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class="help"><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help">Help</a> | <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/advanced">Advanced Search</a></p> </div> <div class="control"> <div class="select is-small"> <select name="searchtype" aria-label="Field to search"> <option value="all" selected="selected">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="author">Author</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="comments">Comments</option> <option value="journal_ref">Journal reference</option> <option value="acm_class">ACM classification</option> <option value="msc_class">MSC classification</option> <option value="report_num">Report number</option> <option value="paper_id">arXiv identifier</option> <option value="doi">DOI</option> <option value="orcid">ORCID</option> <option value="author_id">arXiv author ID</option> <option value="help">Help pages</option> <option value="full_text">Full text</option> </select> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="source" 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action="/search/advanced"> <input id="advanced" name="advanced" type="hidden" value=""> <section data-toggle="fieldset" id="terms-fieldset"> <fieldset class="fieldset "> <legend class="legend">Search term(s)</legend> <div class="field has-addons-tablet" data-toggle="fieldset-entry"> <div class="control fieldset-hidden-on-first-row"> <span class="select"> <label for="terms-0-operator" class="hidden-label">Boolean operator</label> <select default="AND" id="terms-0-operator" name="terms-0-operator"><option selected value="AND">AND</option><option value="OR">OR</option><option value="NOT">NOT</option></select> </span> </div> <div class="control is-expanded"> <label for="terms-0-term" class="hidden-label">Search term</label> <input class="input" id="terms-0-term" name="terms-0-term" placeholder="Search term..." type="text" value="Freitag, L"> </div> <div class="control"> <label for="terms-0-field" class="hidden-label">Field to search</label> <span class="select"> <select default="title" id="terms-0-field" name="terms-0-field"><option value="title">Title</option><option selected value="author">Author(s)</option><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="comments">Comments</option><option value="journal_ref">Journal reference</option><option value="acm_class">ACM classification</option><option value="msc_class">MSC classification</option><option value="report_num">Report number</option><option value="paper_id">arXiv identifier</option><option value="cross_list_category">Cross-list category</option><option value="doi">DOI</option><option value="orcid">ORCID</option><option value="author_id">arXiv author ID</option><option value="all">All fields</option></select> </span> </div> <div class="control"> <button type="button" data-toggle="fieldset-remove-row" id="term-0-remove" class="button is-monospace fieldset-hidden-on-first-row" aria-label="Remove this search term" style="visibility:hidden;" >– </button> </div> </div> <div class="field is-clearfix"> <div class="control is-pulled-right"> <button type="button" class="button is-medium" data-toggle="fieldset-add-row" data-target="#terms-fieldset"><span style="font-family:'open-sans',helvetica,sans-serif;">Add another term </span> + </button> <button class="button is-link is-medium">Search</button> </div> </div> </fieldset> </section> <section> <fieldset class="fieldset "> <legend class="legend">Subject</legend> <div class="help has-text-grey">All classifications will be included by default.</div> <div class="columns is-baseline"> <div class="column"> <div class="field is-horizontal"> <div class="control"> <div class="checkbox"> <input id="classification-computer_science" name="classification-computer_science" type="checkbox" value="y"> <label for="classification-computer_science">Computer Science (cs)</label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field is-horizontal"> <div class="control"> <div class="checkbox"> <input id="classification-economics" name="classification-economics" type="checkbox" value="y"> <label for="classification-economics">Economics (econ)</label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field is-horizontal"> <div class="control"> <div class="checkbox"> <input id="classification-eess" name="classification-eess" type="checkbox" value="y"> <label for="classification-eess">Electrical Engineering and Systems Science (eess)</label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field is-horizontal"> <div class="control"> <div class="checkbox"> <input id="classification-mathematics" name="classification-mathematics" type="checkbox" value="y"> <label for="classification-mathematics">Mathematics (math)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column"> <div class="field is-horizontal is-grouped"> <div class="control"> <div class="checkbox"> <input id="classification-physics" name="classification-physics" type="checkbox" value="y"> <label for="classification-physics">Physics</label> </div> </div> <div