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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Đăng nhập</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Thêm tùy chọn" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Công cụ cá nhân" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Công cụ cá nhân</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Bảng chọn thành viên" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=vi.wikipedia.org&uselang=vi"><span>Quyên góp</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:M%E1%BB%9F_t%C3%A0i_kho%E1%BA%A3n&returnto=Th%E1%BB%95+ph%E1%BB%89" title="Bạn được khuyến khích mở tài khoản và đăng nhập; tuy nhiên, không bắt buộc phải có tài khoản"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Tạo tài khoản</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:%C4%90%C4%83ng_nh%E1%BA%ADp&returnto=Th%E1%BB%95+ph%E1%BB%89" title="Đăng nhập sẽ có lợi hơn, tuy nhiên không bắt buộc. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Đăng nhập</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Trang dành cho người dùng chưa đăng nhập <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%A3_gi%C3%BAp:Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_thi%E1%BB%87u" aria-label="Tìm hiểu thêm về sửa đổi"><span>tìm hiểu thêm</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:%C4%90%C3%B3ng_g%C3%B3p_c%E1%BB%A7a_t%C3%B4i" title="Danh sách các sửa đổi được thực hiện qua địa chỉ IP này [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Đóng góp</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn_t%C3%B4i" title="Thảo luận với địa chỉ IP này [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Thảo luận cho địa chỉ IP này</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Trang Web"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Nội dung" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nội dung</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Đầu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Lịch_sử" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lịch_sử"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Lịch sử</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lịch_sử-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Hiện/ẩn mục Lịch sử</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lịch_sử-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Châu_Âu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Châu_Âu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Châu Âu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Châu_Âu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thời_kỳ_Trung_Cổ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thời_kỳ_Trung_Cổ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Thời kỳ Trung Cổ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thời_kỳ_Trung_Cổ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Đức_Quốc_Xã" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Đức_Quốc_Xã"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Đức Quốc Xã</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Đức_Quốc_Xã-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nước_Nga_Xô_viết" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nước_Nga_Xô_viết"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Nước Nga Xô viết</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nước_Nga_Xô_viết-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trung_Quốc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trung_Quốc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Trung Quốc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trung_Quốc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thời_nhà_Minh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thời_nhà_Minh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Thời nhà Minh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thời_nhà_Minh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Việt_Nam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Việt_Nam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Việt Nam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Việt_Nam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xem_thêm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xem_thêm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Xem thêm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xem_thêm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tham_khảo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tham_khảo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tham khảo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tham_khảo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Nội dung" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Mục lục" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Đóng mở mục lục" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Đóng mở mục lục</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thổ phỉ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Xem bài viết trong ngôn ngữ khác. Bài có sẵn trong 32 ngôn ngữ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 ngôn ngữ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struikrowery" title="Struikrowery – Tiếng Hà Lan (Nam Phi)" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Struikrowery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hà Lan (Nam Phi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لصوصية – Tiếng Ả Rập" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لصوصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ả Rập" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditizm" title="Banditizm – Tiếng Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Banditizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebanditan" title="Kebanditan – Tiếng Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebanditan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Бандытызм – Tiếng Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бандытызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="डकइती – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डकइती" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Бандитизъм – Tiếng Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бандитизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandolerisme" title="Bandolerisme – Tiếng Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bandolerisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditiaeth" title="Banditiaeth – Tiếng Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Banditiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditism" title="Banditism – Tiếng Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Banditism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry – Tiếng Anh" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Banditry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Anh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandidismo_organizado" title="Bandidismo organizado – Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bandidismo organizado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="راهزنی – Tiếng Ba Tư" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهزنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Tư" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditisme" title="Banditisme – Tiếng Pháp" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banditisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pháp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandidaxe" title="Bandidaxe – Tiếng Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bandidaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%A0%81" title="도적 – Tiếng