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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahabali_and_Vamana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahabali_and_Vamana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mahabali and Vamana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahabali_and_Vamana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parashurama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parashurama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Parashurama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parashurama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cultural festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onam_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onam_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Onam and Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onam_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrations,_rituals_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations,_rituals_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Celebrations, rituals and practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celebrations,_rituals_and_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Celebrations, rituals and practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Celebrations,_rituals_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athachamayam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athachamayam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Athachamayam</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athachamayam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pookkalam_(Flower_Rangoli)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pookkalam_(Flower_Rangoli)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Pookkalam</i> (Flower Rangoli)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pookkalam_(Flower_Rangoli)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulikali:_tiger_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulikali:_tiger_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>Pulikali</i>: tiger dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulikali:_tiger_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vallamkali:_boat_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vallamkali:_boat_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span><i>Vallamkali</i>: boat race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vallamkali:_boat_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onam_Sadya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onam_Sadya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span><i>Onam Sadya</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onam_Sadya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Onam_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Onam_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Post Onam celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Onam_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Other customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outside India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Onam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="أونام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أونام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ওনাম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ওনাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D" title="ওণম্ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওণম্" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%AE" title="ઓણમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓણમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE" title="ओणम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओणम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಓಣಮ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಓಣಮ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ონამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ონამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ഓണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE" title="ओणम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओणम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0" title="オナム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オナム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%AE" title="ଓଣମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଓଣମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%AE" title="ਓਣਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਣਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Онам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Онам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ओणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ओणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱳᱱᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱳᱱᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93nam" title="Ónam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ónam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam" title="Onam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Onam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%93%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="ఓణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఓణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="โอนัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอนัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಓಣಮ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಓಣಮ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%85" title="اونم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اونم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1969250#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">Onam</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Onapookkalam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Onapookkalam.jpg/240px-Onapookkalam.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Onapookkalam.jpg/360px-Onapookkalam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Onapookkalam.jpg/480px-Onapookkalam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Flower Rangoli</a> (pookalam) is an Onam tradition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Onam, Thiruvonam<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> religious festival, <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Harvest festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadya" title="Sadya">Sadya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvathira#Significance_in_Kerala" title="Thiruvathira">Thiruvathira Kali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vallamkali" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallamkali">Vallamkali</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Begins</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Chingam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Si%E1%B9%83ha" title="Siṃha">siṃha</a>) masam, Atham (<a href="/wiki/Hasta_(nakshatra)" title="Hasta (nakshatra)">hastā</a>) nakshatram</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ends</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Chingam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Si%E1%B9%83ha" title="Siṃha">siṃha</a>) masam, Thiruvonam (<a href="/wiki/Shraavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraavana">śrāvaṇa</a>) nakshatram</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">multi-day</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">14 - 17 September</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balipratipada" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Onam</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ml-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">[oːɳɐm]</a></span>) is an annual harvest and <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> cultural festival celebrated mostly by the people of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cush-2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cush-2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major annual event for <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Keralites</a>, it is the official festival of the state<sup id="cite_ref-cush-2012_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cush-2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and includes a spectrum of cultural events.<sup id="cite_ref-m_nazeer-2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m_nazeer-2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cush-2012_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cush-2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindu_Mythology">Hindu Mythology</h2></div> <p>Onam commemorates the return of the generous <a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">daitya</a> king <a href="/wiki/Mahabali" title="Mahabali">Mahabali</a> after he was banished to the netherworld by <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a> (the fifth <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j_gordon_melton-2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ritty_a_lukose-2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritty_a_lukose-2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu legends</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> (the king of the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a>) is defeated by Mahabali (the king of the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asuras</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a> ultimately seek refuge in <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, who agrees to restore Indra to power. To do so, Vishnu incarnates as a dwarf priest called Vamana. The king Mahabali (himself a devotee of Vishnu) conducts <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">ritual prayers</a>, one of which is attended by Vamana, who requests only three feet (steps) of land to build a <a href="/wiki/Vedi_(altar)" title="Vedi (altar)">fire-altar</a>. Mahabali agrees, despite being told about Vamana's divine nature by the sage <a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a>. Vamana grows in size, and in three strides, encompasses all of the universe and beyond. The three worlds are restored to Indra, and Mahabali and the asuras are banished to the netherworld (<a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Patala</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, witnessing Mahabali's love for his subjects, Vamana grants the king's sole wish to visit his kingdom once every year. This homecoming of Mahabali is celebrated as Onam in Kerala every year.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ritty_a_lukose-2009_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritty_a_lukose-2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date of Onam celebration is based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></i>, and falls on the 22nd <a href="/wiki/Nakshatra" title="Nakshatra">nakshatra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shravana" title="Shravana">Thiruvonam</a> in the month <i>Chingam</i> of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a>, which in <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> falls between August–September.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cush-2012_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cush-2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vamana_teaching_King_Mahabali_Wellcome_V0050544.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vamana_teaching_King_Mahabali_Wellcome_V0050544.jpg/220px-Vamana_teaching_King_Mahabali_Wellcome_V0050544.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vamana_teaching_King_Mahabali_Wellcome_V0050544.jpg/330px-Vamana_teaching_King_Mahabali_Wellcome_V0050544.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vamana_teaching_King_Mahabali_Wellcome_V0050544.jpg/440px-Vamana_teaching_King_Mahabali_Wellcome_V0050544.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="3410" /></a><figcaption>Vamana teaching king Mahabali, 1672 Dutch painting</figcaption></figure> <p>The festival has ancient origins and is intricately linked with <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-am_kurup-1977_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am_kurup-1977-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary and epigraphical evidence suggests that Onam has a long religious context and history in Kerala and neighbouring parts of South India:<sup id="cite_ref-am_kurup-1977_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am_kurup-1977-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The earliest known reference to the word Onam as a celebration is found in <i><a href="/wiki/Maturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" title="Maturaikkāñci">Maturaikkāñci</a></i> – a Sangam era Tamil poem from the 3rd century CE. It mentions a festival called Onam being celebrated in dedication to Mayon (Vishnu) in Madurai, when games and duels were held in temple premises, oblations were sent to the temples, people wore new clothes and feasted.</li> <li>The 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Alvar" title="Alvar">Alvar</a> mystic saint <a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a> mentions of <i>the one who measured the three worlds</i>, a parallel to the legend of Mahabali and Vamana.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 9th-century <i>Pathikas</i> and <i>Pallads</i> by <a href="/wiki/Periyalvar" title="Periyalvar">Periyalvar</a> describes Onam celebrations and offerings to Vishnu, mentions feasts and community events.</li> <li>An 11th-century inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Thrikkakara_Temple" title="Thrikkakara Temple">Thrikkakara Temple</a> (Kochi) dedicated to Vamana – an avatar of Vishnu – mentions a series of offerings made by a votary over two days prior and on Thiru Onam.</li> <li>A 12th-century inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Sreevallabha_Temple" title="Sreevallabha Temple">Tiruvalla Temple</a>, one of the largest Hindu temples in Kerala dedicated to Vishnu, mentions Onam and states a donation was made to the temple as the Onam festival offering.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uddanda_Shastri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uddanda Shastri (page does not exist)">Uddanda Shastri</a>, a southern Indian Sanskrit poet visiting the court of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a>, has written about a festival called <i>śrāvaṇa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is presumed that this verse is about the festival of Onam as the word Onam (or Thiruvonam) is the Tamil/Malayalam form of the <i>śrāvaṇa</i> nakshatra mentioned in Indian astronomy:</li></ul> <blockquote><p>चोकुयन्ते पृथुकततयश्चापतादिन्य उच्चैः सर्वानार्यःपतिभिरनिशम् लम्भयन्त्यर्थकामान्। </p><p>बभ्रम्यन्ते सकलपुरुषैर्वल्लभाभ्यः प्रदातुम् चित्रम् वस्त्रम् श्रावणकुतुकम् वर्तते केरळेषु॥ </p> <p><i>Gangs of lads, playing their bows hoot loudly again and again; All women make their husbands provide wealth and pleasure; All men are wandering hither and thither to present beautiful garments to their women. The festivity of 'Sravana' takes place in Kerala</i>.</p></blockquote><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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It mentions among other things that Onam is always celebrated in September, the Malayali people adorn their homes with flowers and daub them over with cow's dung believing its auspicious association with goddess Lakshmi.</li> <p>According to Kurup, Onam has been historically a Hindu temple-based community festival celebrated over a period of many days.<sup id="cite_ref-am_kurup-1977_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am_kurup-1977-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mahabali" title="Mahabali">Mahabali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrikkakara_Temple_DSC09337.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Thrikkakara_Temple_DSC09337.JPG/220px-Thrikkakara_Temple_DSC09337.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Thrikkakara_Temple_DSC09337.JPG/330px-Thrikkakara_Temple_DSC09337.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Thrikkakara_Temple_DSC09337.JPG/440px-Thrikkakara_Temple_DSC09337.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakara_Temple" title="Thrikkakara Temple">Thrikkakkara Vamana Moorthy Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Onam is an ancient<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu festival of Kerala that celebrates rice harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j_gordon_melton-2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significance of the festival is in Indian culture, of which two are more common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahabali_and_Vamana">Mahabali and Vamana</h3></div> <p>According to Hindu mythology, <a href="/wiki/Mahabali" title="Mahabali">Mahabali</a> was the great-great-grandson of a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> sage named <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a>, the great-grandson of a demonic dictator, <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a>, and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> devotee <a href="/wiki/Prahlad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prahlad">Prahlada</a>. This links the festival to the Puranic story of Prahlada of <a href="/wiki/Holika" title="Holika">Holika</a> fame in Hinduism, who was the son of Hiranyakashipu. Prahlada, despite being born to a demonic <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura</a> father who hated Vishnu, rebelled against his father's persecution of people and worshipped Vishnu. Hiranyakashipu tries to kill his son Prahlada, but is slain by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a>, Prahlada is saved.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivas_Kinder_-_0192.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shivas_Kinder_-_0192.jpg/220px-Shivas_Kinder_-_0192.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shivas_Kinder_-_0192.jpg/330px-Shivas_Kinder_-_0192.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shivas_Kinder_-_0192.jpg/440px-Shivas_Kinder_-_0192.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2315" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>The dwarf Vamana taking a leap-step is a part of many Hindu temple arts (above), and one legend behind Onam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prahlada's grandson, Mahabali, came to power by defeating the gods (<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a>) and taking over the three worlds. According to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, the defeated Devas approached Vishnu for help in their battle with Mahabali.