SciELO Brasil - In vitro antischistosomal activity of venom from the Egyptian snake Cerastes cerastes In vitro antischistosomal activity of venom from the Egyptian snake Cerastes cerastes

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html class="no-js" lang="pt-BR" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">  <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1.0"> <title>SciELO Brasil - In vitro antischistosomal activity of venom from the Egyptian snake Cerastes cerastes In vitro antischistosomal activity of venom from the Egyptian snake Cerastes cerastes </title>  <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scielo.br/j/rsbmt/a/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/?lang=en"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="In vitro antischistosomal activity of venom from the Egyptian snake Cerastes cerastes"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Abstract INTRODUCTION: We studied the potential in vitro antischistosomal activity of Cerastes..."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.scielo.br/media/images/rsbmt_glogo.gif"/>  <meta name="citation_author" content="Hassan, Ehssan Ahmed"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Suez Canal University"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Abdel-Rahman, Mohamed Ahmed"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Suez Canal University"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ibrahim, Mohamed Moussa"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Suez Canal University"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Soliman, Maha Farid Mohamed"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Suez Canal University"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"></meta> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."></meta> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop"></meta> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical - SBMT"></meta> <meta name="citation_volume" content="49"></meta> <meta name="citation_number" content="6"></meta> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.scielo.br/j/rsbmt/a/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/?lang=en&format=pdf"></meta> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.scielo.br/j/rsbmt/a/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/?format=xml&lang=en"></meta> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="752"></meta> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="757"></meta> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1590/0037-8682-0241-2016"></meta> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""></meta> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0037-8682"></meta> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1678-9849"></meta> <meta name="citation_title" content="In vitro antischistosomal activity of venom from the Egyptian snake Cerastes cerastes"></meta> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"></meta> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="Abstract INTRODUCTION: We studied the potential in vitro antischistosomal activity of Cerastes cerastes venom on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. METHODS: Live specimens of the horned viper snake, C. cerastes were collected from the Aswan Governorate (Egypt). Venom was collected from snakes by manual milking. Worms of S. mansoni were obtained from infected hamsters by perfusion and isolated from blood using phosphate buffer. Mortality rates of worms were monitored after 3 days of exposure to snake venom at LC50 and various sublethal concentrations (10, 5, 2.5µg/ml). Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate tegumental changes in treated worms after exposure to LC50 doses of venom. RESULTS: The LC50 of C. cerastes venom was 21.5µg/ml. The effect of C. cerastes venom on Schistosoma worms varied according to their sex. The mortality rate of male and female worms after 48-h exposure was 83.3% and 50%, respectively. LC50 of C. cerastes venom induced mild to severe tegumental damage in Schistosoma worms in the form of destruction of the oral sucker, shrinkage and erosion of the tegument, and loss of some tubercle spines. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that C. cerastes venom exerts potential in vitro antischistosomal activity in a time and dose-dependent manner. These results may warrant further investigations to develop novel schistosomicidal agents from C. cerastes snake venom."></meta> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="research-article"></meta> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2016-Nov-Dec"></meta> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Schistosoma mansoni"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Snake venom"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Antiparasitic"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Surface ultrastructure"></meta> <link rel="icon" href="/static/img/favicon.ico" /> <link href="/static/css/bootstrap.css?v=1.1.11" rel="stylesheet">    <div class="widget widget-Lockss widget-instance-IssueBrowseByYear_Lockss"> <input class="at-locks-messaging" type="hidden" value="LOCKSS system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this Archival Unit" /> <input class="at-clockss-messaging" type="hidden" value="CLOCKSS system has permission to ingest, preserve, and serve this Archival 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class="articleBadge-editionMeta-doi-copyLink"> <span class="_articleBadge">Major Articles</span><span class="_separator"> • </span><span class="_editionMeta">Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 49 (06) <span class="_separator"> • </span>Nov-Dec 2016</span><span class="_separator"> • </span><span class="group-doi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0241-2016" class="_doi" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0241-2016</a> <a href="javascript:;" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm scielo__btn-with-icon--left copyLink" data-clipboard-text="https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0241-2016"><span class="material-icons-outlined">link</span>copy</a></span> </div> <h1 class="article-title"> <img alt="Open-access" class="logo-open-access" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" src="https://ds.scielo.org/img/logo-open-access.svg" data-original-title="by 4.0 "> In vitro antischistosomal activity of venom from the Egyptian snake Cerastes cerastes<a id="shorten" href="#" class="short-link"><span class="sci-ico-link"></span></a> </h1> <div class="articleMeta"></div> <div class="scielo__contribGroup"> <a href="" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm outlineFadeLink" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalTutors">Authorship</a><a href="" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm outlineFadeLink" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalScimago">SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS</a> </div> <div class="row"> <ul class="d-none d-lg-block col-lg-2 articleMenu"></ul> <article id="articleText" class="col-sm-12 col-lg-10 offset-lg-2"><div class="articleSection articleSection--abstract" data-anchor="Abstract"> <h3 class="h5">Abstract</h3> <p> <strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> We studied the potential <i>in vitro</i> antischistosomal activity of <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> venom on adult <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> worms<i>.