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Background map courtesy of Demis, www.demis.nl, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3031930 }} {{infobox ethnonym|root=|person=|people=[[shíshálh Nation|shíshálh]]|language=[[Shíshálh language|she sháshíshálhem]]|country=shíshálh swíya}} The '''Sechelt language''' ({{IPA|sec|siʃɜlt|IPA}}), ''sháshíshálh'' or ''she shashishalhem'' ({{IPA|sec|ʃáʃíʃáɬəm|IPA}}), is a [[Coast Salish language]] that originates and is spoken within the ''swiya'' (world, "Territory") of the [[shíshálh Nation]], located on the [[Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)|Sunshine Coast]] in southwestern [[British Columbia]], Canada. In 1999, the language was spoken by fewer than forty elderly people.<ref name="mithun2001">{{cite book | last = Mithun | first = Marianne | title = The Languages of Native North America | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 2001 | page = 487 | isbn = 978-0-521-29875-9 }}</ref> A grammar guide for the language was published by linguist Ron Beaumont in 1985,<ref name="beaumont1985">{{cite book | last = Beaumont | first = Ron | title = She Shashishalhem, The Sechelt Language: Language, Stories, and Sayings of the Sechelt Indian people of British Columbia | publisher = Theytus Books | location = Penticton, B. C. | year = 1985 }}</ref> based on the Sechelt language course he helped design for local high schools participating in the Native Environmental Studies Program.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pidgeon |first1=Michelle |last2=Munoz |first2=Marissa |last3=Kirkness |first3=Verna J. |last4=Archibald |first4=Jo-Ann |title=Indian Control of Indian Education: Reflections and Envisioning the Next 40 Years |journal=Canadian Journal of Native Education |date=10 December 2021 |volume=36 |issue=1 |id={{ProQuest|1523947656}} |doi=10.14288/cjne.v36i1.196585 }}</ref> In 2011, he further published a one thousand-page dictionary. As of 2019, only two elderly fluent speakers remained.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shíshálh language remembered amid loss of most fluent speakers |url=https://www.coastreporter.net/local-news/shishalh-language-remembered-amid-loss-of-most-fluent-speakers-3410223 |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=Coast Reporter |date=7 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Many teachers are working with children and adults to revitalize the language in local schools, from preschool to post-secondary. Both [[University of British Columbia]] and [[Capilano University]] offer Sechelt language courses, along with Kinnikinnick Elementary School and Chatelech Secondary School.<ref name="null">{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstvoices.com/en/she-shashishalhem|title=she shashishalhem Community Portal|last=null|first=null|website=www.firstvoices.com|access-date=2017-11-02}}</ref> In 2014, the Coastal Corridor Consortium, "an entity made up of board members from First Nations and educational partners to improve aboriginal access to and performance in postsecondary education and training", created a Sechelt Nation language certificate that is offered at Capilano University Sunshine Coast Campus in Sechelt.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Wood | first = Stephanie | title = Despite limited resources, indigenous-language programs persevere in B.C. | work = Georgia Straight, Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly | access-date = February 27, 2014 | date = January 22, 2014 | url = https://www.straight.com/news/572066/despite-limited-resources-indigenous-language-programs-persevere-bc }}</ref> Sechelt is most closely related to [[Squamish language|Squamish]], [[Halkomelem language|Halkomelem]], and the [[Nooksack language|Nooksack]]. Although critically endangered,<ref name="UNESCO"> {{cite book |year=2010 |editor-last=Moseley |editor-first=Christopher |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/atlas-of-languages-in-danger/ |series=Memory of Peoples |edition=3rd |location=Paris |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-104096-2 |access-date=2015-04-11 }}</ref> the shíshálh people, with help from others, have reclaimed 603 phrases and 5659 words in total<ref name="null"/> and have a published dictionary and grammar.