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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#6CC;"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Italy">Art of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_arte_italiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A collage of Italian art."><img alt="A collage of Italian art." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Collage_arte_italiana.jpg/150px-Collage_arte_italiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Collage_arte_italiana.jpg/225px-Collage_arte_italiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Collage_arte_italiana.jpg/300px-Collage_arte_italiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman art">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Renaissance painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_art" title="Italian Baroque art">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Rococo_art" title="Italian Rococo art">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th_century_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th century art">Neoclassical and 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Italian modern and contemporary art">Modern and contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Centennial divisions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Settecento</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Important art museums</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera" title="Pinacoteca di Brera">Pinacoteca di Brera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Villa Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabauda_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabauda Gallery">Sabauda Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia" title="Gallerie dell'Accademia">Gallerie dell'Accademia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitti_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitti Palace">Pitti Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze">Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargello" title="Bargello">Bargello</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Important art festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale" title="Rome Quadriennale">Rome Quadriennale</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Major works</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tribute_Money_(Masaccio)" title="The Tribute Money (Masaccio)"><i>The Tribute Money</i> (Masaccio)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Botticelli%27s_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli's Venus">The Birth of Venus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primavera_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primavera (painting)">Primavera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(Leonardo)" title="Annunciation (Leonardo)"><i>Annunciation</i> (Leonardo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)"><i>David</i> (Michelangelo)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_San_Romano" title="The Battle of San Romano">The Battle of San Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Urbino" title="Venus of Urbino">Venus of Urbino</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_(Donatello,_bronze)" title="David (Donatello, bronze)"><i>David</i> (Donatello)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Calling_of_St_Matthew_(Caravaggio)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calling of St Matthew (Caravaggio)">The Calling of St. Matthew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Space" title="Unique Forms of Continuity in Space">Unique Forms of Continuity in Space</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Italian <a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_artists" title="Category:Italian artists">artists</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_painters" title="List of Italian painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_sculptors" title="Category:Italian sculptors">Sculptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_architects" title="List of Italian architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_photographers" title="Category:Italian photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_illustrators" title="Category:Italian illustrators">Illustrators</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Italian art schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_School_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolognese School (painting)">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Ferrara (painting)">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Florentine school">Florentine school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucchese School">Lucchese and Pisan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian School (art)">Venetian school</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Art movements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque art">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical art">Metaphysical art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_architecture" title="Italian architecture">Italian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture of Italy">Sculpture of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_artists_to_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian artists to 1800">Timeline of Italian artists to 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_of_Italy" title="Template:Art of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Art of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1700s</b> refers to a period in Italian history and culture which occurred during the 18th century (1700–1799): the <i>Settecento</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Settecento saw the transition from <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Late Baroque</a> to <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>: great artists of this period include <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli" title="Luigi Vanvitelli">Vanvitelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canova" class="mw-redirect" title="Canova">Canova</a>, as well as the composer <a href="/wiki/Vivaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a> and the writer <a href="/wiki/Goldoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldoni">Goldoni</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Settecento is a word today commonly used to describe this period Italy. </p><p>The first decades of the Settecento saw the ultimate end of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance movement in Italy</a>, and the last development of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> era, and also the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italian Enlightenment</a>. </p><p>In the 18th century, the political and socio-cultural condition of Italy began to improve, under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and his successors. These princes were influenced by philosophers, who in their turn felt the influence of a general movement of ideas at large in many parts of Europe, sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. All this led to a cultural revival in the 18th century's second half: the