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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Succession to throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_to_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alliance_with_the_Durrani_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_with_the_Durrani_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Alliance with the Durrani Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliance_with_the_Durrani_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Delhi_(1757)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Delhi_(1757)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Siege of Delhi (1757)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Delhi_(1757)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subjects_opposing_the_Maratha_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjects_opposing_the_Maratha_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Subjects opposing the Maratha Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjects_opposing_the_Maratha_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Carnatic_War_(1757–1763)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Carnatic_War_(1757–1763)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Third Carnatic War (1757–1763)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Carnatic_War_(1757–1763)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loss_of_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Loss of Bengal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authority_in_the_Deccan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authority_in_the_Deccan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Authority in the Deccan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authority_in_the_Deccan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raja_of_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raja_of_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Raja of Kashmir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raja_of_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nawab_of_Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nawab_of_Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Nawab of Punjab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nawab_of_Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nawab_of_Bhopal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nawab_of_Bhopal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Nawab of Bhopal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nawab_of_Bhopal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nawab_of_Cambay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nawab_of_Cambay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Nawab of Cambay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nawab_of_Cambay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Nawab_of_Mysore"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Nawab_of_Mysore""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>"Nawab of Mysore"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Nawab_of_Mysore"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zenith_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zenith_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Zenith of the Maratha Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zenith_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11.1</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seven_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Seven Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alamgir II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="عالمكير الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عالمكير الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Al%C9%99mgir_%C5%9Eah" title="II Aləmgir Şah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Aləmgir Şah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0" title="দ্বিতীয় আলমগীর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় আলমগীর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_2-s%C3%A8" title="Alamgir 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alamgir 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_II" title="आलमगीर II – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आलमगीर II" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lamg%C3%ADr_%C5%A0%C3%A1h_II." title="Álamgír Šáh II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Álamgír Šáh II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_II." title="Alamgir II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alamgir II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%84" title="Αλαμγκίρ Β΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλαμγκίρ Β΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alamgir II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="عالمگیر دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عالمگیر دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alamgir II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="आलमगीर द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आलमगीर द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alamgir II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Alamgir_II" title="'Alamgir II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="'Alamgir II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="അലംഗീർ രണ്ടാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലംഗീർ രണ്ടാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="عالمكير التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عالمكير التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alamgir II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB2%E4%B8%96" title="アーラムギール2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーラムギール2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olamgir_II" title="Olamgir II – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Olamgir II" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="عالمگیر دوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عالمگیر دوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alamgir II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80_II" title="Аламгир II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аламгир II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="عالمگیر ثانی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عالمگیر ثانی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85" title="ئەلامگیری دووەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلامگیری دووەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alamgir II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%98%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="రెండవ అలంఘీర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రెండవ అలంఘీర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Alemgir_%C5%9Eah" title="II. Alemgir Şah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%"><b>Alamgir II</b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_royal_titles_of_the_Mughal_emperors" title="Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors">Al-Sultan Al-Azam</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Emperor_Alamgir_II_-_Sukha_Luhar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by Sukha