<ref name=":0" /> ==Alphabet== :''a ch chʼ e h i k kʼ kw kwʼ ḵ ḵʼ ḵw ḵwʼ l lh m n p pʼ s sh t tʼ tlʼ ts tsʼ u w x xw x̱ x̱w y ˀ ʔ''<ref>[https://www.firstvoices.com/she-shashishalhem First Voices]</ref> ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== For those IPA symbols that do not match their orthographic counterparts, the orthographic representation is in brackets. This is based on the alphabet created by Randy Bouchard in 1977.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ! colspan="3" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! colspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! <small>[[Central consonant|central]]</small> || <small>[[Sibilant consonant|sibilant]]</small> || <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small> ! <small>plain</small> || <small>[[Labialization|rounded]]</small> ! <small>plain</small> || <small>[[Labialization|rounded]]</small> |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]] ! <small>[[voiceless]]</small> | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | {{IPA link|ts}} | | {{IPA link|tʃ}} ⟨ch⟩ | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA|kʷ}} | {{IPA link|q}} ⟨ḵ⟩ | {{IPA|qʷ}} ⟨ḵw⟩ | rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |- ! <small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small> | {{IPA link|pʼ}} | {{IPA link|tʼ}} | {{IPA link|tsʼ}} | {{IPA link|tɬʼ}} ⟨tl⟩ | {{IPA link|tʃʼ}} ⟨ch'⟩ | {{IPA link|kʼ}} | {{IPA|kʷʼ}} | {{IPA link|qʼ}} ⟨ḵ'⟩ | {{IPA|qʷʼ}} ⟨ḵw'⟩ |- ! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]] | | | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ɬ}} ⟨lh⟩ | {{IPA link|ʃ}} ⟨sh⟩ | {{IPA link|x}} | {{IPA|xʷ}} | {{IPA link|χ}} ⟨x̱⟩ | {{IPA|χʷ}} ⟨x̱w⟩ | {{IPA link|h}} |- ! colspan="2" | [[Sonorant]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|l}} | {{IPA link|j}} ⟨y⟩ | | {{IPA link|w}} | | | |} === Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! ![[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] | {{IPA link|i}} | | |- ![[Mid vowel|Mid]] | | {{IPA link|ə}} |{{IPA link|o}} |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] | | {{IPA link|a}} | |} The four vowels have numerous allophones when in certain phonetic contexts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sechelt Dictionary|last=Beaumont|first=Ronald C.|year=2011}}</ref> When the /i/ is between voiced back consonants and /ʔ/ it is realized as [e], while when it is between two other consonants it is realized as [i]. If it is between a combination of the two groups it is realized as a vowel in between [i] and [e], usually closer to [e]. The vowel is also realized as [e] when the syllable is unstressed. The /ə/ is realized as [ɪ] when after ⟨y, ch, ch', sh, k, k'⟩. After consonants with lip rounding it is realized as [ʊ], and after ⟨h, k, ḵ', m, p', t', tl', x̱, ʔ⟩ it is realized as [ʌ]. When /ə/ is in an unstressed syllable between two voiceless consonants it is also voiceless. The /o/ is realized as a [u] when preceded or followed by a consonant with lip rounding. The /a/ is realized as [ɒ] when preceded by a consonant with lip rounding and realized as [æ] after the consonants ⟨y, ch, ch', sh, k, k'⟩.<ref name="beaumont1985" /> The vowels may also be subject for lengthening, but this is purely for rhetorical purposes. The longer a vowel is held, the more emphatic or dramatic the intended meaning is. === Stress and Syllable Structure === All Sechelt words have at least one [[Stress (linguistics)|stressed syllable]], but some words have stress on every syllable. This gives the language its characteristic "choppy" cadence.