Configure your build | Android Studio

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href="https://developer.android.com/studio" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="3" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="Android Studio" > Android Studio </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/build/gradle-build-overview" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="4" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="4" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Android Gradle Plugin </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Configure your build </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-dropdown class="nocontent"></devsite-recommendations-dropdown> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p>The Android build system compiles app resources and source code and packages them into APKs or Android App Bundles that you can test, deploy, sign, and distribute.</p> <p>In <a href="/studio/build/gradle-build-overview">Gradle build overview</a> and <a href="/studio/build/android-build-structure">Android build structure</a>, we discussed build concepts and the structure of an Android app. Now it's time to configure the build.</p> <h2 id="build-config" data-text="Android build glossary" tabindex="-1">Android build glossary</h2> <p> Gradle and the Android Gradle plugin help you configure the following aspects of your build: </p> <dl> <dt> <em>Build types</em> </dt> <dd> <p>Build types define certain properties that Gradle uses when building and packaging your app. Build types are typically configured for different stages of your development lifecycle.</p> <p>For example, the debug build type enables debug options and signs the app with the debug key, while the release build type may shrink, obfuscate, and sign your app with a release key for distribution.</p> <p>You must define at least one build type to build your app. Android Studio creates the debug and release build types by default. To start customizing packaging settings for your app, learn how to <a href="/studio/build/build-variants#build-types">configure build types</a>.</p> </dd> <dt> <em>Product flavors</em> </dt> <dd> Product flavors represent different versions of your app that you can release to users, such as free and paid versions. You can customize product flavors to use different code and resources while sharing and reusing the parts that are common to all versions of your app. Product flavors are optional, and you must create them manually. To start creating different versions of your app, learn how to <a href="/studio/build/build-variants#product-flavors">configure product flavors</a>. </dd> <dt> <em>Build variants</em> </dt> <dd> A build variant is a cross-product of build type and product flavor and is the configuration Gradle uses to build your app. Using build variants, you can build the debug version of your product flavors during development and signed release versions of your product flavors for distribution. Although you don't configure build variants directly, you configure the build types and product flavors that form them. Creating additional build types or product flavors also creates additional build variants. To learn how to create and manage build variants, read the <a href="/studio/build/build-variants">Configure build variants</a> overview. </dd> <dt> <em>Manifest entries</em> </dt> <dd> You can specify values for some properties of the manifest file in the build variant configuration. These build values override the existing values in the manifest file. This is useful if you want to generate multiple variants of your app with a different application name, minimum SDK version, or target SDK version. When multiple manifests are present, the manifest merger tool <a href="/studio/build/manage-manifests#merge-manifests"> merges manifest settings</a>. </dd> <dt> <em>Dependencies</em> </dt> <dd> The build system manages project dependencies from your local file system and from remote repositories. This means you don't have to manually search, download, and copy binary packages of your dependencies into your project directory. To find out more, see <a href="/studio/build/dependencies">Add build dependencies</a>. </dd> <dt> <em>Signing</em> </dt> <dd> The build system lets you specify signing settings in the build configuration, and it can automatically sign your app during the build process. The build system signs the debug version with a default key and certificate using known credentials to avoid a password prompt at build time. The build system does not sign the release version unless you explicitly define a signing configuration for this build. If you don't have a release key, you can generate one as described in <a href="/studio/publish/app-signing">Sign your app</a>. Signed release builds are required for distributing apps through most app stores. </dd> <dt> <em>Code and resource shrinking</em> </dt> <dd> The build system lets you specify a different ProGuard rules file for each build variant. When building your app, the build system applies the appropriate set of rules to <a href="/studio/build/shrink-code">shrink your code and resources</a> using its built-in shrinking tools, such as R8. Shrinking your code and resources can help reduce your APK or AAB size. </dd> <dt> <em>Multiple APK support</em> </dt> <dd> The build system lets you automatically build different APKs that each contain only the code and resources needed for a specific screen density or Application Binary Interface (ABI). For more information see <a href="/studio/build/configure-apk-splits"> Build multiple APKs</a>. However, releasing a single AAB is the recommended approach, as it offers splitting by language in addition to screen density and ABI, while avoiding the need to upload multiple artifacts to Google Play. All new apps submitted after August 2021 are required to use AABs. </dd> </dl> <h2 id="java-overview" data-text="Java versions in Android builds" tabindex="-1">Java versions in Android builds</h2> <p>Whether your source code is written in Java, Kotlin, or both, there are several places you must choose a JDK or Java language version for your build. See <a href="/build/jdks">Java versions in Android builds</a> for details.</p> <h2 id="build-files" data-text="Build configuration files" tabindex="-1">Build configuration files</h2> <p>Creating custom build configurations requires you to make changes to one or more build configuration files. These plain-text files use a domain-specific language (DSL) to describe and manipulate the build logic using <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/command-line.html#run-scripts" class="external">Kotlin script</a>, which is a flavor of the Kotlin language. You can also use <a href="http://groovy-lang.org" class="external">Groovy</a>, which is a dynamic language for the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), to configure your builds.</p> <p>You don't need to know Kotlin script or Groovy to start configuring your build because the Android Gradle plugin introduces most of the DSL elements you need. To learn more about the Android Gradle plugin DSL, read the <a href="/reference/tools/gradle-api">DSL reference documentation</a>. Kotlin script also relies on the underlying <a href="https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/kotlin_dsl.html#kotlin_dsl" class="external">Gradle Kotlin DSL</a> </p> <p>When starting a new project, Android Studio automatically creates some of these files for you and populates them based on sensible defaults. For an overview of the created files, see <a href="/studio/build/android-build-structure">Android build structure</a>.