Luhar, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1756</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Hindustan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Hindustan">Emperor of Hindustan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a><br />(1754–1756)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mir_Bakhshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Bakhshi">Mir Bakhshi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Najib_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Najib Khan">Najib-ud-Daulah</a><br />(1756–1759)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Mirza Aziz-ud-Din<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1699-06-06</span>)</span>6 June 1699<br /><a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 1759<span style="display:none">(1759-11-29)</span> (aged 60)<br />Kotla Fateh Shah, Mughal Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Zinat Mahal</li> <li>Faiz Bakht Begum</li> <li>Azizabadi Mahal</li> <li>Latifa Begum</li> <li>Zinat Afruz Begum</li> <li>Aurangabadi Mahal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li>Mirza Muhammad Ali Asghar Bahadur</li> <li>Mirza Muhammad Harun Hidayat Bakhsh Bahadur</li> <li>Mirza Tali Murad Shah Bahadur</li> <li>Mirza Jamiyat Shah Bahadur</li> <li>Mirza Muhammad Himmat Shah Bahadur</li> <li>Mirza Ahsan-ud-Din Muhammad Bahadur</li> <li>Mirza Mubarak Shah Bahadur</li> <li>Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Khair-un-Nissa Begum<sup id="cite_ref-Mehta2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehta2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Daulat-un-Nissa Begum<sup id="cite_ref-Hasan1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasan1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Mirza Aziz-ud-Din Alamgir II</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Alamgir II</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">House of Babur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Anup Bai</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: lightyellow;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperors</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1526–1530</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> <small>(<i>first reign</i>)</small></td><td> 1530–1540</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> <small>(<i>second reign</i>)</small></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1555–1556</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar I</a></td><td> 1556–1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir I</a></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1605–1627</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahriyar</a> <small>(<i>de facto</i>)</small></td><td> 1627–1628</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan I</a></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1628–1658</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)</a></td><td> 1658–1707</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Azam Shah</a></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1707</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I (Shah Alam I)</a></td><td> 1707–1712</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1712–1713</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukh-Siyar</a></td><td> 1713–1719</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi-ud-Darajat</a></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1719</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Rafi-ud-Daulah (Shah Jahan II)</a></td><td> 1719</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1719–1748</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah</a></td><td> 1748–1754</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alamgir II</a></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1754–1759</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></td><td> 1759–1760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a> <small>(<i>first reign</i>)</small></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1760–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Mahmud Shah (Shah Jahan IV)</a></td><td> 1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a> <small>(<i>second reign</i>)</small></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1788–1806</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></td><td> 1806–1837</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;;text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"> <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></td><td style="background-color: #F7F7CC;"> 1837–1857</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Mughal_rulers" title="Template:Mughal rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mughal_rulers" title="Template talk:Mughal rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mughal_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mughal rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mirza Aziz-ud-Din Muhammad</b> (June 6, 1699 – November 29, 1759), better known by his <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> <b>Alamgir II</b>, was the fifteenth <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperor</a> from 1754 to 1759. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a>. </p><p>Born Mirza Aziz-ud-Din, the second son of <a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a>, was raised to the throne by <a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a> after he deposed <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a> in 1754. On ascending the throne, he took the title of Alamgir and tried to follow the approach of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (Alamgir I). At the time of his accession to the throne he was 55 years old. He had no experience of administration and warfare as he had spent most of his life in jail. He was a weak ruler, with all powers vested in the hand of his vizier, Imad-ul-Mulk. </p><p>In 1756, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Shah Abdali">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> invaded India once again and captured <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and plundered <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>. While the Marathas became more powerful because of their collaboration with Imad-ul-Mulk, and dominated the whole of northern India. This was the peak of the Maratha expansion, which caused great trouble for the Mughal Empire, already weak with no strong ruler. Relations between Alamgir II and his usurping vizier, Imad-ul-Mulk had now deteriorated, their troubled relation would culminate in the murder of Alamgir by Imad-ul-Mulk. Alamgir II's son Ali Gauhar escaped persecution from Delhi, while <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a> was placed on the throne. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alamgir II was born Aziz-ud-Din on 6 June 1699 at <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a> and was the second son of <a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Muizz-ud-Din</a>, the son of future Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah (Shah Alam)</a>. His mother was a jat, Anup Bai, with little clarity about her existence.