East"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Middle East</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Regional_Networks"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Regional Networks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Subject_Specific"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Subject Specific</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The university's forerunner was the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn</i></span> (English: 'Academy of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>') which was founded in 1777 by <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Frederick_of_K%C3%B6nigsegg-Rothenfels" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian Frederick of Königsegg-Rothenfels">Maximilian Frederick of Königsegg-Rothenfels</a> (who was also one of the first employers of <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>), the prince-elector of Cologne. In the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> the new academy was nonsectarian. The academy had schools for <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a> and general studies. In 1784 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Joseph II</a> granted the academy the right to award academic degrees (<i>Licentiat</i> and Ph.D.), turning the academy into a university. The academy was closed in 1798 after the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> was occupied by France during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> became a part of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1815 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> thereafter decreed the establishment of a new university in the new province (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">den aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten</i></span>) on 18 October 1818. At this time there was no university in the Rhineland, as all three universities that existed until the end of the 18th century were closed as a result of the French occupation. The Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn was one of these three universities. The other two were the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> and the Protestant <a href="/wiki/University_of_Duisburg" title="University of Duisburg">University of Duisburg</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:703px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Electoral Palace, the main building of the University of Bonn"><noscript><img alt="The Electoral Palace, the main building of the University of Bonn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.jpg/695px-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.jpg" decoding="async" width="695" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3336" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 695px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.jpg/695px-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.jpg" data-alt="The Electoral Palace, the main building of the University of Bonn" data-width="695" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.jpg/1043px-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.jpg/1390px-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn.jpg" title="File:Universität Bonn.jpg"> </a></div>The Electoral Palace, the main building of the University of Bonn</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhine_University">Rhine University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rhine University" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Wilhelm_III.,_K%C3%B6nig_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_(unbekannter_Maler).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Friedrich_Wilhelm_III.%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28unbekannter_Maler%29.jpg/170px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_III.%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28unbekannter_Maler%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1566"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Friedrich_Wilhelm_III.%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28unbekannter_Maler%29.jpg/170px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_III.%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28unbekannter_Maler%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Friedrich_Wilhelm_III.%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28unbekannter_Maler%29.jpg/255px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_III.%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28unbekannter_Maler%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Friedrich_Wilhelm_III.%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28unbekannter_Maler%29.jpg/340px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_III.%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28unbekannter_Maler%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a>, founder of the university</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-07-02_Koblenzer_Tor,_Bonn_IMG_2077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2014-07-02_Koblenzer_Tor%2C_Bonn_IMG_2077.jpg/220px-2014-07-02_Koblenzer_Tor%2C_Bonn_IMG_2077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3117" data-file-height="2989"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2014-07-02_Koblenzer_Tor%2C_Bonn_IMG_2077.jpg/220px-2014-07-02_Koblenzer_Tor%2C_Bonn_IMG_2077.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2014-07-02_Koblenzer_Tor%2C_Bonn_IMG_2077.jpg/330px-2014-07-02_Koblenzer_Tor%2C_Bonn_IMG_2077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2014-07-02_Koblenzer_Tor%2C_Bonn_IMG_2077.jpg/440px-2014-07-02_Koblenzer_Tor%2C_Bonn_IMG_2077.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Koblenz Gate with Adenauerallee</figcaption></figure> <p>The new Rhine University (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rhein-Universität</i></span>) was then founded on 18 October 1818 by Frederick William III. It was the sixth Prussian University, founded after the universities in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">Greifswald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="University of Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">Halle</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">Breslau</a>. The new university was equally shared between the two Christian denominations. This was one of the reasons why Bonn, with its tradition of a nonsectarian university, was chosen over Cologne and Duisburg. Apart from a school of Roman Catholic theology and a school of Protestant theology, the university had schools for medicine, law and philosophy. Initially 35 professors and eight adjunct professors were teaching in Bonn. </p><p>The university constitution was adopted in 1827. In the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a> the constitution emphasized the autonomy of the university and the unity of teaching and research. Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>, which was founded in 1810, the new constitution made the University of Bonn a <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_research_universities#European_university_models_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of European research universities">modern research university</a>. </p><p>Only one year after the inception of the Rhein University the <a href="/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatist</a> <a href="/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue" title="August von Kotzebue">August von Kotzebue</a> was murdered by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Sand" title="Karl Ludwig Sand">Karl Ludwig Sand</a>, a student at the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller_University_of_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Schiller University of Jena">University of Jena</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a>, introduced on 20 September 1819 led to a general crackdown on universities, the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaften</a> and the introduction of censorship laws. One victim was the author and poet <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Ernst Moritz Arndt</a>, who, freshly appointed university professor in Bonn, was banned from teaching. Only after the death of Frederick William III in 1840 was he reinstated in his professorship. Another consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a> was the refusal by Frederick William III to confer the chain of office, the official seal and an official name to the new university. The Rhine University was thus nameless until 1840, when the new King of Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV</a> gave it the official name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität</i></span>. (This last sentence conflicts with pg. 176 of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Preussischen Universitäten</i></span>, which states a cabinet order on 28 June 1828 gave the university the following name: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität</i></span>.)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these problems, the university grew and attracted scholars and students. At the end of the 19th century the university was also known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Prinzenuniversität</i></span> (English: 'Princes' university'), as many of the sons of the king of Prussia studied here. In 1900, the university had 68 chairs, 23 adjunct chairs, two honorary professors, 57 <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozenten</a> and six lecturers. Since 1896, women were allowed to attend classes as guest auditors at universities in Prussia. In 1908 the University of Bonn became fully coeducational. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wars">World Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World Wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stolpersteins_Felix_Hausdorff,_Charlotte_Hausdorff,_Edith_Pappenheim_Hausdorffstra%C3%9Fe_61_Bonn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stolpersteins_Felix_Hausdorff%2C_Charlotte_Hausdorff%2C_Edith_Pappenheim_Hausdorffstra%C3%9Fe_61_Bonn.JPG/220px-Stolpersteins_Felix_Hausdorff%2C_Charlotte_Hausdorff%2C_Edith_Pappenheim_Hausdorffstra%C3%9Fe_61_Bonn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stolpersteins_Felix_Hausdorff%2C_Charlotte_Hausdorff%2C_Edith_Pappenheim_Hausdorffstra%C3%9Fe_61_Bonn.JPG/220px-Stolpersteins_Felix_Hausdorff%2C_Charlotte_Hausdorff%2C_Edith_Pappenheim_Hausdorffstra%C3%9Fe_61_Bonn.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stolpersteins_Felix_Hausdorff%2C_Charlotte_Hausdorff%2C_Edith_Pappenheim_Hausdorffstra%C3%9Fe_61_Bonn.JPG/330px-Stolpersteins_Felix_Hausdorff%2C_Charlotte_Hausdorff%2C_Edith_Pappenheim_Hausdorffstra%C3%9Fe_61_Bonn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stolpersteins_Felix_Hausdorff%2C_Charlotte_Hausdorff%2C_Edith_Pappenheim_Hausdorffstra%C3%9Fe_61_Bonn.JPG/440px-Stolpersteins_Felix_Hausdorff%2C_Charlotte_Hausdorff%2C_Edith_Pappenheim_Hausdorffstra%C3%9Fe_61_Bonn.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stolperstein" title="Stolperstein">Stolperstein</a> for Felix Hausdorff and his family members in Bonn</figcaption></figure> <p>The growth of the university came to a halt with <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Financial and economic problems in Germany in the aftermath of the war resulted in reduced government funding for the university. The University of Bonn responded by trying to find private and industrial sponsors. In 1930 the university adopted a new constitution. For the first time students were allowed to participate in the self-governing university administration. To that effect the <a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">student council</a> Astag (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Allgemeine Studentische Arbeitsgemeinschaft</i></span>) was founded the same year. Members of the student council were elected in a secret ballot. </p><p>After the Nazi takeover of power in 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a> transformed the university into a Nazi educational institution. According to the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a> the autonomous and self-governing administration of the university was replaced by a hierarchy of leaders resembling the military, with the university president being subordinate to the ministry of education. Jewish professors and students and political opponents were ostracized and expelled from the university. The theologian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> was forced to resign and to emigrate to Switzerland for refusing to swear an oath to Hitler. The Jewish mathematician <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hausdorff" title="Felix Hausdorff">Felix Hausdorff</a> was expelled from the university in 1935 and committed suicide after learning about his impending deportation to a concentration camp in 1942. The philosophers <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ludwig_Landsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ludwig Landsberg">Paul Ludwig Landsberg</a> and Johannes Maria Verweyen were deported and died in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. In 1937 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> was deprived of his honorary doctorate. His honorary degree was restored in 1946. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">second World War</a> the university suffered heavy damage. An <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">air raid</a> on 18 October 1944 destroyed the main building.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_to_Modern_Day">Post-war to Modern Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-war to Modern Day" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hausdorff_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hausdorff_Center.jpg/220px-Hausdorff_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1362"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hausdorff_Center.jpg/220px-Hausdorff_Center.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hausdorff_Center.jpg/330px-Hausdorff_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hausdorff_Center.jpg/440px-Hausdorff_Center.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hausdorff_Center_for_Mathematics" title="Hausdorff Center for Mathematics">Hausdorff Center for Mathematics</a>, a world-leading research institute at Bonn</figcaption></figure> <p>The university was re-opened on 17 November 1945 as one of the first in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Occupation Zones in Germany">British occupation zone</a>. The first university president was <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Konen" title="Heinrich Konen">Heinrich Matthias Konen</a>, who had been expelled from the university in 1934 because of his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. At the start of the first semester on 17 November 1945 the university had more than 10,000 applicants for only 2,500 places. </p><p>The university greatly expanded in the postwar period, in particular in the 1960s and 1970s. Significant events of the postwar era were the relocation of the university hospital from the city center to <a href="/wiki/Bonn#Districts" title="Bonn">Venusberg</a> in 1949, the opening of the new university library in 1960 and the opening of a new building, the Juridicum, for the School of Law and Economics in 1967. </p><p>In 1980 the Pedagogical University Bonn was merged into the University of Bonn, although eventually all the teachers education programs were closed in 2007. In 1983 the new science library was opened. In 1989 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>. Three years later <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a>. The decision of the German government to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin after the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification</a> in 1991 resulted in generous compensation for the city of Bonn. The compensation package included three new research institutes affiliated or closely collaborating with the university, thus significantly enhancing the research profile of the University of Bonn. </p><p>In the 2000s the university implemented the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a> and replaced the traditional <a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magister_(degree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister (degree)">Magister</a> programs with Bachelor and Master programs. This process was completed by 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poppelsdorfer_Schloss_seen_from_the_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Poppelsdorfer_Schloss_seen_from_the_East.jpg/265px-Poppelsdorfer_Schloss_seen_from_the_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 265px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Poppelsdorfer_Schloss_seen_from_the_East.jpg/265px-Poppelsdorfer_Schloss_seen_from_the_East.jpg" data-width="265" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Poppelsdorfer_Schloss_seen_from_the_East.jpg/398px-Poppelsdorfer_Schloss_seen_from_the_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Poppelsdorfer_Schloss_seen_from_the_East.jpg/530px-Poppelsdorfer_Schloss_seen_from_the_East.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poppelsdorf_Palace" title="Poppelsdorf Palace">Poppelsdorf Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee_Stra%C3%9Fenschild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee_Stra%C3%9Fenschild.jpg/220px-Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee_Stra%C3%9Fenschild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee_Stra%C3%9Fenschild.jpg/220px-Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee_Stra%C3%9Fenschild.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee_Stra%C3%9Fenschild.jpg/330px-Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee_Stra%C3%9Fenschild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee_Stra%C3%9Fenschild.jpg/440px-Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee_Stra%C3%9Fenschild.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Sign for road named after mathematician <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hirzebruch" title="Friedrich Hirzebruch">Friedrich Hirzebruch</a> on the Poppelsdorf campus, with the informatics forum behind it</figcaption></figure> <p>The University of Bonn does not have a centralized campus. The main building is the <i><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palace,_Bonn" title="Electoral Palace, Bonn">Kurfürstliches Schloss</a></i>, the former residential palace of the prince-elector of Cologne in the city center. The main building was built by <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Zuccalli" title="Enrico Zuccalli">Enrico Zuccalli</a> for the prince-elector of Cologne, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clemens_of_Bavaria" title="Joseph Clemens of Bavaria">Joseph Clemens of Bavaria</a> from 1697 to 1705. Today it houses the faculty of humanities and theology and the university administration. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hofgarten</i></span>, a large park in front of the main building is a popular place for students to meet, study and relax. The Hofgarten was repeatedly the place for political demonstrations as for example the demonstration against the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Double-Track_Decision" title="NATO Double-Track Decision">NATO Double-Track Decision</a> on 22 October 1981 with about 250,000 participants.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school of law and economics, the main university library and several smaller departments are housed in modern buildings a short distance south of the main building. The department of psychology and the department of computer science are located in a northern suburb of Bonn. </p><p>The science departments and the main science library are located in Poppelsdorf and Endenich, west of the city center, and housed in a mix of historical and modern buildings. Notable is the <a href="/wiki/Poppelsdorf_Palace" title="Poppelsdorf Palace">Poppelsdorf Palace</a> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Poppelsdorfer Schloss</i></span>), which was built from 1715 to 1753 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotte" title="Robert de Cotte">Robert de Cotte</a> for <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clemens_of_Bavaria" title="Joseph Clemens of Bavaria">Joseph Clemens of Bavaria</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_of_Bavaria" title="Clemens August of Bavaria">Clemens August of Bavaria</a>. Today the Poppelsdorf Palace houses the university's mineral collection and several science departments; its grounds are the university's <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Botanische_G%C3%A4rten_der_Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanische Gärten der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn">Botanische Gärten der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn</a>). </p><p>The school of medicine is located on the Venusberg, a hill on the western edge of Bonn. Several residence halls are scattered across the city. In total the University of Bonn owns 371 buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_Library">University Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: University Library" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-07-02_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_der_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek,_Adenauerallee_39-41,_Bonn-S%C3%BCdstadt_IMG_2082.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2014-07-02_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_der_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek%2C_Adenauerallee_39-41%2C_Bonn-S%C3%BCdstadt_IMG_2082.jpg/243px-2014-07-02_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_der_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek%2C_Adenauerallee_39-41%2C_Bonn-S%C3%BCdstadt_IMG_2082.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4531" data-file-height="2350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 243px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2014-07-02_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_der_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek%2C_Adenauerallee_39-41%2C_Bonn-S%C3%BCdstadt_IMG_2082.jpg/243px-2014-07-02_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_der_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek%2C_Adenauerallee_39-41%2C_Bonn-S%C3%BCdstadt_IMG_2082.jpg" data-width="243" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2014-07-02_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_der_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek%2C_Adenauerallee_39-41%2C_Bonn-S%C3%BCdstadt_IMG_2082.jpg/365px-2014-07-02_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_der_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek%2C_Adenauerallee_39-41%2C_Bonn-S%C3%BCdstadt_IMG_2082.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2014-07-02_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_der_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek%2C_Adenauerallee_39-41%2C_Bonn-S%C3%BCdstadt_IMG_2082.jpg/486px-2014-07-02_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_der_Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek%2C_Adenauerallee_39-41%2C_Bonn-S%C3%BCdstadt_IMG_2082.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Building of the University Library</figcaption></figure> <p>The university library was founded in 1818 and started with 6,000 volumes inherited from the library of the closed <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Mercator_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Mercator University">University of Duisburg</a>. In 1824 the library became <a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">legal deposit</a> for all books published in the Prussian Rhine province. The library contained about 200,000 volumes at the end of the 19th century, and about 600,000 volumes at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">air raid</a> on 10 October 1944 destroyed about 200,000 volumes and a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">library catalog</a>. After the war the library was housed in several makeshift locations until the completion of the new central library in 1960. The new building was designed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vago" title="Pierre Vago">Pierre Vago</a> and Fritz Bornemann and is located close to the main building. In 1983 a new library building was opened in Poppelsdorf, west of the main building. The new library building houses the science, agriculture and medicine collections. Today, the university library system comprises the central library, the library for science, agriculture and medicine and about 160 smaller libraries. It holds 2.2 million volumes and subscribes to about 14,000 journals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_Hospital">University Hospital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: University Hospital" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_Bonn" title="University Hospital Bonn">University Hospital Bonn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001141-0003,_Bonn,_Universit%C3%A4ts-Kinderklinik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001141-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Universit%C3%A4ts-Kinderklinik.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001141-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Universit%C3%A4ts-Kinderklinik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001141-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Universit%C3%A4ts-Kinderklinik.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001141-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Universit%C3%A4ts-Kinderklinik.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001141-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Universit%C3%A4ts-Kinderklinik.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001141-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Universit%C3%A4ts-Kinderklinik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001141-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Universit%C3%A4ts-Kinderklinik.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001141-0003%2C_Bonn%2C_Universit%C3%A4ts-Kinderklinik.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A nurse attending to an infant in the University Hospital of Bonn in November 1953</figcaption></figure><p>The university hospital (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Universitätsklinikum Bonn</i></span>) was founded at the same time as the university and officially opened on 5 May 1819 in the former Electoral Palace (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurfüstliches Schloss</i></span>), the main building, in the western wing (internal medicine) and on the second floor (obstetrics). In its first year, the hospital had thirty beds, performed 93 surgeries and treated about 600 outpatients. From 1872 to 1883 the hospital moved to a new complex of buildings in the city center of Bonn, where today the Beethoven Concert Hall stands, and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bonn#Districts" title="Bonn">Venusberg</a> on the western edge of Bonn. On 1 January 2001 the university hospital became a public corporation. Although the university hospital is since then independent from the university, the School of Medicine of the University of Bonn and the university hospital closely collaborate. Today the university hospital comprises about thirty individual hospitals, employs more than 990 physicians and more than 1,100 nursing and clinical support staff and treated about 50,000 inpatients.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_Museums">University Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: University Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akademisches_kunstmuseum_bonn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Akademisches_kunstmuseum_bonn.jpg/254px-Akademisches_kunstmuseum_bonn.