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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predators_and_prey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators_and_prey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Predators and prey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators_and_prey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commensalism_and_symbiosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commensalism_and_symbiosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Commensalism and symbiosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commensalism_and_symbiosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Venom </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Venom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Venom subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Venom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_stings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_stings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Treatment of stings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_stings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Habitat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drifting_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drifting_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Drifting dynamics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drifting_dynamics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Drifting dynamics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Drifting_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Left-_and_right-handedness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left-_and_right-handedness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Left- and right-handedness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left-_and_right-handedness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_modelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_modelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Mathematical modelling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_modelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Portuguese man o' war</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بارجة برتغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارجة برتغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalia_physalis" title="Physalia physalis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Physalia physalis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalia_physalis" title="Physalia physalis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Physalia physalis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ভাসমান সন্ত্রাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাসমান সন্ত্রাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Португалска галера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Португалска галера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravel%C2%B7la_portuguesa" title="Caravel·la portuguesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caravel·la portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalia_physalis" title="Physalia physalis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Physalia physalis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bch%C3%BD%C5%99ovka_portugalsk%C3%A1" title="Měchýřovka portugalská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měchýřovka portugalská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwysigen_f%C3%B4r" title="Chwysigen fôr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwysigen fôr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisisk_orlogsmand" title="Portugisisk orlogsmand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portugisisk orlogsmand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugiesische_Galeere" title="Portugiesische Galeere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portugiesische Galeere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Πορτογαλική καραβέλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πορτογαλική καραβέλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalia_physalis" title="Physalia physalis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Physalia physalis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizalio" title="Fizalio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fizalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabela_portuges" title="Karabela portuges – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karabela portuges" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ناوچه پرتغالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناوچه پرتغالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalia_physalis" title="Physalia physalis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Physalia physalis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smugairle_an_tseoil" title="Smugairle an tseoil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Smugairle an tseoil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%91%EC%9D%80%EB%B6%80%EB%A0%88%EA%B4%80%ED%95%B4%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC" title="작은부레관해파리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="작은부레관해파리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalska_galija" title="Portugalska galija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portugalska galija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalia_physalis" title="Physalia physalis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Physalia physalis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%BAgalskt_herskip" title="Portúgalskt herskip – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Portúgalskt herskip" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalia_physalis" title="Physalia physalis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Physalia physalis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="שלפוחן מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלפוחן מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugali%C5%A1kasis_laivelis" title="Portugališkasis laivelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portugališkasis laivelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1l_g%C3%A1lya" title="Portugál gálya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portugál gálya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഫൈസാലിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫൈസാലിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="رجل الحرب البرتغالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رجل