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aziz-ud-Din was 7 when his great-grandfather Aurangzeb died in the Deccan. After the death of his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a>, and the war of succession that followed, his father, <a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a>, was defeated, by the next <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a>. </p><p>Aziz-ud-Din was then imprisoned in 1714 and released in 1754, by the usurping Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk, he perceived Aziz-ud-Din as a frail personality who would not object his regime. Therefore, on 2 June 1754, Aziz-ud-Din was given the title <i>Alamgir II</i> by the vizier out of his own recommendation, as he wanted to follow the centralised approach of Aurangzeb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession_to_throne">Succession to throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Succession to throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imadulmulk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Imadulmulk.jpg/220px-Imadulmulk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Imadulmulk.jpg/330px-Imadulmulk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Imadulmulk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a>, a persecutor of the Mughal imperial family, holds a banquet.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a> hired Maratha mercenaries to do his bidding<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and put all the imperial revenues into his own pocket and starved Alamgir II's family. He also persecuted <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Ali Gauhar</a>, the elder son of Alamgir II. </p><p>Since then, relations between Alamgir II and Imad-ul-Mulk's regime were so bad that the latter got him assassinated in November 1759. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the emergence of Alamgir II the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> had impulsively began to re-centralize, particularly when many <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawabs</a> sought the gratification of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> and his co-ordination regarding their resistance to the Maratha. This development was clearly unwelcome by <a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a> who sought to strengthen his authoritarianism with the undaunted support of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Amir-ul-Umara" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir-ul-Umara">Amir-ul-Umara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mir_Bakhshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Bakhshi">Mir Bakhshi</a> continued to be Mirza Ashraf, the son of <a href="/wiki/Khan_Dowran_VII" title="Khan Dowran VII">Khan Dowran VII</a>(a noble in the reign of Farrukhsiyar and Muhammad Shah).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_with_the_Durrani_Empire">Alliance with the Durrani Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alliance with the Durrani Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the year 1755, the acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moin-ul-Mulk" title="Moin-ul-Mulk">Moin-ul-Mulk</a> died, his widow <a href="/wiki/Mughlani_Begum" title="Mughlani Begum">Mughlani Begum</a> desperately sought the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> to halt any succession struggle and to quell the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> rebels in the eastern regions. </p><p>Ahmad Shah Durrani and his forces then marched into <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in the year 1756 and appointed his son <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a> as the new viceroy at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, under the protection of the commander Jahan Khan and also placed <a href="/wiki/Adina_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Adina Beg">Adina Beg</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Faujdar" title="Faujdar">Faujdar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a>. Ahmad Shah Durrani then plundered Sikh and Hindu inhabitants in the unstable and outlawed eastern regions of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patthargarh_fort_outside_Najibabad,_1814-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Patthargarh_fort_outside_Najibabad%2C_1814-15.jpg/250px-Patthargarh_fort_outside_Najibabad%2C_1814-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Patthargarh_fort_outside_Najibabad%2C_1814-15.jpg/375px-Patthargarh_fort_outside_Najibabad%2C_1814-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Patthargarh_fort_outside_Najibabad%2C_1814-15.jpg/500px-Patthargarh_fort_outside_Najibabad%2C_1814-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption><i>Patthargarh fort</i> (literally meaning: "stone stronghold") outside <a href="/wiki/Najibabad" title="Najibabad">Najibabad</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib ad-Dawlah</a> in 1755, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II.</figcaption></figure> <p>He then marched towards Delhi, in January 1757, the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II with courtiers such as Shah Waliullah, nobles such as <a href="/wiki/Najib-ul-Daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Najib-ul-Daula">Najib-ul-Daula</a>, and the imperial family went to meet <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, whose forces then engaged the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a> in combat and threatened to overthrow and execute the regime of Imad-ul-Mulk in the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Sack of Delhi (1757)">sacking of Delhi</a>. </p><p>Ahmad Shah Durrani's relations with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a>, strengthened further when his son <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a> was chosen as the suitor of Alamgir II's daughter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuhra_Begum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuhra Begum (page does not exist)">Zuhra Begum</a>. Ahmad Shah Durrani himself also married Hadrat Begum the daughter of the former Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmad Shah Durrani returned to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> leaving his forces led by his son Timur Shah Durrani consolidating themselves inside the garrisons of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> where they founded the <a href="/wiki/Zamzama" title="Zamzama">Zamzama</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Metalsmiths</a>. </p><p>He was supported by <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Mohammad Bahawal Khan II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Nawab Amir of Bhawalpur</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasir_Khan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasir Khan I">Muhammad Nasir Khan I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Khanate of Kalat</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757,_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani."><img alt="Ahmad Shah Durrani." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/89px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/133px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/178px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temur-Shah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timur Shah Durrani."><img alt="Timur Shah Durrani." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Temur-Shah.jpg/86px-Temur-Shah.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Temur-Shah.jpg/130px-Temur-Shah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Temur-Shah.jpg/173px-Temur-Shah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Delhi_(1757)"><span id="Siege_of_Delhi_.281757.29"></span>Siege of Delhi (1757)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Siege of Delhi (1757)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Battle of Delhi (1757)">Battle of Delhi (1757)</a></div> <p>In July 1757, the Marathas led by <a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a> rejected the alliance established between the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, they were assisted by <a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a> and encamped 30 km opposite to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> and occupied all the villages by the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Jamuna</a> they began to besiege Delhi. </p><p>The Marathas fought against Alamgir II's incumbent <i><a href="/wiki/Mir_Bakhshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Bakhshi">Mir Bakhshi</a></i> ("Paymaster") <a href="/wiki/Najib-ul-Daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Najib-ul-Daula">Najib-ul-Daula</a> along with his lieutenants Qutub Shah and Aman Khan and a <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Army">Mughal Army</a> of 2,500 garrisoned inside the metropolis of Delhi. The angry Maratha set ferries ablaze and stopped food supplies from entering Delhi, while Najib-ul-Daula positioned his heavy artillery outside the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>. </p><p>Unable to gain any assistance from <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, who was engaged in quelling various rebellions near <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>; Najib-ul-Daula surrendered after resisting the combined brigands of Maratha Confederacy for more than five months, he conceded defeat and withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Najibabad" title="Najibabad">Najibabad</a>. When the Marathas entered Delhi the emperor Alamgir II and his royal family had somehow fled to <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Bharatpur State</a>. The Marathas looted and plundered the city and the people of Delhi. Mosques and Shrines built by the Mughals were desecrated; and the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> conspired to place Vishwasrao upon the Mughal throne. </p><p>Imad-ul-Mulk was reappointed <i>Mir Bakhshi</i> and with the support of the Marathas.<sup id="cite_ref-googlebooks_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googlebooks-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long after entering Delhi the Marathas encountered a <a href="/wiki/Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat">Jat</a> regiment sent by <a href="/wiki/Suraj_Mal" title="Suraj Mal">Suraj Mal</a> who now began to claim sovereignty over Delhi. The Jat also plundered Delhi but soon afterwards made it possible for Alamgir II and the Mughal royal family to return to Delhi from Bharatpur. </p><p>However, despite losing control of Delhi, Najib-ul-Daula and his associates, such as Qutub Khan and Abdus Samad Khan the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Faujdar" title="Faujdar">Faujdar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sirhind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirhind">Sirhind</a>, continued to challenge the Maratha Confederacy and its allies during confrontations at <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a> and Shahabad Markanda. In response the Marathas sacked the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Taraori" title="Taraori">Taraori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal" title="Karnal">Karnal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunjpura" title="Kunjpura">Kunjpura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-googlebooks_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googlebooks-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maratha attack upon Kunjpura triggered a military response by Ahmad Shah Durrani. Whose forces crossed the sacred rivers of India in search of their Maratha opponents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subjects_opposing_the_Maratha_Confederacy">Subjects opposing the Maratha Confederacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subjects opposing the Maratha Confederacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the year 1756, Alamgir II sympathised with the cause of his loyal <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawabs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Kurnool" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Kurnool">Kurnool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuddapah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuddapah">Cuddapah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Savanur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Savanur">Savanur</a>, when their assigned territories were ravaged and plundered until 1757 by the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Baji_Rao" title="Balaji Baji Rao">Balaji Baji Rao</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Carnatic_War_(1757–1763)"><span id="Third_Carnatic_War_.281757.E2.80.931763.29"></span>Third Carnatic War (1757–1763)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Third Carnatic War (1757–1763)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg/220px-The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg/330px-The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg/440px-The_Nawab%27s_artillery_at_Plassey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> artillerymen at Plassey during the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loss_of_Bengal">Loss of Bengal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Loss of Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alamgir II grieved the death of <a href="/wiki/Alivardi_Khan" title="Alivardi Khan">Alivardi Khan</a> the famous <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a>, who annually pledged 5 million <i>dams</i> to the imperial court. His successor <a href="/wiki/Siraj-ud-Daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj-ud-Daula">Siraj-ud-Daula</a> was recognised as the next <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a>, but he faced internal rivals who refused to consider the <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a> granted by Alamgir II to Siraj-ud-Daula. These internal conflicts would lead Siraj-ud-Daula to hastily annex <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> from the <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a>, without the permission of the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II and <a href="/wiki/Salabat_Jung" title="Salabat Jung">Salabat Jung</a>. Siraj-ud-Daula was quickly defeated by Clive who recaptured <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> and