</p> <h3 id="wrapper-file" data-text="The Gradle Wrapper file" tabindex="-1">The Gradle Wrapper file</h3> <p>The Gradle wrapper (<code translate="no" dir="ltr">gradlew</code>) is a small application included with your source code that downloads and launches Gradle itself. This creates more-consistent build execution. Developers download the application source and run <code translate="no" dir="ltr">gradlew</code>. This downloads the required Gradle distribution, and launches Gradle to build your application.</p> <p>The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties</code> file contains a property, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">distributionUrl</code>, that describes which version of Gradle is used to run your build.</p> <aside class="tip"><strong>Tip:</strong><span> If simultaneously working on multiple projects, if possible, ensure that all of the projects use the same Gradle version. Otherwise, Gradle creates copies of the Gradle daemon for each Gradle version, in addition to separate copies for each <a href="/build/jdks#jdk-gradle">JDK used to run Gradle</a>. This increases memory and CPU usage, potentially slowing your builds or impacting other work on the machine.</span></aside><div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy devsite-code-highlight" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="scdoc"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME distributionPath=wrapper/dists distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/<strong>gradle-8.0-bin.zip</strong> zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME zipStorePath=wrapper/dists </code></pre></devsite-code> <h3 id="settings-file" data-text="The Gradle settings file" tabindex="-1">The Gradle settings file</h3> <p> The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">settings.gradle.kts</code> file (for the Kotlin DSL) or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">settings.gradle</code> file (for the Groovy DSL) is located in the root project directory. This settings file defines project-level repository settings and informs Gradle which modules it should include when building your app. Multi-module projects need to specify each module that should go into the final build. </p> <p>For most projects, the file looks like the following by default:</p> <div> <div class="ds-selector-tabs"><section><h3 class="two-line-tab" tab-label="settings.gradle.kts" id="kts" data-text="Kotlin" tabindex="-1">Kotlin</h3> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Kotlin"><span class="devsite-syntax-n">pluginManagement</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The pluginManagement.repositories block configures the</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * repositories Gradle uses to search or download the Gradle plugins and</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * their transitive dependencies. Gradle pre-configures support for remote</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * repositories such as JCenter, Maven Central, and Ivy. You can also use</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * local repositories or define your own remote repositories. Here we</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * define the <a class="external=link" href="https://plugins.gradle.org/">Gradle Plugin Portal</a>, <a href="/studio/build/dependencies?agpversion=4.1&buildsystem=ndk-build#google-maven">Google's Maven repository</a>,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * and the <a class="external-link" href="https://search.maven.org/">Maven Central Repository</a> as the repositories Gradle should use to look for its</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * dependencies.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">repositories</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">gradlePluginPortal</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">google</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">mavenCentral</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">dependencyResolutionManagement</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The dependencyResolutionManagement.repositories</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * block is where you configure the repositories and dependencies used by</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * all modules in your project, such as libraries that you are using to</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * create your application. However, you should configure module-specific</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * dependencies in each module-level build.gradle file. For new projects,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Android Studio includes Google's Maven repository and the Maven Central</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Repository by default, but it does not configure any dependencies (unless</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * you select a template that requires some).</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">repositoriesMode</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">.</span><span class="devsite-syntax-na">set</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">RepositoriesMode</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">.</span><span class="devsite-syntax-na">FAIL_ON_PROJECT_REPOS</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">repositories</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">google</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">mavenCentral</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">rootProject</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">.</span><span class="devsite-syntax-na">name</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"My Application"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">include</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">":app"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span></pre></devsite-code> </section><section><h3 class="two-line-tab" tab-label="settings.gradle" id="groovy" data-text="Groovy" tabindex="-1">Groovy</h3> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Groovy"><span class="devsite-syntax-n">pluginManagement</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The pluginManagement.repositories block configures the</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * repositories Gradle uses to search or download the Gradle plugins and</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * their transitive dependencies. Gradle pre-configures support for remote</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * repositories such as JCenter, Maven Central, and Ivy. You can also use</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * local repositories or define your own remote repositories. Here we</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * define the <a class="external=link" href="https://plugins.gradle.org/">Gradle Plugin Portal</a>, <a href="/studio/build/dependencies?agpversion=4.1&buildsystem=ndk-build#google-maven">Google's Maven repository</a>,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * and the <a class="external-link" href="https://search.maven.org/">Maven Central Repository</a> as the repositories Gradle should use to look for its</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * dependencies.