<sup id="cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j_gordon_melton-2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishnu refused to join the gods in violence against Mahabali because Mahabali was a good ruler and his own devotee. Mahabali, after his victory over the gods, declared that he would perform a <i><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">homa</a> sacrifices/rituals</i>) and grant anyone any request during the <i>Yajna</i>. Vishnu took the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> – his fifth<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – of a dwarf monk called <i>Vamana</i> and approached Mahabali. The king offered anything to the boy – gold, cows, elephants, villages, food, whatever he wished. The boy said that one must not seek more than one needs, and all he needed was "three paces of land." Mahabali agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j_gordon_melton-2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vamana grew to an enormous size and covered everything Mahabali ruled over in just two paces. For the third pace, Mahabali offered his head for Vishnu to step on, an act that Vishnu accepted as evidence of Mahabali's devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j_gordon_melton-2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishnu granted him a boon, by which Mahabali could visit again, once every year, the lands and people he previously ruled. This revisit marks the festival of Onam, as a reminder of the virtuous rule and his humility in keeping his promise before Vishnu. The last day of Mahabali's stay is remembered with a nine-course vegetarian <a href="/wiki/Onasadya" class="mw-redirect" title="Onasadya">Onasadya</a> feast.<sup id="cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j_gordon_melton-2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The name <a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakara</a> is originated from 'Thiru-kaal-kara' meaning 'place of the holy foot'. The main deity at <a href="/wiki/Thrikkakara_Temple" title="Thrikkakara Temple">Thrikkakara Temple</a> is Vamana, the smaller temple to the side has Shiva as the deity. Vamana temple is known as 'Vadakkum Devar' and the Shiva temple is known as 'Tekkum Devar'. A number of subsidiary deities have been installed at <a href="/wiki/Thrikkakara_Temple" title="Thrikkakara Temple">Thrikkakara Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1961 census report on Onam festival states :<sup id="cite_ref-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Though the Vamana temple is accepted as the main temple at the elite level, the local people consider the Shiva temple as the more important one. They believe that Shiva was the 'Kuladeivam' (family deity) of Mahabali and that there was no Vamana temple at that time. The palace of Mahabali was situated at the place where the Vamana temple is at present. After the fall of Mahabali, his palace was destroyed and later on Vamana was installed on that spot by the saint Kapila.</p></blockquote><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nanditha_Krishna" title="Nanditha Krishna">Nanditha Krishna</a>, a simpler form of this legend, one without Mahabali, is found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> and the Vedic text <i>Shatapatha Brahmana</i> where a solar deity is described with powers of Vishnu. This story likely grew over time, and is in part allegorical, where <i>Bali</i> is a metaphor for thanksgiving offering after a bounty of rice harvest during monsoon, and <i>Vishnu</i> is the metaphor of the Kerala sun and summer that precedes the Onam.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Roshen Dalal, the story of Mahabali is important to Onam in Kerala, but similar Mahabali legends are significant in the region of Balia and Bawan in Uttar Pradesh, Bharuch in Gujarat, and Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra. The story is significant not because Mahabali's rule ended, but it emphasises the Hindu belief in cyclical nature of events, that no individual, no ruler and nothing lasts forever, except the virtues and self-understanding that overcomes all sorrow.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parashurama">Parashurama</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ONAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/ONAM.jpg/260px-ONAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/ONAM.jpg/390px-ONAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/ONAM.jpg/520px-ONAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3771" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption>Mahabali is worshipped as Onathappan during the Onam festival</figcaption></figure> <p>An alternate tale behind Onam relates to <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>, an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> who is credited in Hinduism to have created the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> and Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-nanditha_krishna-2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanditha_krishna-2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this legend, Vishnu observed the kings of the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> (warrior) waging constant war on one another and growing arrogant.<sup id="cite_ref-nanditha_krishna-2009_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanditha_krishna-2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He assumed the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of Parashurama, the warrior sage, in the era of the king <a href="/wiki/Kartavirya_Arjuna" title="Kartavirya Arjuna">Kartavirya Arjuna</a>. This king persecuted and oppressed the people, the sages, and the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-nanditha_krishna-2009_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanditha_krishna-2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the murder of his father <a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a>, Parashurama swore vengeance against the king and the warrior class, slaying them as he travelled the world. When all the oppressors had been vanquished, he threw his axe into the ocean. The ocean retreated from the region where the axe descended, creating the land of Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-nanditha_krishna-2009_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanditha_krishna-2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Onam festival, according to this legend, celebrates Parashurama's creation of Kerala by marking those days as the new year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legend and worship of Parashurama is attested in texts and epigraphs dated to about the 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-nanditha_krishna-2009_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanditha_krishna-2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_festival">Cultural festival</h3></div> <p>Onam is a "popular major Hindu festival in Kerala", states Christine Frost, but one that is also celebrated by other communities with "much zest alongside Hindus".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival is celebrated in BECs (Basic Ecclesial communities) in Trivandrum with local rituals, according to Latin Catholic Bishop<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selvister Ponnumuthan.<sup id="cite_ref-selvister_ponnumuthan-1996_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selvister_ponnumuthan-1996-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traditions, according to Selvister Ponnumuthan, start with the lighting of <i>Nilavilakku</i>, an <i>arati</i> that includes waving of flowers (<i>pushparati</i>) over the Bible, eating the Onam meal together with the Hindus as a form of "communion of brothers and sisters of different faiths".<sup id="cite_ref-selvister_ponnumuthan-1996_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selvister_ponnumuthan-1996-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significance of these practices are viewed by BECs in Trivandrum as a form of integration with Hindus, mutual respect and sharing a tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-selvister_ponnumuthan-1996_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selvister_ponnumuthan-1996-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_St._Bartholomew" title="Paulinus of St. Bartholomew">Paulinus of St. Bartholomew</a> (1748–1806), in his '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/voyage-to-the-east-indies/A4EA0C0DD38C23E39A6AE05BFB641EEC">A voyage to the East Indies</a>' describes Onam as :<sup id="cite_ref-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The fourth grand festival, celebrated in Malayala, is called Onam, and happens always in the month of September, on the day of new moon (not always). About the 10th of September the rain ceases in Malabar. All nature seems as if regenerated; the flowers again shoot up, and the trees bloom, in a word, this season is the same as that which Europeans call spring. This festival seems, therefore, to have been instituted for the purpose of soliciting from the Gods a happy and fruitful year. It continues eight days and during that time the Indians are accustomed to adorn their houses with flowers and daub them over with cow's dung; because the cow, as already observed, is a sacred animal dedicated to the Goddess Lakshmi, the Ceres of the Indians. On this occasion they also put on new clothes throw aside all their old earthenware and supply its place by new. The men, particularly those who are young, form themselves into two parties and shoot at each other with arrows. These arrows are blunted, but exceedingly strong, and are discharged with such force, that a considerable number are generally wounded on both sides. These games have a great likeness to the Cerealia and Juvenalia of the ancient Greeks and Romans.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onam_and_Islam">Onam and Islam</h3></div> <p>According to P.S. Salini, a research scholar in Islamic studies, most Muslims join the festivities with their friends and celebrate "Hindu festivals such as Onam".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2001 chapter by Filippo Osella and Caroline Osella, both Hindus and non-Hindus have celebrated Onam equally "as a time when the unity of the family and kin group is particularly emphasized".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another 2008 paper, Osella and Osella states that "Onam is not celebrated by Muslims" and the Muslims who do prepare an Onam feast have an air of a "daring secret".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Muslim Indian politicians light a traditional <i>vilakku</i> (oil lamp), while others have refused to light such a lamp at Onam events declaring it to be a Hindu tradition and against the teachings of Islam. Muslim daily newspapers and other publications have condemned Muslim ministers who participate in Onam traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-caroline_osella-2013_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroline_osella-2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various sections of Islam have raised concerns about the celebration of Onam by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. However some Muslims observe Onam anyway, considering its celebrations and rituals as a cultural practice.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebrations,_rituals_and_practices"><span id="Celebrations.2C_rituals_and_practices"></span>Celebrations, rituals and practices</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onam_2013_(9770107356).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Onam_2013_%289770107356%29.jpg/220px-Onam_2013_%289770107356%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Onam_2013_%289770107356%29.jpg/330px-Onam_2013_%289770107356%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Onam_2013_%289770107356%29.jpg/440px-Onam_2013_%289770107356%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="2718" /></a><figcaption>Thrikkakara Appan Onathappan idol (an icon of Vamana) inside <a href="/wiki/Pookalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pookalam">Pookalam</a> during Onam</figcaption></figure> <p>Onam falls in the month of <i>Chingam</i>, which is the first month according to the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam Calendar</a>. The celebrations mark the Malayalam New Year, are spread over ten days, and conclude with Thiruvonam. The ten days are sequentially known as Atham, Chithira, Chodhi, Vishakam, Anizham, Thriketa, Moolam, Pooradam, Uthradam and Thiruvonam. The first and the last day are particularly important in Kerala and to Malayalee communities elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j_gordon_melton-2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atham day is marked with the start of festivities at <a href="/wiki/Thrikkakara_Temple" title="Thrikkakara Temple">Thrikkakara Vamanamoorthy Temple, Kochi</a>. This Vishnu temple is considered as the focal centre of Onam and the abode of Mahabali, with the raising of the festival flag.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parades are held, which are colourful and depict the elements of Kerala culture with floats and tableaux.<sup id="cite_ref-pti-2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pti-2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other days have a diverse range of celebrations and activities ranging from boat races, cultural programs, sports competitions, dance events, martial arts, floral <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a> – <i>pookkalam</i>, prayers, shopping, donating time or food for charity to spending time with family over feasts. Men and women wear traditional dress. The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_sari" title="Kerala sari">Kerala sari</a> or Kasavu sari is particularly wore on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athachamayam"><i>Athachamayam</i></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athachamayam_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Athachamayam_3.JPG/220px-Athachamayam_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Athachamayam_3.JPG/330px-Athachamayam_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Athachamayam_3.JPG/440px-Athachamayam_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Onam starts off every year with a parade called Athachamayam.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Onam celebrations across the state starts off with a grand procession at <a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a> near Kochi called Atthachamayam, also referred to as <i>Thripunithura Athachamayam</i>. The parade features decorated elephants marching, drum beats and other music, folk art forms, floats and colourfully dressed people with masks.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kerala's history, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kochi king</a> used to head a grand military procession in full ceremonial robes from his palace to the Thrikkakara temple, meeting and greeting his people. In contemporary times, this a state-supported event.<sup id="cite_ref-pti-2010_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pti-2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parade floats traditionally feature scenes from epics such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>. Additionally, some floats include themes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></i> as well as current themes thereby highlighting unity and harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-athachamayam_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-athachamayam-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The procession path historically has been from Tripunithura to the Vamanamoorthy Temple in Thrikkakara, Ernakulam district. The temple is dedicated to Vishnu in his Vamana (dwarf) avatar. After arrival at the temple, the marchers offer a prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-athachamayam_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-athachamayam-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pookkalam_(Flower_Rangoli)"><span id="Pookkalam_.28Flower_Rangoli.29"></span><i>Pookkalam</i> (Flower Rangoli)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg/220px-5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg/330px-5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg/440px-5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3269" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Floral Rangoli during Onam are a tradition</figcaption></figure> <p>The floral Rangoli, known as <i>Onapookkalam</i>, <i>Athapookkalam</i> or just <i>Pookkalam</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is made out of the gathered blossoms with several varieties of flowers of differing tints pinched up into little pieces to design and decorate patterns on the floor, particularly at entrances and temple premises like a flower mat. Lamps are arranged in the middle or edges. It is a work of religious art, typically the team initiative of girls and women, who accomplish it with a delicate touch and a personal artistic sense of tone and blending.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When completed, a miniature pandal (umbrella) hung with little festoons is erected over it.<sup id="cite_ref-team_metroplus-2013_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-team_metroplus-2013-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pookkalam is similar to <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a> which is made of powders of various colours and is popular in North India. </p><p>The traditional ritual of laying pookkalam (floral Rangoli) starts on Atham day. The pookkalam on this day is called Athapoo, and it is relatively small in size. The size of the pookkalam grows in size progressively with each day of the Onam festival. Only yellow flowers will be used on Atham with only one circular layer made and the design is kept simple. Statues or figurines of Mahabali and Vamana are also installed at the entrance of each house on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, Atthapookalams included flowers endemic to Kerala and the <a href="/wiki/Dasapushpam" title="Dasapushpam">Dashapushpam</a> (10-flowers), but nowadays all varieties of flowers are used.