الحرب البرتغالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubur-ubur_api" title="Ubur-ubur api – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ubur-ubur api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugees_oorlogsschip" title="Portugees oorlogsschip – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portugees oorlogsschip" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%84%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B7" title="カツオノエボシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カツオノエボシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisisk_krigsskip" title="Portugisisk krigsskip – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portugisisk krigsskip" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBeglarz_portugalski" title="Żeglarz portugalski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żeglarz portugalski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravela-portuguesa" title="Caravela-portuguesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caravela-portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Португальский кораблик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Португальский кораблик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_man_o%27_war" title="Portuguese man o' war – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Portuguese man o' war" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalska_ladjica" title="Portugalska ladjica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portugalska ladjica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Португалска крстарица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Португалска крстарица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalinsotalaiva" title="Portugalinsotalaiva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalinsotalaiva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5smanet" title="Blåsmanet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blåsmanet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the marine invertebrate. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Man_o%27_war_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Man o' war (disambiguation)">Man o' war</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Portuguese man o' war </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Man-O-War_(Physalia_physalis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portuguese_Man-O-War_%28Physalia_physalis%29.jpg/220px-Portuguese_Man-O-War_%28Physalia_physalis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portuguese_Man-O-War_%28Physalia_physalis%29.jpg/330px-Portuguese_Man-O-War_%28Physalia_physalis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portuguese_Man-O-War_%28Physalia_physalis%29.jpg/440px-Portuguese_Man-O-War_%28Physalia_physalis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1508" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Physalia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrozoa" title="Hydrozoa">Hydrozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siphonophorae" title="Siphonophorae">Siphonophorae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cystonectae" title="Cystonectae">Cystonectae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Physalia" title="Physalia">Physaliidae</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_von_Brandt" title="Johann Friedrich von Brandt">Brandt</a>, 1835<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>: 236–238  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Physalia" title="Physalia">Physalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarck</a>, 1801<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">P. physalis</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Physalia physalis <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>Family-level synonym<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>Physalidae <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_von_Brandt" title="Johann Friedrich von Brandt">Brandt</a>, 1835 (original spelling)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Genus-level synonyms<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <ul><li>Arethusa <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Oken" title="Lorenz Oken">Oken</a>, 1815</li> <li>Holothuria <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></li> <li>Physalis <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810</li> <li>Physsophora <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Mod%C3%A9er" title="Adolph Modéer">Modéer</a>, 1789</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Species-level synonyms<a href="#cite_note-WoRMSPhysaliaphysalis-5">[5]</a> <ul><li>Arethusa caravell <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Oken" title="Lorenz Oken">Oken</a>, 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holothuria" title="Holothuria">Holothuria</a> velificans <a href="/wiki/Pehr_Osbeck" title="Pehr Osbeck">Osbeck</a>, 1765</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa_utriculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medusa utriculus">Medusa utriculus</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin" title="Johann Friedrich Gmelin">Gmelin</a>, 1788</li> <li>Physalia australis <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_P%C3%A9ron" title="François Péron">Péron</a>, 1807</li> <li>Physalia gigantea <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bory_de_Saint-Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent">Bory de St Vincent</a>, 1894</li> <li>Physalia glauca <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810</li> <li>Physalia megalista <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_Lesueur" title="Charles Alexandre Lesueur">Lesueur</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas-Martin_Petit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas-Martin Petit (page does not exist)">Petit</a></li> <li>Physalia pelagica <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarck</a>, 1801</li> <li>Physalia pelasgica <a href="/wiki/Louis_Augustin_Guillaume_Bosc" title="Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc">Bosc</a>, 1802</li> <li>Physalia utriculus <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin" title="Johann Friedrich Gmelin">Gmelin</a>, 1788</li> <li>Physalis afer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810</li> <li>Physalis arethusa <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810</li> <li>Physalis cornuta <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810</li> <li>Physalis