</i> </p> <p> <strong>METHODS:</strong> Live specimens of the horned viper snake, <i>C. cerastes</i> were collected from the Aswan Governorate (Egypt). Venom was collected from snakes by manual milking. Worms of <i>S. mansoni</i> were obtained from infected hamsters by perfusion and isolated from blood using phosphate buffer. Mortality rates of worms were monitored after 3 days of exposure to snake venom at LC<sub>50</sub> and various sublethal concentrations (10, 5, 2.5µg/ml). Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate tegumental changes in treated worms after exposure to LC<sub>50</sub> doses of venom. </p> <p> <strong>RESULTS: </strong> The LC<sub>50</sub> of <i>C. cerastes</i> venom was 21.5µg/ml. The effect of <i>C. cerastes</i> venom on <i>Schistosoma</i> worms varied according to their sex. The mortality rate of male and female worms after 48-h exposure was 83.3% and 50%<sub>,</sub> respectively. LC<sub>50</sub> of <i>C. cerastes</i> venom induced mild to severe tegumental damage in <i>Schistosoma</i> worms in the form of destruction of the oral sucker, shrinkage and erosion of the tegument, and loss of some tubercle spines. </p> <p> <strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> The present study demonstrated that <i>C. cerastes</i> venom exerts potential in vitro antischistosomal activity in a time and dose-dependent manner. These results may warrant further investigations to develop novel schistosomicidal agents from <i>C. cerastes</i> snake venom. </p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Schistosoma mansoni; Snake venom; Antiparasitic; Surface ultrastructure</p> </div> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="Text"> <h3 class="articleSectionTitle">INTRODUCTION</h3> <p>Schistosomiasis is a major parasitic disease of the tropics, causing acute and long-term clinical syndromes<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B1_ref" data-ref="1 1. Coltart C, Whitty CJ. Schistosomiasis in non-endemic countries. Clin Med 2015; 15:67-69.">1</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B2_ref" data-ref="2 2. Deribew K, Tekeste Z, Petros B. Urinary schistosomiasis and malaria associated anemia in Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:307-310.">2</a></sup></span>. Among schistosomicidal drugs, praziquantel is the drug of choice in most areas of endemicity owing to its superior efficacy<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B3_ref" data-ref="3 3. El Ridi R, Aboueldahab M, Tallima H, Salah M, Mahana N, Fawzi S, et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of arachidonic acid against Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3383-3389.">3</a></sup></span>. A small number of cases of resistance to treatment with praziquantel have been reported, and represent a major barrier to the increasing global attempts to eliminate the public health burden of schistosomiasis<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B4_ref" data-ref="4 4. Cowan N, Yaremenko IA, Krylov IB, Terent'ev AO, Keiser J. Elucidation of the in vitro and in vivo activities of bridged 1,2,4-trioxolanes, bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, tricyclic monoperoxides, silyl peroxides, and hydroxylamine derivatives against Schistosoma mansoni. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5175-5781.">4</a></sup></span>. Such resistance and the possibility of evolving future resistance highlight the need to develop new schistosomicidal treatments<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B2_ref" data-ref="2 2. Deribew K, Tekeste Z, Petros B. Urinary schistosomiasis and malaria associated anemia in Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:307-310.">2</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B3_ref" data-ref="3 3. El Ridi R, Aboueldahab M, Tallima H, Salah M, Mahana N, Fawzi S, et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of arachidonic acid against Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3383-3389.">3</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B4_ref" data-ref="4 4. Cowan N, Yaremenko IA, Krylov IB, Terent'ev AO, Keiser J. Elucidation of the in vitro and in vivo activities of bridged 1,2,4-trioxolanes, bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, tricyclic monoperoxides, silyl peroxides, and hydroxylamine derivatives against Schistosoma mansoni. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5175-5781.">4</a></sup></span>.</p> <p>Previous studies have explored the use of toxins as potential therapeutic agents for treating various conditions such as hypertension<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B5_ref" data-ref="5 5. Soares AM. Use of snake venom for biomedical researches and drug development. SOAJ Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 1:1-4.">5</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B6_ref" data-ref="6 6. Ettinger K, Cohen G, Momic T, Lazarovici P. The effects of a chactoid scorpion - venom and its purified toxins on rat blood pressure and mast cells histamine release. Toxins 2013; 5:1332-1342.">6</a></sup></span>, thrombosis<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B7_ref" data-ref="7 7. Matsui T, Fujimura Y, Titani K. Snake venom proteases affecting hemostasis and thrombosis. Biochem Biophys Acta 2000; 1477:146-156.">7</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B8_ref" data-ref="8 8. Goswami U, Brenes JA, Punjabi GV, LeClaire MM, Williams DN. Associations and outcomes of septic pulmonary embolism. Open Respir Med J 2014; 8:28-33.">8</a></sup></span>, and cancer<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B9_ref" data-ref="9 9. Deshane J, Garner CC, Sontheimer H. Chlorotoxin inhibits glioma cell invasion via matrix metalloproteinase-2. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:4135-4144.">9</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B10_ref" data-ref="10 10. Aarti C, Khusro A. Snake venom as anticancer agent current perspective. Int J Pure Appl Biosci 2013; 1:24-29.">10</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B11_ref" data-ref="11 11. Abdel-Rahman MA, Abdel-Nabi M, El-Naggar MS, Abbas OA, Strong PN. Conus vexillum venom induces oxidative stress in Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma cells: an insight into the mechanism of induction. J Venom AnimToxins Incl Trop Dis 2013; 19:10.">11</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B12_ref" data-ref="12 12. Zouari-Kessentini R, Srairi-Abid N, Bazaa A, El Ayeb M, Luis J, Marrakchi N. Antitumoral potential of Tunisian snake venoms secreted phospholipases A2. BioMed Res Int 2013; 2013:391389. doi: 10.1155/2013/391389.">12</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B13_ref" data-ref="13 13. Calderon LA, Sobrinho JC, Zaqueo KD, de Moura AA, Grabner AN, Mazzi MV, et al. Antitumoral activity of snake venom proteins: new trends in cancer therapy. Bio Med Res Int 2014; 2014:203639. doi: 10.1155/2014/203639.">13</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B14_ref" data-ref="14 14. Sethi S, Ali S, Sethi S, Sarkar FH. MicroRNAs in personalized cancer therapy. Clin Genet 2014; 86:68-73.">14</a></sup></span>. Among these studies, the initial interest in snake venom was to evaluate how combat the effects of snakebites in humans and to study how snakebite toxins exert their effects. Crude venoms have also been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of human disease from the early twentieth century<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B15_ref" data-ref="15 15. Koh CY, Kini RM. From snake venom toxins to therapeutics - cardiovascular examples. Toxicon 2012; 59:497-506.">15</a></sup></span>. In addition, antiparasitic effects of snake venom have been reported against <i>Leishmania</i><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B16_ref" data-ref="16 16. Peichoto ME, Tavares FL, Dekrey G, Mackessy SP. A comparative study of the effects of venoms from five rear-fanged snake species on the growth of Leishmania major: identification of a protein with inhibitory activity against the parasite. Toxicon 2011; 58:28-34.">16</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B17_ref" data-ref="17 17. Bhattacharya S, Ghosh P, De T, Gomes A, Dungdung SR. In vivo and in vitro antileishmanial activity of Bungarus caeruleus snake venom through alteration of immunomodulatory activity. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:126-133.">17</a></sup></span>, <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B18_ref" data-ref='18 18. Lazo F, Málaga O, Yarlequé A, Severino R, Gutiérrez S. Actividad antimicrobiana de una flavoproteína aislada del veneno de la serpiente peruana Bothrops atrox ("jergón"). Rev Soc Quim Peru 2007; 73:197-207.'>18</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B19_ref" data-ref="19 19. Adade CM, Cons BL, Melo PA, Souto-Padrón T. Effect of Crotalus viridis viridis snake venom on the ultrastructure and intracellular survival of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol 2011; 138:46-58.">19</a></sup></span>, and <i>Plasmodium</i><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B20_ref" data-ref="20 20. Deregnaucourt C, Schrével J. Bee venom phospholipase A2 induces stage-specific growth arrest of the intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum via modifications of human serum components. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39973-39980.">20</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B21_ref" data-ref="21 21. Castillo JCQ, Vargas LJ, Segura C, Gutiérrez JM, Pérez JCA. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of phospholipases A2 and a phospholipase homologue isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:1500-1516.">21</a></sup></span> parasites.</p> <p><i>Cerastes cerastes</i> (family Viperidae), or the horned viper snake, is a medically important and dangerous species of snake in North Africa, and its venom is characterized by its ability to induce severe cytolytic effects<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B22_ref" data-ref="22 22. Oukkache N, Lalaoui M, Ghalim N. General characterization of venom from the Moroccan snakes Macrovipera mauritanica and Cerastes cerastes. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2012; 18:411-420.">22</a></sup></span>. <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> venom is highly toxic, primarily attributable to the activity of various proteolytic enzymes it contains<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B23_ref" data-ref="23 23. Aird SD. Ophidian envenomation strategies and the role of purines. Toxicon 2002; 40:335-393.">23</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B24_ref" data-ref="24 24. Warrell DA. Epidemiology, clinical features and management of snakebites in Central and South America. Campbell J, Lamar WW, editors. Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 2004. p. 709-761.">24</a></sup></span>. <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> venom also exhibits a range of biological activities including antiangiogenic<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B25_ref" data-ref="25 25. Zouari-Kessentini R, Luis J, Karray A, Kallech-Ziri O, Srairi-Abid N, Bazaa A, et al. Two purified and characterized phospholipases A2 from Cerastes cerastes venom, that inhibit cancerous cell adhesion and migration. Toxicon 2009; 53:444-453.">25</a></sup></span>, antitumor<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B26_ref" data-ref="26 26. Abu-Sinna G, Esmat AY, Al-Zahaby AA, Soliman NA, Ibrahim TM. Fractionation and characterization of Cerastes cerastes cerastes snake venom and the antitumor action of its lethal and non-lethal fractions. Toxicon 2003; 42:207-215.">26</a></sup></span>, antibacterial<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B27_ref" data-ref="27 27. Hanane-Fadila ZM, Fatima LD. Purification, characterization and antibacterial activity of L-amino acid oxidase from Cerastes cerastes. J Biochem Mol Toxic 2014; 28:347-354.">27</a></sup></span>, and antiprotozoal<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B16_ref" data-ref="16 16. Peichoto ME, Tavares FL, Dekrey G, Mackessy SP. A comparative study of the effects of venoms from five rear-fanged snake species on the growth of Leishmania major: identification of a protein with inhibitory activity against the parasite. Toxicon 2011; 58:28-34.">16</a></sup></span> effects. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the <i>in vitro</i> antischistosomal activity of <i>C. cerastes</i> venom on adult <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> parasitic worms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind and it may lead to further research on the characterization of novel antischistosomal agents from snake venom.</p> <h3 class="articleSectionTitle">METHODS</h3> <h4>Snake venom collection and preparation</h4> <p>Live specimens of horned viper snakes, <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> (n = 10), were collected in the Aswan Governorate (Egypt) and identified at the Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. Without harming the snakes, venom was collected by manual milking and all snakes were then returned to their natural habitat. The collected venom was pooled, lyophilized, and stored at -20°C until use.</p> <h4>Ethical considerations</h4> <p>Hamsters were obtained from the Theodor Bilharz Institute, Giza, Egypt and housed under controlled conditions of humidity and a 12h light/dark cycle with free access to food and water. All experimental procedures involving animals were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12910.html) and approved by the Research Ethics Committee (Section of Experimental Animals 1/2015) of the Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.