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earthen mounds, which look somewhat like square pyramids, representing <a href="/wiki/Mahabali" title="Mahabali">Mahabali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a> are placed in the dung-plastered courtyards in front of the house along with the Pookalam, and beautifully decorated with flowers. All over Kerala, <i>Pookalam</i> competitions are a common sight on Onam day.<sup id="cite_ref-pti-2010_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pti-2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_3.JPG/220px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_3.JPG/330px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_3.JPG/440px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2728" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Thiruvathira Kali dance during Onam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional dance forms including <i>Thiruvathira</i>, <i>Kummattikali</i>, <i>Pulikali</i>, <i>Thumbi Thullal</i>, <i>Onam Kali</i> and others. <a href="/wiki/Thiruvathira" title="Thiruvathira">Thiruvathira</a> Kali is a women's dance performed in a circle around a lamp. <a href="/wiki/Kummattikali" title="Kummattikali">Kummattikali</a> is a colourful-mask dance. In <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>, festivities include a procession consisting of caparisoned elephants surrounded by Kummatikali dancers. The masked dancers go from house to house performing the colourful <a href="/wiki/Kummattikali" title="Kummattikali">Kummattikali</a>. Onam Kali is a form of dance where players arrange themselves in circles around a pole or tree or lamp, then dance and sing songs derived from the <i>Ramayana</i> and other epics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathakali_DSC_0109_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kathakali_DSC_0109_1.jpg/150px-Kathakali_DSC_0109_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kathakali_DSC_0109_1.jpg/225px-Kathakali_DSC_0109_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kathakali_DSC_0109_1.jpg/300px-Kathakali_DSC_0109_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> performances are a part of Onam tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> dance is also commonly performed during this time, with dancers enacting characters from the various Ancient Indian legends.<sup id="cite_ref-the_hindu-2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_hindu-2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A famous venue for this is at <a href="/wiki/Valluvanad_(southern_Malabar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvanad (southern Malabar)">Valluvanad</a> which is associated with the growth of Kathakali,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cheruthuruthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheruthuruthy">Cheruthuruthy</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a> is located. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulikali:_tiger_dance"><i>Pulikali</i>: tiger dance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulikkali_by_Animesh_Xavier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pulikkali_by_Animesh_Xavier.JPG/220px-Pulikkali_by_Animesh_Xavier.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pulikkali_by_Animesh_Xavier.JPG/330px-Pulikkali_by_Animesh_Xavier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pulikkali_by_Animesh_Xavier.JPG/440px-Pulikkali_by_Animesh_Xavier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>Pulikali</i> is a dance in tiger costumes.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pulikali" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulikali">Pulikali</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Kaduvakali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaduvakali">Kaduvakali</a> is a common sight during the Onam season. This dance showcases performers painted like tigers in bright yellow, red and black, who dance to the beats of instruments like Chenda and Thakil. This folk art is mainly performed in the cultural district of Thrissur and thousands pour into the city to be a part of this art.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Performances of the ritual worship dance, <a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a>, are given during the Onam season.<sup id="cite_ref-m_nazeer-2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m_nazeer-2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this, Mahabali is played by the Onathar. Its variations include characters such as <i>Oneswaran</i> and <i>Onapottan</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the Thrikkakara temple, every day of the festival showcases one or more of these activities including Kathakali, Thiruvathira, Chakyar Koothu, Ottam Thullal, Patakam, Onam songs, and percussion instrument shows.<sup id="cite_ref-the_hindu-2011_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_hindu-2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Onasadya here is grand in scale, and is attended by over ten thousand people from all religions and faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Festivities include Puli Kali (masked leopard dance) and traditional dance forms like Kaikotti Kali which are performed in various functions. The official Government celebrations start on this day with heavy illuminations in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> along with fireworks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most cities in Kerala, such as the political, commercial and cultural capitals, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>, are lit up with lights and fabulous displays of fireworks. Sumptuous Onam Sadya feasts are prepared. In Thrikkakara temple, a mega-feast is conducted, which is open to the public and is attended by more than twenty thousand people.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vallamkali:_boat_race"><i>Vallamkali</i>: boat race</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Onam_boat_race_collage_Kerala_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/An_Onam_boat_race_collage_Kerala_India.jpg/450px-An_Onam_boat_race_collage_Kerala_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/An_Onam_boat_race_collage_Kerala_India.jpg/675px-An_Onam_boat_race_collage_Kerala_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/An_Onam_boat_race_collage_Kerala_India.jpg/900px-An_Onam_boat_race_collage_Kerala_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>An Onam boat race</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Vallamkali" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallamkali">Vallamkali</a></i> (the snake boat race) is another event that is synonymous with Onam. Well-known races include the <a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Boat_Race" title="Aranmula Boat Race">Aranmula Uthrattadhi Boat Race</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Trophy_Boat_Race" title="Nehru Trophy Boat Race">Nehru Trophy Boat Race</a>. Numerous oarsmen row huge snake-shaped boats. Men and women come from far and near to watch and cheer the snake boat race through the water. This event is particularly featured on the <a href="/wiki/Pampa_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pampa River">Pampa River</a>, considered sacred and Kerala equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j_gordon_melton-2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a tribute to the traditional snake boat race, a similar snake boat race is also held by the Malayali diaspora in Singapore annually during Onam at the <a href="/wiki/Jurong_Lake" title="Jurong Lake">Jurong Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asia_one_news-2012_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asia_one_news-2012-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onam_Sadya"><i>Onam Sadya</i></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadhya_DSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sadhya_DSW.jpg/220px-Sadhya_DSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sadhya_DSW.jpg/330px-Sadhya_DSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sadhya_DSW.jpg/440px-Sadhya_DSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Sadya is the traditional nine or more course vegetarian meal served on banana leaf.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onam_Sadya_(15164960372).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Onam_Sadya_%2815164960372%29.jpg/220px-Onam_Sadya_%2815164960372%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Onam_Sadya_%2815164960372%29.jpg/330px-Onam_Sadya_%2815164960372%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Onam_Sadya_%2815164960372%29.jpg/440px-Onam_Sadya_%2815164960372%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2749" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>Onam harvest festival is marked with a special feast lunch on last day and includes rice and a sweet at the end.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Onam <a href="/wiki/Sadya" title="Sadya">sadya</a></i> (feast) is another indispensable part of Onam,<sup id="cite_ref-team_metroplus-2013_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-team_metroplus-2013-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and almost every Keralite either makes or attends one. The Onasadya reflects the spirit of the season and is traditionally made with seasonal vegetables such as yam, cucumber, ash gourd and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feast is served on plantain leaves and consists of nine courses, but may include over two dozen dishes, including (but not limited to):<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chips (especially <a href="/wiki/Banana_chip" title="Banana chip">Banana chips</a>), Sharkaraveratti (Fried pieces of banana coated with jaggery),<sup id="cite_ref-n_satyendran-2010_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n_satyendran-2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pappadam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappadam">Pappadam</a>, various vegetable and soups such as <a href="/wiki/Injipuli" title="Injipuli">Injipuli</a> (also called PuliInji), <a href="/wiki/Thoran" title="Thoran">Thoran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezhukkupuratti" title="Mezhukkupuratti">Mezhukkupuratti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaalan" title="Kaalan">Kaalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olan_(dish)" title="Olan (dish)">Olan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avial" title="Avial">Avial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(dish)" title="Sambar (dish)">Sambhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">Dal</a> served along with a small quantity of <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, Erisheri, Molosyam, <a href="/wiki/Rasam_(dish)" title="Rasam (dish)">Rasam</a>, Puliseri (also referred to as Velutha curry), Kichadi (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Khichdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khichdi">Khichdi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pachadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachadi">Pachadi</a> (its sweet variant), Moru (<a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> or curd mixed with water), Pickles both sweet and sour, and coconut chutney. The feast ends with a series of dessert called <a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">Payasam</a> (a sweet dish made of milk, sugar, jaggery, and other traditional Indian savouries) eaten either straight or mixed with ripe small plantain. The curries are served with rice, usually the 'Kerala Matta' parboiled rice preferred in Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-n_satyendran-2010_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n_satyendran-2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In hotels and temples, the number of curries and dishes may go up to 30. The importance of the feast to Kerala's Onam celebration culture is captured in the famous Malayalam proverb "<i>Kaanam Vittum Onam Unnanam</i>" which means "One must have the Onam lunch even by selling one's property if need be."<sup id="cite_ref-team_metroplus-2013_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-team_metroplus-2013-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Travancore-style Onasadya is renowned to be the most disciplined and tradition-bound.<sup id="cite_ref-n_satyendran-2010_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n_satyendran-2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kurichiya" title="Kurichiya">Kurichians</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/Parambikulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parambikulam">Parambikkulam</a> celebrate Onam as a festival for eating new grains. Just before Onam, they go for a community hunt and the <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a> bagged during the hunt are distributed among participants and consumed in family feasts. The feasts are held on Uthradam and Thiruvonam. Their feast also include fish and meat.<sup id="cite_ref-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Onam_celebrations">Post Onam celebrations</h3></div> <p>Normally, the largest chunk of Onam celebrations ends by Thiruvonam. However, the two days following Thiruvonam are also celebrated as Third and Fourth Onam. The third Onam, called <b>Avvittom</b> marks the preparations for King Mahabali's return ascension to heavens. The main ritual of the day is to take the Onathappan statue which was placed in the middle of every Pookkalam during the past 10 days and immerse it in nearby rivers or sea. The Pookkalam will be cleaned and removed after this ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_customs">Other customs</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onapottan_-_A_Traditional_Kerala_Art_Form.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Onapottan_-_A_Traditional_Kerala_Art_Form.jpg/150px-Onapottan_-_A_Traditional_Kerala_Art_Form.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Onapottan_-_A_Traditional_Kerala_Art_Form.jpg/225px-Onapottan_-_A_Traditional_Kerala_Art_Form.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Onapottan_-_A_Traditional_Kerala_Art_Form.jpg/300px-Onapottan_-_A_Traditional_Kerala_Art_Form.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Onapottan" title="Onapottan">Onapottan</a></i> in traditional costume is a custom in northern Kerala. <i>Onapottan</i> visits houses and gives blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-m_nazeer-2010_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m_nazeer-2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>People buy and wear new clothes for the occasion of Onam, called <i>Onakkodi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Onam, Keralite Hindus install an image of Thrikkakara Appan or <i>Onatthappan</i> (Vishnu in the form of Vamana) in their home<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just as Hindus install images or murtis of <a href="/wiki/Ganesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh">Lord Ganesha</a> on the Ganesha Chaturthi festival elsewhere. </p><p>Many lamps are lit in Hindu temples of Kerala during this celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-genealogy_of_the_south_indian_deities_by_bartholomaeus_ziegenbalg_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genealogy_of_the_south_indian_deities_by_bartholomaeus_ziegenbalg-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A palmyra tree is erected in front of temples and surrounded by a wooden balustrade and covered with dry palmyra leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-genealogy_of_the_south_indian_deities_by_bartholomaeus_ziegenbalg_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genealogy_of_the_south_indian_deities_by_bartholomaeus_ziegenbalg-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is lit with a torch and burned to ashes to signify that King Mahabali went to Patala as a sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-genealogy_of_the_south_indian_deities_by_bartholomaeus_ziegenbalg_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genealogy_of_the_south_indian_deities_by_bartholomaeus_ziegenbalg-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The swing is another integral part of Onam, especially in rural areas. Young men and women, decked in their best, sing <i>Onappaatt</i>, or Onam songs, and rock one another on swings slung from high branches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Onam season is often associated with creativity as weavers and potters go for excess production to cater to increased demands for their products during the season, especially in the North Kerala regions of <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasargod" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasargod">Kasargod</a>. Handloom fairs are an integral part of the spirit of Onam festivities these days.<sup id="cite_ref-m_nazeer-2010_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m_nazeer-2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some parts of Kerala, people indulge in various games and dances during and post-Thiruvonam. These are known as <i><b>Onakkalikal</b></i>. These include competitions such as Ox races (<i><b>Maramadimatsaram</b></i>), <i><b><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Uriyady</a></b></i>, food-eating competitions, Pookalam competitions etc.in a special month. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Malankuravan_language" title="Malankuravan language">Kuravans</a> of Travancore use Onam as a day for offering thanks to their ancestral spirits. On Uthradam day, they offer liquor, rice cakes, flattened and parched rice, incense, camphor, etc. to the spirits. The ritual ends with a request to the spirits to be satisfied with their offerings and assured that the next attempt would be better. Then an appeal is made to protect the believers and to ward off evil spirits from their area. This ritual is locally known as <i><b>kalayam vaikkal</b></i>. A similar offering like this is done during <a href="/wiki/Makaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Makaram">Makaram</a> harvest, known as <i><b>Uchara</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_India">Outside India</h2></div> <p>Onam is also celebrated by the worldwide Malayali diaspora. Celebrations are notable in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-asia_one_news-2012_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asia_one_news-2012-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">Dhoti</a> - Ethnic wear for Onam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onathallu" title="Onathallu">Onathallu</a> – Performed in Kerala during Onam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallam Kali">Vallam Kali</a> – a traditional boat race conducted during Onam</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Morrill2009" class="citation book cs1">Ann Morrill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xde_E7-r50C"><i>Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 46, 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2797-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-2797-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thanksgiving+and+Other+Harvest+Festivals&rft.pages=46%2C+49-50&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2797-2&rft.au=Ann+Morrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Xde_E7-r50C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra1988" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, Prabha (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgMAAAAIAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia of India</i></a>. p. 285. <q>Onam – Most important festival of Kerala; held in Chingam (August–September)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+India&rft.pages=285&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Prabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAgMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/598db490-1f6f-40e6-8de2-519ac7d81a6c">Government of Kerala</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208122153/https://kerala.gov.in//documents/10180/598db490-1f6f-40e6-8de2-519ac7d81a6c">Archived</a> 8 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Official Holidays 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurup1977" class="citation journal cs1">Kurup, A.M. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41919319">"The Sociology of Onam"</a>. <i>Indian Anthropologist</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 95–110. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0927">0970-0927</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41919319">41919319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Sociology+of+Onam&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-110&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41919319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0970-0927&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41919319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cush-2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cush-2012_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cush-2012_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cush-2012_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cush-2012_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2012" class="citation book cs1">Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA574"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 573–574. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2"><bdi>978-1-135-18979-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=573-574&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18979-2&rft.aulast=Cush&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Catherine&rft.au=York%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzPgCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/mahabali-comes-calling/article6383238.ece">Mahabali comes calling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103042/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/mahabali-comes-calling/article6383238.ece">Archived</a> 22 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Hindu, Neeti Sarkar (5 September 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2020" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Subhashini (31 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/society/kerala-onam-festival">"Despite Sangh Efforts to Project it as 'Hindu' Festival, Story of Onam Prevails in Kerala"</a>. <i>TheWire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812214846/https://thewire.in/society/kerala-onam-festival">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheWire&rft.atitle=Despite+Sangh+Efforts+to+Project+it+as+%27Hindu%27+Festival%2C+Story+of+Onam+Prevails+in+Kerala&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Subhashini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fsociety%2Fkerala-onam-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m_nazeer-2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m_nazeer-2010_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m_nazeer-2010_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m_nazeer-2010_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m_nazeer-2010_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Nazeer2010" class="citation news cs1">M. Nazeer (10 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/the-abiding-lore-and-spirit-of-onam/article583395.ece">"The abiding lore and spirit of Onam"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103045/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/The-abiding-lore-and-spirit-of-Onam/article16138152.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+abiding+lore+and+spirit+of+Onam&rft.date=2010-08-10&rft.au=M.+Nazeer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2Fthe-abiding-lore-and-spirit-of-onam%2Farticle583395.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA454"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC%26pg%3DPA454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHospital1984" class="citation book cs1">Hospital, Clifford (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz8qAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Righteous Demon: A Study of Bali</i></a>. University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0187-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0187-4"><bdi>978-0-7748-0187-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Righteous+Demon%3A+A+Study+of+Bali&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0187-4&rft.aulast=Hospital&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWz8qAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalidasan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kalidasan, Vinod Kottayil (1 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/safm.7.1-2.103_1">"A king lost and found: Revisiting the popular and the tribal myths of Mahabali from Kerala"</a>. <i>Studies in South Asian Film & Media</i>. <b>7</b> (1–2): 103–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fsafm.7.1-2.103_1">10.1386/safm.7.1-2.103_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-4921">1756-4921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+South+Asian+Film+%26+Media&rft.atitle=A+king+lost+and+found%3A+Revisiting+the+popular+and+the+tribal+myths+of+Mahabali+from+Kerala&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=103-118&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fsafm.7.1-2.103_1&rft.issn=1756-4921&rft.aulast=Kalidasan&rft.aufirst=Vinod+Kottayil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintellectdiscover.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1386%2Fsafm.7.1-2.103_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTHOMAS" class="citation journal cs1">THOMAS, NEVILLE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350135352">"Festivals and Culinary Carnivalesque: Analyzing 'Onam' as Celebration of Food and Identity"</a>. <i>American College Journal of English Language and Literatur</i>: 72 – via researchgate.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+College+Journal+of+English+Language+and+Literatur&rft.atitle=Festivals+and+Culinary+Carnivalesque%3A+Analyzing+%27Onam%27+as+Celebration+of+Food+and+Identity&rft.pages=72&rft.aulast=THOMAS&rft.aufirst=NEVILLE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F350135352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j_gordon_melton-2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_gordon_melton-2011_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton2011" class="citation book cs1">J. Gordon Melton (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA659"><i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 659. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pages=659&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC%26pg%3DPA659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ritty_a_lukose-2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ritty_a_lukose-2009_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritty_a_lukose-2009_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitty_A._Lukose2009" class="citation book cs1">Ritty A. Lukose (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5gNOdw9E_0C"><i>Liberalization's Children: Gender, Youth, and Consumer Citizenship in Globalizing India</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. 164, 182–183, context: 179–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9124-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-9124-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103043/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5gNOdw9E_0C">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalization%27s+Children%3A+Gender%2C+Youth%2C+and+Consumer+Citizenship+in+Globalizing+India&rft.pages=164%2C+182-183%2C+context%3A+179-183&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-9124-1&rft.au=Ritty+A.+Lukose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5gNOdw9E_0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2019" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (28 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc242041.html">"Story of Vāmana"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Story+of+V%C4%81mana&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fcompilation%2Fpuranic-encyclopaedia%2Fd%2Fdoc242041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeKanit2010" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Owen; Kanit, V. P. Hermant (25 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt_itliEnRQC&dq=vamana+avatar+legend&pg=PT30"><i>Hinduism – An Introduction</i></a>. John Murray Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-3100-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-3100-0"><bdi>978-1-4441-3100-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+%E2%80%93+An+Introduction&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=John+Murray+Press&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4441-3100-0&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Kanit%2C+V.+P.+Hermant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMt_itliEnRQC%26dq%3Dvamana%2Bavatar%2Blegend%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/onam-the-legend-behind-keralas-state-festival-500288.html">"Onam: The legend behind Kerala's state festival"</a>. 21 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817042542/https://www.news18.com/news/india/onam-the-legend-behind-keralas-state-festival-500288.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Onam%3A+The+legend+behind+Kerala%27s+state+festival&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fonam-the-legend-behind-keralas-state-festival-500288.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onamfestival.org/">"Onam Festival – Onam in India, Onamfestival.org"</a>. <i>www.onamfestival.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103053/http://www.onamfestival.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.onamfestival.org&rft.atitle=Onam+Festival+%E2%80%93+Onam+in+India%2C+Onamfestival.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onamfestival.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-am_kurup-1977-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-am_kurup-1977_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-am_kurup-1977_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-am_kurup-1977_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.M._Kurup1977" class="citation journal cs1">A.M. Kurup (1977). "The Sociology of Onam". <i>Indian Anthropologist</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 95–110. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41919319">41919319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Sociology+of+Onam&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-110&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41919319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=A.M.+Kurup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0002772/TVA_BOK_0002772_Some_aspects_of_kerala_and_tamil_literature_-_II.pdf">"Tamil Digital Library"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824090835/https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0002772/TVA_BOK_0002772_Some_aspects_of_kerala_and_tamil_literature_-_II.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamil+Digital+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamildigitallibrary.in%2Fadmin%2Fassets%2Fbook%2FTVA_BOK_0002772%2FTVA_BOK_0002772_Some_aspects_of_kerala_and_tamil_literature_-_II.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajendran" class="citation journal cs1">Rajendran, Chettiarthodi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.akademicka.pl/cis/article/view/1509/1359">"A Scholar Poet from the Neighbouring Land: Uddaṇḍa Śāstrin's Perceptions of Kerala"</a>. <i>Cracow Indological Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103051/https://journals.akademicka.pl/cis/article/download/1509/1359">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cracow+Indological+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Scholar+Poet+from+the+Neighbouring+Land%3A+Udda%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da+%C5%9A%C4%81strin%27s+Perceptions+of+Kerala&rft.aulast=Rajendran&rft.aufirst=Chettiarthodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.akademicka.pl%2Fcis%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1509%2F1359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica1974" class="citation book cs1">Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4YVAQAAMAAJ"><i>The New Encyclopaedia Britannica</i></a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 534. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-290-7"><bdi>978-0-85229-290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-290-7&rft.au=Editors+of+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4YVAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Onam, Hindu festival in Kerala State, India."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseBantebya-Kyomuhendo2015" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Elaine; <a href="/wiki/Grace_Bantebya_Kyomuhendo" title="Grace Bantebya Kyomuhendo">Bantebya-Kyomuhendo, Grace</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tySBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA312"><i>Poverty and Shame: Global Experiences</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968672-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968672-8"><bdi>978-0-19-968672-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Shame%3A+Global+Experiences&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968672-8&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft.au=Bantebya-Kyomuhendo%2C+Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tySBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Onam (Hindu festival)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_OsellaFilippo_Osella2006" class="citation book cs1">Caroline Osella; Filippo Osella (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGLrI8-io_AC&pg=PA174"><i>Men and Masculinities in South India</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-232-1"><bdi>978-1-84331-232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Masculinities+in+South+India&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-232-1&rft.au=Caroline+Osella&rft.au=Filippo+Osella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGLrI8-io_AC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The 2000 Onam (Hindu festival) special edition of..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton2011" class="citation book cs1">J. Gordon Melton (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA400"><i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 400–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pages=400-402&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_D._Coogan1998" class="citation book cs1">Michael D. Coogan (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide00coog"><i>The Illustrated Guide to World Religions</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide00coog/page/152">152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521997-5"><bdi>978-0-19-521997-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Guide+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521997-5&rft.au=Michael+D.+Coogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedguide00coog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanditha_Kirshna2009" class="citation book cs1">Nanditha Kirshna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIFFEJXx7L8C"><i>Book of Vishnu</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-865-8"><bdi>978-81-8475-865-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Vishnu&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-865-8&rft.au=Nanditha+Kirshna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpIFFEJXx7L8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <i>India through the ages</i>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linguistic_survey_of_india-1961_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5637/1/23277_1961_CNA.pdf">"Monograph Series, Onam A Festival of Kerala, Part VII-B, Vol-I - 23277 1961 CNA.pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Linguistic Survey of India</i>. 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200830171316/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5637/1/23277_1961_CNA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Survey+of+India&rft.atitle=Monograph+Series%2C+Onam+A+Festival+of+Kerala%2C+Part+VII-B%2C+Vol-I+-+23277+1961+CNA.pdf&rft.date=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5637%2F1%2F23277_1961_CNA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanditha_Krishna2009" class="citation book cs1">Nanditha Krishna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIFFEJXx7L8C"><i>Book of Vishnu</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. 