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="754"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 254px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Akademisches_kunstmuseum_bonn.jpg/254px-Akademisches_kunstmuseum_bonn.jpg" data-width="254" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Akademisches_kunstmuseum_bonn.jpg/381px-Akademisches_kunstmuseum_bonn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Akademisches_kunstmuseum_bonn.jpg/508px-Akademisches_kunstmuseum_bonn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Akademisches Kunstmuseum</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Akademisches_Kunstmuseum" title="Akademisches Kunstmuseum">Akademisches Kunstmuseum</a> (English: 'Academic Museum of Antiquities') was founded in 1818 and has one of the largest collections of plaster casts of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures in the world. At this time collections of plaster casts were mainly used in the instruction of students at art academies. They were first used in the instruction of university students in 1763 by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottlob_Heyne" title="Christian Gottlob Heyne">Christian Gottlob Heyne</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>. The Akademisches Kunstmuseum in Bonn was the first of its kind, as at this time collections at other universities were scattered around universities libraries. The first director was <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Welcker" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker">Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker</a>, who also held a professorship of archaeology. His tenure was from 1819 until his retirement in 1854. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Jahn" title="Otto Jahn">Otto Jahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Ritschl" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl">Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl</a>, who shared the directorship. From 1870 to 1889 <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz" title="Reinhard Kekulé von Stradonitz">Reinhard Kekulé von Stradonitz</a>, nephew of the organic chemist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a>, was the director. In 1872 the museum moved to a new building that was formerly used by the department of anatomy. The building was constructed from 1823 to 1830 and designed by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Waesemann" title="Hermann Friedrich Waesemann">Hermann Friedrich Waesemann</a>. Other directors of the museum were <a href="/wiki/Georg_Loeschcke" title="Georg Loeschcke">Georg Loeschcke</a> (from 1889 to 1912), <a href="/wiki/Franz_Winter" title="Franz Winter">Franz Winter</a> (from 1912 to 1929), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Richard Delbrück">Richard Delbrück</a> (from 1929 to 1940), <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Langlotz" title="Ernst Langlotz">Ernst Langlotz</a> (from 1944 to 1966), Nikolaus Himmelmann (from 1969 to 1994) and Harald Mielsch (since 1994). All directors, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Ritschl" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl">Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl</a> held a professorship of archaeology at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arithmeum_(Bonn)_jm01671.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arithmeum_%28Bonn%29_jm01671.jpg/220px-Arithmeum_%28Bonn%29_jm01671.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5743" data-file-height="4088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arithmeum_%28Bonn%29_jm01671.jpg/220px-Arithmeum_%28Bonn%29_jm01671.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arithmeum_%28Bonn%29_jm01671.jpg/330px-Arithmeum_%28Bonn%29_jm01671.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arithmeum_%28Bonn%29_jm01671.jpg/440px-Arithmeum_%28Bonn%29_jm01671.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Arithmeum</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bonn_Egyptian_Museum" title="Bonn Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ägyptisches Museum</i></span>) was founded in 2001. The collection dates back to the 19th century and was formerly part of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum. Large parts of the collection were destroyed in World War II. Today the collection comprises about 3,000 objects.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arithmeum" title="Arithmeum">Arithmeum</a> was opened in 1999. With over 1,200 objects it has the world's largest collection of historical <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">mechanical calculating machines</a>. The museum is affiliated with the Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Teaching Collection of Archaeology and Anthropology (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Archäologisch-ethnographische Lehr- und Studiensammlung</i></span>) was opened in 2008. The collection comprises more than 7,500 objects of mostly pre-Columbian art.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balaenoptera_acustorostrata_-_Zwergwalskelett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Balaenoptera_acustorostrata_-_Zwergwalskelett.jpg/256px-Balaenoptera_acustorostrata_-_Zwergwalskelett.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="1217"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 256px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Balaenoptera_acustorostrata_-_Zwergwalskelett.jpg/256px-Balaenoptera_acustorostrata_-_Zwergwalskelett.jpg" data-width="256" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Balaenoptera_acustorostrata_-_Zwergwalskelett.jpg/384px-Balaenoptera_acustorostrata_-_Zwergwalskelett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Balaenoptera_acustorostrata_-_Zwergwalskelett.jpg/512px-Balaenoptera_acustorostrata_-_Zwergwalskelett.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">Minke whale</a> skeleton, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Koenig" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Koenig">Museum Koenig</a></figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Garden,_Bonn" title="Botanical Garden, Bonn">Botanical Garden</a> was officially founded in 1818 and is located around the Poppelsdorf Palace. A garden existed at the same place at least since 1578, and around 1720 a Baroque garden was built for <a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_of_Bavaria" title="Clemens August of Bavaria">Clemens August of Bavaria</a>. The first director of the Botanical Garden was <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Daniel_Nees_von_Esenbeck" title="Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck">Nees von Esenbeck</a> from 1818 to 1830. In May 2003 the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Titan_arum" title="Titan arum">titan arum</a>, some 2.74 meters high, flowered in the Botanical Garden for three days.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The natural history museum was opened in 1820 by <a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Goldfuss" title="Georg August Goldfuss">Georg August Goldfuss</a>. It was the first public museum in the Rhineland. In 1882 it was split into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineralogical_Museum_of_the_University_of_Bonn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineralogical Museum of the University of Bonn (page does not exist)">Mineralogical Museum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogisches_Museum_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn" class="extiw" title="de:Mineralogisches Museum der Universität Bonn">de</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in the Poppelsdorf Palace and a museum of palaeontology, now named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldfu%C3%9F_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldfuß Museum (page does not exist)">Goldfuß Museum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfu%C3%9F-Museum" class="extiw" title="de:Goldfuß-Museum">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Horst Stoeckel-Museum of the History of Anesthesiology (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Horst Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie</i></span>) was opened in 2000 and is the largest of its kind in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_Koenig" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Koenig">Museum Koenig</a> is one of the largest natural history museums in Germany and is affiliated with the university. The museum was founded in 1912 by Alexander Koenig, who donated his collection of mounted specimens to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The University of Bonn has 32,500 students, and 4,000 of these are international students. Each year about 3,000 undergraduate students graduate. The university also confers about 800 Ph.D.s and about 60 <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitations</a>. More than 90 programs in all fields are offered. Strong fields as identified by the university are <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">medical genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">chemical biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_studies" title="Asian studies">Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Oriental studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Philosophy and Ethics</a>. The university has more than 550 professors, an additional academic staff of 3,900 and an administrative staff of over 1,700. The annual budget was more than 570 million euros in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculties">Faculties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Faculties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>From the foundation in 1818 to 1928 the University of Bonn had five faculties, that is, the Faculty of Catholic Theology, the Faculty of Protestant Theology, the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Arts and Science. In 1928, the Faculty of Law and the Department of Economics, that until then was part of the Faculty of Arts and Science, merged into the new Faculty of Law and Economics. In 1934 the until then independent Agricultural University Bonn-Poppelsdorf (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Bonn-Poppelsdorf</i></span>) was merged into the University of Bonn as the Faculty of Agricultural Science. In 1936, the science departments were separated from the Faculty of Arts and Science. Today the university is divided into seven faculties.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faculty_of_Protestant_Theology">Faculty of Protestant Theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Faculty of Protestant Theology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg/265px-2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 265px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg/265px-2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg" data-width="265" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg/398px-2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg/530px-2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Auditorium_Theatre" title="Auditorium Theatre">Auditorium</a> in the electoral palace</figcaption></figure> <p>The Protestant Theological Faculty has existed at the University of Bonn since 1818 (Unlike other universities, only Bonn and the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Wroclaw, founded in 1811, had both a Catholic and a theological faculty). The thematic focuses are in the areas of "Texts of Theology", "Historical Theology", "Theory of Theology", "Theology in Dialogue with the Human Sciences" and "Ecumenical Theology". Other institutes of the faculty are the Institute of <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a> and the Institute of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a>. The faculty is located in the main building of the university, where the Protestant Castle Church is also located. The university <a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">preacher</a> is Eberhard Hauschildt. The faculty operates its own dormitory for students of Protestant theology. With 187 students, it is the smallest faculty of the University of Bonn. In teacher training, the Faculty of Protestant Theology cooperates with the Institute of Protestant Theology of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>. Numerous members of the faculty are also involved in the Center for Religion and Society of the university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faculty_of_Catholic_Theology">Faculty of Catholic Theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Faculty of Catholic Theology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Faculty of Catholic Theology was also founded in 1818 with six chairs; it began teaching in the summer half of 1819. Today, the faculty comprises 13 chairs. A special feature is the workplace for theological gender research. With 243 students, it is also one of the small faculties of the university. It cooperates with the Institute for Catholic Theology of the University of Cologne and is part of the ZERG degree program. The Chair of Fundamental Theology was held by Joseph Ratzinger from 1959 to 1963, the later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faculty_of_Agriculture">Faculty of Agriculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Faculty of Agriculture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><p> In 1934, the Faculty of Agriculture was established at the university. It originated from the former Agricultural University Poppelsdorf, which was founded in 1847. Today, the faculty has its scientific focus in the areas of "Agrar Systems Sensing Analysis and Management", "Food and Nutrition" and "Enlightenment of genetically determined metabolic functions in crops, farm animals and humans using molecular biological methods" (From Molecules to Function: Crop - Livestock - Human). Courses of study for students include Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional and Food Sciences, Animal Sciences, as well as Geodesy and <a href="/wiki/Geoinformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoinformation">Geoinformation</a>. The location of the faculty is the Poppelsdorf campus. The faculty has about 2,500 students. In the winter semester 2008/09, the Theodor Brinkman Research Training Group was established at the faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landwirtschaftliche_Hochschule_Poppelsdorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landwirtschaftliche_Hochschule_Poppelsdorf.jpg/249px-Landwirtschaftliche_Hochschule_Poppelsdorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 249px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landwirtschaftliche_Hochschule_Poppelsdorf.jpg/249px-Landwirtschaftliche_Hochschule_Poppelsdorf.jpg" data-width="249" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landwirtschaftliche_Hochschule_Poppelsdorf.jpg/374px-Landwirtschaftliche_Hochschule_Poppelsdorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landwirtschaftliche_Hochschule_Poppelsdorf.jpg/498px-Landwirtschaftliche_Hochschule_Poppelsdorf.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Poppelsdorf Agricultural University</figcaption></figure><p>The faculty comprises the following seven institutes: </p><ul><li>IEL - Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences,</li> <li>IGG - Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation,</li> <li>ILR - Institute of Food and Resource Economics,</li> <li>ILT - Institute of Agricultural Engineering,</li> <li>INRES - Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Protection</li> <li>IOL - Institute of Organic Agriculture,</li> <li>ITW - Institute of Animal Sciences.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Natural_Sciences">Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences includes the subject groups <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>-<a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biomedicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular biomedicine (page does not exist)">Molecular Biomedicine</a>. In 1936, the natural science subjects were separated from the Faculty of Philosophy and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-UniBonnGesch_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniBonnGesch-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 7,636 students, it is now one of the largest faculties of the university. The locations are spread over the districts of Castell, Endenich and Poppelsdorf. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonn_MathZ_LWK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bonn_MathZ_LWK.jpg/220px-Bonn_MathZ_LWK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2982" data-file-height="2373"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bonn_MathZ_LWK.jpg/220px-Bonn_MathZ_LWK.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bonn_MathZ_LWK.jpg/330px-Bonn_MathZ_LWK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bonn_MathZ_LWK.jpg/440px-Bonn_MathZ_LWK.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Faculty of Mathematics at <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_Landwirtschaftskammer_Rheinland" class="extiw" title="de:Gebäude der Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland">Gebäudes der ehemaligen Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ELSA_extraktion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ELSA_extraktion.jpg/251px-ELSA_extraktion.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 251px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ELSA_extraktion.jpg/251px-ELSA_extraktion.jpg" data-width="251" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ELSA_extraktion.jpg/377px-ELSA_extraktion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ELSA_extraktion.jpg/502px-ELSA_extraktion.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">Electron Stretcher Accelerator</a> ELSA at the Department of Physics</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Paul_H%C3%B6rsaal_(Bonn)_jm02206.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wolfgang_Paul_H%C3%B6rsaal_%28Bonn%29_jm02206.jpg/251px-Wolfgang_Paul_H%C3%B6rsaal_%28Bonn%29_jm02206.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7043" data-file-height="4826"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 251px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wolfgang_Paul_H%C3%B6rsaal_%28Bonn%29_jm02206.jpg/251px-Wolfgang_Paul_H%C3%B6rsaal_%28Bonn%29_jm02206.jpg" data-width="251" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wolfgang_Paul_H%C3%B6rsaal_%28Bonn%29_jm02206.jpg/377px-Wolfgang_Paul_H%C3%B6rsaal_%28Bonn%29_jm02206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wolfgang_Paul_H%C3%B6rsaal_%28Bonn%29_jm02206.jpg/502px-Wolfgang_Paul_H%C3%B6rsaal_%28Bonn%29_jm02206.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The entrance area of the <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a> lecture hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonn-524-Altes_Chemisches_Institut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bonn-524-Altes_Chemisches_Institut.jpg/250px-Bonn-524-Altes_Chemisches_Institut.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bonn-524-Altes_Chemisches_Institut.jpg/250px-Bonn-524-Altes_Chemisches_Institut.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bonn-524-Altes_Chemisches_Institut.jpg/375px-Bonn-524-Altes_Chemisches_Institut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bonn-524-Altes_Chemisches_Institut.jpg/500px-Bonn-524-Altes_Chemisches_Institut.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Old Chemical Institute</figcaption></figure> <p>The Department of Mathematics includes the Mathematical Institute, the Institute of <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">Applied Mathematics</a>, the Institute of <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">Numerical Simulation</a> and the Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics. The Mathematical Institute (MI) and the Institute of Applied Mathematics moved into the building of the Rhineland Chamber of Agriculture in 2009. MI is currently organizing a <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Forschungsgemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft">DFG</a> <a href="/wiki/Graduiertenkolleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduiertenkolleg">Research Training Group</a> on the topic of "<a href="/wiki/Homotopy" title="Homotopy">Homotopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cohomology" title="Cohomology">Cohomology</a>." In addition, the university has a cluster of excellence in the field of mathematics. For this reason, the <a href="/wiki/Hausdorff_Center_for_Mathematics" title="Hausdorff Center for Mathematics">Hausdorff Center for Mathematics</a> was created. The Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics is one of the mathematical institutes of the university, but is not affiliated with the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, but reports directly to the Senate. <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields medalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Scholze" title="Peter Scholze">Peter Scholze</a> was educated at and currently teaches in the department, and past fields medalists. It is part of the GlobalMathNetwork: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École Normale Supérieure</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>. The Bonn mathematics department also has established international partnerships with <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-docplayer.net_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docplayer.net-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Informatics Section includes the Institute of Computer Science and the Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (b-it). They were founded in April 2011 and emerged from the Department of Mathematics/Computer Science. The <i>Institute</i> of <i>Applied Mathematics and Computer Science</i> was founded in 1969. This institute was divided into two independent institutes in 1975. The Institute of Computer Science has been using the computer science center on the Poppelsdorf campus together with b-it since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Institute of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science was founded in 1969. This institute was divided into two independent institutes in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Institute of Computer Science has been using the computer science center on the Poppelsdorf campus together with b-it since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Physics-Astronomy Section includes the Institute of Physics (PI), the Institute of <a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">Applied Physics</a> (IAP), the Argelander Institute for Astronomy (AIfA) and the Helmholtz Institute for Radiation and Nuclear Physics (HISKP).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the University of Cologne, Bonn hosts the <a href="/wiki/Bonn-Cologne_Graduate_School_of_Physics_and_Astronomy" title="Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy">Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy</a>, which is funded by Excellence Initiatives. The Institute of Physics operates the particle accelerator ELSA and organizes the Wolfgang Paul lectures. The chairs of theoretical physics as well as some of mathematics merged into the "Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics" in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Argelander Institute for Astronomy, named after the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander">Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander</a>, was founded in 2006 by the merger of the previous three astronomical university institutes: the Observatory, the Radio Astronomical Institute (RAIUB) and the Institute of Astrophysics and Extraterrestrial Research. </p><p>When it was built 1864 to 1867, the Old Chemical Institute was the largest institute building in the world. Today it houses the Institute of <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a> and the Institute of Geography. The Biology Section (2019) consists of eight institutes: Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Zooecology, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), Institute of Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Institute of Zoology, Nees Institute for Biodiversity of The IZMB as well as parts of the IMBIO and the Institute of Genetics are located in the old Soennecken building. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Koenig" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Koenig">Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Garden,_Bonn" title="Botanical Garden, Bonn">Botanical Gardens</a> are associated with the Department <a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_Bonn" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanischer Garten Bonn">of</a> Biology as a cooperating institute. </p><p>The <i>Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology</i> has replaced the former separate Geological Institute, Mineralogical-Petrological Institute and Institute of Paleontology since 2007. It is divided into the departments of <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a>/<a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a> and recently, since the merger with the Meteorological Institute, also <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>. In addition, he is integrated into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineralogical_Museum_of_the_University_of_Bonn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineralogical Museum of the University of Bonn (page does not exist)">Mineralogical Museum of the University of Bonn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogisches_Museum_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn" class="extiw" title="de:Mineralogisches Museum der Universität Bonn">de</a>]</span> and the Paleontological <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldfu%C3%9F_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldfuß Museum (page does not exist)">Goldfuß Museum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfu%C3%9F-Museum" class="extiw" title="de:Goldfuß-Museum">de</a>]</span>.</i> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg/268px-UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 268px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg/268px-UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg" data-width="268" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg/402px-UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg/536px-UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_Bonn" title="University Hospital Bonn">Universitätsklinikum Bonn</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faculty_of_Medicine">Faculty of Medicine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Faculty of Medicine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Faculty of Medicine focuses on neurosciences, genetic foundations and genetic epidemiology of human diseases, hepato-gastroenterology, cardiovascular diseases and immunology and infectious diseases. The DFG Cluster of Excellence "ImmunoSensation: The Immune System as a Sensory Organ" approved in 2012 is largely located at the Faculty of Medicine. In the field of health care, there is a cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_Bonn" title="University Hospital Bonn">University Hospital Bonn</a>. The majority of the buildings are located on Venusberg, but individual institutes are also in the city center. The institutes of the pre-clinic focus around the Anatomical Institute on Nußallee in the Poppelsdorf district. 