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">repositories</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">gradlePluginPortal</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">google</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">mavenCentral</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">dependencyResolutionManagement</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The dependencyResolutionManagement.repositories</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * block is where you configure the repositories and dependencies used by</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * all modules in your project, such as libraries that you are using to</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * create your application. However, you should configure module-specific</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * dependencies in each module-level build.gradle file. For new projects,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Android Studio includes Google's Maven repository and the Maven Central</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Repository by default, but it does not configure any dependencies (unless</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * you select a template that requires some).</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">repositoriesMode</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">.</span><span class="devsite-syntax-na">set</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">RepositoriesMode</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">.</span><span class="devsite-syntax-na">FAIL_ON_PROJECT_REPOS</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">repositories</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">google</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">mavenCentral</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">rootProject</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">.</span><span class="devsite-syntax-na">name</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">"My Application"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">include</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">':app'</span></pre></devsite-code> </section></div> </div> <h3 id="top-level" data-text="The top-level build file" tabindex="-1">The top-level build file</h3> <p> The top-level <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build.gradle.kts</code> file (for the Kotlin DSL) or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build.gradle</code> file (for the Groovy DSL) is located in the root project directory. It typically defines the common versions of plugins used by modules in your project.</p> <p> The following code sample describes the default settings and DSL elements in the top-level build script after creating a new project: </p> <div> <div class="ds-selector-tabs"><section><h3 class="two-line-tab" tab-label="build.gradle.kts" id="kts" data-text="Kotlin" tabindex="-1">Kotlin</h3> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Kotlin"><span class="devsite-syntax-n">plugins</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Use `apply false` in the top-level build.gradle file to add a Gradle</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * plugin as a build dependency but not apply it to the current (root)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * project. Don't use `apply false` in sub-projects. For more information,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * see <a class="external-link" href="https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/plugins.html#sec:subprojects_plugins_dsl">Applying external plugins with same version to subprojects</a>.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">id</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"com.android.application"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">version</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"8.7.0"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">apply</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">false</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">id</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"com.android.library"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">version</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"8.7.0"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">apply</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">false</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">id</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"org.jetbrains.kotlin.android"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">version</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"2.0.20"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">apply</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">false</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </section><section><h3 class="two-line-tab" tab-label="build.gradle" id="groovy" data-text="Groovy" tabindex="-1">Groovy</h3> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Groovy"><span class="devsite-syntax-n">plugins</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Use `apply false` in the top-level build.gradle file to add a Gradle</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * plugin as a build dependency but not apply it to the current (root)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * project. Don't use `apply false` in sub-projects. For more information,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * see <a class="external-link" href="https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/plugins.html#sec:subprojects_plugins_dsl">Applying external plugins with same version to subprojects</a>.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">id</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'com.android.application'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">version</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'8.7.0'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">apply</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">false</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">id</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'com.android.library'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">version</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'8.7.0'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">apply</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">false</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">id</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'org.jetbrains.kotlin.android'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">version</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'2.0.20'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">apply</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">false</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> </section></div></pre></devsite-code> </div> <h3 id="module-level" data-text="The module-level build file" tabindex="-1">The module-level build file</h3> <p> The module-level <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build.gradle.kts</code> (for the Kotlin DSL) or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build.gradle</code> file (for the Groovy DSL) is located in each <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><var translate="no">project</var>/<var translate="no">module</var>/</code> directory. It lets you configure build settings for the specific module it is located in. Configuring these build settings lets you provide custom packaging options, such as additional build types and product flavors, and override settings in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">main/</code> app manifest or top-level build script. </p> <h4 id="android_sdk_settings" data-text="Android SDK Settings" tabindex="-1">Android SDK Settings</h4> <p>The module-level build file for your application includes settings that indicate Android SDK versions used when compiling, selecting platform behaviors, and specifying the minimum version that your application runs on.