<ref name=":0" /> In Sechelt, no word can start with a vowel. The [[glottal stop]] is used at the beginning of words that would otherwise start with vowels. Further, there can never be two vowel sounds in a row. The glottal stop is often inserted between the two consecutive vowels, such as at the end of a word root and beginning of a suffix. Another solution for consecutive vowels is to omit whichever vowel is unstressed. == Morphology == Like other members of the [[Salishan languages|Salish language family]], Sechelt is [[Agglutination|agglutinative]] with affixes added to nouns and verbs. For verbs, suffixes are added to mark the subject and tense, as well as to make the statement a question or add adverbial information. All pronouns in Sechelt are suffixes, while adverbs may be suffixes or their own word that comes before the verb and can take on suffixes of its own. This can be exemplified by two different wordings of the question “Were you afraid?”, with the first one emphasizing the word “afraid” and the second emphasizing that it happened in the past. {{interlinear|lang=sec|number=1. |ch’ásxém -ulh -á -chexw? |afraid -COMPL -Q -you? |'Were you '''afraid'''?'}} {{interlinear|lang=sec|number=2. |ku -á -chexw ch’asxém? |PST -Q -you afraid? |''''Were''' you afraid?'}} For nouns and verbs, lexical markers are used to convey related meanings. This can be seen in variations on the verb {{lang|sec|ts'exw}} {{gloss|get clean/washed}}: {{interlinear|lang=sec|number=3. |top=ts'exwálits'á |ts'exw -ál-its'á |get.clean/washed -clothes |'wash clothes; laundry, washing'}} {{interlinear|lang=sec|number=4. |top=ts'ixwálits'áten |ts'ixwálits'á -ten |laundry -device/container |washing machine; washtub'}} {{interlinear|lang=sec|number=5. |top=ts'exwámten |ts'exw -am -ten |get.clean dish -device/container |'dishpan, sink'}} {{interlinear|lang=sec|number=6. |top=ts'exwáwtxw |ts'exw -áwtxw |get.clean -room |'bathroom; washroom'}} For nouns, possessive markers can be separate words, suffixes, or be both prefixes and suffixes. Forms may differ due to the object's gender and whether it is visible or invisible.<ref name=":0" /> {{Interlinear|lang=sec|number=7. |nelh ten sila. |It my grandfather. |'It's my grandfather'}} {{Interlinear|lang=sec|number=8. |nelh-a tl'ems-tan-s lhems sila? |That-Q house-her our grandma |'Is that our grandmother's house?'}} {{Interlinear|lang=sec|number=9. |nelh-a ?e s-ch'enu-elap? |it-Q your dog-your? |'Is this your dog?'}} === Infixes === Commonly in Sechelt, there is no suffix on the verb to convey that the subject is third person singular or plural. However, if the speaker would like to emphasize that the subject is plural they may add {{lang|sec|-áw-}} or {{lang|sec|-íw-}} as an [[infix]] in the middle of the verb or {{lang|sec|-aw}} after the verb. {{interlinear|lang=sec|number=10. |‘é’ílhten |he/she is eating}} {{interlinear|lang=sec|number=11. |‘é’ílh-⟨íw⟩-ten |they are eating}} == Syntax == === Word Order === Sechelt has a [[Verb–subject–object word order|Verb-Subject-Object word order]], with only select adverbs that are able to go before the verb in a sentence. There is no [[Grammatical case|case marking]] in the language and a noun's role in the sentence is determined by word order. While there are both transitive and intransitive verbs in Sechelt, transitive forms are often derived from intransitive forms and have a different ending.<ref name="beaumont1985" /> For example, the word “kánám” means “to listen” while the word “kánám-mít” means “to listen to/hear.” You can see this below in this sentence that illustrates the word order. {{interlinear |kánám-mít -chen che xwch’énam wéwúm |hear(trans) I the dogs barking |'I hear the dogs barking'}} {{interlinear |kánám -á -chexw |listen(intrans) question-mkr you |'Are you listening?'}}While there is no conjugation in Sechelt, nouns can be differentiated based on gender (male or female) and whether the object is visible. This only affects articles and possessive pronouns. ==See also== *[[shíshálh Nation]] *[[Sechelt, British Columbia]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.ydli.org/langs/sechelt.htm First Nations Languages of British Columbia Sechelt page] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/sec OLAC resources in and about the Sechelt language] {{Salishan languages}} {{Languages of Canada}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shashishalh Language}} [[Category:Coast Salish languages]] [[Category:Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast]] [[Category:First Nations languages in Canada]] [[Category:Critically endangered languages]] [[Category:Shishalh]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" 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