2,699 students study at the faculty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faculty_of_Law,_Economics_and_Social_Sciences"><span id="Faculty_of_Law.2C_Economics_and_Social_Sciences"></span>Faculty of Law, Economics and Social Sciences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Faculty of Law, Economics and Social Sciences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg/225px-Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg" decoding="async" width="225" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="713"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg/225px-Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg" data-width="225" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg/338px-Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg/450px-Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Juridicum Bonn</figcaption></figure> <p>The Faculty of Law and Political Science, which until the Second World War was housed in the main building and then provisionally in various places, received its newly built Juridicum in 1967, a building on Adenauerallee opposite the Beethoven-Gymnasium near the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4ts-_und_Landesbibliothek_Bonn" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn">University Library</a>. The faculty currently has about 5,000 students and consists of the departments of <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. </p><p>The Faculty of Law currently comprises sixteen institutes for teaching. Since 1989, the Center for European Business Law has existed with an affiliated DFG Research Training Group on the subject of "Legal Issues of the European Financial Area" and a European Documentation Center. In addition, the Department of Political Science also includes the Institute for Water and Waste Management Law. This is a research institute whose task is to scientifically deal with the main questions of water law and to develop practical solutions. </p><p>The Department of Economics comprises three institutes for academic teaching as well as the research institutions <a href="/wiki/Bonn_Graduate_School_of_Economics" title="Bonn Graduate School of Economics">Bonn Graduate School of Economics (BGSE)</a>, DFG Research Training Group on the topic of Quantitative Economics and the Laboratory for Experimental Economic Research or the Reinhard Selten Institute. Renowned and well-known members of the department are the economists <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Schnabel" title="Isabel Schnabel">Isabel Schnabel</a>, the Leibniz Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Armin_Falk" title="Armin Falk">Armin Falk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellwig" title="Martin Hellwig">Martin Hellwig</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate_in_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate in economics">Nobel Prize winner</a> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a>. The Institute for the Future of Work (IZA) and the Institute on Behaviour and Inequality (briq), are two research institutions also connected to the department. In addition, there is a cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. In 2018, the department won the Cluster of Excellence "ECONtribute: Markets and & Public Policy" of the Excellence Initiative of the Federal and State Governments for the Reinhard Selten Institute. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg/229px-2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5010" data-file-height="3340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 229px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg/229px-2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg" data-width="229" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg/344px-2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg/458px-2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Courtyard of Electoral Palace, that houses the Faculty of Arts at Bonn</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faculty_of_Arts">Faculty of Arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Faculty of Arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Faculty of Arts includes the Institutes of English Studies, American Studies and Celtology, History, German Studies, Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies, Classic and Romance Philology, Communication Sciences, Oriental and Asian Studies, Philosophy, Political Science and Sociology, Psychology, Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology and the Institute of Art History.With over 8,753 students, it is the largest faculty of the university. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tillmannhaus_Bonn_Foyer_1950er_Foto_Sachsse_Archiv_Studierendenwerk_Bonn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tillmannhaus_Bonn_Foyer_1950er_Foto_Sachsse_Archiv_Studierendenwerk_Bonn.jpg/228px-Tillmannhaus_Bonn_Foyer_1950er_Foto_Sachsse_Archiv_Studierendenwerk_Bonn.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2673" data-file-height="2054"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 228px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tillmannhaus_Bonn_Foyer_1950er_Foto_Sachsse_Archiv_Studierendenwerk_Bonn.jpg/228px-Tillmannhaus_Bonn_Foyer_1950er_Foto_Sachsse_Archiv_Studierendenwerk_Bonn.jpg" data-width="228" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tillmannhaus_Bonn_Foyer_1950er_Foto_Sachsse_Archiv_Studierendenwerk_Bonn.jpg/342px-Tillmannhaus_Bonn_Foyer_1950er_Foto_Sachsse_Archiv_Studierendenwerk_Bonn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tillmannhaus_Bonn_Foyer_1950er_Foto_Sachsse_Archiv_Studierendenwerk_Bonn.jpg/456px-Tillmannhaus_Bonn_Foyer_1950er_Foto_Sachsse_Archiv_Studierendenwerk_Bonn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Tillmannhaus Bonn foyer in 1950, one of the earliest Studierendenwerk housing in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>On the 4 May 1860, the first German-language chair for art history was established at the university; <a href="/wiki/Anton_Heinrich_Springer" title="Anton Heinrich Springer">Anton Springer</a> was appointed chair for Middle and Modern Art History. Today's Department of Art History at the Institute of Art History and Archaeology has emerged from this Institute of Art History.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From the winter semester 2009/2010, the philosophical faculties of the University of Bonn and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> have worked together, so that in selected courses of study, it is possible for students to attend events in both <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>. In February 2009, the "International Center for Philosophy North Rhine-Westphalia" was founded on an initiative of Wolfram Hogrebe. Since 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kling" title="Thomas Kling">Thomas Kling</a> Poetry Lectureship has been awarded in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Kunststiftung_NRW" title="Kunststiftung NRW">Kunststiftung NRW</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the 200th anniversary of the university in 2018, 110 Bonn professors, especially from the Faculty of Humanities, presented the <i>Bonn Encyclopedia of Globality</i>, edited by the political scientists Ludger Kühnhardt and Tilman Mayer.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the following interdisciplinary centers have been set up: </p> <ul><li>Center for Aging Cultures (ZAK)</li> <li>Center for Contemporary Historical Foundations (ZHGG)</li> <li>Centre for the Classical Tradition (CCT)</li> <li>Bonn Medieval Center (BMZ)</li> <li>Center for Cultural Studies/Cultural Studies (ZfKW)</li> <li>Bonn Asia Center (BAZ)</li> <li>Center for Global Studies (CGS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_Life">Student Life</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Student Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mensa_Roemerstrasze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mensa_Roemerstrasze.jpg/227px-Mensa_Roemerstrasze.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 227px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mensa_Roemerstrasze.jpg/227px-Mensa_Roemerstrasze.jpg" data-width="227" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mensa_Roemerstrasze.jpg/341px-Mensa_Roemerstrasze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mensa_Roemerstrasze.jpg/454px-Mensa_Roemerstrasze.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Mensa Roemerstrasse. Bonn has one of the three oldest student unions in Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bonn Studentenwerk (English: Student union) is one of the three oldest in Germany. <i>Studentenwerke</i> provide public services for the economic, social, medical and cultural support for <a href="/wiki/Students" class="mw-redirect" title="Students">students</a> enrolled at German universities. In particular, they run university cafeterias, dormitories, and provide the <i>BAföG</i> program to finance studies with grants and loans. The national association includes multiple stakeholders of German society and collaborates with other students' affairs organizations worldwide. This includes the Uniradio <a href="/w/index.php?title=BonnFM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BonnFM (page does not exist)">BonnFM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonn_University_Shakespeare_Company" title="Bonn University Shakespeare Company">Bonn University Shakespeare Company</a>, Debating club of the University of Bonn (which was European Champion in 2006), and various sport clubs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_Sports">University Sports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: University Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The University of Bonn has one of the largest <a href="/wiki/University_Sports_Complex" title="University Sports Complex">university sports companies</a> in North Rhine-Westphalia, with around 200 sports facilities, 38 sports facilities throughout the city as well as two of its own sports facilities on Venusberg and Römerstraße in the Castell district of Bonn. With <i>Hall 5</i>, the university also operates its own gym with equipment and course rooms for all strength and endurance sports. </p><p>Rowing enjoys supra-regional importance within Bonn university sports. In their own boathouse on the banks of the Rhine, located between the two Bonn districts of Beuel and Limperich, the Bonn rowers have a diverse and modern boat park of training and racing boats at their disposal. The rowing team of the University of Bonn is one of the most traditional in the German Rowing Association and participates in <a href="/wiki/Regatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatta">regattas</a> throughout Germany every year in partly mixed teams in four or eight. The highlight is the annual participation in the German university championships, where the Bonn rowers have repeatedly qualified for the respective final in recent years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_Exchange">Academic Exchange</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Academic Exchange" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Erasmus program gives students the opportunity to exchange with over 300 European higher education institutions. Moreover, the Global Exchange Program allows for study free of charge for one to two semesters at non-European partner universities of the University of Bonn.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A selection of internationally leading universities in various countries that were available for Bonn exchange students in 2022 included:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_University_of_Thessaloniki" title="Aristotle University of Thessaloniki">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Barcelona" title="Autonomous University of Barcelona">Autonomous University of Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>, <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Eötvös Loránd University</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">EPFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_School_of_Economics" title="Higher School of Economics">HSE Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_University" title="Korea University">Korea University</a>, <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Paris-Saclay University</a>, <a href="/wiki/ENSAE_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSAE ParisTech">ENSAE ParisTech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politecnico_di_Milano" class="mw-redirect" title="Politecnico di Milano">Politecnico di Milano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra_University" title="Pompeu Fabra University">Pompeu Fabra University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul National University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>, <a href="/wiki/TU_Eindhoven" class="mw-redirect" title="TU Eindhoven">TU Eindhoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lisbon" title="University of Lisbon">University of Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan" title="University of Milan">University of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">University of Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_Development">Future Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Future Development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Innenhof_BA_Bonn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Innenhof_BA_Bonn.jpg/220px-Innenhof_BA_Bonn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Innenhof_BA_Bonn.jpg/220px-Innenhof_BA_Bonn.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Innenhof_BA_Bonn.jpg/330px-Innenhof_BA_Bonn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Innenhof_BA_Bonn.jpg/440px-Innenhof_BA_Bonn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Rabinstraße 8, the ex-Zürich Insurance headquarters housing the humanities departments while the Electoral Palace is being renovated</figcaption></figure><p> The university and North Rhine-Westphalia state construction and real estate agency is investing €2 billion in refurbishing existing buildings and new construction.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One project currently under construction is the €55 million project constructing a 'Teaching and Research Forum I & II' that is expected to be completed by 2024. This will become a central research hub with lecture halls, a library and <a href="/wiki/Seminar" title="Seminar">seminar</a> rooms for the Economics department, the Clusters of Excellence, the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics, HPCA, and DiCe. By mid-2023 the €45 million research building for the new Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Koenig" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Koenig">Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig</a> will be completed; this will allow for more collaborative research between the museum and the Department of Biology, and will house a data center, laboratories, a biobank, a cryogenic storage facility, spaces for collections, and a library. The University of Bonn is also currently replacing its chemistry building with a new €37.2 million five-story building for the chemical institutes that will house 17,750 square feet of laboratory space and 6,500 square feet of office space by 2023. From 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Akademisches_Kunstmuseum" title="Akademisches Kunstmuseum">Akademisches Kunstmuseum</a> has been under renovation by the North Rhine-Westphalia state construction agency and expected to be completed by 2025. It will also accommodate the library, offices and lecture hall for the <a href="/wiki/Classical_archaeology" title="Classical archaeology">classical archaeology</a> department, including providing access for teaching purposes to items in the collection.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg/220px-2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4986" data-file-height="3324"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg/220px-2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg/330px-2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg/440px-2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A lecture theatre at the Electoral Palace</figcaption></figure><p>Over €1 billion is being spent on the main building, the Electoral Palace, which will be out of service for several years and completed in 2030; this includes work on fire protection, re-wiring, and plumbing, as well as modernization of lecture halls, common areas, and offices. The Humanities departments are being accommodated in the former <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Insurance_Group" title="Zurich Insurance Group">Zurich Insurance</a> building on Rabinstraße throughout the construction works, while the administrative staff are being housed in the former <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Herold" title="Deutscher Herold">Deutscher Herold</a> headquarters. Both temporary locations have been equipped with library areas, seminar rooms and meeting rooms. In addition, by 2031 €128 million will be spent on a 'Forum of Knowledge' which will extend the main building on a site spanning several tens of thousands of square feet, and will be open to members of the university and city residents. The university is also planning spaces for study spaces, shops, catering, and bike parking in the extension. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internationalization">Internationalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Internationalization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A strategic objective of the University of Bonn since 2015 has been <a href="/wiki/Internationalization" title="Internationalization">increasing internationality</a> in the areas of research, teaching, and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this aim, since 2015 six international transdisciplinary research areas and six clusters of excellence were formed, Bonn ranked second in Germany for international co-publications in the Nature Index 2018, The Bonn International Graduate Schools (BIGS) system was expanded to twelve graduate schools, and there was continuation of the "International Doctorate" program with <a href="/wiki/German_Academic_Exchange_Service" title="German Academic Exchange Service">DAAD</a>. </p><p>The current strategic research aims for 2025 are to increase percentage of non-German national professors to 15% of total, increase the number of joint international research projects being conducted, increase application filing and approval rates in European Union research funding programs, to build up and expand European research and innovation networks, and to raise the international profile of the Bonn International Graduate Schools (BIGS). This will include formation of a global network with the existing strategic partner universities and establishing new partners for research, teaching and administration, continuation of efforts to build up the European University of Brain and Technology (NeurotechEU) within the European University Network funding framework, choosing at least two countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America as focus countries for international cooperation, and establishment of joint doctoral programs, and expansion of bi-national doctorate programs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg/220px-2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5048" data-file-height="3366"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg/220px-2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg/330px-2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg/440px-2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Saeulenhalle ("Pillared Hall") of the Electoral Palace</figcaption></figure> <p>The strategic teaching aims for 2025 are digital internationalization of study offerings and teaching, increasing the number of English-language bachelor's degree modules, increasing the number of incoming international exchange students (in particular <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelors</a> programs), increase outgoing student mobility through the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Global Exchange Program</a>, improving access to underrepresented groups of students. This will include expanding the <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_lexical_access" title="Bilingual lexical access">bilingually</a> of services in central administration, enhancement of foreign language and intercultural competency acquisition opportunities as part of personnel staff skill development, further development of existing internationalization structures within the faculties, departments and institutes, digitalization of service structures for international students and academics at the University of Bonn, and increasing the University of Bonn's international marketing and public relations. </p><p>Additional strategic objectives for the university are the increased bilateral cooperation between the University of Bonn and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a>, increased cooperation with international academic and science organizations active in Bonn, increased cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private-sector</a> firms based in the region, increased cooperation with the City of Bonn on internationalization-relevant initiatives, and development of long-term internationalization plans aligned with the identity of the City of Bonn as a center for <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_transformation_plan" title="Sustainability and transformation plan">sustainability policy</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Academic_profile">Academic profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Academic profile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_Institutes">Research Institutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Research Institutes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonn,_Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_(Vivatsgasse)_--_2016_--_3993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bonn%2C_Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_%28Vivatsgasse%29_--_2016_--_3993.jpg/195px-Bonn%2C_Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_%28Vivatsgasse%29_--_2016_--_3993.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3397" data-file-height="4246"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 195px;height: 244px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bonn%2C_Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_%28Vivatsgasse%29_--_2016_--_3993.jpg/195px-Bonn%2C_Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_%28Vivatsgasse%29_--_2016_--_3993.jpg" data-width="195" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bonn%2C_Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_%28Vivatsgasse%29_--_2016_--_3993.jpg/293px-Bonn%2C_Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_%28Vivatsgasse%29_--_2016_--_3993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bonn%2C_Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_%28Vivatsgasse%29_--_2016_--_3993.jpg/390px-Bonn%2C_Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_%28Vivatsgasse%29_--_2016_--_3993.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Mathematics" title="Max Planck Institute for Mathematics">Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik</a>, a prestigious research institute associated with academics from the University of Bonn</figcaption></figure> <p>The Franz Joseph Dölger-Institute studies the <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and in particular the confrontation and interaction of Christians, Jews and Pagans in the late antiquity. The institute edits the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum</i></span>, a <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> treating the history of early Christians in late antiquity. The institute is named after the church historian <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_D%C3%B6lger" title="Franz Joseph Dölger">Franz Joseph Dölger</a> who was a professor of theology at the university from 1929 to 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics focuses on <a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">discrete mathematics</a> and its applications, in particular <a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_optimization" title="Combinatorial optimization">combinatorial optimization</a> and the design of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">computer chips</a>. The institute cooperates with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post" title="Deutsche Post">Deutsche Post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers of the institute optimized the chess computer <a href="/wiki/IBM_Deep_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Deep Blue">IBM Deep Blue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biomedizinisches_Zentrum_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biomedizinisches_Zentrum_II.jpg/215px-Biomedizinisches_Zentrum_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biomedizinisches_Zentrum_II.jpg/215px-Biomedizinisches_Zentrum_II.jpg" data-width="215" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biomedizinisches_Zentrum_II.jpg/323px-Biomedizinisches_Zentrum_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biomedizinisches_Zentrum_II.jpg/430px-Biomedizinisches_Zentrum_II.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Biomedical Center, Bonn</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonn_caesar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bonn_caesar.jpg/220px-Bonn_caesar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bonn_caesar.jpg/220px-Bonn_caesar.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bonn_caesar.jpg/330px-Bonn_caesar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bonn_caesar.jpg/440px-Bonn_caesar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Center_of_Advanced_European_Studies_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of Advanced European Studies and Research">Center of Advanced European Studies and Research</a></figcaption></figure><p>The Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics "is a joint enterprise of theoretical physicists and mathematicians at various institutes of or connected with the University of Bonn. In the spirit of Hans Bethe it fosters research activities over a wide range of theoretical and mathematical physics." Activities of the Bethe Center include a short- and long-term visitors' program, workshops on dedicated research topics, regular Bethe Seminar Series, lectures and seminars for graduate students.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Sciences (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsches Referenzzentrum für Ethik in den Biowissenschaften</i></span>) was founded in 1999 and is modeled after the <i>National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature</i> at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>. The center provides access to scientific information to academics and professionals in the fields of life science and is the only one of its kind in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IZA_Bonn_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IZA_Bonn_2008.jpg/220px-IZA_Bonn_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1564"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IZA_Bonn_2008.jpg/220px-IZA_Bonn_2008.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IZA_Bonn_2008.jpg/330px-IZA_Bonn_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IZA_Bonn_2008.jpg/440px-IZA_Bonn_2008.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Institute for Study of Labour headquarters in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>After the German government's decision in 1991 to move the capital of Germany from Bonn to Berlin, the city of Bonn received generous compensation from the federal government. This led to the foundation of three research institutes in 1995, of which two are affiliated with the university: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_European_Integration_Studies" title="Center for European Integration Studies">Center for European Integration Studies</a> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung</i></span>) studies the legal, economic and social implications of the <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> process. The institute offers several graduate programs and organizes summer schools for students.