elongata <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarck</a>, 1816</li> <li>Physalis glauca <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810</li> <li>Physalis lamartinieri <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810</li> <li>Physalis megalista <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarck</a>, 1816</li> <li>Physalis osbeckii <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810</li> <li>Physalis pelagica <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810</li> <li>Physalis pelagica <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarck</a>, 1816</li> <li>Physalis tuberculosa <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarck</a>, 1816</li> <li>Physsophora physalis <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Mod%C3%A9er" title="Adolph Modéer">Modéer</a>, 1789</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis), also known as the man-of-war<a href="#cite_note-oed-6">[6]</a> or bluebottle,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> is a marine <a href="/wiki/Hydrozoa" title="Hydrozoa">hydrozoan</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. It is considered to be the same species as the Pacific man o' war or bluebottle, which is found mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Portuguese man o' war is the only species in the genus Physalia, which in turn is the only genus in the family Physaliidae.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Portuguese man o' war is a conspicuous member of the <a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">neuston</a>, the community of organisms that live at the surface of the ocean. It has numerous microscopic venomous <a href="/wiki/Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">cnidocytes</a> which deliver a painful sting powerful enough to kill fish, and even, in some cases, humans. Although it superficially resembles a <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, the Portuguese man o' war is in fact a <a href="/wiki/Siphonophorae" title="Siphonophorae">siphonophore</a>. Like all siphonophores, it is a <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonial organism</a>, made up of many smaller units called <a href="/wiki/Zooid" title="Zooid">zooids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> Although they are <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphologically</a> quite different, all of the zooids in a single specimen are <a href="/wiki/Clonal_colony" title="Clonal colony">genetically identical</a>. These different types of zooids fulfill specialized functions, such as hunting, digestion and reproduction, and together they allow the colony to operate as a single individual. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravela_de_armada_of_Joao_Serrao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Caravela_de_armada_of_Joao_Serrao.jpg/220px-Caravela_de_armada_of_Joao_Serrao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Caravela_de_armada_of_Joao_Serrao.jpg/330px-Caravela_de_armada_of_Joao_Serrao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Caravela_de_armada_of_Joao_Serrao.jpg/440px-Caravela_de_armada_of_Joao_Serrao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>The name comes from the animal’s resemblance to a sailing warship, the Portuguese man-of-war (the <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a>)</figcaption></figure> The name man o’ war comes from the <a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">man-of-war</a>, a sailing warship,<a href="#cite_note-Greene1998-11">[11]</a> and the animal's resemblance to the Portuguese version (the <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a>) at full sail.<a href="#cite_note-WoRMSPhysaliaphysalis-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-oed-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millward2012-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> The bluebottle, Pacific man o' war or Indo-Pacific Portuguese man o' war, distinguished by a smaller float and a single long fishing <a href="/wiki/Tentacle#Cnidarians_and_ctenophores" title="Tentacle">tentacle</a>, was originally considered a separate <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the same <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> (P. utriculus). The name was synonymized with P. physalis in 2007, and it is now considered a regional form of the same species.<a href="#cite_note-Bardi2007-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coloniality">Coloniality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coloniality">edit</a>]</div> The man o' war is described as a <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonial organism</a> because the individual <a href="/wiki/Zooid" title="Zooid">zooids</a> in a colony are evolutionarily derived from either <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(zoology)" title="Polyp (zoology)">polyps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medusae" class="mw-redirect" title="Medusae">medusae</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dunn-15">[15]</a> i.e. the two basic body plans of <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">cnidarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mahalski-16">[16]</a> Both of these body plans comprise entire individuals in non-colonial cnidarians (for example, a <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a> is a medusa, while a <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemone</a> is a polyp). All zooids in a man o' war develop from the same single fertilized egg and are therefore genetically identical. They remain physiologically connected throughout life, and essentially function as organs in a shared body. Hence, a Portuguese man o' war constitutes a single organism from an <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> perspective, but is made up of many <a href="/wiki/Clone_(cell_biology)" title="Clone (cell biology)">individuals</a> from an <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryological</a> perspective.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn-15">[15]</a> Most species of <a href="/wiki/Siphonophorae" title="Siphonophorae">siphonophores</a> are fragile and difficult to collect intact.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> However, P. physalis is the most accessible, conspicuous, and robust of the siphonophores, and much has been written about this species.