defeated Siraj-ud-Daula during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in the year 1757. After the annihilation of his entire army Siraj-ud-Daula fled and was killed by the forces of the treacherous <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar</a>. The deceased Siraj-ud-Daula's pretensions were criticised in the Mughal imperial court by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Husain_Tabatabai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghulam Husain Tabatabai (page does not exist)">Ghulam Husain Tabatabai</a>, and Alamgir II refused to recognise <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar</a> as the next <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a>. In response to the imperial court's decision Mir Jafar thus consolidated and alliance with the manipulative <a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a> against the imperial family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authority_in_the_Deccan">Authority in the Deccan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Authority in the Deccan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout Alamgir II's reign French commandant <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Bussy-Castelnau" title="Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau">de Bussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arthur,_comte_de_Lally" title="Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally">Lally</a> and their allies such as <a href="/wiki/Salabat_Jung" title="Salabat Jung">Salabat Jung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> greatly contributed to the advancement of forces in the Deccan opposed to the utter dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> renegades, their achievements had earned them fame throughout the influential circles within the Mughal Empire. In the year 1756, Salabat Jung's forces utilised heavy muskets known as <i>Catyocks</i>, which were attached to the ground, it was known to have fired more rapidly than a cannon.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new weapons would completely reverse fortunes of the Maratha rebels. Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> commander De Bussy, also entitled <i>Saif-ud-Daula Umdat-ul-Mulk</i> and <i>Mansabdar of 7000</i>, by the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II. He captured the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Northern Circars</a> from the British along with his assistant Hyder Jung the "Vakil" (attorney) representing the French within the Mughal Empire and <a href="/wiki/Salabat_Jung" title="Salabat Jung">Salabat Jung</a>. However the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Northern Circars</a> were retaken by Forde in the year 1758 and De Bussy was recalled to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Fearing the worst Salabat Jung reconciled with the <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> and recognised their protectorate and was soon overthrown by his own brother <a href="/wiki/Nizam_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam Ali Khan">Nizam Ali Khan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raja_of_Kashmir">Raja of Kashmir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Raja of Kashmir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1754, the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a> governor of Kashmir, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Sukh_Jiwan_Mal" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Sukh Jiwan Mal">Sukh Jiwan Mal</a>, expelled his deputy and asserted independence. To ratify his claim, he asked Alamgir II to recognise him as the sole representative of Kashmir. Alamgir II, in an agreement, conferred the title of <i>Raja</i> upon Sukh Jiwan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nawab_of_Punjab">Nawab of Punjab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nawab of Punjab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adina_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Adina Beg">Adina Beg</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Subahdar" title="Subahdar">Nazim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a>, was appointed as the governor of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> by <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Bajirao" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaji Bajirao">Nana Saheb I</a> after his victory over the Durranis. Adina, who rather served as an autonomous ruler, was designated as the <i>Nawab</i> of Punjab by Alamgir II as he bestowed upon him the title of <i>Zafar Jang Bahadur</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nawab_of_Bhopal">Nawab of Bhopal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nawab of Bhopal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the year 1758, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Army">Mughal Army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Faiz_Mohammad_Khan" title="Faiz Mohammad Khan">Faiz Mohammad Khan</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bhopal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bhopal">Nawab of Bhopal</a> was treacherously attacked by his step-mother <a href="/wiki/Mamola_Bai" title="Mamola Bai">Mamola Bai</a> who suddenly besieged the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> garrison at Fortress of Raisen in 1758, according to the layout of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a>. The outraged Mughal Emperor Alamgir II, then issued a <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a> supporting Faiz Mohammad Khan was the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bhopal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bhopal">Nawab of Bhopal</a> the only chosen administrator of Raisen, the emperor also granted the title <i>Bahadur</i> to Faiz Mohammad Khan the Nawab of Bhopal. However the fort remained under the control of Mamola Bai and the renegade Nanasaheb Peshwa. The fortress of Raisen was quickly retaken by <a href="/wiki/Faiz_Mohammad_Khan" title="Faiz Mohammad Khan">Faiz Mohammad Khan</a> in the year 1760, after the tragic assassination of Alamgir II and after <a href="/wiki/Sadashivrao_Bhau" title="Sadashivrao Bhau">Sadashivrao Bhau</a> threatened to ravage <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a>. It is believed that Faiz Mohammad Khan's Sepoy's were among those who had cut off the various supply routes of the Marathas just before the Third Battle of Panipat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nawab_of_Cambay">Nawab of Cambay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nawab of Cambay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najm-ad-Dawla supported British presence in <a href="/wiki/Cambay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambay">Cambay</a>. Turning much of his estate into an international "safe zone". Although it is likely that he too had to face threats from the Maratha climax. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Nawab_of_Mysore""><span id=".22Nawab_of_Mysore.22"></span>"Nawab of Mysore"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Nawab of Mysore""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1758" title="1758">1758</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoy</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> from "Khande Rao of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a>". </p><p>In honour of his achievements during the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a>, the king gave him the title "Nawab Haider Ali Khan Bahadur". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zenith_of_the_Maratha_Confederacy">Zenith of the Maratha Confederacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zenith of the Maratha Confederacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marathas.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Marathas.GIF/250px-Marathas.GIF" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Marathas.GIF/375px-Marathas.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Marathas.GIF 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a> at its zenith in 1760, the Peshwa discussed abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and placing <a href="/wiki/Vishwasrao" title="Vishwasrao">Vishwasrao</a> on the imperial throne in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1758 the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> after extracted an extortion of imperial wealth from <a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a>, together they conspired the overthrow of young <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a> drove out Jahan Khan and <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a>, the son and viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>. Timur Shah Durrani and his forces were forced to retreat from <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> under the force of attacks from <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a>. This victory made the belligerent Peshwa, grandiosely sack <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, and stated his intentions of placing <a href="/wiki/Vishwasrao" title="Vishwasrao">Vishwasrao</a> on the Mughal throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Elphinstone_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elphinstone-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination">Assassination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of his actions had angered the people of India. Fearing a backlash in the summer of the year 1759 <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Prince Ali Gauhar</a> escaped from <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. </p><p>Agitated by the daring escape <a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadashivrao_Bhau" title="Sadashivrao Bhau">Sadashivrao Bhau</a> reckoned that Alamgir II was about to advance his son Prince Ali Gauhar, to dispossess and overthrow their regime. </p><p>After detailed consideration Imad-ul-Mulk and an angry mob of various ethnic groups plotted to murder the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II and the assassinations of prominent members of his family in the winter of 1759.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The defeat of Alamgir II's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a> in the year 1760, provoked the wrath of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, who launched a massive campaign gathering more troops than ever before. In response to <a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadashivrao_Bhau" title="Sadashivrao Bhau">Sadashivrao Bhau</a>; <a href="/wiki/Najib-ud-Daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Najib-ud-Daula">Najib-ud-Daula</a> and his firm alliance of principal Muslim nobles in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Shah Abdali">Ahmad Shah Abdali</a> recaptured Delhi and placed it under the nominal authority of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a>. In the south <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mysore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Mysore">Mysore Army</a> ferociously attacked the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a> anticipated the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> and declared <a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a> his <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Najib-ud-Daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Najib-ud-Daula">Najib-ud-Daula</a> as his honorary <i>Mukhtar Khas</i> (Chief Representative).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These developments eventually culminated into rise of religious and political loyalties that eventually clashed at the "Third Battle of Panipat" in the year 1761. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Seven Years' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habit_of_an_ambassador_from_the_great_Mogul._Ambassadeur_du_Mogol_(NYPL_b14140320-1638039).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Habit_of_an_ambassador_from_the_great_Mogul._Ambassadeur_du_Mogol_%28NYPL_b14140320-1638039%29.jpg/220px-Habit_of_an_ambassador_from_the_great_Mogul._Ambassadeur_du_Mogol_%28NYPL_b14140320-1638039%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Habit_of_an_ambassador_from_the_great_Mogul._Ambassadeur_du_Mogol_%28NYPL_b14140320-1638039%29.jpg/330px-Habit_of_an_ambassador_from_the_great_Mogul._Ambassadeur_du_Mogol_%28NYPL_b14140320-1638039%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Habit_of_an_ambassador_from_the_great_Mogul._Ambassadeur_du_Mogol_%28NYPL_b14140320-1638039%29.jpg/440px-Habit_of_an_ambassador_from_the_great_Mogul._Ambassadeur_du_Mogol_%28NYPL_b14140320-1638039%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5402" data-file-height="6994" /></a><figcaption>the Mughal Ambassador</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1756, the Seven Years' War had broken out and Alamgir II was supported by various international belligerents of that war. It was the first global war in which the Mughal emperor had his involvement apart from the boundaries of India. Alamgir II was initially involved in that war because the British were hasty in their attempts to conquer <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_de_Bussy_de_Castelnau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Charles_de_Bussy_de_Castelnau.jpg/150px-Charles_de_Bussy_de_Castelnau.