</p> <figure> <img class="invert" src="/static/images/build/android-sdks.svg" alt="Overview of SDK specifications in a Gradle build"> <figcaption class="img-caption"> <strong>Figure 1.</strong> Android SDKs in a build </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dt> <em><code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdk</code></em> </dt> <dd> <p> The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdk</code> determines which Android and Java APIs are available when compiling your source code. To use the latest Android features, use the latest Android SDK when compiling. </p> <p> Some Android platform APIs might not be available in older API levels. You can <a href="/training/basics/supporting-devices/platforms#version-codes"> conditionally guard use of newer features</a> or use <a href="/jetpack/androidx/releases/appcompat"> AndroidX compatibility libraries</a> to use newer features with lower Android API levels. </p> <p> Each Android SDK provides a subset of Java APIs for use in your application. The table at <a href="/build/jdks#compileSdk"> Which Java APIs can I use in my Java or Kotlin source code</a> shows which Java API level is available based on the Android SDK version. The newer Java APIs are supported on earlier versions of Android through <a href="/studio/write/java8-support">desugaring</a>, which must be enabled in your build. </p> <p> Android Studio displays warnings if your <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdk</code> conflicts with the current version of Android Studio, AGP, or your project's library dependency requirements. </p> </dd> <dt> <em><code translate="no" dir="ltr">minSdk</code></em> </dt> <dd> <p> The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">minSdk</code> specifies the lowest version of Android that you want your app to support. Setting <code translate="no" dir="ltr">minSdk</code> restricts which devices can install your app. </p> <p> Supporting lower versions of Android might require more conditional checks in your code or more use of AndroidX compatibility libraries. You should weigh the maintenance cost of supporting lower versions against the percentage of users that are still using those lower versions. See the version chart in the <strong>New project wizard</strong> of Android Studio for the current version-use percentages. </p> <p> When editing your code in Android Studio or running checks during your build, lint will warn about APIs that you use that are not available in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">minSdk</code>. You should fix these by <a href="/training/basics/supporting-devices/platforms#version-codes"> making newer features conditional</a> or by using <a href="/jetpack/androidx/releases/appcompat"> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Appcompat</code></a> for backward compatibility. </p> </dd> <dt> <em><code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code></em> </dt> <dd> <p> The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code> serves two purposes: </p> <ol> <li>It sets runtime behavior of your application.</li> <li>It attests which version of Android you've tested against.</li> </ol> <p> If you run on a device that's using a higher version of Android than your <code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code>, Android runs your app in a compatibility mode that behaves similarly to the lower version indicated in your <code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code>. For example, when API 23 introduced the runtime permissions model, not all apps were ready to immediately adopt it. By setting <code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code> to 22, those apps could run on API 23 devices without using runtime permissions, and could use features included in the latest <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdk</code> version. Google Play distribution policy enforces <a href="/google/play/requirements/target-sdk"> additional policies on target API level</a>. </p> <p> The value of <code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code> must be less than or equal to that of <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdk</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> <div class="note"> <p> <b>Note:</b> The values of <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdk</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code> don't need to be the same. Keep the following basic principles in mind: </p> <ul> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdk</code> gives you access to new APIs</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code> sets the runtime behavior of your app</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code> must be less than or equal to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdk</code></li> </ul> </div> <h4 id="sample_app-module_build_script" data-text="Sample app-module build script" tabindex="-1">Sample app-module build script</h4> <p> This sample Android app module build script outlines some of the basic DSL elements and settings: </p> <div> <div class="ds-selector-tabs"><section><h3 class="two-line-tab" tab-label="build.gradle.kts" id="kts" data-text="Kotlin" tabindex="-1">Kotlin</h3> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Kotlin"><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The first section in the build configuration applies the Android Gradle plugin</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * to this build and makes the android block available to specify</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Android-specific build options.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">plugins</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">id</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"com.android.application"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Locate (and possibly download) a JDK used to build your kotlin</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * source code. This also acts as a default for sourceCompatibility,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * targetCompatibility and jvmTarget. Note that this does not affect which JDK</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * is used to run the Gradle build itself, and does not need to take into</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * account the JDK version required by Gradle plugins (such as the</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Android Gradle Plugin)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">kotlin</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">jvmToolchain</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-m">11</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The android block is where you configure all your Android-specific</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * build options.