<a href="#cite_note-Wittenberg1960-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yanag2002-28">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] The development, morphology, and colony organization of P. physalis is very different from that of other siphonophores.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> Its structure, embryological development, and <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> have been examined by several authors.<a href="#cite_note-Bardi2007-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> These studies provide an important foundation for understanding the morphology, cellular anatomy, and development of this species. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_a_Physalia_physalis_colony.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Anatomy_of_a_Physalia_physalis_colony.png/290px-Anatomy_of_a_Physalia_physalis_colony.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Anatomy_of_a_Physalia_physalis_colony.png/435px-Anatomy_of_a_Physalia_physalis_colony.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Anatomy_of_a_Physalia_physalis_colony.png/580px-Anatomy_of_a_Physalia_physalis_colony.png 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy, with descriptions of the function of each type of zooid<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a></figcaption></figure> Like all siphonophores, P. physalis is a colonial organism: each animal is composed of many smaller units (<a href="/wiki/Zooid" title="Zooid">zooids</a>) that hang in clusters from under a large, gas-filled structure called the pneumatophore.<a href="#cite_note-ADW-32">[32]</a> Seven different types of zooids have been described in the man o' war, and all of these are interdependent on each other for survival and performing different functions, such as digestion (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gastrozooid">gastrozooids</a>), reproduction (<a href="/wiki/Gonozooid" title="Gonozooid">gonozooids</a>) and hunting (dactylozooids). A fourth type of zooid is the pneumatophore. Three of these types of zooids are of the <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">medusoid</a> type (<a href="/wiki/Gonophore" title="Gonophore">gonophores</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nectophore">nectophores</a>, and vestigial nectophores), while the remaining four are of the <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(zoology)" title="Polyp (zoology)">polypoid</a> type (free gastrozooids, tentacle-bearing zooids, gonozooids and gonopalpons).<a href="#cite_note-Bardi2007-13">[13]</a> However, naming and categorization of zooids varies between authors, and much of the embryonic and evolutionary relationships of zooids remains unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> The pneumatophore or bladder is the most conspicuous part of the man o' war. This large, gas-filled, translucent structure is pink, purple or blue in color; it is 9 to 30 cm (3.5 to 11.8 in) long and rises as much as 15 cm (6 in) above the water. The pneumatophore functions as both a flotation device and a sail, allowing the animal to move with the prevailing wind.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADW-32">[32]</a> The gas in the pneumatophore is mostly air which diffuses in from the surrounding atmosphere, but it also contains as much as 13% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, which is actively produced by the animal.<a href="#cite_note-Wittenberg1960-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clark1961-33">[33]</a> In the event of a surface attack, the pneumatophore can be deflated, allowing the animal to temporarily submerge.<a href="#cite_note-ng-34">[34]</a> New zooids are added by <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budding</a> as the colony grows. Long tentacles hang below the float as the animal drifts, fishing for prey to sting and drag up to its digestive zooids.<a href="#cite_note-Totton1960-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee2021-36">[36]</a> The colony hunts and feeds through the cooperation of two types of zooids: tentacle-bearing zooids known as dactylozooids (or palpons), and gastrozooids.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> The palpons are equipped with tentacles, which are typically about 10 m (30 ft) in length but can reach over 30 m (100 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Portuguese_Man-of-War-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Each tentacle bears tiny, coiled, thread-like structures called <a href="/wiki/Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">nematocysts</a>. Nematocysts trigger and inject venom on contact, stinging, paralyzing, and killing <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a> and fishes. Large groups of Portuguese man o' war, sometimes over 1,000 individuals, may deplete fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-Bardi2007-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-ng-34">[34]</a> Contraction of tentacles drags the prey upward and into range of the gastrozooids. The gastrozooids surround and digest the food by secreting <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a>. P. physalis typically has multiple stinging tentacles, but a regional form (previously known as a separate species, P. utriculus) has only a single stinging tentacle. The main reproductive zooids, the gonophores, are situated on branching structures called gonodendra. Gonophores produce sperm or eggs. Besides gonophores, each gonodendron also contains several other types of specialized zooids: gonozooids (which are accessory gastrozooids), nectophores (which have been speculated to allow detached gonodendra to swim), and vestigial nectophores (also called jelly polyps; the function of these is unclear).<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Life cycle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lifecycle_of_the_Portuguese_man_of_war.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lifecycle_of_the_Portuguese_man_of_war.png/220px-Lifecycle_of_the_Portuguese_man_of_war.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lifecycle_of_the_Portuguese_man_of_war.png/330px-Lifecycle_of_the_Portuguese_man_of_war.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lifecycle_of_the_Portuguese_man_of_war.png/440px-Lifecycle_of_the_Portuguese_man_of_war.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Lifecycle of the Portuguese man o' war.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> The mature animal is pictured floating on the ocean surface, while early development is thought to occur at an unknown depth below the surface of the ocean. The gonodendra are thought to be released from the colony when mature. The egg and <a href="/wiki/Planula" title="Planula">planula</a> larva stage have not yet been observed.