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The Center for Development Research (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung</i></span>) studies global development from an interdisciplinary perspective and offers a doctoral program in international development.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Center_of_Advanced_European_Studies_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of Advanced European Studies and Research">Center of Advanced European Studies and Research</a> (CAESAR) is an interdisciplinary applied research institute. Research is conducted in the fields of nanotechnology, biotechnology and medical technology. The institute is a private foundation, but collaborates closely with the university.</li></ul><p> The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for the Study of Labor">Institute for the Study of Labor</a> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit</i></span>) is a private research institute that is funded by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post" title="Deutsche Post">Deutsche Post</a>. The institute concentrates on research on labor economics, but is also offering policy advice on labor market issues. The institute also awards the annual <i>IZA Prize in Labor Economics</i>. The department of economics of the University of Bonn and the institute closely cooperate.</p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Planck_Institute_Radioastronomie_Bonn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Max_Planck_Institute_Radioastronomie_Bonn.jpg/200px-Max_Planck_Institute_Radioastronomie_Bonn.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Max_Planck_Institute_Radioastronomie_Bonn.jpg/200px-Max_Planck_Institute_Radioastronomie_Bonn.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Max_Planck_Institute_Radioastronomie_Bonn.jpg/300px-Max_Planck_Institute_Radioastronomie_Bonn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Max_Planck_Institute_Radioastronomie_Bonn.jpg/400px-Max_Planck_Institute_Radioastronomie_Bonn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Radio_Astronomy" title="Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy">Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy</a></figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik" class="mw-redirect" title="Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik">Max Planck Institute for Mathematics</a> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Max Planck-Institut für Mathematik</i></span>) is part of the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>, a network of scientific research institutes in Germany. The institute was founded in 1980 by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hirzebruch" title="Friedrich Hirzebruch">Friedrich Hirzebruch</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Radio_Astronomy" title="Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy">Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy</a> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie</i></span>) was founded in 1966 as an institute of the Max Planck Society. It operates the radio telescope in <a href="/wiki/Effelsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Effelsberg">Effelsberg</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Research_on_Collective_Goods" title="Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods">Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods</a> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung von Gemeinschaftsgütern</i></span>) started as a research group in 1997 and was founded as an institute of the Max Planck Society in 2003. The institute studies collective goods from a legal and economic perspective. </p><p>The Center for Economics and Neuroscience, founded in 2009 by Christian Elger, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Armin_Falk" title="Armin Falk">Armin Falk</a>, Martin Reuter and Bernd Weber, provides an international platform for interdisciplinary work in <a href="/wiki/Neuroeconomics" title="Neuroeconomics">neuroeconomics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes the Laboratory for Experimental Economics that can carry out computer-based behavioral experiments with up to 24 participants simultaneously, two <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) scanners for interactive behavioral experiments and functional imaging, as well as a biomolecular laboratory for genotyping different polymorphisms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>University of Bonn researchers made fundamental contributions in the sciences and the humanities. In physics researchers developed the <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_ion_trap" title="Quadrupole ion trap">quadrupole ion trap</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Geissler_tube" title="Geissler tube">Geissler tube</a>, discovered <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a>, were instrumental in describing <a href="/wiki/Cathode_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode rays">cathode rays</a> and developed the <a href="/wiki/Variable_star_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable star designation">variable star designation</a>. In chemistry researchers made significant contributions to the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Alicyclic_compound" title="Alicyclic compound">alicyclic compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a>. In material science researchers have been instrumental in describing the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_effect" title="Lotus effect">lotus effect</a>. In mathematics University of Bonn faculty made fundamental contributions to modern <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hirzebruch%E2%80%93Riemann%E2%80%93Roch_theorem" title="Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem">Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipschitz_continuity" title="Lipschitz continuity">Lipschitz continuity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Petri_net" title="Petri net">Petri net</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nhage%E2%80%93Strassen_algorithm" title="Schönhage–Strassen algorithm">Schönhage–Strassen algorithm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faltings%27s_theorem" title="Faltings's theorem">Faltings's theorem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Toeplitz_matrix" title="Toeplitz matrix">Toeplitz matrix</a> are all named after University of Bonn mathematicians. University of Bonn economists made fundamental contributions to <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">experimental economics</a>. Thinkers that were faculty at the University of Bonn include the poet <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">August Wilhelm Schlegel</a>, the historian <a href="/wiki/Barthold_Georg_Niebuhr" title="Barthold Georg Niebuhr">Barthold Georg Niebuhr</a>, the theologians <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Joseph Ratzinger</a> and the poet <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Ernst Moritz Arndt</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geb%C3%A4ude_der_Landwirtschaftskammer_Rheinland_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Endenicher Allee 60" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_Landwirtschaftskammer_Rheinland_2021.jpg/310px-Geb%C3%A4ude_der_Landwirtschaftskammer_Rheinland_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8203" data-file-height="3258"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_Landwirtschaftskammer_Rheinland_2021.jpg/310px-Geb%C3%A4ude_der_Landwirtschaftskammer_Rheinland_2021.jpg" data-alt="Endenicher Allee 60" data-width="310" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_Landwirtschaftskammer_Rheinland_2021.jpg/465px-Geb%C3%A4ude_der_Landwirtschaftskammer_Rheinland_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_Landwirtschaftskammer_Rheinland_2021.jpg/620px-Geb%C3%A4ude_der_Landwirtschaftskammer_Rheinland_2021.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Endenicher Allee 60, one of the Six Buildings for the <a href="/wiki/Hausdorff_Center_for_Mathematics" title="Hausdorff Center for Mathematics">Hausdorff Center for Mathematics</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The university has nine collaborative research centres and five research units funded by the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Forschungsgemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft">German Science Foundation</a> and attracts more than 75 million Euros in external research funding annually. </p><p>The Excellence Initiative of the German government in 2006 resulted in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Hausdorff_Center_for_Mathematics" title="Hausdorff Center for Mathematics">Hausdorff Center for Mathematics</a> as one of the seventeen national <i>Clusters of Excellence</i> that were part of the initiative and the expansion of the already existing <a href="/wiki/Bonn_Graduate_School_of_Economics" title="Bonn Graduate School of Economics">Bonn Graduate School of Economics</a> (BGSE). The <i>Excellence Initiative</i> also resulted in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Bonn-Cologne_Graduate_School_of_Physics_and_Astronomy" title="Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy">Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy</a> (an honors Masters and PhD program, jointly with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>). Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics was founded in the November 2008, to foster closer interaction between mathematicians and theoretical physicists at Bonn. The center also arranges for regular visitors and seminars (on topics including String theory, Nuclear physics, Condensed matter etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings">Rankings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Rankings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">University rankings</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">Overall – Global & National</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style=";text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a></i> World</b> 2024<sup id="cite_ref-QS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style=";text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"> 239</td><td style=";text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"> 14</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style=";text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a></i> World</b> 2024<sup id="cite_ref-THE_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style=";text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"> 91</td><td style=";text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"> 6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style=";text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></i> World</b> 2023<sup id="cite_ref-ARWU_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARWU-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style=";text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"> 67</td><td style=";text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"> 4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a></i> Europe</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a></i> Employability</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a></i> Employability</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">By subject – Global & National</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style=";text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a></i> Mathematics</b> 2023<sup id="cite_ref-QSSubject_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QSSubject-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style=";text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"> 39</td><td style=";text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"> 1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a></i> </b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style=";text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></i> Mathematics</b> 2022<sup id="cite_ref-ARWUSubject_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARWUSubject-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style=";text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"> 15</td><td style=";text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"> 1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a></i> </b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a></i> </b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></i> </b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a></i> </b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a></i> </b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></i> </b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a></i> </b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a></i> </b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:none;text-align:left;width: 99%"> <b><i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></i> </b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em"></td><td style="display:none;text-align:center;white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a> for 2024, the university was positioned 239th globally and 14th nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-QS_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the university was ranked significantly higher in the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>, taking the 91st place worldwide and the 6th position within the country for the year 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-THE_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the university's highest ranking was achieved in the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, where it was ranked 67th globally and 4th nationally in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-ARWU_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARWU-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the QS rankings for Mathematics in 2023, it sits at 39th globally and is the leading institution nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-QSSubject_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QSSubject-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ARWU's 2022 Mathematics rankings further bolster this reputation, placing the university 15th in the world and maintaining its first-place national standing.<sup id="cite_ref-ARWUSubject_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARWUSubject-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 90%"> <caption>QS Subject Ranking 2023<sup id="cite_ref-QSSubject_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QSSubject-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject</th> <th>Global</th> <th>National </th></tr> <tr> <th><div style="float:left;">Arts & Humanities</div> </th> <th data-sort-value="236"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 236 </th> <th data-sort-value="13"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 13 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Theology, Divinity and Religious Studies </td> <td data-sort-value="101–140"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 101–140</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="11–12"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 11–12</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Archaeology </td> <td data-sort-value="51–100"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 51–100</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="6–8"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 6–8</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English Language and Literature </td> <td data-sort-value="251–300"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 251–300</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="10–12"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 10–12</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>History </td> <td data-sort-value="151–200"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 151–200</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="9–12"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 9–12</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Modern Languages </td> <td data-sort-value="201–250"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 201–250</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="10–13"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 10–13</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philosophy </td> <td data-sort-value="51–100"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 51–100</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="5–7"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 5–7</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><div style="float:left;">Engineering and Technology</div> </th> <th>N/A </th> <th>N/A </th></tr> <tr> <td>Computer Science and Information Systems </td> <td data-sort-value="251–300"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 251–300</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="13–14"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 13–14</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><div style="float:left;">Life Sciences & Medicine</div> </th> <th data-sort-value="150"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 150 </th> <th data-sort-value="8"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 8 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Agriculture and Forestry </td> <td data-sort-value="66"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 66</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="4"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 4</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biological Sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="117"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 117</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="8"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 8</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dentistry </td> <td data-sort-value="51–80"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 51–80</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="1–4"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 1–4</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medicine </td> <td data-sort-value="151–200"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 151–200</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="8–13"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 8–13</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pharmacy and Pharmacology </td> <td data-sort-value="101–150"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 101–150</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="7–9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 7–9</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><div style="float:left;">Natural Sciences</div> </th> <th data-sort-value="96"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 96 </th> <th data-sort-value="7"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 7 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Earth and Marine Sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="101–150"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 101–150</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="7–13"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 7–13</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geography </td> <td data-sort-value="101–150"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 101–150</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="4–7"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 4–7</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geology </td> <td data-sort-value="101–150"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 101–150</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="7–13"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 7–13</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geophysics </td> <td data-sort-value="101–150"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 101–150</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="7–13"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 7–13</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mathematics </td> <td data-sort-value="39"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 39</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="1"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><div style="float:left;">Social Sciences & Management</div> </th> <th data-sort-value="275"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 275 </th> <th data-sort-value="10"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 10 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Economics and Econometrics </td> <td data-sort-value="50"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 50</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="3"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 3</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Law and Legal Studies </td> <td data-sort-value="201–250"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 201–250</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="9–12"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 9–12</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 90%"> <caption>THE Subject Ranking 2023<sup id="cite_ref-THESubject_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THESubject-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject</th> <th>Global</th> <th>National </th></tr> <tr> <td>Arts & humanities </td> <td data-sort-value="201–250"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 201–250</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="18–20"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 18–20</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Business & economics </td> <td data-sort-value="71"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 71</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="4"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 4</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Social sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="251–300"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 251–300</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="18–21"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 18–21</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Computer science </td> <td data-sort-value="99"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 99</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="8"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 8</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clinical & health </td> <td data-sort-value="176–200"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 176–200</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="11"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 11</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Life sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="86"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> =86</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 9</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physical sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="39"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> =39</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="4"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 4</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Psychology </td> <td data-sort-value="251–300"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 251–300</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="24"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 24</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 90%"> <caption>ARWU Subject Ranking 2022<sup id="cite_ref-ARWUSubject_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARWUSubject-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject</th> <th>Global</th> <th>National </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Natural Sciences </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mathematics </td> <td data-sort-value="15"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 15</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="1"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physics </td> <td data-sort-value="51–75"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 51–75</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="3–5"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 3–5</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chemistry </td> <td data-sort-value="201–300"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 201–300</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="16–25"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 16–25</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Earth Sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="201–300"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 201–300</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="17–23"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 17–23</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geography </td> <td data-sort-value="101–150"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 101–150</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="3–7"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 3–7</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atmospheric Science </td> <td data-sort-value="101–150"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 101–150</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="7–10"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 7–10</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Engineering </th></tr> <tr> <td>Computer Science & Engineering </td> <td data-sort-value="301–400"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 301–400</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="11–13"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 11–13</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Environmental Science & Engineering </td> <td data-sort-value="401–500"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 401–500</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="22–28"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 22–28</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water Resources </td> <td data-sort-value="101–150"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 101–150</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="4–8"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 4–8</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Food Science & Technology </td> <td data-sort-value="201–300"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 201–300</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="3–6"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 3–6</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biotechnology </td> <td data-sort-value="201–300"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 201–300</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="14–25"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 14–25</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Life Sciences </th></tr> <tr> <td>Biological Sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="76–100"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 76–100</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="6–11"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 6–11</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Human Biological Sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="51–75"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 51–75</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="6–8"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 6–8</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agricultural Sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="46"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 46</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="3"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 3</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Medical Sciences </th></tr> <tr> <td>Clinical Medicine </td> <td data-sort-value="201–300"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 201–300</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="14–22"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 14–22</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public Health </td> <td data-sort-value="301–400"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 301–400</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="12–22"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 12–22</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dentistry & Oral Sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="51–75"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 51–75</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="3–4"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 3–4</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medical Technology </td> <td data-sort-value="76–100"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 76–100</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="13–15"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 13–15</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences </td> <td data-sort-value="51–75"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 51–75</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="5–6"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fall"><noscript><img alt="Fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/9px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" data-alt="Fall" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/14px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/18px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 5–6</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Social Sciences </th></tr> <tr> <td>Economics </td> <td data-sort-value="39"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 39</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="1"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Same position"><noscript><img alt="Same position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/9px-Steady3.svg.png" data-alt="Same position" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/14px-Steady3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Steady3.svg/18px-Steady3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Statistics </td> <td data-sort-value="101–150"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 101–150</div> </td> <td data-sort-value="4–6"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rise"><noscript><img alt="Rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 9px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/9px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" data-alt="Rise" data-width="9" data-height="9" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/14px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/18px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 4–6</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_Partner_Universities">Strategic Partner Universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Strategic Partner Universities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The University of Bonn maintains a variety of relationships with renowned higher education institutions from around the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the numerous research collaborations of its scholars, institutes and faculties, the University of Bonn has a cross-faculty partnership network with over 70 higher education institutions worldwide. In 2023, Bonn built on its strategic partnerships with its existing partner universities and launched a global university network consisting of <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a> to foster collaboration in education, research, leadership and innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology">KNUST</a>.