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Charles_de_Bussy_de_Castelnau.jpg/225px-Charles_de_Bussy_de_Castelnau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Charles_de_Bussy_de_Castelnau.jpg/300px-Charles_de_Bussy_de_Castelnau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Bussy-Castelnau" title="Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau">Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1755, De Bussy received letter from new <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> Alamgir II requesting <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> assistance to put down the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a>. Alamgir II asked if it was possible for De Bussy to dispatch a French contingent of 1000 strong to protect the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>'s capital at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. Alamgir II also promised to pay a hefty sum for the maintenance of the French and even promised to settle disputes in the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> in favour of the <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1757, Alamgir II had successfully achieved peace between the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Emirate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. Alamgir II even secured a matrimonial alliance<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Timur Shah Durrani married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gauhar_Afroz_Begam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauhar Afroz Begam (page does not exist)">Gauhar Afroz Begam</a> the daughter of the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II in February 1757<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> married <a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Begum" title="Hazrat Begum">Hazrat Begum</a> the daughter of the former <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a> in 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>in the year 1751, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a> was operating in Surat as a co-belligerent of Alamgir II. They were probably instrumental in assisting the first <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Junagadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Junagadh">Nawab of Junagadh</a>. </p><p>It is believed that Alamgir II even tried to reconcile the <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a> before his death in 1759. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG/220px-Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG/330px-Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG/440px-Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> rupee issued in the name of Alamgir II, date of AH 1172 (c. 1758).</figcaption></figure> <p>The newly appointed Mughal <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> after Ahmad Shah Durrani's invasion was <a href="/wiki/Najib-ud-Daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Najib-ud-Daula">Najib-ud-Daula</a> who tried to consolidate the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> by uniting distant <a href="/wiki/Faujdar" title="Faujdar">Faujdars</a> (commanders), <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizams</a> into a common cause against the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a>. Fearing their wrath the deposed <a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a> aligned himself with the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Sadashivrao_Bhau" title="Sadashivrao Bhau">Sadashivrao Bhau</a> and launched an counterattack against Najib-ud-Daula which lasted 15 days and resulted in the defeat of Najib-ud-Daula who was driven north. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a> then feared that the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II would recall <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, or use his son Prince <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Ali Gauhar</a>, to dispossess him of his newfound power with the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a>. Therefore, Imad-ul-Mulk plotted to murder the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II and his family. A few Mughal Princes, including Ali Gauhar desperately managed to escape before assassination. In November 1759, the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II was told that a pious man had come to meet him, Alamgir II, ever so eager to meet holy men, set out immediately to meet him at Kotla Fateh Shah, he was stabbed repeatedly by <a href="/wiki/Imad-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad-ul-Mulk">Imad-ul-Mulk</a>'s assassins. The Mughal Emperor Alamgir II's death was mourned throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> populace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_One_Rupee_Coin_of_Arkat_Mint_of_the_Madras_Presidency,_struck_in_the_name_of_Mughal_emperor_Alamgir_II,_photographed_from_a_personal_collection_in_West_Bengal,_India,_October_2,_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Silver_One_Rupee_Coin_of_Arkat_Mint_of_the_Madras_Presidency%2C_struck_in_the_name_of_Mughal_emperor_Alamgir_II%2C_photographed_from_a_personal_collection_in_West_Bengal%2C_India%2C_October_2%2C_2024.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Silver_One_Rupee_Coin_of_Arkat_Mint_of_the_Madras_Presidency%2C_struck_in_the_name_of_Mughal_emperor_Alamgir_II%2C_photographed_from_a_personal_collection_in_West_Bengal%2C_India%2C_October_2%2C_2024.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Silver_One_Rupee_Coin_of_Arkat_Mint_of_the_Madras_Presidency%2C_struck_in_the_name_of_Mughal_emperor_Alamgir_II%2C_photographed_from_a_personal_collection_in_West_Bengal%2C_India%2C_October_2%2C_2024.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="2559" /></a><figcaption>Silver Rupee of the Madras Presidency, minted in Arkat, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Alamgir II (posthumously).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> war epic <a href="/wiki/Panipat_(film)" title="Panipat (film)"><i>Panipat</i></a>, the character of Alamgir II was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/S._M._Zaheer" title="S. M. Zaheer">S. M. Zaheer</a>.</li> <li>In the 1994 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Maratha" title="The Great Maratha">The Great Maratha</a></i> the character was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Arun_Bali" title="Arun Bali">Arun Bali</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1950" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1950). <i>Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754-1771. (Panipat) 2 ed., rev. 1950</i>. M. C. Sarkar. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+Mughal+Empire%3A+1754-1771.+%28Panipat%29+2+ed.%2C+rev.+1950&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=M.+C.+Sarkar&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sir+Jadunath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlamgir+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehta2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mehta2005_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaswant_Lal_Mehta2005" class="citation book cs1">Jaswant Lal Mehta (1 January 2005). <i>Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813</i>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6"><bdi>978-1-932705-54-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India+1707-1813&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-932705-54-6&rft.au=Jaswant+Lal+Mehta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlamgir+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hasan1998_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasudul_Hasan1998" class="citation book cs1">Masudul Hasan (1998). <i>History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nasir+Khan+Noori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebaluch.com%2Fdocuments%2FNasir%2520Khan%2520Noori.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlamgir+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-googlebooks-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-googlebooks_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-googlebooks_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaswant_Lal_Mehta" class="citation book cs1">Jaswant Lal Mehta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA230"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Murray, Albemarle Street. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=John+Murray%2C+Albemarle+Street&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Elphinstone&rft.aufirst=Mountstuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryindia02elphgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlamgir+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12130/Alamgir-II">"Alamgir II (Mughal emperor)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 21 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alamgir+II+%28Mughal+emperor%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F12130%2FAlamgir-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlamgir+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghunath_Rai" class="citation book cs1">Raghunath Rai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4-8Z0gqBkoC&pg=PA17"><i>History</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History&rft.au=Raghunath+Rai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4-8Z0gqBkoC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlamgir+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Kulke,_Dietmar_Rothermund" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA234"><i>A History of India</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.au=Hermann+Kulke%2C+Dietmar+Rothermund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPVq3ykHyH4C%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlamgir+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarojini_Regani" class="citation book cs1">Sarojini Regani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC&pg=PA87"><i>Nizam-British Relations, 1724–1857</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nizam-British+Relations%2C+1724%E2%80%931857&rft.au=Sarojini+Regani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Fb26pWqhScC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlamgir+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.R._Sharma" class="citation book cs1">S.R. Sharma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&pg=PA762"><i>Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+Empire+in+India%3A+A+Systematic+Study+Including+Source+Material&rft.au=S.R.+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4j_VLlGqVSoC%26pg%3DPA762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlamgir+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC&pg=PA29"><i>Students' Britannica India</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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II">Alamgir II</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Alamgir II </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> </b><br />2 June 1754– 29 November 1759 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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data-file-height="905" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alamgir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Shah Jahan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Mughal Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Provinces</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Subah" title="Ajmer Subah">Ajmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh Subah">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah" title="Hyderabad Subah">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Subah" title="Malwa Subah">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira_Subah" title="Sira Subah">Sira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Rajput wars">Mughal-Rajput wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)">Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat" title="Gokula">Suppression of Tilpat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Maratha wars">Mughal–Maratha wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's war">Child's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal war">Bengal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs" title="List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs">Mughal–Sikh wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Bhuchar Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Haldighati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa" title="Battle of Khajwa">Khajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Raj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Samugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1555)">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1567)">Thanesar (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla" title="Conquest of Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua" title="Conquest of Bhulua">Bhulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad_(1633)" title="Siege of Daulatabad (1633)">Daulatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda" title="Siege of Golconda">Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kandahar (1605–06)">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Purandhar">Purandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Ranthambore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Khwaja Usman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet" title="Bayazid of Sylhet">Bayazid of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Musa Khan of Bengal">Musa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Child, 1st Baronet">Josiah Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar">Hector Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha" title="Jahangir Mahal, Orchha">Jahangir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)">Sheesh Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques" title="Category:Mughal mosques">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad" title="Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad">Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque" title="Chawk Mosque">Chawk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunehri Masjid, Lahore">Sunehri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs" title="Category:Mughal tombs">Tombs and mausoleums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jahangir's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb" title="Tomb of Aurangzeb">Tomb of Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur">Shahi Bridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persian Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (<i>interrupted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajput states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic state">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&oldid=1258492939">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamgir_II&oldid=1258492939</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1699_births" title="Category:1699 births">1699 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1759_deaths" title="Category:1759 deaths">1759 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emperors_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire">Emperors of the Mughal 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