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">android</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The app's <a href="/studio/build/configure-app-module#set-namespace">namespace</a>. Used primarily to access app resources.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">namespace</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"com.example.myapp"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * compileSdk specifies the Android API level Gradle should use to</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * compile your app. This means your app can use the API features included in</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * this API level and lower.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">compileSdk</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-m">33</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The defaultConfig block encapsulates default settings and entries for all</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * build variants and can override some attributes in main/AndroidManifest.xml</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * dynamically from the build system. You can configure product flavors to override</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * these values for different versions of your app.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">defaultConfig</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Uniquely identifies the package for publishing.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">applicationId</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"com.example.myapp"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Defines the minimum API level required to run the app.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">minSdk</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-m">21</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Specifies the API level used to test the app.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">targetSdk</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-m">33</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Defines the version number of your app.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">versionCode</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-m">1</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Defines a user-friendly version name for your app.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">versionName</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"1.0"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The buildTypes block is where you can configure multiple <a href="/studio/build/build-variants#build-types">build types</a>.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * By default, the build system defines two build types: debug and release. The</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * debug build type is not explicitly shown in the default build configuration,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * but it includes debugging tools and is signed with the debug key. The release</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * build type applies ProGuard settings and is not signed by default.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">buildTypes</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * By default, Android Studio configures the release build type to enable code</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * shrinking, using minifyEnabled, and specifies the default ProGuard rules file.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">getByName</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"release"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">isMinifyEnabled</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">true</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Enables code shrinking for the release build type.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">proguardFiles</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">getDefaultProguardFile</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"proguard-android.txt"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">),</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"proguard-rules.pro"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The productFlavors block is where you can configure multiple <a href="/studio/build/build-variants#product-flavors">product flavors</a>.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * This lets you create different versions of your app that can</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * override the defaultConfig block with their own settings. Product flavors</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * are optional, and the build system does not create them by default.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> *</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * This example creates a free and paid product flavor. Each product flavor</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * then specifies its own application ID, so that they can exist on the Google</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Play Store or an Android device simultaneously.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> *</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * If you declare product flavors, you must also declare flavor dimensions</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * and assign each flavor to a flavor dimension.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><a href="/reference/tools/gradle-api/current/com/android/build/api/dsl/ProductFlavor#dimension"><span class="devsite-syntax-n">flavorDimensions</span></a><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">+=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"tier"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">productFlavors</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">create</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"free"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">dimension</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"tier"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">applicationId</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"com.example.myapp.free"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">create</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"paid"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">dimension</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"tier"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">applicationId</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"com.example.myapp.paid"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * To override source and target compatibility (if different from the</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * toolchain JDK version), add the following. All of these</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * default to the same value as kotlin.jvmToolchain. If you're using the</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * same version for these values and kotlin.jvmToolchain, you can</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * remove these blocks.