</li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a>.</li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_University" title="Mohammed V University">Mohammed V University</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia_and_Oceania">Asia and Oceania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Asia and Oceania" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Language_and_Culture_University" title="Beijing Language and Culture University">Beijing Language and Culture University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University" title="Beijing Foreign Studies University">Beijing Foreign Studies University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongji_University" title="Tongji University">Tongji University</a></li> <li>Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rikkyo_University" title="Rikkyo University">Rikkyo University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_University" title="Sophia University">Sophia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba" title="University of Tsukuba">University of Tsukuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Korea_University" title="Korea University">Korea University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul National University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogang_University" title="Sogang University">Sogang University</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/National_Chengchi_University" title="National Chengchi University">National Chengchi University</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_University" title="National Taiwan University">National Taiwan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamkang_University" title="Tamkang University">Tamkang University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Czechia: <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a>.</li> <li>France: <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">Paris Sciences et Lettres University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Paris-Saclay University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">University of Toulouse</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>.</li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Luxembourg" title="University of Luxembourg">University of Luxembourg</a>.</li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Wageningen_University_%26_Research" title="Wageningen University & Research">Wageningen University & Research</a>.</li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski_University_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw">Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Life_Sciences" title="Warsaw University of Life Sciences">Warsaw University of Life Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a>.</li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Barcelona" title="Autonomous University of Barcelona">Autonomous University of Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="University of León">University of León</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a>.</li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a>.</li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_and_South_America">North and South America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: North and South America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro">Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Federal University of Rio de Janeiro">Federal University of Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Talca" title="University of Talca">University of Talca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Chile" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Chile">Pontifical Catholic University of Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_British_Columbia" title="University of Northern British Columbia">University of Northern British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Autonomous_University_of_Puebla" title="Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla">Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla</a></li> <li>United States of America: <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_College" title="Kalamazoo College">Kalamazoo College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93St._Louis" title="University of Missouri–St. Louis">University of Missouri–St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico" title="University of New Mexico">University of New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi" title="University of Southern Mississippi">University of Southern Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Middle East" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a>.</li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Technion – Israel Institute of Technology">Technion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichman_University" title="Reichman University">Reichman University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_Networks">Regional Networks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Regional Networks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>ABCD-J: <a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">RWTH Aachen</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_University_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf">Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forschungszentrum_J%C3%BClich" title="Forschungszentrum Jülich">Forschungszentrum Jülich</a></li> <li>Bonn-Frankfurt-Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">University of Mainz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subject_Specific">Subject Specific</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Subject Specific" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Bonn has close ties to other universities through the following international research networks: </p> <ul><li>GlobalMathNetwork: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École Normale Supérieure</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><sup id="cite_ref-docplayer.net_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docplayer.net-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>European Doctoral Programme in Quantitative Economics: <a href="/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra_University" title="Pompeu Fabra University">Pompeu Fabra University</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a></li> <li>TAKeOFF: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">LMU Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology">KNUST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania Institute for Medical Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buea" title="University of Buea">University of Buea</a></li> <li>Agricultural Innovation: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">LMU Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hohenheim" title="University of Hohenheim">University of Hohenheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Agricultural_Research_in_Africa" title="Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa">FARA</a>, AGRODEP</li> <li>European Culture and Identity: <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">University of Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_University" title="Sofia University">Sofia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a></li> <li>UN-Bonn-Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Bonn_people" title="List of University of Bonn people">List of University of Bonn people</a></div> <p>To date, eleven <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medals</a> have been awarded to faculty and alumni of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn: </p> <ul><li>Nobel Prize: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a>, alumni: chemistry, 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a>, alumni: chemistry, 1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a>, alumni: physiology and medicine, 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Rudolf Hess</a>, faculty member: physiology and medicine, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a>, faculty member: economics, 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a>, faculty member: physics, 1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a>, alumni: literature, 1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a>, faculty member: chemistry, 1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johann_Ludwig_von_Heyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse">Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse</a>, alumni: literature, 1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>, faculty member: physics, 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a>, alumni: physics, 2020</li></ul></li> <li>Fields Medal: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Faltings" title="Gerd Faltings">Gerd Faltings</a>, 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Maxim Kontsevich</a>, 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregori_Margulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregori Margulis">Gregori Margulis</a>, 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scholze" title="Peter Scholze">Peter Scholze</a>, 2018</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryna_Viazovska" title="Maryna Viazovska">Maryna Viazovska</a>, 2022</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Some of the numerous well-known faculty members and alumni of the University of Bonn: </p> <ul><li>In Humanities:</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004,_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Konrad Adenauer was Chancellor of Germany from 1949 to 1963"><noscript><img alt="Konrad Adenauer was Chancellor of Germany from 1949 to 1963" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/80px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/80px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" data-alt="Konrad Adenauer was Chancellor of Germany from 1949 to 1963" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> was <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(1949%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)">Chancellor of Germany</a> from 1949 to 1963</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_(cropped).gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt Historian, writer, poet and one of the founders of 19th century movement for German unification"><noscript><img alt="Ernst Moritz Arndt Historian, writer, poet and one of the founders of 19th century movement for German unification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_%28cropped%29.gif/86px-Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_%28cropped%29.gif" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="425"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_%28cropped%29.gif/86px-Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_%28cropped%29.gif" data-alt="Ernst Moritz Arndt Historian, writer, poet and one of the founders of 19th century movement for German unification" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_%28cropped%29.gif/129px-Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_%28cropped%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_%28cropped%29.gif/172px-Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_%28cropped%29.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Ernst Moritz Arndt</a><br>Historian, writer, poet and one of the founders of 19th century movement for <a href="/wiki/German_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="German unification">German unification</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Benedict_XVI_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pope Benedict XVI Head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State"><noscript><img alt="Pope Benedict XVI Head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pope_Benedict_XVI_2.jpg/81px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1007"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 81px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pope_Benedict_XVI_2.jpg/81px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_2.jpg" data-alt="Pope Benedict XVI Head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State" data-width="81" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pope_Benedict_XVI_2.jpg/122px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pope_Benedict_XVI_2.jpg/162px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a><br>Head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City State">Vatican City State</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ludwig van Beethoven Composer and pianist"><noscript><img alt="Ludwig van Beethoven Composer and pianist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg/96px-Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4330" data-file-height="5389"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg/96px-Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg" data-alt="Ludwig van Beethoven Composer and pianist" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg/145px-Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg/193px-Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a><br>Composer and pianist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_bruch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Max Bruch Composer and conductor"><noscript><img alt="Max Bruch Composer and conductor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Max_bruch.jpg/92px-Max_bruch.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 92px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Max_bruch.jpg/92px-Max_bruch.jpg" data-alt="Max Bruch Composer and conductor" data-width="92" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Max_bruch.jpg/137px-Max_bruch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Max_bruch.jpg/183px-Max_bruch.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Max Bruch</a><br>Composer and conductor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FranzBoas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franz Boas Anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology"><noscript><img alt="Franz Boas Anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/FranzBoas.jpg/96px-FranzBoas.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="554"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/FranzBoas.jpg/96px-FranzBoas.jpg" data-alt="Franz Boas Anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/FranzBoas.jpg/144px-FranzBoas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/FranzBoas.jpg/191px-FranzBoas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a><br>Anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504,_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heinrich Brüning Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932"><noscript><img alt="Heinrich Brüning Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/83px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/83px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg" data-alt="Heinrich Brüning Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/125px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/167px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a><br><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> from 1930 to 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Einde_bezoek_bondskanselier_dr_Ludwig_Erhard_en_gaf_persconferentie_in_het_Haag,_Bestanddeelnr_916-1330.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ludwig Erhard The second Chancellor of (West) Germany from 1963 to 1966"><noscript><img alt="Ludwig Erhard The second Chancellor of (West) Germany from 1963 to 1966" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Einde_bezoek_bondskanselier_dr_Ludwig_Erhard_en_gaf_persconferentie_in_het_Haag%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-1330.jpg/79px-Einde_bezoek_bondskanselier_dr_Ludwig_Erhard_en_gaf_persconferentie_in_het_Haag%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-1330.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 79px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Einde_bezoek_bondskanselier_dr_Ludwig_Erhard_en_gaf_persconferentie_in_het_Haag%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-1330.jpg/79px-Einde_bezoek_bondskanselier_dr_Ludwig_Erhard_en_gaf_persconferentie_in_het_Haag%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-1330.jpg" data-alt="Ludwig Erhard The second Chancellor of (West) Germany from 1963 to 1966" data-width="79" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Einde_bezoek_bondskanselier_dr_Ludwig_Erhard_en_gaf_persconferentie_in_het_Haag%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-1330.jpg/118px-Einde_bezoek_bondskanselier_dr_Ludwig_Erhard_en_gaf_persconferentie_in_het_Haag%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-1330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Einde_bezoek_bondskanselier_dr_Ludwig_Erhard_en_gaf_persconferentie_in_het_Haag%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-1330.jpg/158px-Einde_bezoek_bondskanselier_dr_Ludwig_Erhard_en_gaf_persconferentie_in_het_Haag%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-1330.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a><br>The second Chancellor of (West) Germany from 1963 to 1966</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konrad_Duden_1829-1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Konrad Duden Philologist and founder of the German language dictionary Duden"><noscript><img alt="Konrad Duden Philologist and founder of the German language dictionary Duden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Konrad_Duden_1829-1911.jpg/80px-Konrad_Duden_1829-1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Konrad_Duden_1829-1911.jpg/80px-Konrad_Duden_1829-1911.jpg" data-alt="Konrad Duden Philologist and founder of the German language dictionary Duden" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Konrad_Duden_1829-1911.jpg/120px-Konrad_Duden_1829-1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Konrad_Duden_1829-1911.jpg/160px-Konrad_Duden_1829-1911.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Duden" title="Konrad Duden">Konrad Duden</a><br> Philologist and founder of the German language dictionary <a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Eucken2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walter Eucken Economist of the Freiburg school, father of ordoliberalism and developer of the concept of social market economy"><noscript><img alt="Walter Eucken Economist of the Freiburg school, father of ordoliberalism and developer of the concept of social market economy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Walter_Eucken2.jpg/80px-Walter_Eucken2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Walter_Eucken2.jpg/80px-Walter_Eucken2.jpg" data-alt="Walter Eucken Economist of the Freiburg school, father of ordoliberalism and developer of the concept of social market economy" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Walter_Eucken2.jpg/120px-Walter_Eucken2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Walter_Eucken2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eucken" title="Walter Eucken">Walter Eucken</a><br>Economist of the <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_school" title="Freiburg school">Freiburg school</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">ordoliberalism</a> and developer of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Friedrich_III.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick III German Emperor"><noscript><img alt="Frederick III German Emperor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Emperor_Friedrich_III.png/82px-Emperor_Friedrich_III.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Emperor_Friedrich_III.png/82px-Emperor_Friedrich_III.png" data-alt="Frederick III German Emperor" data-width="82" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Emperor_Friedrich_III.png/124px-Emperor_Friedrich_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Emperor_Friedrich_III.png/165px-Emperor_Friedrich_III.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a><br>German Emperor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A,_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Goebbels Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany"><noscript><img alt="Joseph Goebbels Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/89px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 89px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/89px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg" data-alt="Joseph Goebbels Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany" data-width="89" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/134px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/179px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a><br>Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Habermas10_(14298469242).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jürgen Habermas Philosopher and sociologist"><noscript><img alt="Jürgen Habermas Philosopher and sociologist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Habermas10_%2814298469242%29.jpg/88px-Habermas10_%2814298469242%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="3216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Habermas10_%2814298469242%29.jpg/88px-Habermas10_%2814298469242%29.jpg" data-alt="Jürgen Habermas Philosopher and sociologist" data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Habermas10_%2814298469242%29.jpg/132px-Habermas10_%2814298469242%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Habermas10_%2814298469242%29.jpg/175px-Habermas10_%2814298469242%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a><br>Philosopher and sociologist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Heine-Oppenheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heinrich Heine Poet, writer and literary critic"><noscript><img alt="Heinrich Heine Poet, writer and literary critic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Heinrich_Heine-Oppenheim.jpg/95px-Heinrich_Heine-Oppenheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 95px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Heinrich_Heine-Oppenheim.jpg/95px-Heinrich_Heine-Oppenheim.jpg" data-alt="Heinrich Heine Poet, writer and literary critic" data-width="95" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Heinrich_Heine-Oppenheim.jpg/142px-Heinrich_Heine-Oppenheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Heinrich_Heine-Oppenheim.jpg/189px-Heinrich_Heine-Oppenheim.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a><br>Poet, writer and literary critic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses-Hess.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moses Hess Philosopher and a founder of Labor Zionism"><noscript><img alt="Moses Hess Philosopher and a founder of Labor Zionism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moses-Hess.jpg/101px-Moses-Hess.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1492"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 101px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moses-Hess.jpg/101px-Moses-Hess.jpg" data-alt="Moses Hess Philosopher and a founder of Labor Zionism" data-width="101" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moses-Hess.jpg/151px-Moses-Hess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moses-Hess.jpg/201px-Moses-Hess.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a><br>Philosopher and a founder of <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AxelHonneth2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Axel Honneth Philosopher and director of the Institut für Sozialforschung"><noscript><img alt="Axel Honneth Philosopher and director of the Institut für Sozialforschung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AxelHonneth2.JPG/120px-AxelHonneth2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="806"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AxelHonneth2.JPG/120px-AxelHonneth2.JPG" data-alt="Axel Honneth Philosopher and director of the Institut für Sozialforschung" data-width="120" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AxelHonneth2.JPG/180px-AxelHonneth2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AxelHonneth2.JPG/240px-AxelHonneth2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Axel Honneth</a><br>Philosopher and director of the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sozialforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Sozialforschung">Institut für Sozialforschung</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheik-Umarr_Mikailu_Jah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheik-Umarr Mikailu Jah Surgeon & Politician"><noscript><img alt="Sheik-Umarr Mikailu Jah Surgeon & Politician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sheik-Umarr_Mikailu_Jah.jpg/90px-Sheik-Umarr_Mikailu_Jah.