58–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-865-8"><bdi>978-81-8475-865-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Vishnu&rft.pages=58-61&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-865-8&rft.au=Nanditha+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpIFFEJXx7L8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. 229–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=229-230&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341421-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nanditha_krishna-2009-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nanditha_krishna-2009_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nanditha_krishna-2009_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nanditha_krishna-2009_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nanditha_krishna-2009_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nanditha_krishna-2009_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanditha_Krishna2009" class="citation book cs1">Nanditha Krishna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIFFEJXx7L8C"><i>Book of Vishnu</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. 65–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-865-8"><bdi>978-81-8475-865-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Vishnu&rft.pages=65-69&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-865-8&rft.au=Nanditha+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpIFFEJXx7L8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanditha_Krishna2009" class="citation book cs1">Nanditha Krishna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIFFEJXx7L8C"><i>Book of Vishnu</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-865-8"><bdi>978-81-8475-865-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Vishnu&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-865-8&rft.au=Nanditha+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpIFFEJXx7L8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Mangala_Frost2017" class="citation book cs1">Christine Mangala Frost (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4MwDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Human Icon: A Comparative Study of Hindu and Orthodox Christian Beliefs</i></a>. James Clarke Company Limited, Cambridge, UK. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90612-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90612-5"><bdi>978-0-227-90612-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103056/https://books.google.com/books?id=v4MwDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Icon%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Hindu+and+Orthodox+Christian+Beliefs&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=James+Clarke+Company+Limited%2C+Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-227-90612-5&rft.au=Christine+Mangala+Frost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4MwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bponn.html">"Bishop Selvister Ponnumuthan [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>. <i>www.catholic-hierarchy.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024175333/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bponn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Bishop+Selvister+Ponnumuthan+%5BCatholic-Hierarchy%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fbishop%2Fbponn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-selvister_ponnumuthan-1996-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-selvister_ponnumuthan-1996_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-selvister_ponnumuthan-1996_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-selvister_ponnumuthan-1996_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelvister_Ponnumuthan1996" class="citation book cs1">Selvister Ponnumuthan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcedqS4jOusC&pg=PA210"><i>The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India</i></a>. Gregorian Press. pp. 210–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-721-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-721-0"><bdi>978-88-7652-721-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirituality+of+Basic+Ecclesial+Communities+in+the+Socio-religious+Context+of+Trivandrum%2FKerala%2C+India&rft.pages=210-212&rft.pub=Gregorian+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-721-0&rft.au=Selvister+Ponnumuthan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcedqS4jOusC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.S._Salini2011" class="citation journal cs1">P.S. Salini (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UjkVHi_cJoC">"Prevalence of Hindu Customs and Practices among the Muslims of Kerala: A Socio-Cultural Analysis"</a>. <i>Journal of Kerala Studies</i>. <b>38</b>. University of Kerala.: 100<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Kerala+Studies&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+Hindu+Customs+and+Practices+among+the+Muslims+of+Kerala%3A+A+Socio-Cultural+Analysis&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=100&rft.date=2011&rft.au=P.S.+Salini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UjkVHi_cJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Most of the Muslims celebrate Hindu festivals like Onam, Divali etc; actively participating in the Hindu festivals without any religious feelings but as occasions to rejoice with friends"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsellaOsella2001" class="citation book cs1">Osella, Filippo; Osella, Caroline (2001). "The return of king Mahabali: the politics of morality in Kerala". In Fuller, Christopher John; Bénéï, Véronique (eds.). <i>The Everyday State and Society in Modern India</i>. C. Hurst & Co. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-471-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-471-1"><bdi>978-1-85065-471-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+return+of+king+Mahabali%3A+the+politics+of+morality+in+Kerala&rft.btitle=The+Everyday+State+and+Society+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-471-1&rft.aulast=Osella&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft.au=Osella%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsellaOsella2008" class="citation journal cs1">Osella, Caroline; Osella, Filippo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5174/1/CSAS_A_287892_Osella_paper.pdf">"Food, Memory, Community: Kerala as both 'Indian Ocean' Zone and as Agricultural Homeland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of South Asian Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 170–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856400701877232">10.1080/00856400701877232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145738369">145738369</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026204002/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5174/1/CSAS_A_287892_Osella_paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Food%2C+Memory%2C+Community%3A+Kerala+as+both+%27Indian+Ocean%27+Zone+and+as+Agricultural+Homeland&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=170-198&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856400701877232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145738369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Osella&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Osella%2C+Filippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F5174%2F1%2FCSAS_A_287892_Osella_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caroline_osella-2013-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caroline_osella-2013_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilippo_OsellaCaroline_Osella2013" class="citation book cs1">Filippo Osella; Caroline Osella (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7V6CBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152"><i>Islamic Reform in South Asia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-27667-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-27667-3"><bdi>978-1-107-27667-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Reform+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-27667-3&rft.au=Filippo+Osella&rft.au=Caroline+Osella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7V6CBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsellaOsella2007" class="citation journal cs1">Osella, Filippo; Osella, Caroline (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5176/1/osella_ModAsianStuds.PDF">"Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (2–3). Cambridge University Press: 330–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x07003198">10.1017/s0026749x07003198</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143932405">143932405</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730112351/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5176/1/osella_ModAsianStuds.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Islamism+and+Social+Reform+in+Kerala%2C+South+India&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=330-331&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x07003198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143932405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Osella&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft.au=Osella%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F5176%2F1%2Fosella_ModAsianStuds.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416204936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Sunni-outfits-slam-Muneer/articleshow/54215075.cms">"Sunni outfits slam Muneer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 9 September 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Sunni-outfits-slam-Muneer/articleshow/54215075.cms">the original</a> on 16 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Sunni+outfits+slam+Muneer&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkozhikode%2FSunni-outfits-slam-Muneer%2Farticleshow%2F54215075.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503115146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Kerala-salafi-preacher-says-Onam-Christmas-haram/articleshow/53260614.cms">"Kerala salafi preacher says Onam, Christmas haram"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 18 July 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Kerala-salafi-preacher-says-Onam-Christmas-haram/articleshow/53260614.cms">the original</a> on 3 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kerala+salafi+preacher+says+Onam%2C+Christmas+haram&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkozhikode%2FKerala-salafi-preacher-says-Onam-Christmas-haram%2Farticleshow%2F53260614.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShreya_Biswas2016" class="citation web cs1">Shreya Biswas (12 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/muslim-man-celebrates-onam-kerala-payasam-fest/1/762527.html">"Malayali Muslim man celebrates Onam after a preacher calls the festival 'haram'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123233731/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/muslim-man-celebrates-onam-kerala-payasam-fest/1/762527.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Malayali+Muslim+man+celebrates+Onam+after+a+preacher+calls+the+festival+%27haram%27&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.au=Shreya+Biswas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Fmuslim-man-celebrates-onam-kerala-payasam-fest%2F1%2F762527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/mahabali-comes-calling/article6383238.ece">Mahabali comes calling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002095637/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/mahabali-comes-calling/article6383238.ece">Archived</a> 2 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Hindu, Neeti Sarkar (5 September 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/myth-mystique-and-traditions-of-onam/article2433921.ece">"Myth, mystique and traditions of Onam"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Kochi, India. 21 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001124912/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/myth-mystique-and-traditions-of-onam/article2433921.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Myth%2C+mystique+and+traditions+of+Onam&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-editorialfeatures%2Fmyth-mystique-and-traditions-of-onam%2Farticle2433921.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pti-2010-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pti-2010_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pti-2010_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pti-2010_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPTI2010" class="citation news cs1">PTI (14 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/athachamayam-festivities-held-at-tripunithura/article570765.ece">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Athachamayam' Festivities held at Tripunithura"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202232749/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/athachamayam-festivities-held-at-tripunithura/article570765.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27Athachamayam%27+Festivities+held+at+Tripunithura&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FKochi%2Fathachamayam-festivities-held-at-tripunithura%2Farticle570765.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/say-it-in-gold-and-offwhite/article9104929.ece">"Say it in gold and off-white"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Kochi, India. 14 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103601/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Say-it-in-gold-and-off-white/article14636670.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Say+it+in+gold+and+off-white&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-metroplus%2Fsay-it-in-gold-and-offwhite%2Farticle9104929.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/video-clips/athachamayam-thripunithura/177">Thripunithura Athachamayam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043138/https://www.keralatourism.org/video-clips/athachamayam-thripunithura/177">Archived</a> 3 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kerala Tourism, Government of Kerala</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/and-onam-is-here-officially/article9070413.ece">"And Onam is here, officially"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Kochi, India. 14 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160904013728/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/and-onam-is-here-officially/article9070413.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=And+Onam+is+here%2C+officially&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FKochi%2Fand-onam-is-here-officially%2Farticle9070413.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-athachamayam-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-athachamayam_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-athachamayam_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athachamayam.com/">Athachamayam: a festival of generations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903184229/http://www.athachamayam.com/">Archived</a> 3 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Athachamayam, Trippunithura Municipality (2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Morrill2009" class="citation book cs1">Ann Morrill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xde_E7-r50C&pg=PA49"><i>Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2797-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-2797-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thanksgiving+and+Other+Harvest+Festivals&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2797-2&rft.au=Ann+Morrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Xde_E7-r50C%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_P._Huyler1994" class="citation book cs1">Stephen P. Huyler (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c1AJYJecU48C"><i>Painted Prayers: Women's Art in Village India</i></a>. St Martins Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1809-9"><bdi>978-0-8478-1809-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painted+Prayers%3A+Women%27s+Art+in+Village+India&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=St+Martins+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-1809-9&rft.au=Stephen+P.+Huyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc1AJYJecU48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-team_metroplus-2013-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-team_metroplus-2013_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-team_metroplus-2013_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-team_metroplus-2013_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam_MetroPlus2013" class="citation news cs1">Team MetroPlus (15 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/the-feel-of-onam/article5128729.ece">"The feel of Onam"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917063913/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/the-feel-of-onam/article5128729.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+feel+of+Onam&rft.date=2013-09-15&rft.au=Team+MetroPlus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FKochi%2Fthe-feel-of-onam%2Farticle5128729.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/onam-pookalam-know-everything-about-its-significance-and-check-out-some-images/645156">"Onam Pookalam: Know everything about its significance and check out some Thiruvonam pookolam images"</a>. <i>www.timesnownews.com</i>. 31 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831113241/https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/onam-pookalam-know-everything-about-its-significance-and-check-out-some-images/645156">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesnownews.com&rft.atitle=Onam+Pookalam%3A+Know+everything+about+its+significance+and+check+out+some+Thiruvonam+pookolam+images&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Fspiritual%2Freligion%2Farticle%2Fonam-pookalam-know-everything-about-its-significance-and-check-out-some-images%2F645156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/athappookalam-losing-traditional-verve/article173569.ece">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Athappookalam' losing traditional verve"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 1 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103603/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/lsquoAthappookalamrsquo-losing-traditional-verve/article16506033.