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<li id="toc-"Cognitive_systems_engineering"_vs_"Cognitive_engineering"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Cognitive_systems_engineering"_vs_"Cognitive_engineering""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>"Cognitive systems engineering" vs "Cognitive engineering"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Cognitive_systems_engineering"_vs_"Cognitive_engineering"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joint_cognitive_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_cognitive_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Joint cognitive systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_cognitive_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studying_work_in_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studying_work_in_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Studying work in context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studying_work_in_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coping_with_complexity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coping_with_complexity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Coping with complexity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coping_with_complexity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anomaly_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anomaly_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Anomaly response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anomaly_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Coordination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Cognitive artifacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Field of study</div> <p><b>Cognitive systems engineering</b> (CSE) is a field of study that examines the intersection of people, work, and technology, with a focus on safety-critical systems. The central tenet of cognitive systems engineering is that it views a collection of people and technology as a single unit that is capable of cognitive work, which is called a joint cognitive system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CSE draws on concepts from <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_anthropology" title="Cognitive anthropology">cognitive anthropology</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hutchins" title="Edwin Hutchins">Edwin Hutchins</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Distributed_cognition" title="Distributed cognition">distributed cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_J._Gibson" title="James J. Gibson">James Gibson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">ecological theory of visual perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a>'s <i>perceptual cycle,</i> and <a href="/wiki/William_Clancey" title="William Clancey">William Clancey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Situated_cognition" title="Situated cognition">situated cognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CSE techniques include cognitive task analysis<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_work_analysis" title="Cognitive work analysis">cognitive work analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cognitive systems engineering emerged in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island (TMI) accident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, existing theories about safety were unable to explain how the operators at TMI could be confused about what was actually happening inside of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the accident, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Rasmussen_(human_factors_expert)" title="Jens Rasmussen (human factors expert)">Jens Rasmussen</a> did early research on cognitive aspects of nuclear power plant control rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work influenced a generation of researchers who would later come to be associated with cognitive systems engineering, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morten_Lind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morten Lind (page does not exist)">Morten Lind</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Hollnagel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Hollnagel (page does not exist)">Erik Hollnagel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Woods_(safety_researcher)" title="David Woods (safety researcher)">David Woods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the publication of a textbook on cognitive systems engineering by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Vicente" title="Kim Vicente">Kim Vicente</a> in 1999 the techniques employed to establish a <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_work_analysis" title="Cognitive work analysis">cognitive work analysis</a> (CWA) were used to aid the design of any kind of system were humans have to interact with technology. The tools outlined by Vicente were not tried and tested, and there are few if any published accounts of the five phases of analysis being implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Cognitive_systems_engineering"_vs_"Cognitive_engineering""><span id=".22Cognitive_systems_engineering.22_vs_.22Cognitive_engineering.22"></span>"Cognitive systems engineering" vs "Cognitive engineering"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "Cognitive systems engineering" vs "Cognitive engineering""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "cognitive systems engineering" was introduced in a 1983 paper by Hollnagel and Woods.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term <i><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_engineering" title="Cognitive engineering">cognitive engineering</a></i> had already been introduced by <a href="/wiki/Don_Norman" title="Don Norman">Don Norman</a>, Hollnagel and Woods deliberately introduced new terminology. They were unhappy with the framing of the term <i>cognitive engineering</i>, which they felt focused too much on improving the interaction between humans and computers, through the application of cognitive science. Instead, Hollnagel and Woods wished to emphasize a shift in focus from human-computer interaction to <i>joint cognitive systems</i> as the unit of analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the intention by Hollnagel and Woods to distinguish <i>cognitive engineering</i> from <i>cognitive systems engineering</i>, some researchers continue to use the two terms interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_cognitive_systems">Joint cognitive systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Joint cognitive systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned in the <i>Origins</i> section above, one of the key tenets of cognitive systems engineering is that the base unit of analysis is the <i>joint cognitive system</i>. Instead of viewing cognitive tasks as being done only by individuals, CSE views cognitive work as being accomplished by a collection of people coordinating with each other and using technology to jointly perform cognitive work as a system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extended_mind_thesis" title="Extended mind thesis">Extended mind thesis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studying_work_in_context">Studying work in context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Studying work in context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSE researchers focus their studies on work <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a>, as opposed to studying how work is done in controlled laboratory environments.