</figcaption></figure> Man o' war individuals are <a href="/wiki/Dioecy" title="Dioecy">dioecious</a>, meaning each colony is either male or female.<a href="#cite_note-ADW-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> Gonophores producing either sperm or eggs (depending on the sex of the colony) sit on a tree-like structure called a gonodendron, which is believed to drop off from the colony during reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> Mating takes place primarily in the autumn, when eggs and sperm are shed from gonophores into the water.<a href="#cite_note-ADW-32">[32]</a> As neither fertilization nor early development has been directly observed in the wild, it is not yet known at what depth these occur.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> A fertilized man o' war egg develops into a <a href="/wiki/Planula" title="Planula">planula</a> that buds off new zooids as it grows, gradually forming a new colony. This development initially occurs under the water, and has been reconstructed by comparing different stages of planulae collected at sea.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> The first two structures to emerge are the pneumatophore (sail) and a single, early feeding zooid called a protozooid. Later, gastrozooids and tentacle-bearing zooids are added. Eventually, the growing pneumatophore becomes buoyant enough to carry the immature colony on the surface of the water.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_ecosystem" title="Ocean surface ecosystem">Ocean surface ecosystem</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators_and_prey">Predators and prey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Predators and prey">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_dragon-glaucus_atlanticus_(8599051974).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Blue_dragon-glaucus_atlanticus_%288599051974%29.jpg/220px-Blue_dragon-glaucus_atlanticus_%288599051974%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Blue_dragon-glaucus_atlanticus_%288599051974%29.jpg/330px-Blue_dragon-glaucus_atlanticus_%288599051974%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Blue_dragon-glaucus_atlanticus_%288599051974%29.jpg/440px-Blue_dragon-glaucus_atlanticus_%288599051974%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Glaucus_atlanticus" title="Glaucus atlanticus">blue dragon</a> feeds on men o' war.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janthina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Janthina.jpg/220px-Janthina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Janthina.jpg/330px-Janthina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Janthina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Janthina_janthina" title="Janthina janthina">violet sea snail</a> feeds on men o' war.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_LU1GA6pu4">How the Portuguese man o' war stings and eats prey</a> <div style="float: right;">– Blue Planet II</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Portuguese man o' war is a <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Portuguese_Man-of-War-37">[37]</a> Using its venomous tentacles, it traps and paralyzes its prey while reeling it inwards to its digestive polyps. It typically feeds on small fish, molluscs, shrimp and other small crustaceans, and <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The organism has few predators; one example is the <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a>, which feeds on the Portuguese man o' war as a common part of its diet.<a href="#cite_note-Brodie1989-40">[40]</a> The turtle's skin, including that of its tongue and throat, is too thick for the stings to penetrate. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Glaucus_atlanticus" title="Glaucus atlanticus">blue sea slug</a> specializes in feeding on the Portuguese man o' war,<a href="#cite_note-Scocchi-41">[41]</a> as does the <a href="/wiki/Janthina_janthina" title="Janthina janthina">violet sea snail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M&S-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ocean_sunfish" title="Ocean sunfish">ocean sunfish</a>'s diet, once thought to consist mainly of jellyfish, has been found to include many species, including the Portuguese man o' war.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Man-of-war_fish" title="Man-of-war fish">man-of-war fish</a>, Nomeus gronovii, is a <a href="/wiki/Driftfish" title="Driftfish">driftfish</a> native to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is notable for its ability to live within the deadly tentacles of the Portuguese man o' war, upon whose tentacles and gonads it feeds. Rather than using mucus to prevent nematocysts from firing, as is seen in some of the <a href="/wiki/Clownfish" title="Clownfish">clownfish</a> sheltering among sea anemones, the man-of-war fish appears to use highly agile swimming to physically avoid tentacles.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins1983-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Purcell_and_Arai_2001-46">[46]</a> The fish has a very high number of <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> (41), which may add to its agility<a href="#cite_note-Purcell_and_Arai_2001-46">[46]</a> and primarily uses its pectoral fins for swimming—a feature of fish that specialize in maneuvering tight spaces. It also has a complex skin design and at least one <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> to the man o' war's toxins.<a href="#cite_note-Purcell_and_Arai_2001-46">[46]</a> Although the fish seems to be 10 times more resistant to the toxin than other fish, it can be stung by the dactylozooides (large tentacles), which it actively avoids.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins1983-45">[45]</a> The smaller gonozooids do not seem to sting the fish and the fish is reported to frequently nibble on these tentacles.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins1983-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commensalism_and_symbiosis">Commensalism and symbiosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commensalism and symbiosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_51424_Portuguese-Man-of-War-Fish_Nomeus_gronovii.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/FMIB_51424_Portuguese-Man-of-War-Fish_Nomeus_gronovii.jpeg/220px-FMIB_51424_Portuguese-Man-of-War-Fish_Nomeus_gronovii.