Hàn" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도적" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hàn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry – Tiếng Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Banditry" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ավազակություն – Tiếng Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավազակություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="डकैती – Tiếng Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डकैती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditismo" title="Banditismo – Tiếng Italy" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banditismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Italy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Бандитизм – Tiếng Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бандитизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-p%C4%AB" title="Tū-pī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tū-pī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%97%E8%B3%8A" title="盗賊 – Tiếng Nhật" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="盗賊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nhật" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="ЖӀакки – Tiếng Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЖӀакки" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinoiy_uyushma" title="Jinoiy uyushma – Tiếng Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jinoiy uyushma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditismo" title="Banditismo – Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banditismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Бандитизм – Tiếng Nga" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бандитизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Бандитизм – Tiếng Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бандитизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fk%C4%B1yal%C4%B1k" title="Eşkıyalık – Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eşkıyalık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Бандитизм – Tiếng Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бандитизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditismo" title="Banditismo – Tiếng Veneto" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Banditismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Veneto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%8C%AA" title="土匪 – Tiếng Trung" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土匪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Trung" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10968653#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sửa liên kết giữa ngôn ngữ" class="wbc-editpage">Sửa liên kết</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Đổi hướng từ <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C6%A1n_t%E1%BA%B7c&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn tặc">Sơn tặc</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="vi" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Corse_le_dernier_bandit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Corse_le_dernier_bandit.jpg/250px-Corse_le_dernier_bandit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Corse_le_dernier_bandit.jpg/500px-Corse_le_dernier_bandit.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Trung úy của <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmine_Crocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carmine Crocco (trang không tồn tại)">Carmine Crocco</a> là Agostino Sacchitiello cùng các thành viên của băng nhóm đến từ thị trấn <a href="/wiki/Bisaccia" title="Bisaccia">Bisaccia</a>, vùng <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> nước Ý. Ảnh chụp năm 1862</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Thổ phỉ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: 土匪), tùy từng trường hợp còn gọi là <b>cường đạo</b> (强盗), <b>đạo tặc</b> (盜賊), <b>giặc cỏ</b> hay <b>thảo khấu</b> (草寇), là một dạng <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%99i_ph%E1%BA%A1m_c%C3%B3_t%E1%BB%95_ch%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tội phạm có tổ chức">tội phạm có tổ chức</a> bao gồm toàn những <a href="/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_s%E1%BB%91ng_ngo%C3%A0i_v%C3%B2ng_ph%C3%A1p_lu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Người sống ngoài vòng pháp luật">người sống ngoài vòng pháp luật</a> đặc biệt có dính líu đến việc đe dọa hoặc sử dụng <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1o_l%E1%BB%B1c" title="Bạo lực">bạo lực</a>. Đảng cướp trên núi thì gọi là <b>sơn tặc</b> (山賊), cướp trên biển thì gọi là <b><a href="/wiki/C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bp_bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Cướp biển">hải tặc</a></b> (海賊), cướp ven đường thì gọi là <b>thảo tặc</b> (草賊), cướp trên lưng ngựa thì gọi là <b>mã tặc</b> (馬賊). Cá nhân tham gia vào nhóm thổ phỉ thường được gọi là <b>phỉ tặc</b> (匪賊) và chủ yếu phạm vào các tội như <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extortion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extortion (trang không tồn tại)">tống tiền</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bp" title="Cướp">trộm cướp</a> và <a href="/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%BFt_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Giết người">giết người</a>, theo quy mô riêng lẻ hoặc cả một <b>băng cướp</b>/<b>toán cướp</b>. Thổ phỉ hay đạo tặc là một khái niệm mơ hồ về hoạt động tội phạm và trong bối cảnh hiện đại có thể sử dụng <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_ngh%C4%A9a" title="Từ đồng nghĩa">đồng nghĩa</a> với <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Băng đảng">băng đảng</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigandage" class="extiw" title="en:Brigandage">lục lâm thảo khấu</a>, <a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/marauder" class="extiw" title="wikt:marauder">cướp giật</a> và <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%99m_c%E1%BA%AFp" title="Trộm cắp">trộm cắp</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lịch_sử"><span id="L.E1.BB.8Bch_s.E1.BB.AD"></span>Lịch sử</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sửa đổi phần “Lịch sử”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&action=edit&section=1" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Lịch sử"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Châu_Âu"><span id="Ch.C3.A2u_.C3.82u"></span>Châu Âu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sửa đổi phần “Châu Âu”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&action=edit&section=2" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Châu Âu"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thời_kỳ_Trung_Cổ"><span id="Th.E1.BB.9Di_k.E1.BB.B3_Trung_C.E1.BB.95"></span>Thời kỳ Trung Cổ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sửa đổi phần “Thời kỳ Trung Cổ”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&action=edit&section=3" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Thời kỳ Trung Cổ"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khoảng 5.000 tên phỉ đã bị <a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_X%C3%ADtt%C3%B4_V" title="Giáo hoàng Xíttô V">Giáo hoàng Xíttô V</a> đem ra xử tử trong vòng 5 năm trước khi ông qua đời năm 1590, thế nhưng người ta cho rằng phải có đến hơn 27.000 tên vẫn tự tung tự tác bên ngoài trên khắp <a href="/wiki/Trung_%C3%9D" title="Trung Ý">miền Trung nước Ý</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Đức_Quốc_Xã"><span id=".C4.90.E1.BB.A9c_Qu.E1.BB.91c_X.C3.A3"></span>Đức Quốc Xã</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sửa đổi phần “Đức Quốc Xã”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&action=edit&section=4" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Đức Quốc Xã"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nước_Nga_Xô_viết"><span id="N.C6.B0.E1.BB.9Bc_Nga_X.C3.B4_vi.E1.BA.BFt"></span>Nước Nga Xô viết</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sửa đổi phần “Nước Nga Xô viết”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&action=edit&section=5" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Nước Nga Xô viết"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lực lượng thổ phỉ Ka-dắc (Cozak) ở vùng sông Đông và Cuban từng được nhắc đến trong truyện ngắn "<i>Cái bớt</i>" của nhà văn <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov</a>, trong thế đối đầu với Hồng quân Nga và chính quyền Xô viết non trẻ.