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1224"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sheik-Umarr_Mikailu_Jah.jpg/90px-Sheik-Umarr_Mikailu_Jah.jpg" data-alt="Sheik-Umarr Mikailu Jah Surgeon & Politician" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sheik-Umarr_Mikailu_Jah.jpg/135px-Sheik-Umarr_Mikailu_Jah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sheik-Umarr_Mikailu_Jah.jpg/180px-Sheik-Umarr_Mikailu_Jah.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sheik-Umarr_Mikailu_Jah" title="Sheik-Umarr Mikailu Jah">Sheik-Umarr Mikailu Jah</a><br>Surgeon & Politician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-03-26_Oskar_Lafontaine_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%933.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oskar Lafontaine Served as Minister-President of Saarland, as Germanys Minister of Finance, as party leader of the SPD and later of The Left"><noscript><img alt="Oskar Lafontaine Served as Minister-President of Saarland, as Germanys Minister of Finance, as party leader of the SPD and later of The Left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2017-03-26_Oskar_Lafontaine_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%933.jpg/86px-2017-03-26_Oskar_Lafontaine_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%933.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5378"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2017-03-26_Oskar_Lafontaine_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%933.jpg/86px-2017-03-26_Oskar_Lafontaine_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%933.jpg" data-alt="Oskar Lafontaine Served as Minister-President of Saarland, as Germanys Minister of Finance, as party leader of the SPD and later of The Left" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2017-03-26_Oskar_Lafontaine_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%933.jpg/128px-2017-03-26_Oskar_Lafontaine_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2017-03-26_Oskar_Lafontaine_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%933.jpg/171px-2017-03-26_Oskar_Lafontaine_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%933.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine" title="Oskar Lafontaine">Oskar Lafontaine</a><br>Served as Minister-President of <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, as Germanys Minister of Finance, as party leader of the <a href="/wiki/German_Social-Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Social-Democratic Party">SPD</a> and later of <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grundsteinlegung_MiQua-7004_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armin Laschet Leader of the CDU and the Minister-president of North Rhine-Westphalia"><noscript><img alt="Armin Laschet Leader of the CDU and the Minister-president of North Rhine-Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Grundsteinlegung_MiQua-7004_%28cropped%29.jpg/81px-Grundsteinlegung_MiQua-7004_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 81px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Grundsteinlegung_MiQua-7004_%28cropped%29.jpg/81px-Grundsteinlegung_MiQua-7004_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Armin Laschet Leader of the CDU and the Minister-president of North Rhine-Westphalia" data-width="81" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Grundsteinlegung_MiQua-7004_%28cropped%29.jpg/121px-Grundsteinlegung_MiQua-7004_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Grundsteinlegung_MiQua-7004_%28cropped%29.jpg/161px-Grundsteinlegung_MiQua-7004_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Armin_Laschet" title="Armin Laschet">Armin Laschet</a><br><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Christian_Democratic_Union" title="Leader of the Christian Democratic Union">Leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister-president_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister-president of North Rhine-Westphalia (page does not exist)">Minister-president of North Rhine-Westphalia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-02-14_Christian_Lindner_(Bundestagsprojekt_2020)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian Lindner Party leader of the FDP"><noscript><img alt="Christian Lindner Party leader of the FDP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2020-02-14_Christian_Lindner_%28Bundestagsprojekt_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%932.jpg/86px-2020-02-14_Christian_Lindner_%28Bundestagsprojekt_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%932.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="3349"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2020-02-14_Christian_Lindner_%28Bundestagsprojekt_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%932.jpg/86px-2020-02-14_Christian_Lindner_%28Bundestagsprojekt_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%932.jpg" data-alt="Christian Lindner Party leader of the FDP" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2020-02-14_Christian_Lindner_%28Bundestagsprojekt_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%932.jpg/130px-2020-02-14_Christian_Lindner_%28Bundestagsprojekt_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2020-02-14_Christian_Lindner_%28Bundestagsprojekt_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%932.jpg/173px-2020-02-14_Christian_Lindner_%28Bundestagsprojekt_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%932.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a><br>Party leader of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Democratic Party of Germany">FDP</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernd_Lucke_(2014).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bernd Lucke Economist and a founder of the Alternative für Deutschland"><noscript><img alt="Bernd Lucke Economist and a founder of the Alternative für Deutschland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bernd_Lucke_%282014%29.jpg/85px-Bernd_Lucke_%282014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="2157"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bernd_Lucke_%282014%29.jpg/85px-Bernd_Lucke_%282014%29.jpg" data-alt="Bernd Lucke Economist and a founder of the Alternative für Deutschland" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bernd_Lucke_%282014%29.jpg/127px-Bernd_Lucke_%282014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bernd_Lucke_%282014%29.jpg/170px-Bernd_Lucke_%282014%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Lucke" title="Bernd Lucke">Bernd Lucke</a><br>Economist and a founder of the <i><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative für Deutschland</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Mann_in_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobel Prize-winning novelist Thomas Mann"><noscript><img alt="Nobel Prize-winning novelist Thomas Mann" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thomas_Mann_in_1926.jpg/93px-Thomas_Mann_in_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thomas_Mann_in_1926.jpg/93px-Thomas_Mann_in_1926.jpg" data-alt="Nobel Prize-winning novelist Thomas Mann" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thomas_Mann_in_1926.jpg/140px-Thomas_Mann_in_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thomas_Mann_in_1926.jpg/186px-Thomas_Mann_in_1926.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize</a>-winning novelist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx Philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary"><noscript><img alt="Karl Marx Philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/84px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 84px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/84px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg" data-alt="Karl Marx Philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary" data-width="84" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/125px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/167px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a><br>Philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_Mengele,_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Josef Mengele Schutzstaffel (SS) officer, physician, anthropologist and Nazi war criminal"><noscript><img alt="Josef Mengele Schutzstaffel (SS) officer, physician, anthropologist and Nazi war criminal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Josef_Mengele%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-Josef_Mengele%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="838"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Josef_Mengele%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-Josef_Mengele%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Josef Mengele Schutzstaffel (SS) officer, physician, anthropologist and Nazi war criminal" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Josef_Mengele%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Josef_Mengele%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Josef_Mengele%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker_%28cropped%29.jpg/173px-Josef_Mengele%2C_Auschwitz._Album_H%C3%B6cker_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a><br><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) officer, physician, anthropologist and Nazi war criminal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-02-05_Andrea_Nahles-4936.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrea Nahles Party leader of the SPD who served as Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs"><noscript><img alt="Andrea Nahles Party leader of the SPD who served as Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2019-02-05_Andrea_Nahles-4936.jpg/120px-2019-02-05_Andrea_Nahles-4936.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2019-02-05_Andrea_Nahles-4936.jpg/120px-2019-02-05_Andrea_Nahles-4936.jpg" data-alt="Andrea Nahles Party leader of the SPD who served as Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2019-02-05_Andrea_Nahles-4936.jpg/180px-2019-02-05_Andrea_Nahles-4936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2019-02-05_Andrea_Nahles-4936.jpg/240px-2019-02-05_Andrea_Nahles-4936.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Nahles" title="Andrea Nahles">Andrea Nahles</a><br>Party leader of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> who served as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Labour_and_Social_Affairs" title="Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs">Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nietzsche187a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedrich Nietzsche Philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, and philologist"><noscript><img alt="Friedrich Nietzsche Philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, and philologist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nietzsche187a.jpg/88px-Nietzsche187a.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1986"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nietzsche187a.jpg/88px-Nietzsche187a.jpg" data-alt="Friedrich Nietzsche Philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, and philologist" data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nietzsche187a.jpg/133px-Nietzsche187a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nietzsche187a.jpg/177px-Nietzsche187a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a><br>Philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, and philologist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thilo_Sarrazin_Leipziger_Buchmesse_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thilo Sarrazin Politician and writer of controversial books about Muslim immigrants in Germany"><noscript><img alt="Thilo Sarrazin Politician and writer of controversial books about Muslim immigrants in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Thilo_Sarrazin_Leipziger_Buchmesse_2014.JPG/120px-Thilo_Sarrazin_Leipziger_Buchmesse_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4423" data-file-height="3188"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 86px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Thilo_Sarrazin_Leipziger_Buchmesse_2014.JPG/120px-Thilo_Sarrazin_Leipziger_Buchmesse_2014.JPG" data-alt="Thilo Sarrazin Politician and writer of controversial books about Muslim immigrants in Germany" data-width="120" data-height="86" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Thilo_Sarrazin_Leipziger_Buchmesse_2014.JPG/180px-Thilo_Sarrazin_Leipziger_Buchmesse_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Thilo_Sarrazin_Leipziger_Buchmesse_2014.JPG/240px-Thilo_Sarrazin_Leipziger_Buchmesse_2014.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Thilo Sarrazin</a><br>Politician and writer of controversial books about Muslim immigrants in Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453,_Robert_Schuman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Schuman Statesman and one of the founding fathers of the European Union"><noscript><img alt="Robert Schuman Statesman and one of the founding fathers of the European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg/76px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="795"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 76px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg/76px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg" data-alt="Robert Schuman Statesman and one of the founding fathers of the European Union" data-width="76" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg/114px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg/153px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a><br>Statesman and one of the founding fathers of the European Union</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Schumpeter_ekonomialaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Schumpeter Political economist"><noscript><img alt="Joseph Schumpeter Political economist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Joseph_Schumpeter_ekonomialaria.jpg/90px-Joseph_Schumpeter_ekonomialaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1055"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Joseph_Schumpeter_ekonomialaria.jpg/90px-Joseph_Schumpeter_ekonomialaria.jpg" data-alt="Joseph Schumpeter Political economist" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Joseph_Schumpeter_ekonomialaria.jpg/134px-Joseph_Schumpeter_ekonomialaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Joseph_Schumpeter_ekonomialaria.jpg/179px-Joseph_Schumpeter_ekonomialaria.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a><br>Political economist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl-Schurz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carl Schurz German revolutionary and an American statesman, journalist, reformer and 13th United States Secretary of the Interior"><noscript><img alt="Carl Schurz German revolutionary and an American statesman, journalist, reformer and 13th United States Secretary of the Interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carl-Schurz.jpg/88px-Carl-Schurz.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="844"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carl-Schurz.jpg/88px-Carl-Schurz.jpg" data-alt="Carl Schurz German revolutionary and an American statesman, journalist, reformer and 13th United States Secretary of the Interior" data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carl-Schurz.jpg/133px-Carl-Schurz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carl-Schurz.jpg/177px-Carl-Schurz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a><br>German revolutionary and an American statesman, journalist, reformer and 13th United States Secretary of the Interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferdinand Tönnies Sociologist, economist and philosopher"><noscript><img alt="Ferdinand Tönnies Sociologist, economist and philosopher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies.jpg/87px-Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 87px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies.jpg/87px-Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies.jpg" data-alt="Ferdinand Tönnies Sociologist, economist and philosopher" data-width="87" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies.jpg/131px-Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies.jpg/174px-Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a><br>Sociologist, economist and philosopher</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_tiekas_ar_V%C4%81cijas_%C4%81rlietu_ministru_Gvido_Vestervelli_(7849819858)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guido Westerwelle Foreign Minister of Germany, Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 and first openly gay person to hold any of these positions"><noscript><img alt="Guido Westerwelle Foreign Minister of Germany, Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 and first openly gay person to hold any of these positions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_tiekas_ar_V%C4%81cijas_%C4%81rlietu_ministru_Gvido_Vestervelli_%287849819858%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/93px-Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_tiekas_ar_V%C4%81cijas_%C4%81rlietu_ministru_Gvido_Vestervelli_%287849819858%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1050"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_tiekas_ar_V%C4%81cijas_%C4%81rlietu_ministru_Gvido_Vestervelli_%287849819858%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/93px-Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_tiekas_ar_V%C4%81cijas_%C4%81rlietu_ministru_Gvido_Vestervelli_%287849819858%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Guido Westerwelle Foreign Minister of Germany, Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 and first openly gay person to hold any of these positions" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_tiekas_ar_V%C4%81cijas_%C4%81rlietu_ministru_Gvido_Vestervelli_%287849819858%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_tiekas_ar_V%C4%81cijas_%C4%81rlietu_ministru_Gvido_Vestervelli_%287849819858%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_tiekas_ar_V%C4%81cijas_%C4%81rlietu_ministru_Gvido_Vestervelli_%287849819858%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/187px-Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_tiekas_ar_V%C4%81cijas_%C4%81rlietu_ministru_Gvido_Vestervelli_%287849819858%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a><br>Foreign Minister of Germany, Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 and first openly gay person to hold any of these positions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilhelm II of Germany German Emperor"><noscript><img alt="Wilhelm II of Germany German Emperor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg/83px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="3508"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg/83px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg" data-alt="Wilhelm II of Germany German Emperor" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg/125px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg/166px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Wilhelm II of Germany</a><br>German Emperor</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>In Natural Sciences:</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander Astronomer"><noscript><img alt="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander Astronomer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander_1852.jpg/78px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="1034"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 78px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander_1852.jpg/78px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander_1852.jpg" data-alt="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander Astronomer" data-width="78" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander_1852.jpg/117px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander_1852.jpg/156px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander_1852.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander">Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander</a><br>Astronomer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caratheodory_Constantin_Greek.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Constantin Carathéodory Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Constantin Carathéodory Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Caratheodory_Constantin_Greek.JPG/83px-Caratheodory_Constantin_Greek.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Caratheodory_Constantin_Greek.JPG/83px-Caratheodory_Constantin_Greek.JPG" data-alt="Constantin Carathéodory Mathematician" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Caratheodory_Constantin_Greek.JPG/125px-Caratheodory_Constantin_Greek.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Caratheodory_Constantin_Greek.JPG/166px-Caratheodory_Constantin_Greek.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carathéodory">Constantin Carathéodory</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet.jpg/109px-Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="545"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 109px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet.jpg/109px-Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet.jpg" data-alt="Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet Mathematician" data-width="109" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet.jpg/163px-Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet.jpg/217px-Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet" title="Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet">Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerd_Faltings_MFO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gerd Faltings Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Gerd Faltings Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gerd_Faltings_MFO.jpg/120px-Gerd_Faltings_MFO.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gerd_Faltings_MFO.jpg/120px-Gerd_Faltings_MFO.jpg" data-alt="Gerd Faltings Mathematician" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gerd_Faltings_MFO.jpg/180px-Gerd_Faltings_MFO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gerd_Faltings_MFO.jpg/240px-Gerd_Faltings_MFO.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Faltings" title="Gerd Faltings">Gerd Faltings</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emil-fischer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emil Fischer Organic Chemist"><noscript><img alt="Emil Fischer Organic Chemist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Emil-fischer.jpg/87px-Emil-fischer.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="2823"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 87px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Emil-fischer.jpg/87px-Emil-fischer.jpg" data-alt="Emil Fischer Organic Chemist" data-width="87" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Emil-fischer.jpg/131px-Emil-fischer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Emil-fischer.jpg/175px-Emil-fischer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a><br>Organic Chemist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Geissler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heinrich Geißler Physicist and Inventor of the Geissler tube"><noscript><img alt="Heinrich Geißler Physicist and Inventor of the Geissler tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Heinrich_Geissler.jpg/112px-Heinrich_Geissler.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="721"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 112px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Heinrich_Geissler.jpg/112px-Heinrich_Geissler.jpg" data-alt="Heinrich Geißler Physicist and Inventor of the Geissler tube" data-width="112" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Heinrich_Geissler.jpg/168px-Heinrich_Geissler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Heinrich_Geissler.jpg/224px-Heinrich_Geissler.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gei%C3%9Fler" title="Heinrich Geißler">Heinrich Geißler</a><br>Physicist and Inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Geissler_tube" title="Geissler tube">Geissler tube</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinhard_Genzel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reinhard Genzel Astrophysicist"><noscript><img alt="Reinhard Genzel Astrophysicist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reinhard_Genzel.jpg/78px-Reinhard_Genzel.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1964"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 78px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reinhard_Genzel.jpg/78px-Reinhard_Genzel.jpg" data-alt="Reinhard Genzel Astrophysicist" data-width="78" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reinhard_Genzel.jpg/117px-Reinhard_Genzel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reinhard_Genzel.jpg/156px-Reinhard_Genzel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a><br>Astrophysicist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hausdorff_1913-1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Felix Hausdorff Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Felix Hausdorff Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hausdorff_1913-1921.jpg/80px-Hausdorff_1913-1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hausdorff_1913-1921.jpg/80px-Hausdorff_1913-1921.jpg" data-alt="Felix Hausdorff Mathematician" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hausdorff_1913-1921.jpg/120px-Hausdorff_1913-1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hausdorff_1913-1921.jpg/160px-Hausdorff_1913-1921.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hausdorff" title="Felix Hausdorff">Felix Hausdorff</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harald_zur_Hausen_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harald zur Hausen Virologist"><noscript><img alt="Harald zur Hausen Virologist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Harald_zur_Hausen_03.jpg/93px-Harald_zur_Hausen_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Harald_zur_Hausen_03.jpg/93px-Harald_zur_Hausen_03.jpg" data-alt="Harald zur Hausen Virologist" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Harald_zur_Hausen_03.jpg/139px-Harald_zur_Hausen_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Harald_zur_Hausen_03.jpg/185px-Harald_zur_Hausen_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a><br>Virologist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heinrich Hertz Physicist"><noscript><img alt="Heinrich Hertz Physicist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz.jpg/104px-Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="646"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 104px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz.jpg/104px-Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz.jpg" data-alt="Heinrich Hertz Physicist" data-width="104" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz.jpg/155px-Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz.jpg/207px-Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a><br>Physicist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Hirzebruch.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedrich Hirzebruch Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Friedrich Hirzebruch Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Friedrich_Hirzebruch.jpeg/76px-Friedrich_Hirzebruch.jpeg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 76px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Friedrich_Hirzebruch.jpeg/76px-Friedrich_Hirzebruch.jpeg" data-alt="Friedrich Hirzebruch Mathematician" data-width="76" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Friedrich_Hirzebruch.jpeg/114px-Friedrich_Hirzebruch.