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27Athappookalam%27+losing+traditional+verve&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2Fathappookalam-losing-traditional-verve%2Farticle173569.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Appukuttan_Nair1993" class="citation book cs1">D. Appukuttan Nair (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0jkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kathakali, the Art of the Non-worldly</i></a>. Marg Publications. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-22-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-22-0"><bdi>978-81-85026-22-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali%2C+the+Art+of+the+Non-worldly&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-22-0&rft.au=D.+Appukuttan+Nair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP0jkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_hindu-2011-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_hindu-2011_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_hindu-2011_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2444007.ece">"Thiruvonam celebrated with enthusiasm"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 11 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926054512/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2444007.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Thiruvonam+celebrated+with+enthusiasm&rft.date=2011-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2Farticle2444007.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinu_Vasudevan2013" class="citation news cs1">Vinu Vasudevan (9 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/majestic-portrayals/article4698708.ece">"Majestic portrayals"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922085430/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/majestic-portrayals/article4698708.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Majestic+portrayals&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.au=Vinu+Vasudevan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Ftheatre%2Fmajestic-portrayals%2Farticle4698708.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030081804/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/life-leisure/covid-pandemic-hinders-onam-festivities-thrissur-to-give-pulikali-a-miss-1.5008169">"Covid pandemic hinders Onam festivities; Thrissur to give Pulikali a miss"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/life-leisure/covid-pandemic-hinders-onam-festivities-thrissur-to-give-pulikali-a-miss-1.5008169">the original</a> on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Covid+pandemic+hinders+Onam+festivities%3B+Thrissur+to+give+Pulikali+a+miss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Ffeatures%2Flife-leisure%2Fcovid-pandemic-hinders-onam-festivities-thrissur-to-give-pulikali-a-miss-1.5008169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article591008.ece">"Ritual lunch marks Onam at Thrikkakara"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 24 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005103818/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article591008.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Ritual+lunch+marks+Onam+at+Thrikkakara&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2Farticle591008.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2443999.ece">"Grandeur marks Onam celebrations at Thrikkakkara temple"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 11 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926054332/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2443999.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Grandeur+marks+Onam+celebrations+at+Thrikkakkara+temple&rft.date=2011-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2Farticle2443999.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thrikkakara-temple-gears-up-for-onam/article5031220.ece">"Thrikkakara temple gears up for Onam"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai, India. 24 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019091739/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thrikkakara-temple-gears-up-for-onam/article5031220.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Thrikkakara+temple+gears+up+for+Onam&rft.date=2013-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2Fthrikkakara-temple-gears-up-for-onam%2Farticle5031220.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asia_one_news-2012-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asia_one_news-2012_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asia_one_news-2012_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120907-370160.html">"Onam celebrated in S'pore"</a>. Asia One news. 7 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223175050/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120907-370160.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Onam+celebrated+in+S%27pore&rft.pub=Asia+One+news&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaone.com%2FNews%2FLatest%2BNews%2FSingapore%2FStory%2FA1Story20120907-370160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rove.me/to/kerala/onam-festival">"Onam Festival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183934/https://rove.me/to/kerala/onam-festival">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Onam+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frove.me%2Fto%2Fkerala%2Fonam-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/kerala-gets-ready-for-26-dish-onam-sadya/article6379219.ece">"Kerala gets ready for 26 dish Onam sadya"</a>. 4 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415082531/https://www.thehindu.com/features/kerala-gets-ready-for-26-dish-onam-sadya/article6379219.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kerala+gets+ready+for+26+dish+Onam+sadya&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fkerala-gets-ready-for-26-dish-onam-sadya%2Farticle6379219.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n_satyendran-2010-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n_satyendran-2010_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n_satyendran-2010_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n_satyendran-2010_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Satyendran2010" class="citation news cs1">N. Satyendran (10 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/onam-on-a-leaf/article9092190.ece">"Onam on a leaf"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103623/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Onam-on-a-leaf/article14631217.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Onam+on+a+leaf&rft.date=2010-08-10&rft.au=N.+Satyendran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-metroplus%2Fonam-on-a-leaf%2Farticle9092190.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheenachatti.com/recipe/kerala-style-sarkara-varatti-recipe-banana-chips-with-jaggery/">"Sarkara varatti recipe"</a>. Cheena Chatti. 11 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103603/https://www.cheenachatti.com/recipe/kerala-style-sarkara-varatti-recipe-banana-chips-with-jaggery/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarkara+varatti+recipe&rft.pub=Cheena+Chatti&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheenachatti.com%2Frecipe%2Fkerala-style-sarkara-varatti-recipe-banana-chips-with-jaggery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/onam-2019-as-keralas-annual-harvest-festival-begins-heres-how-it-is-celebrated-for-10-days-2293685.html">"As Onam Celebration Begins, Here's How Kerala's Annual Harvest Festival is Celebrated for 10 Days"</a>. 11 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103604/https://www.news18.com/news/india/onam-2019-as-keralas-annual-harvest-festival-begins-heres-how-it-is-celebrated-for-10-days-2293685.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+Onam+Celebration+Begins%2C+Here%27s+How+Kerala%27s+Annual+Harvest+Festival+is+Celebrated+for+10+Days&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fonam-2019-as-keralas-annual-harvest-festival-begins-heres-how-it-is-celebrated-for-10-days-2293685.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/the-harvest-festival-all-about-onam-celebrations-in-india/1135620">"Outlook India: Best Online Magazine India, Latest News, Story"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103606/https://www.outlookindia.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outlook+India%3A+Best+Online+Magazine+India%2C+Latest+News%2C+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewsscroll%2Fthe-harvest-festival-all-about-onam-celebrations-in-india%2F1135620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/flowers-pookkalam-and-onam/article5125877.ece">"Flowers, pookkalam and Onam"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 13 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920042340/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/flowers-pookkalam-and-onam/article5125877.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Flowers%2C+pookkalam+and+Onam&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-metroplus%2Fflowers-pookkalam-and-onam%2Farticle5125877.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genealogy_of_the_south_indian_deities_by_bartholomaeus_ziegenbalg-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genealogy_of_the_south_indian_deities_by_bartholomaeus_ziegenbalg_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genealogy_of_the_south_indian_deities_by_bartholomaeus_ziegenbalg_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genealogy_of_the_south_indian_deities_by_bartholomaeus_ziegenbalg_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Genealogy Of The South Indian Deities</i> By Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg, Daniel Jeyaraj. p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/onam-celebrations-in-dubai-to-have-traditional-flair">"Onam celebrations in Dubai to have traditional flair"</a>. The Khaleej Times. 15 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151027023555/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/onam-celebrations-in-dubai-to-have-traditional-flair">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Onam+celebrations+in+Dubai+to+have+traditional+flair&rft.pub=The+Khaleej+Times&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaleejtimes.com%2Fnation%2Fgeneral%2Fonam-celebrations-in-dubai-to-have-traditional-flair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShveta_Pathak2011" class="citation web cs1">Shveta Pathak (10 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/society/keralites-in-the-uae-celebrate-onam-1.863848">"Keralites in the UAE celebrate Onam"</a>. Gulf News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915135205/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/society/keralites-in-the-uae-celebrate-onam-1.863848">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keralites+in+the+UAE+celebrate+Onam&rft.pub=Gulf+News&rft.date=2011-09-10&rft.au=Shveta+Pathak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fuae%2Fsociety%2Fkeralites-in-the-uae-celebrate-onam-1.863848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Iritty taluk">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayannur" title="Kanayannur">Kanayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_taluk" title="Kannur taluk">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Karthikappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_taluk" title="Kollam taluk">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_taluk" title="Kondotty taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram_taluk" title="Manjeshwaram taluk">Manjeshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundapuram_Taluk" title="Mukundapuram Taluk">Mukundapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad_taluk" title="Nedumangad taluk">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_taluk" title="Neyyattinkara taluk">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_taluk" title="Paravur taluk">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_taluk" title="Payyanur taluk">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_taluk" title="Taliparamba taluk">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalapilly" title="Thalapilly">Thalapilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Taluk" title="Thiruvananthapuram Taluk">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumbanchola" title="Udumbanchola">Udumbanchola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellarikundu Taluk">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thrissur Municipal Corporation">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur-Thathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamassery" title="Kalamassery">Kalamassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradu" title="Maradu">Maradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Kerala" title="Pala, Kerala">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor,_Kerala" title="Wandoor, Kerala">Wandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Part,_Meppadi" title="Kottappadi Part, Meppadi">Kottappadi Part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikaripur" title="Thrikaripur">Thrikaripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvathur" title="Cheruvathur">Cheruvathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udma" title="Udma">Udma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu" title="Vellarikundu">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parappa (village)">Parappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadka" title="Karadka">Karadka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalpady" title="Mangalpady">Mangalpady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppala" title="Uppala">Uppala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwar" title="Manjeshwar">Manjeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiperiyar" title="Vandiperiyar">Vandiperiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumily" title="Kumily">Kumily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthencruz" title="Puthencruz">Puthencruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor" title="Malayattoor">Malayattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varappuzha" title="Varappuzha">Varappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreemoolanagaram" title="Sreemoolanagaram">Sreemoolanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumbassery" title="Nedumbassery">Nedumbassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodakara" title="Kodakara">Kodakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthukkad" title="Puthukkad">Puthukkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaloor" title="Manaloor">Manaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelakkara" title="Chelakkara">Chelakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthunagaram" title="Puthunagaram">Puthunagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaramapuram" title="Balaramapuram">Balaramapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadakkal" title="Kadakkal">Kadakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulathupuzha" title="Kulathupuzha">Kulathupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulanada" title="Kulanada">Kulanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omallur" title="Omallur">Omallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadasserikara" title="Vadasserikara">Vadasserikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Alappuzha" title="Mannar, Alappuzha">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charummoodu" title="Charummoodu">Charummoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararikulam" title="Mararikulam">Mararikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erumely" title="Erumely">Erumely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakayam" title="Mundakayam">Mundakayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhoor" title="Vazhoor">Vazhoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukachal" title="Karukachal">Karukachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampady" title="Pampady">Pampady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthuppally,_Kottayam" title="Puthuppally, Kottayam">Puthuppally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravilangad" title="Kuravilangad">Kuravilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhavoor" title="Uzhavoor">Uzhavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalayolaparambu" title="Thalayolaparambu">Thalayolaparambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduthuruthy" title="Kaduthuruthy">Kaduthuruthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala#Subdivisions" title="Kerala">Historical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad (kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9CC1A5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism_in_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Template:Tourism in Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Template talk:Tourism in Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism in Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism_in_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism in Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala Tourism Development Corporation">Kerala Tourism Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_(Kerala)" title="Department of Tourism (Kerala)">Department of Tourism (Kerala)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Seva_Sadan" title="Gandhi Seva Sadan">Gandhi Seva Sadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Informative articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fishing_nets" title="Chinese fishing nets">Chinese fishing nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Own_Country" title="God's Own Country">God's Own Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundan_Vallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chundan Vallam">Chundan Vallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatayu_Earth%E2%80%99s_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatayu Earth’s Center">Jatayu Earth’s Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Festivals_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple Festivals of Kerala">Temple Festivals of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_Resorts_(Kerala)" title="Tourist Resorts (Kerala)">Tourist Resorts (Kerala)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_International_Airport" title="Kannur International Airport">Kannur