</p> <h4> <b><i>In vitro</i></b> preparation of worms</h4> <p><i>Schistosoma</i> worms were obtained from infected hamsters by perfusion and were isolated from blood using small sieves (20µ mesh size) and phosphate buffer. Next, the worms were rapidly washed under sterile laminar flow conditions in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) culture medium containing 20% fetal calf serum, 300mg streptomycin, 300U penicillin and 160µg gentamicin. Worms were then exposed to a range of sublethal concentrations of snake venom in sterilized tissue culture plates<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B28_ref" data-ref="28 28. Yousif F, Hifnawy M, Soliman G, Boulos L, Labib Th, Mahmoud S, et al. Large-scale in vitro screening of Egyptian native and cultivate plants for schistosomicidal activity. Pharm Biol 2007; 45:501-510.">28</a></sup></span>.</p> <h4>Determination of LC<b><sub>50</sub></b> </h4> <p>A stock solution (500µg/ml) of snake venom was prepared in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted with RPMI 1640 to produce 2ml of working solution with a final concentration of 100µg/ml. Serial concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50µg/ml, to cover the range of 0-100% mortality, were used to calculate the lethal concentration 50 (LC<sub>50</sub>). Mortality rate was calculated as the number of dead worms divided by the total number of worms. LC<sub>50</sub> was estimated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical program (version 20). </p> <h4>Viability of worms</h4> <p>Worm viability was evaluated using a stereomicroscope after 24h of treatment or for three successive days of treatment to determine the LC<sub>50</sub> and sublethal concentrations, respectively. Worms showing no signs of motility for one min, in addition to those showing deformities such as blackening, twisting, and contracting, were considered dead.</p> <h4>Mortality rates of Schistosoma mansoni worms</h4> <p>Two replicates, each containing three pairs of worms (equal ratio of males and females) were placed in control and test solutions (21.6, 10, 5 and 2.5µg/ml of venom) at 37°C<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B29_ref" data-ref="29 29. El Bardicy S, El Sayed I, Yousif F, Van Der Veken P, Haemers A, Augustyns K, et al. Schistosomicidal and molluscicidal activities of amino alkyl amino substituted neo- and norneocryptol epine derivatives. Pharm Biol 2012; 50:134-140.">29</a></sup></span>. </p> <h4>Electron microscopy</h4> <p>Treated worms were fixed with 4% glutaraldehyde in 0.2M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.3) for 4h, followed by post-fixation in osmium tetraoxide (OSO<sub>4</sub>) for 2h. Next, the worms were rinsed three times in the same buffer and dehydrated through a series of graded ethanol concentrations from 10-100% for 10 min in each concentration, except for the final concentration (100%) (30 min, 10 min per change). Further dehydration was performed by critical point drying in liquid carbon dioxide. Worms were mounted on copper stubs using double-sided adhesive tape, coated with gold using an S150A sputter coater (Edwards, UK), and viewed with a scanning electron microscope (JXA-840A Electron Probe Microanalyzer; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan).</p> <h3 class="articleSectionTitle">RESULTS</h3> <h4>Mortality rates of S. mansoni worms</h4> <p>The LC<sub>50</sub> of <i>C. cerastes</i> venom in <i>S. mansoni</i> worms after 24h of exposure was 21.6µg/ml. The mortality rates of worms treated with venom at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50µg/ml after 24-h exposure were 36.7%, 41.7%, 57.1%, 84.6%, and 100%, respectively (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalFigf1"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Figure 1</a>).</p> <p> <div class="row fig" id="f1"> <a name="f1"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalFigf1"><div class="thumbImg"> <img src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-9849/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/604064b727bfe222f7e2a35f06a148837f4eb860.jpg"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"> <strong><strong>FIGURE 1</strong></strong><br> Mortality rate of male and female <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> worms exposed to different concentrations of <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> venom for 24h <i>in vitro</i>. <br> </div> </div> </p> <p><a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalTablet1"><span class="sci-ico-fileTable"></span>Table 1</a> shows the mortality rates of <i>S. mansoni</i> worms after 3 days of exposure to LC<sub>50</sub> (21.6µg/ml) and sublethal concentrations (10, 5, and 2.5µg/ml) of venom. Total mortality rates of worms at LC<sub>50</sub> were 16.7%, 66.7%, and 66.7% on days 1, 2, and 3 post exposure, respectively. Total mortality rates of worms at concentrations of 10, 5, or 2.5µg/ml were 8.3%, 15.5%, and 27.4%; 4.2%, 8.3%, and 20.8%; and 4.2% at days 1, 2, and 3 post exposure, respectively. The susceptibility of male and female worms to the venom differed, with male worms being more susceptible than females were to LC<sub>50</sub> or to sublethal concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10µg/ml). In addition, LC<sub>50</sub> dose had no effect on female worms after 24h but caused 50% mortality after 48h. The sublethal concentrations, 10 and 5µg/ml, had no effect on female worms after 24h but caused 25% and 8.3% mortality among female worms after 72h, respectively. No mortality was recorded among female worms exposed to 2.5µg/ml for 3 days, while the mortality rate among male worms under the same conditions was 8.3%. </p> <div> <div class="row table" id="t1"> <a name="t1"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalTablet1"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"> <strong><strong>TABLE 1</strong></strong><br> Mortality rate (%) of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> worms exposed to different concentrations of <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> venom for 3 consecutive days <i>in vitro</i>. <br> </div> </div> </div> <h4>Electron microscopy</h4> <p>Surface ultrastructure alterations were observed in adult male and female <i>S. mansoni</i> worms following exposure to LC<sub>50</sub> doses of venom (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalFigf2"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Figure 2</a>). Mild to severe tegumental damage was noted among both male and female worms. In male worms, marked destruction of the oral sucker, shrinkage and erosion of the tegument, loss of several tubercle spines, and formation of protuberances in the gynaecophoric canal tegument were observed (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalFigf2"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Figures 2</a>A, 2B and 2C). In female