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Friedrich_Hirzebruch.jpeg/152px-Friedrich_Hirzebruch.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hirzebruch" title="Friedrich Hirzebruch">Friedrich Hirzebruch</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Eduard_Heine_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eduard Heine Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Eduard Heine Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Heinrich_Eduard_Heine_1.jpg/88px-Heinrich_Eduard_Heine_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="325"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Heinrich_Eduard_Heine_1.jpg/88px-Heinrich_Eduard_Heine_1.jpg" data-alt="Eduard Heine Mathematician" data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Heinrich_Eduard_Heine_1.jpg/133px-Heinrich_Eduard_Heine_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Heinrich_Eduard_Heine_1.jpg/177px-Heinrich_Eduard_Heine_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Heine" title="Eduard Heine">Eduard Heine</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Hess.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walter Rudolf Hess Physiologist"><noscript><img alt="Walter Rudolf Hess Physiologist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Walter_Hess.jpg/85px-Walter_Hess.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Walter_Hess.jpg/85px-Walter_Hess.jpg" data-alt="Walter Rudolf Hess Physiologist" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Walter_Hess.jpg/127px-Walter_Hess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Walter_Hess.jpg/170px-Walter_Hess.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Rudolf Hess</a><br>Physiologist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="August Kekulé Organic chemist"><noscript><img alt="August Kekulé Organic chemist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg/109px-Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1234"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 109px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg/109px-Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg" data-alt="August Kekulé Organic chemist" data-width="109" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg/164px-Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg/218px-Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a><br>Organic chemist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vant_Hoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Physical and Organic Chemist"><noscript><img alt="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Physical and Organic Chemist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vant_Hoff.jpg/85px-Vant_Hoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vant_Hoff.jpg/85px-Vant_Hoff.jpg" data-alt="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Physical and Organic Chemist" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vant_Hoff.jpg/127px-Vant_Hoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vant_Hoff.jpg/170px-Vant_Hoff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a><br>Physical and Organic Chemist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Felix_Klein,_ante_1897_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0078_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Felix Klein Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Felix Klein Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Felix_Klein%2C_ante_1897_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0078_B.jpg/91px-Felix_Klein%2C_ante_1897_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0078_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="715"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Felix_Klein%2C_ante_1897_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0078_B.jpg/91px-Felix_Klein%2C_ante_1897_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0078_B.jpg" data-alt="Felix Klein Mathematician" data-width="91" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Felix_Klein%2C_ante_1897_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0078_B.jpg/137px-Felix_Klein%2C_ante_1897_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0078_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Felix_Klein%2C_ante_1897_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0078_B.jpg/182px-Felix_Klein%2C_ante_1897_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0078_B.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MaximKontsevich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maxim Kontsevich Mathematical Physicist"><noscript><img alt="Maxim Kontsevich Mathematical Physicist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MaximKontsevich.jpg/79px-MaximKontsevich.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="317"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 79px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MaximKontsevich.jpg/79px-MaximKontsevich.jpg" data-alt="Maxim Kontsevich Mathematical Physicist" data-width="79" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MaximKontsevich.jpg/118px-MaximKontsevich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MaximKontsevich.jpg/157px-MaximKontsevich.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Maxim Kontsevich</a><br>Mathematical Physicist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Krull_1967.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wolfgang Krull Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Wolfgang Krull Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wolfgang_Krull_1967.png/85px-Wolfgang_Krull_1967.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wolfgang_Krull_1967.png/85px-Wolfgang_Krull_1967.png" data-alt="Wolfgang Krull Mathematician" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wolfgang_Krull_1967.png/128px-Wolfgang_Krull_1967.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wolfgang_Krull_1967.png/171px-Wolfgang_Krull_1967.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Krull" title="Wolfgang Krull">Wolfgang Krull</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phillipp_Lenard_in_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philipp Lenard Physicist"><noscript><img alt="Philipp Lenard Physicist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Phillipp_Lenard_in_1900.jpg/90px-Phillipp_Lenard_in_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Phillipp_Lenard_in_1900.jpg/90px-Phillipp_Lenard_in_1900.jpg" data-alt="Philipp Lenard Physicist" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Phillipp_Lenard_in_1900.jpg/135px-Phillipp_Lenard_in_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Phillipp_Lenard_in_1900.jpg/180px-Phillipp_Lenard_in_1900.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a><br>Physicist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MJK_20229_Harald_Lesch_(Republica_2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harald Lesch Physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, author, and television presenter"><noscript><img alt="Harald Lesch Physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, author, and television presenter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MJK_20229_Harald_Lesch_%28Republica_2018%29.jpg/67px-MJK_20229_Harald_Lesch_%28Republica_2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3094" data-file-height="5500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 67px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MJK_20229_Harald_Lesch_%28Republica_2018%29.jpg/67px-MJK_20229_Harald_Lesch_%28Republica_2018%29.jpg" data-alt="Harald Lesch Physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, author, and television presenter" data-width="67" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MJK_20229_Harald_Lesch_%28Republica_2018%29.jpg/101px-MJK_20229_Harald_Lesch_%28Republica_2018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MJK_20229_Harald_Lesch_%28Republica_2018%29.jpg/135px-MJK_20229_Harald_Lesch_%28Republica_2018%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Lesch" title="Harald Lesch">Harald Lesch</a><br>Physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, author, and television presenter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Justus von Liebig Founder of organic chemistry"><noscript><img alt="Justus von Liebig Founder of organic chemistry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg/94px-Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1401"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg/94px-Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg" data-alt="Justus von Liebig Founder of organic chemistry" data-width="94" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg/141px-Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg/188px-Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a><br>Founder of organic chemistry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_von_Linden_in_1894.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Maria von Linden Bacteriologist and zoologist"><noscript><img alt="Maria von Linden Bacteriologist and zoologist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Maria_von_Linden_in_1894.PNG/94px-Maria_von_Linden_in_1894.PNG" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="479"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Maria_von_Linden_in_1894.PNG/94px-Maria_von_Linden_in_1894.PNG" data-alt="Maria von Linden Bacteriologist and zoologist" data-width="94" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Maria_von_Linden_in_1894.PNG/140px-Maria_von_Linden_in_1894.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Maria_von_Linden_in_1894.PNG/187px-Maria_von_Linden_in_1894.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maria_von_Linden" title="Maria von Linden">Maria von Linden</a><br>Bacteriologist and zoologist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RLipschitz.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rudolf Lipschitz Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Rudolf Lipschitz Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RLipschitz.jpeg/99px-RLipschitz.jpeg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 99px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RLipschitz.jpeg/99px-RLipschitz.jpeg" data-alt="Rudolf Lipschitz Mathematician" data-width="99" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RLipschitz.jpeg/148px-RLipschitz.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RLipschitz.jpeg/197px-RLipschitz.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Lipschitz" title="Rudolf Lipschitz">Rudolf Lipschitz</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Lueroth.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacob Lüroth Mathematician and Discoverer of the t-Distribution"><noscript><img alt="Jacob Lüroth Mathematician and Discoverer of the t-Distribution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jacob_Lueroth.jpeg/99px-Jacob_Lueroth.jpeg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 99px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jacob_Lueroth.jpeg/99px-Jacob_Lueroth.jpeg" data-alt="Jacob Lüroth Mathematician and Discoverer of the t-Distribution" data-width="99" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jacob_Lueroth.jpeg/148px-Jacob_Lueroth.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jacob_Lueroth.jpeg/197px-Jacob_Lueroth.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_L%C3%BCroth" title="Jacob Lüroth">Jacob Lüroth</a><br>Mathematician and Discoverer of the t-Distribution</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grigory_Margulis_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grigory Margulis Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Grigory Margulis Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Grigory_Margulis_1978.jpg/120px-Grigory_Margulis_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3569" data-file-height="2439"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 82px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Grigory_Margulis_1978.jpg/120px-Grigory_Margulis_1978.jpg" data-alt="Grigory Margulis Mathematician" data-width="120" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Grigory_Margulis_1978.jpg/180px-Grigory_Margulis_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Grigory_Margulis_1978.jpg/240px-Grigory_Margulis_1978.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Margulis" title="Grigory Margulis">Grigory Margulis</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hermann Minkowski Mathematician and Physicist"><noscript><img alt="Hermann Minkowski Mathematician and Physicist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg/89px-Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="1093"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 89px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg/89px-Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg" data-alt="Hermann Minkowski Mathematician and Physicist" data-width="89" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg/134px-Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg/178px-Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski" title="Hermann Minkowski">Hermann Minkowski</a><br>Mathematician and Physicist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wolfgang Paul Physicist"><noscript><img alt="Wolfgang Paul Physicist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG/120px-Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG/120px-Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG" data-alt="Wolfgang Paul Physicist" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG/180px-Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG/240px-Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a><br>Physicist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_adam_petri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carl Adam Petri Computer Scientist and Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Carl Adam Petri Computer Scientist and Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Carl_adam_petri.jpg/101px-Carl_adam_petri.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="254"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 101px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Carl_adam_petri.jpg/101px-Carl_adam_petri.jpg" data-alt="Carl Adam Petri Computer Scientist and Mathematician" data-width="101" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Carl_adam_petri.jpg/151px-Carl_adam_petri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Carl_adam_petri.jpg/201px-Carl_adam_petri.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Adam_Petri" title="Carl Adam Petri">Carl Adam Petri</a><br>Computer Scientist and Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Julius Plücker Mathematician and Experimental Physicist"><noscript><img alt="Julius Plücker Mathematician and Experimental Physicist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg/96px-Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="909"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg/96px-Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg" data-alt="Julius Plücker Mathematician and Experimental Physicist" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg/144px-Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg/192px-Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a><br>Mathematician and Experimental Physicist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Scholze_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter Scholze Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Peter Scholze Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Peter_Scholze_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Peter_Scholze_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="265"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Peter_Scholze_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Peter_Scholze_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Peter Scholze Mathematician" data-width="120" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Peter_Scholze_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Peter_Scholze_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Peter_Scholze_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Peter_Scholze_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scholze" title="Peter Scholze">Peter Scholze</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schonhage1973_MFO3726.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arnold Schönhage Computer Scientist and Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Arnold Schönhage Computer Scientist and Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Schonhage1973_MFO3726.jpg/84px-Schonhage1973_MFO3726.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 84px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Schonhage1973_MFO3726.jpg/84px-Schonhage1973_MFO3726.jpg" data-alt="Arnold Schönhage Computer Scientist and Mathematician" data-width="84" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Schonhage1973_MFO3726.jpg/127px-Schonhage1973_MFO3726.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Schonhage1973_MFO3726.jpg/169px-Schonhage1973_MFO3726.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nhage" title="Arnold Schönhage">Arnold Schönhage</a><br>Computer Scientist and Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Issai Schur Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Issai Schur Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Schur.jpg/71px-Schur.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 71px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Schur.jpg/71px-Schur.jpg" data-alt="Issai Schur Mathematician" data-width="71" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Schur.jpg/107px-Schur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Schur.jpg/143px-Schur.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Issai_Schur" title="Issai Schur">Issai Schur</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toeplitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Otto Toeplitz Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Otto Toeplitz Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Toeplitz.jpg/77px-Toeplitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="374"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 77px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Toeplitz.jpg/77px-Toeplitz.jpg" data-alt="Otto Toeplitz Mathematician" data-width="77" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Toeplitz.jpg/115px-Toeplitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Toeplitz.jpg/154px-Toeplitz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Toeplitz" title="Otto Toeplitz">Otto Toeplitz</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maryna_Vazovska_MFO_2013_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maryna Viazovska Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Maryna Viazovska Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Maryna_Vazovska_MFO_2013_crop.jpg/120px-Maryna_Vazovska_MFO_2013_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="243"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 96px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Maryna_Vazovska_MFO_2013_crop.jpg/120px-Maryna_Vazovska_MFO_2013_crop.jpg" data-alt="Maryna Viazovska Mathematician" data-width="120" data-height="96" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Maryna_Vazovska_MFO_2013_crop.jpg/180px-Maryna_Vazovska_MFO_2013_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Maryna_Vazovska_MFO_2013_crop.jpg/240px-Maryna_Vazovska_MFO_2013_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maryna_Viazovska" title="Maryna Viazovska">Maryna Viazovska</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Wallach_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Otto Wallach Organic Chemist"><noscript><img alt="Otto Wallach Organic Chemist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Otto_Wallach_1910.jpg/90px-Otto_Wallach_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1919"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Otto_Wallach_1910.jpg/90px-Otto_Wallach_1910.jpg" data-alt="Otto Wallach Organic Chemist" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Otto_Wallach_1910.jpg/135px-Otto_Wallach_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Otto_Wallach_1910.jpg/179px-Otto_Wallach_1910.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a><br>Organic Chemist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Weierstrass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Weierstrass Mathematician"><noscript><img alt="Karl Weierstrass Mathematician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Karl_Weierstrass.jpg/82px-Karl_Weierstrass.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="1322"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Karl_Weierstrass.jpg/82px-Karl_Weierstrass.jpg" data-alt="Karl Weierstrass Mathematician" data-width="82" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Karl_Weierstrass.jpg/123px-Karl_Weierstrass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Karl_Weierstrass.jpg/163px-Karl_Weierstrass.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a><br>Mathematician</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_modern_universities_in_Europe" title="List of early modern universities in Europe">List of early modern universities in Europe</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Anderson" title="Peter John Anderson">Anderson, Peter John</a> (1907). <i>Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906</i>. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Aberdeen University Press (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781363625079" title="Special:BookSources/9781363625079"><bdi>9781363625079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+the+Celebration+of+the+Quatercentenary+of+the+University+of+Aberdeen%3A+From+25th+to+28th+September%2C+1906&rft.place=Aberdeen%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Aberdeen+University+Press+%28University+of+Aberdeen%29&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9781363625079&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/die-universitaet/ueber-die-universitaet/die-universitaet-bonn-in-zahlen-und-fakten">"Zahlen und Fakten — Universität Bonn"</a>. <i>www.uni-bonn.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uni-bonn.de&rft.atitle=Zahlen+und+Fakten+%E2%80%94+Universit%C3%A4t+Bonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Fdie-universitaet%2Fueber-die-universitaet%2Fdie-universitaet-bonn-in-zahlen-und-fakten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-university_of_bonn_at_a_glance_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/the-university/the-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance">"University of Bonn at a glance"</a>. <i>University of Bonn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Bonn&rft.atitle=University+of+Bonn+at+a+glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Fthe-university%2Fthe-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://universitaet.com/en/universities/uni-profiles/university-of-bonn">"University of Bonn"</a>. <i>Universitaet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universitaet.com&rft.atitle=University+of+Bonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiversitaet.com%2Fen%2Funiversities%2Funi-profiles%2Funiversity-of-bonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/research-and-teaching/research-profile/excellence-strategy/clusters-of-excellence">"Clusters of Excellence"</a>. <i>Universität Bonn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Bonn&rft.atitle=Clusters+of+Excellence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Fen%2Fresearch-and-teaching%2Fresearch-profile%2Fexcellence-strategy%2Fclusters-of-excellence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch: Die Preussischen Universitäten, vol. 1, Berlin: Posen und Bromberg: 1839, pg. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2007" class="citation web cs1">Becker, Thomas P. (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093223/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html">"Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Rheinischen+Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t&rft.date=2007-05&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2FEinrichtungen%2FUniversitaetsverwaltung%2FOrganisationsplan%2FArchiv%2FUnigeschichte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaus_der_Geschichte_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland" class="citation web cs1">Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wegderdemokratie.de/tour/15_hofga.htm">"Weg der Demokratie – Path of Democracy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weg+der+Demokratie+%E2%80%93+Path+of+Democracy&rft.au=Haus+der+Geschichte+der+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wegderdemokratie.de%2Ftour%2F15_hofga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversitäts-und_Landesbibliothek_Bonn2003" class="citation web cs1">Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Bonn (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127114733/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm">"Geschichte der ULB Bonn"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm">the original</a> on 27 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+ULB+Bonn&rft.date=2003-10&rft.au=Universit%C3%A4ts-und+Landesbibliothek+Bonn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulb.uni-bonn.de%2Fbibliothek%2Fwir-ueber-uns%2Fgeschichte%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversitätsklinikum_Bonn" class="citation web cs1">Universitätsklinikum Bonn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de">"Homepage of the University Hospital Bonn"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+of+the+University+Hospital+Bonn&rft.au=Universit%C3%A4tsklinikum+Bonn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukb.uni-bonn.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Bonn2008" class="citation web cs1">University of Bonn (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132052/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html">"Official Homepage of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Homepage+of+the+Akademisches+Kunstmuseum&rft.date=2008-01&rft.au=University+of+Bonn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2FDie_Universitaet%2FMuseen%2FAntikensammlung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgyptian_Museum_of_the_University_of_Bonn2006" class="citation web cs1">Egyptian Museum of the University of Bonn (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124134912/http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html">"Official Homepage of the Egyptian Museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Homepage+of+the+Egyptian+Museum&rft.date=2006-09&rft.au=Egyptian+Museum+of+the+University+of+Bonn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Fen%2FThe_University%2FMuseums_and_Academic_Collections%2FEgyptian_Museum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArithmeum" class="citation web cs1">Arithmeum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218213126/http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home/">"Official Homepage of the Arithmeum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home">the original</a> on 18 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Homepage+of+the+Arithmeum&rft.au=Arithmeum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de%2Fen%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Bonn" class="citation web cs1">University of Bonn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118041505/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html#Arithmeum_">"Museums and Academic Collections"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museums+and+Academic+Collections&rft.au=University+of+Bonn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2FDie_Universitaet%2FMuseen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotanic_Garden_of_the_University_of_Bonn" class="citation web cs1">Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216195842/http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php">"Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php">the original</a> on 16 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Homepage+of+the+Botanic+Garden&rft.au=Botanic+Garden+of+the+University+of+Bonn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbotgart.uni-bonn.de%2Fo_inter%2Fengl01.