International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilon_Aerodrome" title="Quilon Aerodrome">Kollam Airport</a><small>(Defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum International Airport">Trivandrum International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amusement parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantasy Park (page does not exist)">Fantasy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Flora Fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkunnu" title="Kottakkunnu">Kottakkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vismaya" title="Vismaya">Vismaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderla" title="Wonderla">Wonderla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyannur_Umbrellas" title="Ariyannur Umbrellas">Ariyannur Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheraman_Parambu" title="Cheraman Parambu">Cheraman Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavallur" title="Kadavallur">Kadavallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandanissery" title="Kandanissery">Kandanissery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudakkallu_Parambu" title="Kudakkallu Parambu">Kudakkallu Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattanam" title="Pattanam">Pattanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thovarimala_Ezhuthupara" title="Thovarimala Ezhuthupara">Thovarimala Ezhuthupara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_Beach" title="Alappuzha Beach">Alappuzha Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azheekal_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Azheekal beach">Azheekal beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad_Beach" title="Chavakkad Beach">Chavakkad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherai_Beach" title="Cherai Beach">Cherai Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Kochi beach">Fort Kochi beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappil,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram">Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappkadavu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappkadavu">Kappkadavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Beach" title="Kollam Beach">Kollam Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Beach" title="Kozhikode Beach">Kozhikode Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Bay" title="Mappila Bay">Mappila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marari_Beach" title="Marari Beach">Marari Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenkunnu_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenkunnu Beach">Meenkunnu Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munakkal_Beach" title="Munakkal Beach">Munakkal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakkal_Beach" title="Mundakkal Beach">Mundakkal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad_Beach" title="Muzhappilangad Beach">Muzhappilangad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris_beach" title="Muziris beach">Muziris beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Padinjarekkara beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Paravanna beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyambalam_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Payyambalam Beach">Payyambalam Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poovar" title="Poovar">Poovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankumugham_Beach" title="Shankumugham Beach">Shankumugham Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snehatheeram_Beach" title="Snehatheeram Beach">Snehatheeram Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekkumbhagam" title="Thekkumbhagam">Paravur Thekkumbhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumullavaram_Beach" title="Thirumullavaram Beach">Thirumullavaram Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thottada_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Thottada Beach">Thottada Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara"> Vadakara Sandbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Kadalundi Nagaram beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala_Beach" title="Varkala Beach">Varkala Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boat races</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Boat_Race" title="Aranmula Boat Race">Aranmula Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Biyyam Kayal Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champakulam_Moolam_Boat_Race" title="Champakulam Moolam Boat Race">Champakulam Moolam Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Boat_Race" title="Indira Gandhi Boat Race">Indira Gandhi Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallada_Boat_Race" title="Kallada Boat Race">Kallada Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandassankadavu_Boat_Race" title="Kandassankadavu Boat Race">Kandassankadavu Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Trophy_Boat_Race" title="Nehru Trophy Boat Race">Nehru Trophy Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payippadu_Vallam_Kali" title="Payippadu Vallam Kali">Payippadu Vallam Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Trophy_Boat_Race" title="President's Trophy Boat Race">President's Trophy Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Jayanthi_Boat_Race" title="Sree Narayana Jayanthi Boat Race">Sree Narayana Jayanthi Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triprayar_Boat_Race" title="Triprayar Boat Race">Triprayar Boat Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chovvanur_burial_cave" title="Chovvanur burial cave">Chovvanur burial cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottukal_cave_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottukal cave temple">Kottukal cave temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumala_caves,_Piralimattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedumala caves, Piralimattam">Nedumala caves, Piralimattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_rock_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizhinjam rock caves">Vizhinjam rock caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banasura_Sagar_Dam" title="Banasura Sagar Dam">Banasura Sagar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoothathankettu" title="Bhoothathankettu">Bhoothathankettu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruthoni_Dam" title="Cheruthoni Dam">Cheruthoni Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimmony_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimmony Dam">Chimmony Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idamalayar_Dam" title="Idamalayar Dam">Idamalayar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_Dam" title="Idukki Dam">Idukki Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakki_Reservoir" title="Kakki Reservoir">Kakki Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirapuzha_Dam" title="Kanjirapuzha Dam">Kanjirapuzha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapuzha_Dam" title="Karapuzha Dam">Karapuzha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha_Dam" title="Malampuzha Dam">Malampuzha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Dam" title="Malankara Dam">Malankara Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalam_Dam" title="Mangalam Dam">Mangalam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattupetty_Dam" title="Mattupetty Dam">Mattupetty Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollengode,_Palakkad" title="Kollengode, Palakkad">Meenkara Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullaperiyar_Dam" title="Mullaperiyar Dam">Mullaperiyar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Dam" title="Neyyar Dam">Neyyar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Dam" title="Parambikulam Dam">Parambikulam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Dam" title="Pazhassi Dam">Pazhassi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peechi_Dam" title="Peechi Dam">Peechi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peringalkuthu_Dam" title="Peringalkuthu Dam">Peringalkuthu Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvaripallam_Dam" title="Peruvaripallam Dam">Peruvaripallam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmudi_Dam" title="Ponmudi Dam">Ponmudi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poomala_Dam" title="Poomala Dam">Poomala Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothundi_Dam" title="Pothundi Dam">Pothundi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholayar_Dam" title="Sholayar Dam">Sholayar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvani_Dam" title="Siruvani Dam">Siruvani Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanneermukkom_Bund" title="Thanneermukkom Bund">Thanneermukkom Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala_Dam" title="Thenmala Dam">Thenmala Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunakkadavu_Dam" title="Thunakkadavu Dam">Thunakkadavu Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhani_Dam" title="Vazhani Dam">Vazhani Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayar_Dam" title="Walayar Dam">Walayar Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aanayoottu" title="Aanayoottu">Aanayoottu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaraattu" title="Aaraattu">Aaraattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva_Sivarathri_festival" title="Aluva Sivarathri festival">Aluva Sivarathri festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arattupuzha_Pooram" title="Arattupuzha Pooram">Arattupuzha Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkunni_Uthram_Vilakku" title="Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku">Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saint_Raphael,_Ollur" title="Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur">Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvanpattu" title="Gandharvanpattu">Gandharvanpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilanjithara_Melam" title="Ilanjithara Melam">Ilanjithara Melam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_International_Boat_Show&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="India International Boat Show (page does not exist)">India International Boat Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_Kerala" title="International Film Festival of Kerala">International Film Festival of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavallur_Anyonyam" title="Kadavallur Anyonyam">Kadavallur Anyonyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarkali" title="Kanyarkali">Kanyarkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karivela" title="Karivela">Karivela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Adventure_Carnival" title="Kerala Adventure Carnival">Kerala Adventure Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keralotsavam" title="Keralotsavam">Keralotsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Pooram" title="Kollam Pooram">Kollam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_pooram" title="Kottakkal pooram">Kottakkal pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottankulangara_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottankulangara Festival">Kottankulangara Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machad_Mamangam" title="Machad Mamangam">Machad Mamangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalukulangara_Pooram" title="Nalukulangara Pooram">Nalukulangara Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpathi_Ratholsavam" title="Kalpathi Ratholsavam">Kalpathi Ratholsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenmara_Vallanghy_Vela" title="Nenmara Vallanghy Vela">Nenmara Vallanghy Vela</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onathallu_or_Avittathallu" class="mw-redirect" title="Onathallu or Avittathallu">Onathallu or Avittathallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram" title="Peruvanam Pooram">Peruvanam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattamangalam_Kuthira_Vela" title="Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela">Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumandhamkunnu_Pooram" title="Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram">Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthralikavu_Pooram" title="Uthralikavu Pooram">Uthralikavu Pooram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikady_Fort" title="Arikady Fort">Arikady Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu_Fort" title="Anchuthengu Fort">Anchuthengu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal_Fort" title="Bekal Fort">Bekal Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandragiri_Fort,_Kerala" title="Chandragiri Fort, Kerala">Chandragiri Fort, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranganore_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore Fort">Cranganore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Fort" title="East Fort">East Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Emmanuel" title="Fort Emmanuel">Fort Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_Fort" title="Hosdurg Fort">Hosdurg Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumkotta" title="Nedumkotta">Nedumkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overbury%27s_Folly" title="Overbury's Folly">Overbury's Folly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Fort" title="Palakkad Fort">Palakkad Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloor_Kotta_Falls" title="Paloor Kotta Falls">Paloor Kotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallipuram_Fort" title="Pallipuram Fort">Pallipuram Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Fort,_Tangasseri" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas Fort, Tangasseri">St Thomas Fort, Tangasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Angelo_Fort" title="St. Angelo Fort">St. Angelo Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellicherry_Fort" title="Tellicherry Fort">Tellicherry Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fort" title="William Fort">William Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadam_Island" title="Dharmadam Island">Dharmadam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhumanthuruthu" title="Ezhumanthuruthu">Ezhumanthuruthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundu_Island" title="Gundu Island">Gundu Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Kollam" title="Islands of Kollam">Islands of Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavvayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavvayi">Kavvayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruvadweep" title="Kuruvadweep">Kuruvadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munroe_Island" title="Munroe Island">Munroe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizhala" title="Pizhala">Pizhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulinkunnoo" title="Pulinkunnoo">Pulinkunnoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanthuruthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanthuruthu">Ramanthuruthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valiyaparamba" title="Valiyaparamba">Valiyaparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallarpadam" title="Vallarpadam">Vallarpadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Balathiruthi Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vypin" title="Vypin">Vypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willingdon_Island" title="Willingdon Island">Willingdon Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Biyyam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamakkal_Lake" title="Enamakkal Lake">Enamakkal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananchira" title="Mananchira">Mananchira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oranju_Poika" title="Oranju Poika">Oranju Poika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinjarechira" title="Padinjarechira">Padinjarechira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_Lake" title="Paravur Lake">Paravur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pookode_Lake" title="Pookode Lake">Pookode Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamcotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeranpuzha" title="Veeranpuzha">Veeranpuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellayani_Lake" title="Vellayani Lake">Vellayani Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkechira" title="Vadakkechira">Vadakkechira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchikulam" title="Vanchikulam">Vanchikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad" title="Vembanad">Vembanad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lighthouses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_Lighthouse" title="Vizhinjam Lighthouse">Vizhinjam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri_Lighthouse" title="Tangasseri Lighthouse">Tangasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovilthottam_Lighthouse" title="Kovilthottam Lighthouse">Kovilthottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_Lighthouse" title="Alappuzha Lighthouse">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manakkodam_Lighthouse" title="Manakkodam Lighthouse">Manakkodam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vypin_Lighthouse" title="Vypin Lighthouse">Vypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_Lighthouse" title="Azhikode Lighthouse">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetwai_Lighthouse" title="Chetwai Lighthouse">Chetwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_Lighthouse" title="Ponnani Lighthouse">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypore_Lighthouse" title="Beypore Lighthouse">Beypore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikkode_Lighthouse" title="Kozhikkode Lighthouse">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Lighthouse" title="Kannur Lighthouse">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aathanad" title="Aathanad">Aathanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya_Mala" title="Agastya Mala">Agastya Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambanad_Hills" title="Ambanad Hills">Ambanad Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambukuthi_mala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambukuthi mala">Ambukuthi mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banasura_Hill" title="Banasura Hill">Banasura Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Chekkunnu Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembra_Peak" title="Chembra Peak">Chembra Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Cheriyam hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elivai_Malai" class="mw-redirect" title="Elivai Malai">Elivai Malai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaveezha_Poonchira" title="Ilaveezha Poonchira">Ilaveezha Poonchira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illickal_Kallu" title="Illickal Kallu">Illickal Kallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodikuthimala" title="Kodikuthimala">Kodikuthimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathoor_Padi" title="Kunnathoor Padi">Kunnathoor Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayur" title="Marayur">Marayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenuliyan_Para" title="Meenuliyan Para">Meenuliyan Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paithalmala" title="Paithalmala">Paithalmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakkayam" title="Anakkayam">Pandallur hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmudi" title="Ponmudi">Ponmudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poomala" title="Poomala">Poomala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakam_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Urakam Hill">Urakam Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagamon" title="Vagamon">Vagamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagavurrai" title="Vagavurrai">Vagavurrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavul_Mala" title="Vavul Mala">Vavul Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarimala" title="Vellarimala">Vellarimala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8_Point_Art_Cafe" title="8 Point Art Cafe">8 Point Gallery Cafe, Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_Museum" title="Arakkal Museum">Arakkal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum,_Thrissur" title="Archaeological Museum, Thrissur">Archaeological Museum, Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Business_Museum" title="Indian Business Museum">Indian Business Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Portuguese_Museum" title="Indo-Portuguese Museum">Indo-Portuguese Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Kerala Science and Technology Museum">Kerala Science and Technology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Soil_Museum" title="Kerala Soil Museum">Kerala Soil Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockhart_Tea_Museum" title="Lockhart Tea Museum">Lockhart Tea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar_Tea_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Munnar Tea Museum">Munnar Tea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Museum" title="Napier Museum">Napier Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja_Archaeological_Museum" title="Pazhassi Raja Archaeological Museum">Pazhassi Raja Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Police_Museum" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum, Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak_Museum" title="Teak Museum">Teak Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Heritage_Museum" title="Wayanad Heritage Museum">Wayanad Heritage Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Bay" title="Mappila Bay">Arakkal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Kottaram" title="Aranmula Kottaram">Aranmula Kottaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolgatty_Palace" title="Bolgatty Palace">Bolgatty Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Residency" title="British Residency">British Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_Kottaram" title="Cheena Kottaram">Cheena Kottaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_Castle" title="Halcyon Castle">Halcyon Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Palace,_Tripunithura" title="Hill Palace, Tripunithura">Hill Palace, Tripunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakakkunnu_Palace" title="Kanakakkunnu Palace">Kanakakkunnu Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha,_Palakkad" title="Karimpuzha, Palakkad">Karimpuzha Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor_Palace" title="Kilimanoor Palace">Kilimanoor Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur_Kovilakam" title="Kodungallur Kovilakam">Kodungallur Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollengode_Palace" title="Kollengode Palace">Kollengode Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace" title="Kowdiar Palace">Kowdiar Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyikkal_Palace" title="Koyikkal Palace">Koyikkal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnapuram_Palace" title="Krishnapuram Palace">Krishnapuram Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthira_Malika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthira Malika">Kuthira Malika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmipuram_Palace" title="Lakshmipuram Palace">Lakshmipuram Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Maipady Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattancherry_Palace" title="Mattancherry Palace">Mattancherry Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Lodge_Palace" title="Merry Lodge Palace">Merry Lodge Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliath_Achan" title="Paliath Achan">Paliam Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandalam_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandalam Palace">Pandalam Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnathurkotta" title="Punnathurkotta">Punnathurkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthen_Kovilakam" title="Puthen Kovilakam">Puthen Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakthan_Thampuran_Palace" title="Shakthan Thampuran Palace">Shakthan Thampuran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Moolam_Thirunal_Palace" title="Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace">Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thevally_Palace" title="Thevally Palace">Thevally Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Azhvanchery Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olappamanna_Mana" title="Olappamanna Mana">Olappamanna Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keezhattur" title="Keezhattur">Poonthanam Illam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchan_Parambu,_Tirur" title="Thunchan Parambu, Tirur">Thunchan Samarakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varikkasseri_Mana" title="Varikkasseri Mana">Varikkasseri Mana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterfalls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyanpara_Falls" title="Adyanpara Falls">Adyanpara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripara_Falls" title="Aripara Falls">Aripara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruvikkuzhi_Waterfalls" title="Aruvikkuzhi Waterfalls">Aruvikkuzhi Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athirappilly_Falls" title="Athirappilly Falls">Athirappilly Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyapanov_Waterfalls" title="Ayyapanov Waterfalls">Ayyapanov Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charpa_Falls" title="Charpa Falls">Charpa Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheeyappara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheeyappara">Cheeyappara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoni,_Palakkad" title="Dhoni, Palakkad">Dhoni Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Kollam Kolli Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkadampoyil" title="Kakkadampoyil">Kozhippara Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudamutti_Falls" title="Kudamutti Falls">Kudamutti Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhavurutty_Waterfalls" title="Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls">Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkom_Water_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakkom Water Falls">Lakkom Water Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manalar_Waterfalls" title="Manalar Waterfalls">Manalar Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmala_waterfall" title="Marmala waterfall">Marmala waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenmutty_Falls,_Thiruvananthapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenmutty Falls, Thiruvananthapuram">Meenmutty Falls, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenmutty_Falls,_Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenmutty Falls, Wayanad">Meenmutty Falls, Wayanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Meenvallam Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliyarik_Waterfalls" title="Oliyarik Waterfalls">Oliyarik Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaruvi_Falls" title="Palaruvi Falls">Palaruvi Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloor_Kotta_Falls" title="Paloor Kotta Falls">Paloor Kotta Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panieli_Poru_waterfalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Panieli Poru waterfalls">Panieli Poru waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattathippara_Falls" title="Pattathippara Falls">Pattathippara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunthenaruvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Perunthenaruvi">Perunthenaruvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunthenaruvi_Falls" title="Perunthenaruvi Falls">Perunthenaruvi Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvani_Waterfalls" title="Siruvani Waterfalls">Siruvani Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soochipara_Falls" title="Soochipara Falls">Soochipara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thommankuthu" title="Thommankuthu">Thommankuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thusharagiri_Falls" title="Thusharagiri Falls">Thusharagiri Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoovanam_Waterfalls" title="Thoovanam Waterfalls">Thoovanam Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhachal_Falls" title="Vazhachal Falls">Vazhachal Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhvanthol_waterfalls" title="Vazhvanthol waterfalls">Vazhvanthol waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary">Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimmony_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary">Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary">Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarakom_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary">Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurinjimala_Sanctuary" title="Kurinjimala Sanctuary">Kurinjimala Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary">Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalavanam_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary">Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary">Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiramanal" title="Pathiramanal">Pathiramanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary">Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peechi-Vazhani_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary">Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppara_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary">Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar Tiger Reserve">Periyar Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shendurney_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary">Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thattekad_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Thattekad Bird Sanctuary">Thattekad Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary">Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Rehabilitation_and_Research_Centre" title="Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre">Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parassinikkadavu_Snake_Park" title="Parassinikkadavu Snake Park">Parassinikkadavu Snake Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Zoo" title="Thiruvananthapuram Zoo">Thiruvananthapuram Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Zoo" title="Thrissur Zoo">Thrissur Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Zoological_Park_Wildlife_Conversation_%26_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conversation & Research Centre">Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conversation & Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=Hinduism_Festivals_in_the_Hindu_calendar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFA500"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_festivals" title="Template talk:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Hinduism_Festivals_in_the_Hindu_calendar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/20px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/30px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/40px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals"><span style="color:black">Festivals in the Hindu calendar</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Major festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_Puja" title="Ayudha Puja">Ayudha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival"><span style="color:black">Harvest festivals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhogi" title="Bhogi">Bhogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaravilakku" title="Makaravilakku">Makaravilakku</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusn%C3%A2" title="Pusnâ">Pusnâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days"><span style="color:black">New year's days</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balipratipada" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_Parba" title="Bisu Parba">Bisu Parba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri#Chaitra_Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Chaitra Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mha_Puja" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_Sital" title="Jur Sital">Jur Sital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navreh" title="Navreh">Navreh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Sankranti" title="Pana Sankranti">Pana Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajibu_Nongma_Panba" title="Sajibu Nongma Panba">Sajibu Nongma Panba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankranti" title="Sankranti">Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Other festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadi_Perukku" title="Aadi Perukku">Aadi Perukku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaubeej" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaubeej">Bhaubeej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datta_Jayanti" title="Datta Jayanti">Datta Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanteras" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_(festival)" title="Gaura (festival)">Gaura Parva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowri_Habba" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowri Habba">Gowri Habba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Karthika Deepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karva_Chauth" title="Karva Chauth">Karva Chauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindu_festivals" title="Kashmiri Hindu festivals">Kashmiri Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Vrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi Vrata">Mahalakshmi Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamaham" title="Mahamaham">Mahamaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargat_Diwas" title="Pargat Diwas">Pargat Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha-Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratha-Yatra">Ratha-Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Vrata" title="Savitri Vrata">Savitri Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vivaha" title="Tulasi Vivaha">Tulasi Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikasi_Visakam" title="Vaikasi Visakam">Vaikasi Visakam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalaka_Ekadashi" title="Amalaka Ekadashi">Amalaka Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amavasya" title="Amavasya">Amavasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Chaturdashi" title="Ananta Chaturdashi">Ananta Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashadhi_Ekadashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashadhi Ekadashi">Ashadhi Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamada_Ekadashi" title="Kamada Ekadashi">Kamada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narali_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Narali Purnima">Narali Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjala_Ekadashi" title="Nirjala Ekadashi">Nirjala Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausha_Putrada_Ekadashi" title="Pausha Putrada Ekadashi">Pausha Putrada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabodhini_Ekadashi" title="Prabodhini Ekadashi">Prabodhini Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Panchami" title="Rishi Panchami">Rishi Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankashti_Chaturthi" title="Sankashti Chaturthi">Sankashti Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayani_Ekadashi" title="Shayani Ekadashi">Shayani Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Putrada_Ekadashi" title="Shravana Putrada Ekadashi">Shravana Putrada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Ekadashi" title="Vaikuntha Ekadashi">Vaikuntha Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuthini_Ekadashi" title="Varuthini Ekadashi">Varuthini Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Purnima" title="Vat Purnima">Vat Purnima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people"><span style="color:black">Balinese festivals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galungan" title="Galungan">Galungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaturmasya" title="Chaturmasya">Chaturmasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarayana" title="Uttarayana">Uttarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinayana" title="Dakshinayana">Dakshinayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFA500"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_festivals" title="Category:Hindu festivals"><span style="color:black">Hindu festivals</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a 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nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" 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