class="control"> <div class="select is-small"> <label for="classification-physics_archives" class="hidden-label">Subtopic within physics</label> <select id="classification-physics_archives" name="classification-physics_archives"><option selected value="all">all</option><option value="astro-ph">astro-ph</option><option value="cond-mat">cond-mat</option><option value="gr-qc">gr-qc</option><option value="hep-ex">hep-ex</option><option value="hep-lat">hep-lat</option><option value="hep-ph">hep-ph</option><option value="hep-th">hep-th</option><option value="math-ph">math-ph</option><option value="nlin">nlin</option><option value="nucl-ex">nucl-ex</option><option value="nucl-th">nucl-th</option><option value="physics">physics</option><option value="quant-ph">quant-ph</option></select> </div> </div> </div> <script> $('select#classification-physics_archives').change(function() { $('input#classification-physics').attr('checked', true); }); </script> <div class="field is-horizontal"> <div class="control"> <div class="checkbox"> <input id="classification-q_biology" name="classification-q_biology" type="checkbox" value="y"> <label for="classification-q_biology">Quantitative Biology (q-bio)</label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field is-horizontal"> <div class="control"> <div class="checkbox"> <input id="classification-q_finance" name="classification-q_finance" type="checkbox" value="y"> <label for="classification-q_finance">Quantitative Finance (q-fin)</label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field is-horizontal"> <div class="control"> <div class="checkbox"> <input id="classification-statistics" name="classification-statistics" type="checkbox" value="y"> <label for="classification-statistics">Statistics (stat)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field"> <div class="control"> <label class="radio"> <input checked id="classification-include_cross_list-0" name="classification-include_cross_list" type="radio" value="include"> Include cross-listed papers </label> <label class="radio"> <input id="classification-include_cross_list-1" name="classification-include_cross_list" type="radio" value="exclude"> Exclude cross-listed papers </label> </div> </div> </fieldset> <fieldset class="fieldset "> <legend class="legend">Date</legend> <div class="field is-grouped"> <div class="control"> <div class="radio"> <input checked id="date-filter_by-0" name="date-filter_by" type="radio" value="all_dates"> <label for="date-filter_by-0">All dates</label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field is-grouped"> <div class="control"> <div class="radio"> <input id="date-filter_by-1" name="date-filter_by" type="radio" value="past_12"> <label for="date-filter_by-1">Past 12 months</label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field is-grouped"> <div class="control"> <div class="radio"> <input id="date-filter_by-2" name="date-filter_by" type="radio" value="specific_year"> <label for="date-filter_by-2">Specific year</label> </div> </div> <div class="control is-datefield"> <label for="date-year" class="hidden-label">Enter four digit year</label> <input class="input is-small" id="date-year" name="date-year" placeholder="YYYY" type="text" value=""> <script> $('#date-year').focus(function() { $('input[name="date-filter_by"]').attr('checked', false); $('input[value="specific_year"]').attr('checked', true); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="field is-grouped"> <div class="control"> <div class="radio"> <input id="date-filter_by-3" name="date-filter_by" type="radio" value="date_range"> <label for="date-filter_by-3">Date range</label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field is-grouped"> <div class="control"> <div class="control"><label for="date-from_date">From</label></div> <div class="control is-datefield"> <input class="input is-small" id="date-from_date" name="date-from_date" placeholder="YYYY[-MM[-DD]]" type="text" value=""> </div> </div> <div class="control"> <div class="control"><label for="date-to_date">to</label></div> <div class="control is-datefield"> <input class="input is-small" id="date-to_date" name="date-to_date" placeholder="YYYY[-MM[-DD]]" type="text" value=""> </div> </div> </div> <div class="help has-text-grey is-size-7"> When limiting by date range, the lower bound of the "from" date and the upper bound of the "to" date are used.<br/>For example, searching with <code>From: 2012-02</code> and <code>To: 2013</code> will search for papers submitted from <code>2012-02-01</code> to <code>2013-12-31</code>. </div> <script> $('#date-to_date').focus(function() { $('input[name="date-filter_by"]').attr('checked', false); $('input[value="date_range"]').attr('checked', true); }); $('#date-from_date').focus(function() { $('input[name="date-filter_by"]').attr('checked', false); $('input[value="date_range"]').attr('checked', true); }); </script> <hr /> <div class="field"> <div class="control"> <label class="radio"> <input checked id="date-date_type-0" name="date-date_type" type="radio" value="submitted_date"> Submission date (most recent) </label> <label class="radio"> <input id="date-date_type-1" name="date-date_type" type="radio" value="submitted_date_first"> Submission date (original) </label> <label class="radio"> <input id="date-date_type-2" name="date-date_type" type="radio" value="announced_date_first"> Announcement date </label> <p class="help has-text-grey">You may filter on either submission date or announcement date. Note that announcement date supports only year and month granularity.