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505175608/https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum">"Das Mineralogische Museum"</a>. <i>uni-bonn.de</i>. Uni Bonn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum">the original</a> on 5 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uni-bonn.de&rft.atitle=Das+Mineralogische+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steinmann.uni-bonn.de%2Fmuseen%2Fmineralogisches-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Paleontology" class="citation web cs1">Institute of Paleontology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080126193502/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html">"Geschichte des Museums und des Gebäudes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html">the original</a> on 26 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Museums+und+des+Geb%C3%A4udes&rft.au=Institute+of+Paleontology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paleontology.uni-bonn.de%2FGeschichte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_Hospital" class="citation web cs1">University Hospital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220533/http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327">"Horst-Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327">the original</a> on 19 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horst-Stoeckel-Museum+f%C3%BCr+die+Geschichte+der+An%C3%A4sthesiologie&rft.au=University+Hospital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukb.uni-bonn.de%2Fquick2web%2Finternet%2Finternet.nsf%2FvwUNIDLookup%2F7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoologisches_Forschungsmuseum_Alexander_Koenig" class="citation web cs1">Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html">"Official Homepage of the Museum Koenig"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Homepage+of+the+Museum+Koenig&rft.au=Zoologisches+Forschungsmuseum+Alexander+Koenig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zfmk.de%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121824/https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties">"Faculties"</a>. <i>University of Bonn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties">the original</a> on 3 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Bonn&rft.atitle=Faculties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Finstitutions%2Ffaculties%2Ffaculties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lf.uni-bonn.de/en/facilities/bigs">"BIGS - Land and Food — Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät"</a>. <i>www.lf.uni-bonn.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lf.uni-bonn.de&rft.atitle=BIGS+-+Land+and+Food+%E2%80%94+Landwirtschaftliche+Fakult%C3%A4t&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lf.uni-bonn.de%2Fen%2Ffacilities%2Fbigs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UniBonnGesch-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UniBonnGesch_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas P. Becker: <i>Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte">(Online)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214012/http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte">Archived</a> 21 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-docplayer.net-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-docplayer.net_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-docplayer.net_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html">"Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics. Promoting the future of excellent research - PDF Free Download"</a>. <i>docplayer.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docplayer.net&rft.atitle=Bonn+International+Graduate+School+of+Mathematics.+Promoting+the+future+of+excellent+research+-+PDF+Free+Download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/institut">"Fachgruppe Informatik. Institut – Über uns"</a>. <i>www.informatik.uni-bonn.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.informatik.uni-bonn.de&rft.atitle=Fachgruppe+Informatik.+Institut+%E2%80%93+%C3%9Cber+uns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatik.uni-bonn.de%2Fde%2Finstitut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317150117/http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/">"Institut für Informatik"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/">the original</a> on 17 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Informatik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatik.uni-bonn.de%2Fde%2Fstart%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span>, informatik.uni-bonn.de, retrieved 10 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/neues/attraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf">"Attraktive Lernumgebung: Informatik bezieht Neubau in Poppelsdorf — Universität Bonn"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attraktive+Lernumgebung%3A+Informatik+bezieht+Neubau+in+Poppelsdorf+%E2%80%94+Universit%C3%A4t+Bonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Fneues%2Fattraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de">Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055930/https://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de">Archived</a> 28 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 30 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/?navigation=mission">"BCTP :: Home :: Mission"</a>. <i>www.bctp.uni-bonn.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bctp.uni-bonn.de&rft.atitle=BCTP+%3A%3A+Home+%3A%3A+Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bctp.uni-bonn.de%2F%3Fnavigation%3Dmission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanistik.uni-bonn.de/kunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein">"Kunststiftung NRW richtet Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur an der Universität Bonn ein"</a>. Kunststiftung NRW<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kunststiftung+NRW+richtet+Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur+an+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Bonn+ein&rft.pub=Kunststiftung+NRW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanistik.uni-bonn.de%2Fkunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudger_Kühnhardt,_Tilman_Mayer2017" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ludger Kühnhardt, Tilman Mayer, ed. (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658138189"><i>Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität</i></a> (in German), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, (1627 Seiten pages), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-13818-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-13818-9"><bdi>978-3-658-13818-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonner+Enzyklop%C3%A4die+der+Globalit%C3%A4t&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=%281627+Seiten+pages%29&rft.pub=Springer+VS&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-658-13818-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fde%2Fbook%2F9783658138189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/studium/studium-und-praktikum-im-ausland/studium-im-ausland/austauschprogramme/global-exchange-program">"Global Exchange Program"</a>. <i>Universität Bonn</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Bonn&rft.atitle=Global+Exchange+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Fde%2Fstudium%2Fstudium-und-praktikum-im-ausland%2Fstudium-im-ausland%2Faustauschprogramme%2Fglobal-exchange-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mobility-international.uni-bonn.de/mobility/PortalServlet?identifier=BONN01&kz_bew_pers=S&kz_bew_art=OUT&&showAll=0&showPartner=0&showAgreements=1&showCooperations=0&showMultiCooperations=0&showQuestions=0&showCoursesPerSemester=0&preselectTab=ver_nav_button&studj_id=3648">"Mobility-Online Portal"</a>. <i>mobility-international.uni-bonn.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mobility-international.uni-bonn.de&rft.atitle=Mobility-Online+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmobility-international.uni-bonn.de%2Fmobility%2FPortalServlet%3Fidentifier%3DBONN01%26kz_bew_pers%3DS%26kz_bew_art%3DOUT%26%26showAll%3D0%26showPartner%3D0%26showAgreements%3D1%26showCooperations%3D0%26showMultiCooperations%3D0%26showQuestions%3D0%26showCoursesPerSemester%3D0%26preselectTab%3Dver_nav_button%26studj_id%3D3648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/press-and-communications/publications/forsch/forsch-2021-02/buildings">"Seven key properties on the three campuses of Poppelsdorf, Endenich and City"</a>. <i>Universität Bonn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Bonn&rft.atitle=Seven+key+properties+on+the+three+campuses+of+Poppelsdorf%2C+Endenich+and+City.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Fpress-and-communications%2Fpublications%2Fforsch%2Fforsch-2021-02%2Fbuildings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf">"THE UNIVERSITY OF BONN 2025 INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGY"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn_Rectorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Bonn Rectorate (page does not exist)">University of Bonn Rectorate</a></i>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Bonn+Rectorate&rft.atitle=THE+UNIVERSITY+OF+BONN+2025+INTERNATIONALIZATION+STRATEGY&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Fen%2Finternational%2Finternational-profile%2F2025-internationalization-strategy%2Fubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.J._Dölger-Institut" class="citation web cs1">F.J. Dölger-Institut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031849/http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&lang=en">"Official Homepage of the F.J. Dölger-Institut"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&lang=en">the original</a> on 14 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Homepage+of+the+F.J.+D%C3%B6lger-Institut&rft.au=F.J.+D%C3%B6lger-Institut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antike-und-christentum.de%2Findex.php%3Fscr%3Dhome%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResearch_Institute_for_Discrete_Mathematics" class="citation web cs1">Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.or.uni-bonn.de/research/research.eng.html">"Research of the Institute for Discrete Mathematics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+of+the+Institute+for+Discrete+Mathematics&rft.au=Research+Institute+for+Discrete+Mathematics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.or.uni-bonn.de%2Fresearch%2Fresearch.eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnbach2000" class="citation web cs1">Karnbach, Bodo (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155332/http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809/">"Chip-Design mit diskreter Mathematik – Weltweit erfolgreiche Kooperation verlängert"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chip-Design+mit+diskreter+Mathematik+%E2%80%93+Weltweit+erfolgreiche+Kooperation+verl%C3%A4ngert&rft.date=2000-10&rft.aulast=Karnbach&rft.aufirst=Bodo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-protokolle.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fid%2F63809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethe_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics" class="citation web cs1">Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/">"Official Homepage of the BCTP"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Homepage+of+the+BCTP&rft.au=Bethe+Center+for+Theoretical+Physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bctp.uni-bonn.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_Reference_Center_for_Ethics_in_the_Life_Science" class="citation web cs1">German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drze.de">"Official Homepage of the DRZE"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Homepage+of+the+DRZE&rft.au=German+Reference+Center+for+Ethics+in+the+Life+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drze.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_European_Integration_Studies" class="citation web cs1">Center for European Integration Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zei.de/index2_e.html">"Official Homepage of the ZEI"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Homepage+of+the+ZEI&rft.au=Center+for+European+Integration+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zei.de%2Findex2_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_Development_Research" class="citation web cs1">Center for Development Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042603/http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html">"Official Homepage of the ZEF"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html">the original</a> on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Homepage+of+the+ZEF&rft.au=Center+for+Development+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zef.de%2Faboutzef.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cens.uni-bonn.de/">"Center for Economics and Neuroscience – Zentrale wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Universität Bonn"</a>. <i>www.cens.uni-bonn.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cens.uni-bonn.de&rft.atitle=Center+for+Economics+and+Neuroscience+%E2%80%93+Zentrale+wissenschaftliche+Einrichtung+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Bonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cens.uni-bonn.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011">http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011</a> Press release of the University of Bonn concerning the official welcoming of the center</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QS-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QS_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QS_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024">"QS World University Rankings 2024"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QS+World+University+Rankings&rft.atitle=QS+World+University+Rankings+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THE-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THE_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking">"World University Rankings 2024"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a></i>. 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education+World+University+Rankings&rft.atitle=World+University+Rankings+2024&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2024%2Fworld-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARWU-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARWU_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARWU_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023">"2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft.atitle=2023+Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Farwu%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QSSubject-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QSSubject_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QSSubject_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QSSubject_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2022">"QS World University Rankings by Subject 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a></i>. 23 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QS+World+University+Rankings&rft.atitle=QS+World+University+Rankings+by+Subject+2022&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fsubject-rankings%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARWUSubject-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARWUSubject_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARWUSubject_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARWUSubject_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2022">"ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft.atitle=ShanghaiRanking%27s+Global+Ranking+of+Academic+Subjects+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Fgras%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THESubject-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THESubject_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject">"World University Rankings by subject"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education+World+University+Rankings&rft.atitle=World+University+Rankings+by+subject&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2Fby-subject&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/partnerships-and-cooperations-worldwide/university-partnerships">"University Partnerships"</a>. <i>Universität Bonn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Bonn&rft.atitle=University+Partnerships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Fen%2Finternational%2Finternational-profile%2Fpartnerships-and-cooperations-worldwide%2Funiversity-partnerships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/news/069-2023">"Global Network Officially Launched"</a>. <i>Universität Bonn</i>. 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Bonn&rft.atitle=Global+Network+Officially+Launched&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2Fen%2Fnews%2F069-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Bonn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rheinische_Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t" class="extiw" title="commons:Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.uni-bonn.de/news-1?set_language=en">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/english">University Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203140150/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/english">Archived</a> 3 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Bonn&params=50_44_02_N_7_06_08_E_region:DE-NW_type:edu"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°44′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°06′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.73389°N 7.10222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.73389; 7.10222</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&oldid=1275309827">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&oldid=1275309827</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="K.ggeorgieva" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1739345582"> <span>Last edited on 12 February 2025, at 07:33</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="جامعة بون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة بون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn_Universiteti" title="Bonn Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bonn Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="بون بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بون بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="বন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Бонскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бонскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Бонскі ўнівэрсытэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бонскі ўнівэрсытэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Бонски университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бонски университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Bonn" title="Universitat de Bonn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de Bonn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzita_v_Bonnu" title="Univerzita v Bonnu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Univerzita v Bonnu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinische_Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn" title="Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinische_Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn" title="Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonni_%C3%BClikool" title="Bonni ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bonni ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Πανεπιστήμιο της Βόννης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο της Βόννης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Bonn" title="Universidad de Bonn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Bonn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonna_universitato" title="Bonna universitato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bonna universitato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86" title="دانشگاه بن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه بن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_rh%C3%A9nane_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Guillaume_de_Bonn" title="Université rhénane Frédéric-Guillaume de Bonn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université rhénane Frédéric-Guillaume de Bonn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollscoil_Bonn" title="Ollscoil Bonn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ollscoil Bonn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Bhonn" title="Oilthigh Bhonn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh Bhonn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Bonn" title="Universidade de Bonn – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade de Bonn" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B8_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="본 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="본 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Բոննի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոննի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Bonn" title="Universitas Bonn – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Bonn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Bonn" title="Università di Bonn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università di Bonn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אוניברסיטת בון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת בון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბონის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბონის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo_Kikuu_cha_Bonn" title="Chuo Kikuu cha Bonn – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuo Kikuu cha Bonn" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Рейн университети Ф. Вильгельм атындагы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рейн университети Ф. Вильгельм атындагы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Fridericia_Guilelmia_Rhenana" title="Universitas Fridericia Guilelmia Rhenana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Fridericia Guilelmia Rhenana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Bonnas Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bonnas Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonos_universitetas" title="Bonos universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bonos universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonni_Egyetem" title="Bonni Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bonni Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Универзитет во Бон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Универзитет во Бон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് ബോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് ബോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="युनिव्हर्सिटी ऑफ बॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनिव्हर्सिटी ऑफ बॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="جامعة بون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة بون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бонн Их Сургууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бонн Их Сургууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinische_Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universiteit" title="Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3" title="ライン・フリードリヒ・ヴィルヘルム大学ボン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライン・フリードリヒ・ヴィルヘルム大学ボン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinische_Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t" title="Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn_universiteti" title="Bonn universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bonn universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="بون یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بون یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinische_Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn" title="Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Fryderyka_Wilhelma_w_Bonn" title="Uniwersytet Fryderyka Wilhelma w Bonn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Fryderyka Wilhelma w Bonn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Bonn" title="Universidade de Bonn – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade de Bonn" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_din_Bonn" title="Universitatea din Bonn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea din Bonn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Боннский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боннский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="University of Bonn" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Универзитет у Бону – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет у Бону" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_u_Bonnu" title="Univerzitet u Bonnu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet u Bonnu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnin_yliopisto" title="Bonnin yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bonnin yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonns_universitet" title="Bonns universitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bonns universitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_Bonn" title="Unibersidad ng Bonn – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unibersidad ng Bonn" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Bonn Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bonn Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Боннський університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Боннський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Bonn" title="Đại học Bonn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Bonn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="波恩大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波恩大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="波恩大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波恩大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 February 2025, at 07:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bonn&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f467697bf-lvtbr","wgBackendResponseTime":375,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.398","walltime":"1.684","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13460,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":346773,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":53128,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":291194,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1316.279 1 -total"," 24.63% 324.236 2 Template:Infobox"," 20.74% 272.933 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.61% 205.456 1 Template:Infobox_university"," 10.96% 144.227 15 Template:Citation_needed"," 10.63% 139.964 43 Template:Cite_web"," 10.21% 134.413 1 Template:Infobox_Germany_university_rankings"," 9.45% 124.453 16 Template:Fix"," 9.13% 120.236 2 Template:Aligned_table"," 6.52% 85.838 96 Template:Center"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.676","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22086901,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-66fd86df46-zmkwl","timestamp":"20250212073303","ttl":1441621,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"University of Bonn","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Bonn","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q152171","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q152171","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-22T01:35:49Z","dateModified":"2025-02-12T07:33:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/48\/University_of_Bonn_seal.svg","headline":"public research university located in Bonn, Germany"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>