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/FMIB_51424_Portuguese-Man-of-War-Fish_Nomeus_gronovii.jpeg/330px-FMIB_51424_Portuguese-Man-of-War-Fish_Nomeus_gronovii.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/FMIB_51424_Portuguese-Man-of-War-Fish_Nomeus_gronovii.jpeg/440px-FMIB_51424_Portuguese-Man-of-War-Fish_Nomeus_gronovii.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nomeus_gronovii" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomeus gronovii">Man-of-war fish</a></figcaption></figure> The Portuguese man o' war is often found with a variety of other marine fish, including <a href="/wiki/Yellow_jack" title="Yellow jack">yellow jack</a>. These fish benefit from the shelter from predators provided by the stinging tentacles, and for the Portuguese man o' war, the presence of these species may attract other fish to eat.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blanket_octopus" title="Blanket octopus">blanket octopus</a> is immune to the venom of the Portuguese man o' war. Individuals have been observed to carry broken man o' war tentacles,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> which males and immature females rip off and use for offensive and defensive purposes.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venom">Venom</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Venom">edit</a>]</div> The stinging, venom-filled nematocysts in the <a href="/wiki/Tentacle#Cnidarians_and_ctenophores" title="Tentacle">tentacles</a> of the Portuguese man o' war can paralyze small fish and other prey.<a href="#cite_note-Yanag2002-28">[28]</a> Detached tentacles and dead specimens (including those that wash up on shore) can sting just as painfully as those of the live organism in the water and may remain potent for hours or even days after the death of the organism or the detachment of the tentacle.<a href="#cite_note-Auerbach1997-50">[50]</a> Stings usually cause severe pain to humans, lasting one to three hours. Red, whip-like welts appear on the skin that last two or three days after the sting. In some cases, the venom may travel to the <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> and may cause symptoms that mimic an allergic reaction, including swelling of the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, airway blockage, cardiac distress and shortness of breath. Other symptoms may include fever, <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">circulatory shock</a> and in extreme cases, even death,<a href="#cite_note-Stein1989-51">[51]</a> although this is extremely rare. Medical attention for those exposed to large numbers of tentacles may become necessary to relieve pain or open airways if the pain becomes excruciating or lasts for more than three hours, or if breathing becomes difficult. Instances in which the stings completely surround the trunk of a young child are among those that may be fatal.<a href="#cite_note-Clinchy1996-52">[52]</a> The species is responsible for up to 10,000 human stings in Australia each summer, particularly on the east coast, with some others occurring off the coast of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fenner1996-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_stings">Treatment of stings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment of stings">edit</a>]</div> Stings from a Portuguese man o' war can result in severe <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> characterized by long, thin, open wounds that resemble those caused by a whip.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> These are not caused by any impact or cutting action, but by irritating <a href="/wiki/Hives" title="Hives">urticariogenic</a> substances in the tentacles.<a href="#cite_note-James2006-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-56">[56]</a> Treatment for sting pain is immersion in 45 °C (113 °F) water for 20 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Loten2006-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">cnidocyte</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Box_jellyfish" title="Box jellyfish">box jellyfish</a> react differently than the <a href="/wiki/Nematocyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematocyst">nematocyst</a> in the Portuguese man o' war; cnidocytes are inhibited by application of <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>, but nematocysts can discharge more venom if vinegar is applied.<a href="#cite_note-Galsziou2013-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> The species is found throughout the world's oceans, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, but occasionally also in temperate regions.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee2021-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat">Habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Habitat">edit</a>]</div> P. physalis is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">neuston</a> (the floating community of organisms that live at the interface between water and air). This community is exposed to a unique set of environmental conditions including prolonged exposure to intense <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light, risk of <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a>, and rough sea conditions.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The gas-filled bladder, or pneumatophore, remains at the surface, while the remainder is submerged. The animal has no means of propulsion; it moves passively, driven by the winds, currents, and tides. Winds can drive them into bays or onto beaches. Often, finding a single Portuguese man o' war is followed by finding many others in the vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-Portuguese_Man-of-War-37">[37]</a> The Portuguese man o' war is well known to beachgoers for the painful stings delivered by its tentacles.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2021-36">[36]</a> Because they can sting while beached, the discovery of a man o' war washed up on a beach may lead to the closure of the beach.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drifting_dynamics">Drifting dynamics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Drifting dynamics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluebottle_(Physalia_physalis)_sail_camber.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bluebottle_%28Physalia_physalis%29_sail_camber.png/220px-Bluebottle_%28Physalia_physalis%29_sail_camber.