worms, mild to moderate shrinkage and erosion of the dorsal and ventral tegument were observed (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalFigf2"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Figures 2</a>C, 2D and 2F). </p> <p> <div class="row fig" id="f2"> <a name="f2"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalFigf2"><div class="thumbImg"> <img src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-9849/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/563f605cb0d4330e83d38b20ff71490a58bb8918.jpg"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"> <strong><strong>FIGURE 2</strong></strong><br> Surface ultrastructure alterations in adult male (A-C) and female (D-C) <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> worms following incubation with LC<sub>50</sub> (21.6µg/ml) of <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> snake venom. Black arrows indicate destruction of the oral sucker and tegument (A), loss and destruction of tubercle spines (B), formation of protuberances and shortening of spines in the tegumental area around the gynaecophoric canal (C), and mild to moderate destruction, shrinkage, and erosion of the tegument of female worms (D-F). LC<b><sub>50:</sub></b> lethal concentration 50. <br> </div> </div> </p> <h3 class="articleSectionTitle">DISCUSSION</h3> <p>To our knowledge, the present study is the first to evaluate the effect of <i>C. cerastes</i> venom against <i>S. mansoni</i>. The LC<sub>50</sub> of <i>C. cerastes</i> venom in <i>S. mansoni</i> worms after 24-h exposure was 21.6µg/ml, a significantly higher dose than that of the reference drug praziquantel (6,675µg/ml)<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B30_ref" data-ref="30 30. Abou-Shady O, Mohammed S, Attia S, Yusuf H, Helmy D. In vitro effect of mefloquine on adult Schistosoma mansoni. Res J Parasitol 2015; 10:111-119.">30</a></sup></span><sup>)</sup> or of combination artemisinin-naphthoquine phosphate treatment (CO-ArNp) after 72h (7.2µg/ml)<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B31_ref" data-ref="31 31. El-Beshbishi SN, El Bardicy S, Tadros M2 Ayoub M, Taman A. Spotlight on the in vitro effect of artemisinin-naphthoquine phosphate on Schistosoma mansoni and its snail host Biomphalaria alexandrina. Acta Trop 2015; 141:37-45.">31</a></sup></span>. In addition, the LC<sub>50</sub> against schistosomes of mefloquine and hemin alone was determined to be 6.5μg/ml and 232μg/ml, respectively, while the LC<sub>50</sub> of hemin in the presence of mefloquine (1μg/ml) was 23.2μg/ml<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B32_ref" data-ref="32 32. Xiao SH, Qiao C, Xue J, Wang L. Mefloquine in combination with hemin causes severe damage to adult Schistosoma japonicum in vitro. Acta Trop 2014; 131:71-78.">32</a></sup></span>. </p> <p>Regarding time and dose responses, our results showed that the mortality rates of worms at LC<sub>50</sub> ranged from 16.7% to 66.7% after 24-72h of treatment with venom, while total mortality rates at concentrations of 10, 5, or 2.5µg/ml ranged from 4.2% to 27.4% after 24-72h of treatment. Similarly, another study showed that (-)-6,6'-dinitrohinokinin (DNK) at 200μM killed 100% of adult worms within 24h and had LC<sub>50</sub> values of 103.9±3.6 and 102.5±4.8μM at 24 and 72h, respectively<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B33_ref" data-ref="33 33. Pereira AC, Silva ML, Souza JM, Laurentiz RS, Rodrigues V, Januário AH, et al. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of (-)-6,6'-dinitrohinokinin against schistosomula and juvenile and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 2015; 149:195-201.">33</a></sup></span>. Incubation of adult <i>S. mansoni</i> worms with CO-ArNp at 20-40μg/ml for 48-72h also killed all worms<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B31_ref" data-ref="31 31. El-Beshbishi SN, El Bardicy S, Tadros M2 Ayoub M, Taman A. Spotlight on the in vitro effect of artemisinin-naphthoquine phosphate on Schistosoma mansoni and its snail host Biomphalaria alexandrina. Acta Trop 2015; 141:37-45.">31</a></sup></span>. </p> <p>Disparities in drug susceptibility between male and female <i>S. mansoni</i> worms have been previously reported in several in vitro activity trials<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B34_ref" data-ref="34 34. Moraes J, Nascimento C, Lopes POMV, Nakano E, Yamaguchi LF, Kato MJ, et al. Schistosoma mansoni: in vitro schistosomicidal activity of piplartine. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:357-364.">34</a></sup></span>. The results of the present study showed that the susceptibility of male and female worms to venom varied, with male worms being more susceptible than females were. In this regard, male <i>S. mansoni</i> worms were also more susceptible than females were to praziquantel, ginger extract, diamines, and amino alcohols and to treatment with certain essential oils<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B35_ref" data-ref="35 35. Mostafa OM, Eid RA, Adly MA. Antischistosomal activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against Schistosoma mansoni harbored in C57 mice. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:395-403.">35</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B36_ref" data-ref="36 36. Pica-Mattoccia L, Cioli D. Sex- and stage-related sensitivity of Schistosoma mansoni to in vivo and in vitro praziquantel treatment. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:527-533.">36</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B37_ref" data-ref="37 37. Tonuci LRS, de Melo NI, Dias HJ, Wakabayashi KAL, Aguiar GP, Aguiar DP, et al. In vitro schistosomicidal effects of the essential oil of Tagetes erecta. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2011; 22:88-93.">37</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B38_ref" data-ref="38 38. Fernandes FS, Rezende Júnior CO, Fernandes TS, da Silveira LS, Rezende CAM, de Almeida MV, et al. Anthelmintic effects of alkylated diamines and amino alcohols against Schistosoma mansoni. Bio Med Res Int 2013; 2013:783490. doi: 10.1155/2013/783490.">38</a></sup></span><sup>) (</sup><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B39_ref" data-ref="39 39. de Oliveira RN, Rehder VLG, Santos Oliveira AS, Montanari Júnior I, de Carvalho JE, de Ruiz ALTG, et al. Schistosoma mansoni: in vitro schistosomicidal activity of essential oil of Baccharis trimera (less) DC. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:135-143.">39</a></sup></span>. However, there was no differential sensitivity to piplartine between male and female worms <i>in vitro</i><span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B34_ref" data-ref="34 34. Moraes J, Nascimento C, Lopes POMV, Nakano E, Yamaguchi LF, Kato MJ, et al. Schistosoma mansoni: in vitro schistosomicidal activity of piplartine. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:357-364.">34</a></sup></span>. In contrast, treatment with other compounds such as amino alkanethiosulfuric acids<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B40_ref" data-ref="40 40. de Oliveira Penido ML, Zech Coelho PM, de Mello RT, Piló-Veloso D, de Oliveira MC, Kusel JR, et al. Antischistosomal activity of amino alkanethiols, amino alkanethiosulfuric acids and the corresponding disulfides. Acta Trop 2008; 108:249-255.">40</a></sup></span>, 2-(butylamino)-1-phenyl-1-ethanethiosulfuric acid<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B41_ref" data-ref="41 41. de Araújo SC, de Mattos ACA, Teixeira HF, Coelho PMZ, Nelson DL, de Oliveira MC. Improvement of in vitro efficacy of a novel schistosomicidal drug by incorporation into nanoemulsions. Int J Pharm 2007; 337:307-315.">41</a></sup></span>, and artesunate<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B42_ref" data-ref="42 42. Mitsui Y, Miura M, Aoki Y. In vitro effects of artesunate on the survival of worm pairs and egg production of Schistosoma mansoni. J Helminthol 2009; 83:7-11.">42</a></sup></span><sup>)</sup> produced higher mortality rates among female <i>S. mansoni</i> worms than among males. </p> <p>Tegumental changes produced by antischistosomal drugs are a necessary mechanism for causing the death of the worm<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B43_ref" data-ref="43 43. Shuhua X, Hotez PJ, Tanner M. Artemether, an effective new agent for chemoprophylaxis against schistosomiasis in China: its in vivo effect on the biochemical metabolism of the Asian schistosome. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2000; 31:724-732.">43</a></sup></span>. Generally, if a drug induces tegumental alterations, the onset and precise pattern of these alterations depend on the particular drug and the treatment regimen used<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B44_ref" data-ref="44 44. Shuhua X, Binggui S, Utzinger J, Chollet J, Tanner M. Ultrastructural alterations in adult Schistosoma mansoni caused by artemether. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:717-724.">44</a></sup></span>. The characteristic features of tegumental damage observed in this study, including destruction of the tegument and erosion and loss of spines, were consistent with those previously described in the literature following <i>in vitro</i> exposure to different antischistosomal agents such as hypericin<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B45_ref" data-ref="45 45. Cai R, She XP, Wang Y, Gong W, Zhang HQ, Xia CM. In vitro effect of photoactivated hypericin on anti-Schistosoma japonicum adult male worms. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2014; 32:176-179. PMID 25223049.">45</a></sup></span>, allicin<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B46_ref" data-ref="46 46. Lima CMBL, Freitas FIS, de Morais LCSL, Cavalcanti MGS, da Silva LF, Padilha RJR, et al. Ultrastructural study on the morphological changes to male worms of Schistosoma mansoni after in vitro exposure to allicin. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:327-330.">46</a></sup></span>, nerolidol<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B47_ref" data-ref="47 47. Silva MP, Oliveira GL, de Carvalho RB, de Sousa DP, Freitas RM, Pinto PL, et al. Antischistosomal activity of the terpene nerolidolMolecules 2014; 19:3793-3803.">47</a></sup></span>, phthalyl thiazole (LpQM-45)<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B48_ref" data-ref="48 48. Santiago EF, de Oliveira SA, de Oliveira Filho GB, Moreira DRM, Gomes PAT, da Silva AL, et al. Evaluation of the anti-Schistosoma mansoni activity of thiosemicarbazones and thiazoles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:352-363.">48</a></sup></span>, β-lapachone<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B49_ref" data-ref="49 49. Aires AL, Ximenes ECPA, Silva RAR, Barbosa VX, Góes AJS, Peixoto CA, et al. Ultrastructural analysis of β-lapachone-induced surface membrane damage in male adult Schistosoma mansoni BH strain worms. Exp Parasitol 2014; 142:83-89.">49</a></sup></span>, and DNK<span class="ref"><sup class="xref xrefblue"><a href="#B32_ref" data-ref="32 32. Xiao SH, Qiao C, Xue J, Wang L. Mefloquine in combination with hemin causes severe damage to adult Schistosoma japonicum in vitro. Acta Trop 2014; 131:71-78.">32</a></sup></span>. Hence, reductions in worms may be attributed to the tegumental damage observed. </p> <p>In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that <i>C. cerastes</i> venom exerts potential in vitro antischistosomal activity against <i>S. mansoni</i> in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Further studies are needed, however, to characterize the active compounds present in the venom and their cytotoxic effects for potential use in the future development of novel therapeutic agents.</p> </div> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="References"> <h3 class="articleSectionTitle">References</h3> <div class="row"><div class="col ref-list"><ul class="refList articleFootnotes"> <li> <a class="" name="B1_ref"></a><sup class="xref">1</sup> Coltart C, Whitty CJ. Schistosomiasis in non-endemic countries. Clin Med 2015; 15:67-69.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B2_ref"></a><sup class="xref">2</sup> Deribew K, Tekeste Z, Petros B. Urinary schistosomiasis and malaria associated anemia in Ethiopia. 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Acta Trop 2008; 108:249-255.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B41_ref"></a><sup class="xref">41</sup> de Araújo SC, de Mattos ACA, Teixeira HF, Coelho PMZ, Nelson DL, de Oliveira MC. Improvement of <i>in vitro</i> efficacy of a novel schistosomicidal drug by incorporation into nanoemulsions. Int J Pharm 2007; 337:307-315.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B42_ref"></a><sup class="xref">42</sup> Mitsui Y, Miura M, Aoki Y. <i>In vitro</i> effects of artesunate on the survival of worm pairs and egg production of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> J Helminthol 2009; 83:7-11.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B43_ref"></a><sup class="xref">43</sup> Shuhua X, Hotez PJ, Tanner M. Artemether, an effective new agent for chemoprophylaxis against schistosomiasis in China: its <i>in vivo</i> effect on the biochemical metabolism of the Asian schistosome. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2000; 31:724-732.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B44_ref"></a><sup class="xref">44</sup> Shuhua X, Binggui S, Utzinger J, Chollet J, Tanner M. Ultrastructural alterations in adult <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> caused by artemether. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:717-724.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B45_ref"></a><sup class="xref">45</sup> Cai R, She XP, Wang Y, Gong W, Zhang HQ, Xia CM. <i>In vitro</i> effect of photoactivated hypericin on anti-<i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> adult male worms. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2014; 32:176-179. PMID 25223049.