Age of Reason and Reform. </p><p>Politically Italy suffered mainly because of the crisis of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, but in the last years of Settecento <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> brought the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> ideals to Italy and created in 1797 the first unitarian state in the peninsula since the early Middle Ages: the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a>, that in 1804 became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Italian_architects" title="Category:18th-century Italian architects">Category:18th-century Italian architects</a></div> <p>The 18th century saw the capital of Europe's architectural world transferred from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. The Italian <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, which flourished in Rome from the 1720s onward, was profoundly influenced by the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Borromini" class="mw-redirect" title="Borromini">Borromini</a>. Notable architects active in Rome were <a href="/wiki/Francesco_de_Sanctis_(architect)" title="Francesco de Sanctis (architect)">Francesco de Sanctis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a>, 1723) and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Raguzzini" title="Filippo Raguzzini">Filippo Raguzzini</a> (Piazza Sant'Ignazio, 1727), while about the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Baroque" title="Sicilian Baroque">Sicilian Baroque</a>, notable architects were <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Vaccarini" title="Giovanni Battista Vaccarini">Giovanni Battista Vaccarini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palma" title="Andrea Palma">Andrea Palma</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli" title="Luigi Vanvitelli">Luigi Vanvitelli</a> was among the most prominent architects of Italy during this century, he built the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Caserta" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Caserta">Palace of Caserta</a> at the request of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VII of Naples</a> and worked on many other palaces and buildings like the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Naples" title="Royal Palace of Naples">Royal Palace of Naples</a> the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Milan" title="Royal Palace of Milan">Royal Palace of Milan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata_Maggiore,_Naples" title="Santissima Annunziata Maggiore, Naples">Basilica of Santissima Annunziata Maggiore</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campania_Caserta2_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caserta Palace"><img alt="Caserta Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Campania_Caserta2_tango7174.jpg/120px-Campania_Caserta2_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Campania_Caserta2_tango7174.jpg/180px-Campania_Caserta2_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Campania_Caserta2_tango7174.jpg/240px-Campania_Caserta2_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caserta Palace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_the_Palazzina_di_caccia_of_Stupinigi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi"><img alt="Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Exterior_of_the_Palazzina_di_caccia_of_Stupinigi.jpg/120px-Exterior_of_the_Palazzina_di_caccia_of_Stupinigi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Exterior_of_the_Palazzina_di_caccia_of_Stupinigi.jpg/180px-Exterior_of_the_Palazzina_di_caccia_of_Stupinigi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Exterior_of_the_Palazzina_di_caccia_of_Stupinigi.jpg/240px-Exterior_of_the_Palazzina_di_caccia_of_Stupinigi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7886" data-file-height="5216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mg-k_Basilica_Superga2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of Superga"><img alt="Basilica of Superga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mg-k_Basilica_Superga2.jpg/120px-Mg-k_Basilica_Superga2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mg-k_Basilica_Superga2.jpg/180px-Mg-k_Basilica_Superga2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mg-k_Basilica_Superga2.jpg/240px-Mg-k_Basilica_Superga2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basilica of Superga</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monza_-_Villa_Reale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Villa of Monza"><img alt="Royal Villa of Monza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Monza_-_Villa_Reale.jpg/120px-Monza_-_Villa_Reale.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Monza_-_Villa_Reale.jpg/180px-Monza_-_Villa_Reale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Monza_-_Villa_Reale.jpg/240px-Monza_-_Villa_Reale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Villa of Monza</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_(171).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Trevi fountain in Rome"><img alt="The Trevi fountain in Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nikon_%28171%29.JPG/120px-Nikon_%28171%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nikon_%28171%29.JPG/180px-Nikon_%28171%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nikon_%28171%29.JPG/240px-Nikon_%28171%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Trevi_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevi fountain">Trevi fountain</a> in Rome</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th century much sculpture continued on Baroque lines: the <a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a> was only completed in 1762 after 30 years. <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style was better suited to smaller works, and arguably found its ideal sculptural form in <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art#Porcelain" title="Ceramic art">early European porcelain</a>, and interior decorative schemes in wood or plaster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a> was the most important composer in Italy at the end of the Baroque period. He wrote more than 400 concertos for various instruments, especially for the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>. The scores of 21 operas, including his first and last, are still intact. His best known work is a series of violin concertos known as <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)" title="The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)">The Four Seasons</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> was deeply influenced by Vivaldi's concertos and arias (recalled in his <i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">cantatas</a>). Bach transcribed six of Vivaldi's concerti for solo keyboard, three for organ, and one for four harpsichords, strings, and <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">basso continuo</a> based upon the concerto for four violins, two violas, cello, and basso continuo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a> (1707-1793) was the most important Italian literate of the Settecento. He produced over 150 comedies. <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Muratori" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodovico Muratori">Lodovico Muratori</a> were the most notable Italian historians of this century, while the leading figure of the literary revival in poetry was <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Parini" title="Giuseppe Parini">Giuseppe Parini</a>. </p><p>Count <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Vittorio Alfieri</a> (1749-1803) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, considered the "founder of Italian tragedy."