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bluebottle_%28Physalia_physalis%29_sail_camber.png/330px-Bluebottle_%28Physalia_physalis%29_sail_camber.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bluebottle_%28Physalia_physalis%29_sail_camber.png/440px-Bluebottle_%28Physalia_physalis%29_sail_camber.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>The bluebottle course at zero angle of attack is dependent on the sail camber.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2021-36">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> P. physalis uses a float filled with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and air as a sail to travel by wind for thousands of miles, dragging behind long tentacles that deliver a deadly venomous sting to fish.<a href="#cite_note-Iosilevskii2009-62">[62]</a> This sailing ability, combined with a painful sting and a life cycle with seasonal blooms, results in periodic mass beach strandings and occasional human envenomations, making P. physalis the most infamous of the siphonophores.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> Despite being a common occurrence, the origin of the man o' war or bluebottle before reaching the coastline is not well understood, and neither is the way it drifts at the surface of the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2021-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left-_and_right-handedness">Left- and right-handedness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Left- and right-handedness">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physalia_physalis_EM1B0679_(40827501481).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Physalia_physalis_EM1B0679_%2840827501481%29.jpg/220px-Physalia_physalis_EM1B0679_%2840827501481%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Physalia_physalis_EM1B0679_%2840827501481%29.jpg/330px-Physalia_physalis_EM1B0679_%2840827501481%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Physalia_physalis_EM1B0679_%2840827501481%29.jpg/440px-Physalia_physalis_EM1B0679_%2840827501481%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4802" data-file-height="3602" /></a><figcaption>Looking down from above a man o' war, showing its sail. Sails can be left-handed or right-handed.</figcaption></figure> The Portuguese man o' war is asymmetrically shaped: the zooids hang down from either the right or left side of the midline of the pneumatophore or bladder. The pneumatophore can be oriented <a href="/wiki/Chirality" title="Chirality">towards the left or the right</a>. This phenomenon may be an adaptation that prevents an entire population from being washed on shore to die. The "left-handed" animals sail to the right of the wind, while the "right-handed" animals sail to the left. The wind will always push the two types in opposite directions, so at most half the population will be pushed towards the coast.<a href="#cite_note-Totton1956-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock1944-64">[64]</a> Regional populations can have substantial differences in float size and the number of tentacles used for hunting. The regional form previously known as P. utriculus has a bladder rarely exceeding 10 centimetres (4 in) in length and has one long hunting tentacle that is less than 3 metres (10 ft) long. In comparison, the typical man o' war has a float of around 15 to 30 centimetres (5.9 to 12 in), and several hunting tentacles that can reach 30 metres (100 ft) in mature colonies when fully extended.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee2021-36">[36]</a> When combined with the trailing action of the tentacles, this left- or right-handedness makes the colony sail sideways relative to the wind, by about 45° in either direction.<a href="#cite_note-Woodcock1956-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iosilevskii2009-62">[62]</a> Colony handedness has therefore been theorized to influence man o' war migration, with left-handed or right-handed colonies potentially being more likely to drift down particular respective sea routes.<a href="#cite_note-Woodcock1956-65">[65]</a> Handedness develops early in the colony's life, while it is still living below the surface of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-Munro2019-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_modelling">Mathematical modelling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mathematical modelling">edit</a>]</div> Since they have no propulsion system, the movement of the man o' war can be modelled mathematically by calculating the forces acting on it, or by <a href="/wiki/Advection" title="Advection">advecting</a> virtual particles in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_general_circulation_model" title="Ocean general circulation model">ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation models</a>. Earlier studies modelled the movement of the man o' war with <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_particle_tracking" title="Lagrangian particle tracking">Lagrangian particle tracking</a> to explain major beaching events. In 2017, Ferrer and Pastor were able to estimate the region of origin of a significant beaching event on the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>. They ran a Lagrangian model backwards in time, using wind velocity and a wind <a href="/wiki/Drag_coefficient" title="Drag coefficient">drag coefficient</a> as drivers of the man o' war motion. They found that the region of origin was the <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">North Atlantic subtropical gyre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrer2017-66">[66]</a> In 2015 Prieto et al. included both the effect of the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">surface currents</a> and wind to predict the initial colony position prior to major beaching events in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Prieto2015-67">[67]</a> This model assumed the man o' war was advected by the surface currents, with the effect of the wind being added with a much higher wind drag coefficient of 10%. Similarly, in 2020 Headlam et al. used beaching and offshore observations to identify a region of origin, using the joint effects of surface currents and wind drag, for the largest mass man o' war beaching on the Irish coastline in over 150 years.