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B46_ref"></a><sup class="xref">46</sup> Lima CMBL, Freitas FIS, de Morais LCSL, Cavalcanti MGS, da Silva LF, Padilha RJR, et al. Ultrastructural study on the morphological changes to male worms of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> after <i>in vitro</i> exposure to allicin. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:327-330.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B47_ref"></a><sup class="xref">47</sup> Silva MP, Oliveira GL, de Carvalho RB, de Sousa DP, Freitas RM, Pinto PL, et al. Antischistosomal activity of the terpene nerolidolMolecules 2014; 19:3793-3803.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B48_ref"></a><sup class="xref">48</sup> Santiago EF, de Oliveira SA, de Oliveira Filho GB, Moreira DRM, Gomes PAT, da Silva AL, et al. Evaluation of the anti-<i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> activity of thiosemicarbazones and thiazoles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:352-363.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B49_ref"></a><sup class="xref">49</sup> Aires AL, Ximenes ECPA, Silva RAR, Barbosa VX, Góes AJS, Peixoto CA, et al. Ultrastructural analysis of β-lapachone-induced surface membrane damage in male adult <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> BH strain worms. Exp Parasitol 2014; 142:83-89.</li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="Publication Dates"> <h3 class="articleSectionTitle">Publication Dates</h3> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12"><ul class="articleTimeline"><li> <strong>Publication in this collection</strong><br>Nov-Dec 2016</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="History"> <h3 class="articleSectionTitle">History</h3> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12"><ul class="articleTimeline"> <li> <strong>Received</strong><br>24 June 2016</li> <li> <strong>Accepted</strong><br>18 Oct 2016</li> </ul></div></div> </div> <section class="documentLicense"><div class="container-license"><div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3 col-md-2"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" title=""><img src="https://licensebuttons.net/l/by/4.0//88x31.png" alt="Creative Common - by 4.0 "></a></div> <div class="col-sm-9 col-md-10"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" title="">This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</a></div> </div></div></section></article> </div> </div></div></section><div class="modal fade ModalDefault ModalTutors" id="ModalTutors" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title">Authorship</h5> <button class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="info"> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Ehssan Ahmed Hassan </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff1">Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. </span><span data-aff-orgname="aff1" hidden="">Suez Canal University</span><span data-aff-country="aff1" hidden="">Egypt</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff1" hidden="" country="EG"></span><span data-aff-location="aff1" hidden="">Ismailia, Egypt</span><span data-aff-full="aff1" hidden="">Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. </span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff1"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Mohamed Ahmed Abdel-Rahman </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff1">Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. </span><span data-aff-orgname="aff1" hidden="">Suez Canal University</span><span data-aff-country="aff1" hidden="">Egypt</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff1" hidden="" country="EG"></span><span data-aff-location="aff1" hidden="">Ismailia, Egypt</span><span data-aff-full="aff1" hidden="">Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. </span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff1"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Mohamed Moussa Ibrahim </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff1">Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. </span><span data-aff-orgname="aff1" hidden="">Suez Canal University</span><span data-aff-country="aff1" hidden="">Egypt</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff1" hidden="" country="EG"></span><span data-aff-location="aff1" hidden="">Ismailia, Egypt</span><span data-aff-full="aff1" hidden="">Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. </span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff1"></a> </div> <div> <span data-aff-display="aff2">Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff2" hidden="">Al-Baha University</span><span data-aff-country="aff2" hidden="">Saudi Arabia</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff2" hidden="" country="SA"></span><span data-aff-location="aff2" hidden="">Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia</span><span data-aff-full="aff2" hidden="">Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff2"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Maha Farid Mohamed Soliman </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff1">Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. </span><span data-aff-orgname="aff1" hidden="">Suez Canal University</span><span data-aff-country="aff1" hidden="">Egypt</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff1" hidden="" country="EG"></span><span data-aff-location="aff1" hidden="">Ismailia, Egypt</span><span data-aff-full="aff1" hidden="">Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. </span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff1"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="corresp"> <a class="" name="c1_ref"></a><b><i>Corresponding author:</i></b> Prof. Maha F.M. Soliman. e-mail: <a href="mailto:maha_soliman@hotmail.com">maha_soliman@hotmail.com</a> </div> <div class="info"> <div>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.</div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault ModalTutors" id="ModalScimago" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title"> SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS </h5> <button class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"><div class="info"> <div> <span data-aff-display="aff1">Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. </span><span data-aff-orgname="aff1" hidden="">Suez Canal University</span><span data-aff-country="aff1" hidden="">Egypt</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff1" hidden="" country="EG"></span><span data-aff-location="aff1" hidden="">Ismailia, Egypt</span><span data-aff-full="aff1" hidden="">Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. </span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff1"></a><br> </div> <div> <span data-aff-display="aff2">Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff2" hidden="">Al-Baha University</span><span data-aff-country="aff2" hidden="">Saudi Arabia</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff2" hidden="" country="SA"></span><span