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research approach, known as <a href="/wiki/Macrocognition" title="Macrocognition">macrocognition</a>, is similar to the one taken by <a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_decision-making" title="Naturalistic decision-making">naturalistic decision-making</a>. Examples of studies of work done in context include Julian Orr's ethnographic studies of copy machine technicians,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Suchman" title="Lucy Suchman">Lucy Suchman</a>'s ethnographic studies of how people use photocopiers,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diane_Vaughan" title="Diane Vaughan">Diane Vaughan</a>'s study of engineering work at NASA in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Scott Snook's study of military work in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1994_Black_Hawk_shootdown_incident" title="1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident">1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coping_with_complexity">Coping with complexity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coping with complexity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A general thread that runs through cognitive systems engineering research is the question of how to design joint cognitive systems that can deal effectively with complexity, including common patterns in how such systems can fail to deal effectively with complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anomaly_response">Anomaly response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anomaly response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned in the Origins section above, CSE researchers were influenced by TMI. One specific application of coping with complexity is the work that human operators must do when they are supervising a process such as nuclear power plant, and they must then deal with a problem that arises. This work is sometimes known as anomaly response<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or dynamic fault management.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of work often involves uncertainty, quickly changing conditions, and risk tradeoffs in deciding what remediation actions to take. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination">Coordination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because joint cognitive systems involve multiple agents that must work together to complete cognitive tasks, coordination is another topic of interest in CSE. One specific example is the notion of <a href="/wiki/Grounding_in_communication" title="Grounding in communication">common ground</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its implications for building software that can contribute effectively as agents in a joint cognitive system.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_artifacts">Cognitive artifacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cognitive artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSE researchers study how people use technology to support cognitive work and coordinate this work across multiple people. Examples of such cognitive artifacts, which have been studied by researchers, include "the bed book" used in intensive care units,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "voice loops" used in space operations,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "speed bugs" used in aviation,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drawings and sketches in engineering work,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the various tools used in marine navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of particular interest to CSE researchers is how computer-based tools influence joint cognitive work,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular the impact of automation,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and computerized interfaces used by system operators.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Cognitive Systems Engineering: The Future for a Changing World</i> by Philip J. Smith and Robbert R. Hoffman, eds. 2017</li> <li><i>Joint Cognitive Systems: Patterns in Cognitive Systems Engineering</i> by David Woods and Erik Hollnagel, 2005. 978-0849328213</li> <li><i>Joint Cognitive Systems: Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering</i> by Erik Hollnagel and David Woods, 2005. 978-0367864156</li> <li><i>Cognitive Systems Engineering</i> by Jens Rasmussen, Annelise Mark Pejtersen, and L.P. Goodstein, 1994.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_work_analysis" title="Cognitive work analysis">Cognitive work analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_interface_design" title="Ecological interface design">Ecological interface design</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHollnagelWoods1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hollnagel, Erik; Woods, David D. (June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0020737383800340">"Cognitive Systems Engineering: New wine in new bottles"</a>. <i>International Journal of Man-Machine Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (6): 583–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7373%2883%2980034-0">10.1016/S0020-7373(83)80034-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15398274">15398274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Man-Machine+Studies&rft.atitle=Cognitive+Systems+Engineering%3A+New+wine+in+new+bottles&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=583-600&rft.date=1983-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0020-7373%2883%2980034-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15398274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hollnagel&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Woods%2C+David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0020737383800340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlach2020" class="citation book cs1">Flach, John (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1117930294"><i>A meaning processing approach to cognition : what matters?</i></a>. Fred Voorhorst. New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-40428-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-40428-4"><bdi>978-0-367-40428-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1117930294">1117930294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+meaning+processing+approach+to+cognition+%3A+what+matters%3F&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1117930294&rft.isbn=978-0-367-40428-4&rft.aulast=Flach&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1117930294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrandall2006" class="citation book cs1">Crandall, Beth (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76064684"><i>Working minds : a practitioner's guide to cognitive task analysis</i></a>. Gary A. Klein, Robert R. Hoffman. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-27092-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-27092-2"><bdi>978-0-262-27092-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76064684">76064684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+minds+%3A+a+practitioner%27s+guide+to+cognitive+task+analysis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76064684&rft.isbn=978-0-262-27092-2&rft.aulast=Crandall&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F76064684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicente1999" class="citation book cs1">Vicente, Kim J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44961122"><i>Cognitive work analysis : toward safe, productive, and healthy computer-based work</i></a>. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-16171-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-16171-2"><bdi>0-585-16171-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44961122">44961122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+work+analysis+%3A+toward+safe%2C+productive%2C+and+healthy+computer-based+work&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44961122&rft.isbn=0-585-16171-2&rft.aulast=Vicente&rft.aufirst=Kim+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44961122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinWigginsDeal2008" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, G.; Wiggins, S.; Deal, S. 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CRC Press, Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472430496" title="Special:BookSources/9781472430496"><bdi>9781472430496</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987070476">987070476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+systems+engineering+%3A+the+future+for+a+changing+world&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F987070476&rft.isbn=9781472430496&rft.au=Philip+J.+Smith&rft.au=Robert+R.