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">//compileOptions {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">//}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">//kotlinOptions {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// jvmTarget = "11"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">//}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The dependencies block in the module-level build configuration file</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * specifies dependencies required to build only the module itself.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * To learn more, go to <a href="/studio/build/dependencies">Add build dependencies</a>.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">dependencies</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">implementation</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">project</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">":lib"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">))</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">implementation</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.7.0"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">implementation</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">fileTree</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">mapOf</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"dir"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">to</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"libs"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">,</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"include"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">to</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">listOf</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s">"*.jar"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">))))</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </section><section><h3 class="two-line-tab" tab-label="build.gradle" id="groovy" data-text="Groovy" tabindex="-1">Groovy</h3> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Groovy"><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The first line in the build configuration applies the Android Gradle plugin</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * to this build and makes the android block available to specify</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Android-specific build options.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">plugins</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">id</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'com.android.application'</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Locate (and possibly download) a JDK used to build your kotlin</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * source code. This also acts as a default for sourceCompatibility,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * targetCompatibility and jvmTarget. Note that this does not affect which JDK</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * is used to run the Gradle build itself, and does not need to take into</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * account the JDK version required by Gradle plugins (such as the</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Android Gradle Plugin)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">kotlin</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">jvmToolchain</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-mi">11</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The android block is where you configure all your Android-specific</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * build options.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">android</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The app's <a href="/studio/build/configure-app-module#set-namespace">namespace</a>. Used primarily to access app resources.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">namespace</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'com.example.myapp'</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * compileSdk specifies the Android API level Gradle should use to</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * compile your app. This means your app can use the API features included in</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * this API level and lower.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">compileSdk</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-mi">33</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The defaultConfig block encapsulates default settings and entries for all</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * build variants and can override some attributes in main/AndroidManifest.xml</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * dynamically from the build system. You can configure product flavors to override</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * these values for different versions of your app.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">defaultConfig</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Uniquely identifies the package for publishing.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">applicationId</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'com.example.myapp'</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Defines the minimum API level required to run the app.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">minSdk</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-mi">21</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Specifies the API level used to test the app.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">targetSdk</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-mi">33</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Defines the version number of your app.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">versionCode</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-mi">1</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Defines a user-friendly version name for your app.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">versionName</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">"1.0"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The buildTypes block is where you can configure multiple <a href="/studio/build/build-variants#build-types">build types</a>.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * By default, the build system defines two build types: debug and release. The</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * debug build type is not explicitly shown in the default build configuration,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * but it includes debugging tools and is signed with the debug key. The release</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * build type applies ProGuard settings and is not signed by default.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">buildTypes</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * By default, Android Studio configures the release build type to enable code</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * shrinking, using minifyEnabled, and specifies the default ProGuard rules file.