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trung_Quốc"><span id="Trung_Qu.E1.BB.91c"></span>Trung Quốc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sửa đổi phần “Trung Quốc”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&action=edit&section=6" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Trung Quốc"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thời_nhà_Minh"><span id="Th.E1.BB.9Di_nh.C3.A0_Minh"></span>Thời nhà Minh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sửa đổi phần “Thời nhà Minh”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&action=edit&section=7" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Thời nhà Minh"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thổ phỉ dưới <a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Minh" title="Nhà Minh">triều Minh</a> (1368–1644) được triều đình định rõ là "lũ cường đạo (强盗) có thể trừng trị bằng tội chết."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thế nhưng xuyên suốt triều đại này, người ta vẫn cứ dấn thân vào hành nghề thổ phỉ vì nhiều lý do khác nhau và nghề thổ phỉ thì linh động và chỉ mang tính chất tạm thời. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Việt_Nam"><span id="Vi.E1.BB.87t_Nam"></span>Việt Nam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sửa đổi phần “Việt Nam”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&action=edit&section=8" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Việt Nam"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r72019635">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Xem thêm: <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_%C3%A1n_B%C3%B2_B%C3%A9o_B%C3%B2_G%E1%BA%A7y" title="Trọng án Bò Béo Bò Gầy">Trọng án Bò Béo Bò Gầy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xem_thêm"><span id="Xem_th.C3.AAm"></span>Xem thêm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sửa đổi phần “Xem thêm”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&action=edit&section=9" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Xem thêm"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68144143">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2n_giang_h%E1%BB%93" title="Dân giang hồ">Dân giang hồ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Băng đảng">Băng đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%99i_ph%E1%BA%A1m_c%C3%B3_t%E1%BB%95_ch%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tội phạm có tổ chức">Tội phạm có tổ chức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2n_t%C3%B9_t%E1%BB%99i" title="Dân tù tội">Dân tù tội</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba_v%C3%A0_b%E1%BB%91n_m%C6%B0%C6%A1i_t%C3%AAn_c%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bp" title="Ali Baba và bốn mươi tên cướp">Ali Baba và bốn mươi tên cướp</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91en" title="Xã hội đen">Xã hội đen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_t%E1%BA%B7c" title="Lâm tặc">Lâm tặc</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching" class="extiw" title="en:Poaching">Săn bắn trái phép</a> hay <i>săn bắt trái phép</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bp_bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Cướp biển">Hải tặc</a> hay <i>cướp biển</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bp_bi%E1%BB%83n_v%C3%B9ng_Caribbean_(lo%E1%BA%A1t_phim)" title="Cướp biển vùng Caribbean (loạt phim)">Cướp biển vùng Ca-ri-bê</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tham_khảo"><span id="Tham_kh.E1.BA.A3o"></span>Tham khảo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sửa đổi phần “Tham khảo”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89&action=edit&section=10" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Tham khảo"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r71936381">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70981351">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/40px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/60px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/120px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Tra <i><b><a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/vi:th%E1%BB%95_ph%E1%BB%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:vi:thổ phỉ">thổ phỉ</a></b></i> hoặc <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vi:%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_t%E1%BA%B7c" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vi:đạo tặc">đạo tặc</a></b></i> trong từ điển mở tiếng Việt <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r71728118">.mw-parser-output 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decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r72849786">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuido_Ruggiero2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guido_Ruggiero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guido Ruggiero (trang không tồn tại)">Guido Ruggiero</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NfCn4RwVUssC&pg=PA143"><i>A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiley-Blackwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiley-Blackwell (trang không tồn tại)">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. tr. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Ngu%E1%BB%93n_s%C3%A1ch/1-4051-5783-6" title="Đặc biệt:Nguồn sách/1-4051-5783-6"><bdi>1-4051-5783-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Worlds+of+the+Renaissance&rft.place=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.pages=143&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-5783-6&rft.au=Guido+Ruggiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNfCn4RwVUssC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3ATh%E1%BB%95+ph%E1%BB%89" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:Ch%C3%BA_th%C3%ADch_s%C3%A1ch" title="Bản mẫu:Chú thích sách">Chú thích sách</a>}}</code>: Quản lý CS1: địa điểm thiếu nhà xuất bản (<a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Qu%E1%BA%A3n_l%C3%BD_CS1:_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_%C4%91i%E1%BB%83m_thi%E1%BA%BFu_nh%C3%A0_xu%E1%BA%A5t_b%E1%BA%A3n" title="Thể loại:Quản lý CS1: địa điểm thiếu nhà xuất bản">liên kết</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vov6.vov.vn/doc-truyen-dem-khuya/cai-bot-su-tan-nhan-cua-chien-tranh-cmobile11-37419.aspx">"Cái bớt": Sự tàn nhẫn của chiến tranh</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72849786" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Robinson2000" class="citation magazine cs1">David Robinson (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_spring-2000_33_3/page/528">"Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. 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