</p> </div> </div> </fieldset> </section> <section> <div class="field"> <div class="control"> <label class="radio"> <input checked id="abstracts-0" name="abstracts" type="radio" value="show"> Show abstracts </label> <label class="radio"> <input id="abstracts-1" name="abstracts" type="radio" value="hide"> Hide abstracts </label> </div> </div> <div class="level"> <div class="level-left"> <div class="level-item"> <div class="field is-horizontal is-grouped"> <div class="control"> <span class="select is-small"> <select id="size" name="size"><option value="25">25</option><option selected value="50">50</option><option value="100">100</option><option value="200">200</option></select> </span> </div> <div class="control"> <label for="size">results per page</label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="level-item"> <div class="field is-horizontal is-grouped"> <div class="control"> <div class="checkbox"> <input id="include_older_versions" name="include_older_versions" type="checkbox" value="y"> <label for="include_older_versions">Include older versions of papers</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="button is-link is-medium">Search</button> </section> <input type="hidden" name="order" value="-announced_date_first"> </form> </div> </div> <div class="column"> <article class="message is-link"> <div class="message-header"> <h4 class="has-text-white is-marginless is-bold">Searching by Author Name</h4> </div> <div class="message-body"> <ul> <li>Using the <strong>Author(s) field</strong> produces best results for author name searches.</li> <li>For the most precise name search, follow <strong>surname(s), forename(s)</strong> or <strong>surname(s), initial(s)</strong> pattern: example Hawking, S or Hawking, Stephen</li> <li>For best results on multiple author names, <strong>separate individuals with a ;</strong> (semicolon). Example: Jin, D S; Ye, J</li> <li>Author names enclosed in quotes will return only <strong>exact matches</strong>. For example, "Stephen Hawking" will not return matches for Stephen W. Hawking.</li> <li>Diacritic character variants are automatically searched in the Author(s) field.</li> <li>Queries with no punctuation will treat each term independently.</li> </ul> </div> </article> <article class="message is-link"> <div class="message-header"> <h4 class="has-text-white is-marginless is-bold">Searching by subcategory</h4> </div> <div class="message-body"> <ul> <li>To search within a subcategory select <strong>All fields</strong>.</li> <li>A subcategory search can be combined with an author or keyword search by clicking on <strong>add another term</strong> in advanced search.</li> </ul> </div> </article> <h2 class="title is-5">Tips</h2> <p class="title is-6">Wildcards:</p> <ul> <li>Use ? to replace a single character or * to replace any number of characters.</li> <li>Can be used in any field, but not in the first character position. See Journal References tips for exceptions.</li> </ul> <p class="title is-6">Expressions:</p> <ul> <li>TeX expressions can be searched, enclosed in single $ characters.</li> </ul> <p class="title is-6">Phrases:</p> <ul> <li>Enclose phrases in double quotes for exact matches in title, abstract, and comments.</li> </ul> <p class="title is-6">Dates:</p> <ul> <li>Sorting by announcement date will use the year and month the <em>original version</em> (v1) of the paper was announced.</li> <li>Sorting by submission date will use the year, month and day the <em>latest version</em> of the paper was submitted.</li> </ul> <p class="title is-6">Journal References:</p> <ul> <li>If a journal reference search contains a wildcard, matches will be made using wildcard matching as expected. For example, <strong>math*</strong> will match <em>math</em>, <em>maths</em>, <em>mathematics</em>.</li> <li>If a journal reference search does <strong>not</strong> contain a wildcard, only exact phrases entered will be matched. For example, <strong>math</strong> would match <em>math</em> or <em>math and science</em> but not <em>maths</em> or <em>mathematics</em>.</li> <li>All journal reference searches that do not contain a wildcard are literal searches: a search for <strong>Physica A</strong> will match all papers with journal references containing <em>Physica A</em>, but a search for <strong>Physica A, 245 (1997) 181</strong> will only return the paper with journal reference <em>Physica A, 245 (1997) 181</em>.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about">About</a></li> <li><a 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