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">release</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">minifyEnabled</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">true</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// Enables code shrinking for the release build type.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">proguardFiles</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">getDefaultProguardFile</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'proguard-android.txt'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">),</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'proguard-rules.pro'</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The productFlavors block is where you can configure multiple <a href="/studio/build/build-variants#product-flavors">product flavors</a>.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * This lets you create different versions of your app that can</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * override the defaultConfig block with their own settings. Product flavors</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * are optional, and the build system does not create them by default.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> *</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * This example creates a free and paid product flavor. Each product flavor</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * then specifies its own application ID, so that they can exist on the Google</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * Play Store or an Android device simultaneously.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> *</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * If you declare product flavors, you must also declare flavor dimensions</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * and assign each flavor to a flavor dimension.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><a href="/reference/tools/gradle-api/current/com/android/build/api/dsl/ProductFlavor#dimension"><span class="devsite-syntax-n">flavorDimensions</span></a><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">"tier"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">productFlavors</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">free</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">dimension</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">"tier"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">applicationId</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'com.example.myapp.free'</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">paid</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">dimension</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">"tier"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">applicationId</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'com.example.myapp.paid'</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * To override source and target compatibility (if different from the</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * tool chain JDK version), add the following. All of these</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * default to the same value as kotlin.jvmToolchain. If you're using the</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * same version for these values and kotlin.jvmToolchain, you can</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * remove these blocks.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">//compileOptions {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_11</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_11</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">//}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">//kotlinOptions {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">// jvmTarget = '11'</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-c1">//}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * The dependencies block in the module-level build configuration file</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * specifies dependencies required to build only the module itself.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> * To learn more, go to <a href="/studio/build/dependencies">Add build dependencies</a>.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-cm"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-n">dependencies</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">implementation</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">project</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">":lib"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">)</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">implementation</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.7.0'</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">implementation</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-n">fileTree</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-nl">dir:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'libs'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">,</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nl">include:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'*.jar'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">])</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-o">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </section></div> </div> <h3 id="properties-files" data-text="Gradle properties files" tabindex="-1">Gradle properties files</h3> <p> Gradle also includes two properties files, located in your root project directory, that you can use to specify settings for the Gradle build toolkit itself: </p> <dl> <dt> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">gradle.properties</code> </dt> <dd> This is where you can configure project-wide Gradle settings, such as the Gradle daemon's maximum heap size. For more information, see <a href="https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/build_environment.html" class= "external-link">Build Environment</a>. </dd> <dt> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">local.properties</code> </dt> <dd> Configures local environment properties for the build system, including the following: <ul> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">ndk.dir</code> - Path to the NDK. This property has been deprecated. Any downloaded versions of the NDK are installed in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ndk</code> directory within the Android SDK directory.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">sdk.dir</code> - Path to the Android SDK.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">cmake.dir</code> - Path to CMake.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">ndk.symlinkdir</code> - In Android Studio 3.5 and higher, creates a symlink to the NDK that can be shorter than the installed NDK path.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <aside class="caution"><strong>Caution:</strong><span> The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">local.properties</code> file is reserved for properties specific to the Android Gradle plugin. Putting your own values in this file can cause problems. If you need to define your own local properties, <a href="/studio/build/gradle-tips#remove-private-signing-information-from-your-project">create a separate properties file and manually load it</a>.