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfieri is often indicated as one of the precursors of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene_1764.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene_1764.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Frontpage of the original Italian edition <i>Dei delitti e delle pene</i>, Beccaria's masterpiece that proposed the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy was affected during the Settecento by the "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a>", a movement which was a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and changed the road of Italian philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-history-world.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-world.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Followers of the group often met to discuss in private salons and coffeehouses, notably in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. </p><p>Cities with important universities such as <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, however, also remained great centres of scholarship and the intellect, with several philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a> (1668–1744) (who is widely regarded as being the founder of modern Italian philosophy)<sup id="cite_ref-maritain.nd.edu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maritain.nd.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Antonio Genovesi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history-world.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-world.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian society also dramatically changed during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italian Enlightenment</a>. The church's power was significantly reduced, and it was a period of great thought and invention, with scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> discovering new things and greatly contributing to Western science.<sup id="cite_ref-history-world.org_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-world.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a> was also one of the greatest Italian Enlightenment writers, who was famous for his masterpiece <i>Of Crimes and Punishments</i> (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-history-world.org_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-world.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, Beccaria put forth some of the first modern arguments against the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>. His treatise was also the first full work of <a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">penology</a>, advocating reform of the criminal law system. The book was the first full-scale work to tackle criminal reform and to suggest that criminal justice should conform to rational principles. </p><p>As a consequence in Italy, the first pre-unitarian state to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> as of November 30, 1786, under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Leopoldo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro Leopoldo">Pietro Leopoldo, later Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II</a>. So Tuscany was the first civil state in the world to do away with torture and capital punishment. In 2000, Tuscany's regional authorities instituted an annual holiday on 30 November to commemorate the event. The event is commemorated on this day by 300 cities around the world celebrating <a href="/wiki/Cities_for_Life_Day" title="Cities for Life Day">Cities for Life Day</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_Sonnets" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Four Seasons Sonnets">The Four Seasons Sonnets</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italian Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Rococo_art" title="Italian Rococo art">Italian Rococo art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Rococo_interior_design" title="Italian Rococo interior design">Italian Rococo interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_for_Life_Day" title="Cities for Life Day">Cities for Life Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> – the 13th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> – the 14th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> – the 15th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> – the 16th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a> – the 17th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a> – the 19th century in Italian culture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisicily.com/pelligra/italiano/Il-Settecento-~-Il-secolo-dei-Lumi.html">"Italiano - Il Settecento ~ Il secolo dei Lumi - Tesina di S. Pelligra"</a>. <i>www.wikisicily.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wikisicily.com&rft.atitle=Italiano+-+Il+Settecento+~+Il+secolo+dei+Lumi+-+Tesina+di+S.+Pelligra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikisicily.com%2Fpelligra%2Fitaliano%2FIl-Settecento-~-Il-secolo-dei-Lumi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Italian+culture+%281700s%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeach1914" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Alfieri"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Alfieri">"Alfieri" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfieri&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=F.+E.+Compton+and+Co&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Italian+culture+%281700s%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-world.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history-world.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-world.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-world.org_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-world.org_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123082708/http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm">"The Enlightenment throughout Europe"</a>. <i>history-world.org</i>. Archived from the original on 2013-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history-world.org&rft.atitle=The+Enlightenment+throughout+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-world.org%2Fenlightenment_throughout_europe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Italian+culture+%281700s%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maritain.nd.edu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maritain.nd.edu_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033238/http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm">"History of Philosophy 70"</a>. <i>maritain.nd.edu</i>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" 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