+Hoffman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDOWELLLONG1998" class="citation journal cs1">DOWELL, JOHN; LONG, JOHN (1998-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/001401398187125">"Target Paper: Conception of the cognitive engineering design problem"</a>. <i>Ergonomics</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 126–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F001401398187125">10.1080/001401398187125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-0139">0014-0139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ergonomics&rft.atitle=Target+Paper%3A+Conception+of+the+cognitive+engineering+design+problem&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=126-139&rft.date=1998-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F001401398187125&rft.issn=0014-0139&rft.aulast=DOWELL&rft.aufirst=JOHN&rft.au=LONG%2C+JOHN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F001401398187125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2019" class="citation book cs1">Woods, D. 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[Place of publication not identified]: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-86415-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-86415-6"><bdi>978-0-367-86415-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1129755331">1129755331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JOINT+COGNITIVE+SYSTEMS+%3A+patterns+in+cognitive+systems+engineering.&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1129755331&rft.isbn=978-0-367-86415-6&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1129755331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr,_Julian_E.2016" class="citation book cs1">Orr, Julian E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1030353116"><i>Talking about Machines : an Ethnography of a Modern Job</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0740-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0740-7"><bdi>978-1-5017-0740-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030353116">1030353116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+about+Machines+%3A+an+Ethnography+of+a+Modern+Job.&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030353116&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0740-7&rft.au=Orr%2C+Julian+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1030353116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuchman2009" class="citation book cs1">Suchman, Lucy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/902661378"><i>Human-machine reconfigurations : plans and situated actions</i></a>. Cambridge Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85891-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85891-5"><bdi>978-0-521-85891-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902661378">902661378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human-machine+reconfigurations+%3A+plans+and+situated+actions&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902661378&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85891-5&rft.aulast=Suchman&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F902661378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan,_Diane2016" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Diane (4 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/944938820"><i>The Challenger launch decision : risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34682-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34682-3"><bdi>978-0-226-34682-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/944938820">944938820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenger+launch+decision+%3A+risky+technology%2C+culture%2C+and+deviance+at+NASA&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F944938820&rft.isbn=978-0-226-34682-3&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F944938820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.2011" class="citation book cs1">A., Snook, Scott (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/749265018"><i>Friendly Fire : the Accidental Shootdown of U.S. Black Hawks over Northern Iraq</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4097-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4097-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-4097-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/749265018">749265018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friendly+Fire+%3A+the+Accidental+Shootdown+of+U.S.+Black+Hawks+over+Northern+Iraq.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F749265018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4097-7&rft.aulast=A.&rft.aufirst=Snook%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F749265018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollnagel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hollnagel, Erik (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/309875728"><i>Joint cognitive systems : foundations of cognitive systems engineering</i></a>. David D. Woods. 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Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-27525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-27525-5"><bdi>978-0-262-27525-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42856204">42856204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+line+and+on+paper+%3A+visual+representations%2C+visual+culture%2C+and+computer+graphics+in+design+engineering&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42856204&rft.isbn=978-0-262-27525-5&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42856204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge1983" class="citation journal cs1">Bainbridge, Lisanne (1983-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098%2883%2990046-8">"Ironies of automation"</a>. <i>Automatica</i>. <b>19</b> (6): 775–779. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0005-1098%2883%2990046-8">10.1016/0005-1098(83)90046-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-1098">0005-1098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12667742">12667742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Automatica&rft.atitle=Ironies+of+automation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=775-779&rft.date=1983-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12667742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0005-1098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0005-1098%2883%2990046-8&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=Lisanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0005-1098%252883%252990046-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1984" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, David D. (September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0020737384800437">"Visual momentum: a concept to improve the cognitive coupling of person and computer"</a>. <i>International Journal of Man-Machine Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 229–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7373%2884%2980043-7">10.1016/S0020-7373(84)80043-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Man-Machine+Studies&rft.atitle=Visual+momentum%3A+a+concept+to+improve+the+cognitive+coupling+of+person+and+computer&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229-244&rft.date=1984-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0020-7373%2884%2980043-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0020737384800437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+systems+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/journal/10111">Cognition, Technology & Work</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/international-journal-of-human-computer-studies">International Journal of Human-Computer Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/terg20">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/journal/10606">Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW): The Journal of Collaborative Computing and Work Practices</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&oldid=1243788287">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_systems_engineering&oldid=1243788287</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_engineering" title="Category:Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 September 2024, at 12:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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