</span></aside> <h3 id="remap-ndk" data-text="Remap the NDK to a shorter path (Windows only)" tabindex="-1">Remap the NDK to a shorter path (Windows only)</h3> <p>In Windows, tools in the installed NDK folder, such as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ld.exe</code>, end up with long paths. The tools don't support long paths well.</p> <p>To create a shorter path, in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">local.properties</code>, set the property <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ndk.symlinkdir</code> to request that the Android Gradle plugin create a symlink to the NDK. The path of that symlink can be shorter than the existing NDK folder. For example, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ndk.symlinkdir = C:\</code> results in the following symlink: <code translate="no" dir="ltr">C:\ndk\19.0.5232133</code></p> <h3 id="sync-files" data-text="Sync project with Gradle files" tabindex="-1">Sync project with Gradle files</h3> <p> When you make changes to the build configuration files in your project, Android Studio requires that you sync your project files so that it can import your build configuration changes and run some checks to make sure your configuration doesn't create build errors. </p> <p> To sync your project files, click <strong>Sync Now</strong> in the notification bar that appears when you make a change, as shown in figure 2, or click <strong>Sync Project</strong> <img src="/static/studio/images/buttons/toolbar-sync-gradle.png" alt="" class="inline-icon"> from the menu bar. If Android Studio finds any errors with your configuration — for example, your source code uses API features that are only available in an API level higher than your <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdkVersion</code> — the <strong>Messages</strong> window describes the issue. </p> <figure> <img src="/static/images/tools/as-gradlesync.png" alt> <figcaption class="img-caption"> <strong>Figure 2.</strong> Sync the project with build configuration files in Android Studio. </figcaption> </figure> <h3 id="sourcesets" data-text="Source sets" tabindex="-1">Source sets</h3> <p> Android Studio logically groups source code and resources for each module into <em>source sets</em>. When you create a new module, Android Studio creates a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">main/</code> source set within the module. A module's <code translate="no" dir="ltr">main/</code> source set includes the code and resources used by all its build variants.</p> <p><p>Additional source set directories are optional, and Android Studio doesn't automatically create them for you when you configure new build variants. However, creating source sets, similar to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">main/</code>, helps organize files and resources that Gradle should only use when building certain versions of your app: </p></p> <dl> <dt> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">src/main/</code> </dt> <dd> This source set includes code and resources common to all build variants. </dd> <dt> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">src/<var translate="no">buildType</var>/</code> </dt> <dd> Create this source set to include code and resources only for a specific build type. </dd> <dt> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">src/<var translate="no">productFlavor</var>/</code> </dt> <dd> Create this source set to include code and resources only for a specific product flavor. <p class="note"> <b>Note:</b> If you configure your build to <a href="/studio/build/build-variants#flavor-dimensions">combine multiple product flavors</a>, you can create source set directories for each <em>combination</em> of product flavors between the flavor dimensions: <code translate="no" dir="ltr">src/<var translate="no">productFlavor1</var><var translate="no">ProductFlavor2</var>/</code>. </p> </dd> <dt> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">src/<var translate="no">productFlavorBuildType</var>/</code> </dt> <dd> Create this source set to include code and resources only for a specific build variant. </dd> </dl> <p> For example, to generate the "fullDebug" version of your app, the build system merges code, settings, and resources from following source sets: </p> <ul> <li> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">src/fullDebug/</code> (the build variant source set) </li> <li> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">src/debug/</code> (the build type source set) </li> <li> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">src/full/</code> (the product flavor source set) </li> <li> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">src/main/</code> (the main source set) </li> </ul> <p class="note"> <strong>Note:</strong> When you create a new file or directory in Android Studio, use the <strong>File > New</strong> menu options to create it for a specific source set. The source sets you can choose from are based on your build configurations, and Android Studio automatically creates the required directories if they don't already exist. </p> <p> If different source sets contain different versions of the same file, Gradle uses the following priority order when deciding which file to use. Source sets on the left override the files and settings of source sets to the right: </p> <blockquote> build variant > build type > product flavor > main source set > library dependencies </blockquote> <p> This allows Gradle to use files that are specific to the build variant you are trying to build while reusing activities, application logic, and resources that are common to other versions of your app.</p> <p><p>When <a href="/studio/build/manage-manifests#merge-manifests">merging multiple manifests</a>, Gradle uses the same priority order so each build variant can define different components or permissions in the final manifest. To learn more about creating custom source sets, read <a href="/studio/build/build-variants#sourcesets">Create source sets</a>. </p></p> <h2 id="version-catalogs" data-text="Version catalogs" tabindex="-1">Version catalogs</h2> <p>If your build contains multiple modules with common dependencies, or you have multiple independent projects with common dependencies, we recommend that you use a <a href="https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/platforms.html" class="external">version catalog or bill of materials (BOM)</a> to specify the common versions.</p> <h2 id="other-build-systems" data-text="Other build systems" tabindex="-1">Other build systems</h2> <p>Building Android apps with <a href="https://bazel.build/" class="external">Bazel</a> is possible but not officially supported. Android Studio does not officially support Bazel projects.</p> <p>To better understand the current limitations of building with Bazel, see the <a href="https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3Ateam-Android" class="external">known issues</a>.</p> <devsite-hats-survey class="nocontent" hats-id="VxqvKSur40kxBYCLVTd0SSGykbno" listnr-id="5207477"></devsite-hats-survey> </div> <devsite-recommendations display="in-page" hidden yield> </devsite-recommendations> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <devsite-recommendations id="recommendations-link" yield></devsite-recommendations> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the <a href="/license">Content License</a>. 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