data-aff-location="aff2" hidden="">Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia</span><span data-aff-full="aff2" hidden="">Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff2"></a><br> </div> </div></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault" id="ModalTablesFigures" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title">Figures | Tables</h5> <button class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs" role="tablist"> <li role="presentation" class="nav-item"><a href="#figures" class="nav-link active" data-bs-toggle="tab">Figures (2) </a></li> <li role="presentation" class="nav-item"><a href="#tables" class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="tab">Tables (1) </a></li> </ul> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="figures" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="figures"> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-4"><a data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalFigf1"><div class="thumbImg"> <img src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-9849/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/604064b727bfe222f7e2a35f06a148837f4eb860.jpg"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-12"> <strong><strong>FIGURE 1</strong></strong><br> Mortality rate of male and female <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> worms exposed to different concentrations of <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> venom for 24h <i>in vitro</i>. </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-4"><a data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalFigf2"><div class="thumbImg"> <img src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-9849/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/563f605cb0d4330e83d38b20ff71490a58bb8918.jpg"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-12"> <strong><strong>FIGURE 2</strong></strong><br> Surface ultrastructure alterations in adult male (A-C) and female (D-C) <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> worms following incubation with LC<sub>50</sub> (21.6µg/ml) of <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> snake venom. Black arrows indicate destruction of the oral sucker and tegument (A), loss and destruction of tubercle spines (B), formation of protuberances and shortening of spines in the tegumental area around the gynaecophoric canal (C), and mild to moderate destruction, shrinkage, and erosion of the tegument of female worms (D-F). LC<b><sub>50:</sub></b> lethal concentration 50. </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade show" id="tables" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tables"><div class="row table"> <div class="col-4"><a data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalTablet1"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-12"> <strong><strong>TABLE 1</strong></strong><br> Mortality rate (%) of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> worms exposed to different concentrations of <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> venom for 3 consecutive days <i>in vitro</i>. </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigf1" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title"> <span class="material-icons-outlined">image</span><strong>FIGURE 1</strong> Mortality rate of male and female <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> worms exposed to different concentrations of <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> venom for 24h <i>in vitro</i>. <a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-9849/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/ccf3e7ab8307904a892225962bf388e65860852b.jpg"><span class="material-icons-outlined">open_in_new</span></a> </h5> <button class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-9849/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/ccf3e7ab8307904a892225962bf388e65860852b.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigf2" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title"> <span class="material-icons-outlined">image</span><strong>FIGURE 2</strong> Surface ultrastructure alterations in adult male (A-C) and female (D-C) <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> worms following incubation with LC<sub>50</sub> (21.6µg/ml) of <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> snake venom. Black arrows indicate destruction of the oral sucker and tegument (A), loss and destruction of tubercle spines (B), formation of protuberances and shortening of spines in the tegumental area around the gynaecophoric canal (C), and mild to moderate destruction, shrinkage, and erosion of the tegument of female worms (D-F). LC<b><sub>50:</sub></b> lethal concentration 50. <a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-9849/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/e921407584f79b15c937c7dd8531771c1482d18c.jpg"><span class="material-icons-outlined">open_in_new</span></a> </h5> <button class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-9849/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/e921407584f79b15c937c7dd8531771c1482d18c.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalTables" id="ModalTablet1" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title"> <span class="material-icons-outlined">table_chart</span><strong><strong>TABLE 1</strong></strong> Mortality rate (%) of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> worms exposed to different concentrations of <i>Cerastes cerastes</i> venom for 3 consecutive days <i>in vitro</i>. <br> </h5> <button class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-9849/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/534fbcc72170d28fff49456fc3767a1dc2dedab1.jpg" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-9849/DpR8ZVjQ3VBTY7N5RDj8MSj/534fbcc72170d28fff49456fc3767a1dc2dedab1.jpg"></div> <div class="modal-footer"><div class="ref-list"><ul class="refList footnote"><li id="TFN1"> <div>LC<sub>50:</sub> lethal concentration 50.</div> </li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault" id="ModalArticles" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title">How to cite</h5> <button class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p id="citation"></p> <input id="citationCut" type="text" value=""><a class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm scielo__btn-with-icon--left copyLink" data-clipboard-target="#citationCut"><span class="material-icons-outlined">link</span>copy</a> </div> </div></div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> function currentDate() { var today = new Date(); var months = ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] today.setTime(today.getTime()); return today.getDate() + " " + months[today.getMonth()] + " " + today.getFullYear(); } var citation = 'Hassan, Ehssan Ahmed et al. 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SciELO Brasil - In vitro antischistosomal activity of venom from the Egyptian snake Cerastes cerastes In vitro antischistosomal activity of venom from the Egyptian snake Cerastes cerastes