<a href="#cite_note-Headlam2020-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee2021-36">[36]</a> These earlier studies used numerical models in combination with simple assumptions to calculate the drift of this species, excluding complex drifting dynamics. In 2021, Lee et al. provide a <a href="/wiki/Parametric_equation" title="Parametric equation">parameterisation</a> for Lagrangian modelling of the bluebottle by considering the similarities between the bluebottle and a <a href="/wiki/Forces_on_sails" title="Forces on sails">sailboat</a>. This allowed them to compute the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic forces acting on the bluebottle and use an equilibrium condition to create a generalised model for calculating the drifting speed and course of the bluebottle under any wind and ocean current conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2021-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Man-O-War.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Man o' war warning sign, Hawaii"><img alt="Man o' war warning sign, Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Man-O-War.jpg/140px-Man-O-War.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Man-O-War.jpg/210px-Man-O-War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Man-O-War.jpg/280px-Man-O-War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="875" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Man o' war warning sign, Hawaii</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Man_O%27_War_Miami_March_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese man o' war, Miami Beach, Florida"><img alt="Portuguese man o' war, Miami Beach, Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/Portuguese_Man_O%27_War_Miami_March_2008.jpg/240px-Portuguese_Man_O%27_War_Miami_March_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/Portuguese_Man_O%27_War_Miami_March_2008.jpg/360px-Portuguese_Man_O%27_War_Miami_March_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/Portuguese_Man_O%27_War_Miami_March_2008.jpg/480px-Portuguese_Man_O%27_War_Miami_March_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portuguese man o' war, Miami Beach, Florida</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 309.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 307.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Man_o%27_War_at_Palm_Beach_FL_by_Volkan_Yuksel_DSC05878.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese man o' war, Palm Beach, Florida"><img alt="Portuguese man o' war, Palm Beach, Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portuguese_Man_o%27_War_at_Palm_Beach_FL_by_Volkan_Yuksel_DSC05878.jpg/461px-Portuguese_Man_o%27_War_at_Palm_Beach_FL_by_Volkan_Yuksel_DSC05878.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portuguese_Man_o%27_War_at_Palm_Beach_FL_by_Volkan_Yuksel_DSC05878.jpg/692px-Portuguese_Man_o%27_War_at_Palm_Beach_FL_by_Volkan_Yuksel_DSC05878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portuguese_Man_o%27_War_at_Palm_Beach_FL_by_Volkan_Yuksel_DSC05878.jpg/922px-Portuguese_Man_o%27_War_at_Palm_Beach_FL_by_Volkan_Yuksel_DSC05878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4168" data-file-height="1628" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portuguese man o' war, Palm Beach, Florida</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cores_Quentes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Man o' war beached in Brazil"><img alt="Man o' war beached in Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cores_Quentes.JPG/320px-Cores_Quentes.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cores_Quentes.JPG/480px-Cores_Quentes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cores_Quentes.JPG/640px-Cores_Quentes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3746" data-file-height="2107" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Man o' war beached in Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugiesische_galeere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese man o' war washed up on a beach"><img alt="Portuguese man o' war washed up on a beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Portugiesische_galeere.jpg/213px-Portugiesische_galeere.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Portugiesische_galeere.jpg/319px-Portugiesische_galeere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Portugiesische_galeere.jpg/425px-Portugiesische_galeere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="571" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Portuguese man o' war washed up on a beach</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Faja,_Faial,_Azoren_am_26.04.2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="They are often found ashore in large groups."><img alt="They are often found ashore in large groups." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Faja%2C_Faial%2C_Azoren_am_26.04.2020.jpg/135px-Faja%2C_Faial%2C_Azoren_am_26.04.2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Faja%2C_Faial%2C_Azoren_am_26.04.2020.jpg/202px-Faja%2C_Faial%2C_Azoren_am_26.04.2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Faja%2C_Faial%2C_Azoren_am_26.04.2020.jpg/270px-Faja%2C_Faial%2C_Azoren_am_26.04.2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">They are often found ashore in large groups.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrophore" title="Chondrophore">Chondrophore</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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Copernicus GmbH: 1341–1351. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021OcSci..17.1341L">2021OcSci..17.1341L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fos-17-1341-2021">10.5194/os-17-1341-2021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1812-0792">1812-0792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244189437">244189437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ocean+Science&rft.atitle=Drifting+dynamics+of+the+bluebottle+%28Physalia+physalis%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1341-1351&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fos-17-1341-2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244189437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1812-0792&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021OcSci..17.1341L&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Schaeffer%2C+Amandine&rft.au=Groeskamp%2C+Sjoerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fos-17-1341-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Archived</a> 2017-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Portuguese_Man-of-War-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portuguese_Man-of-War_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portuguese_Man-of-War_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portuguese_Man-of-War_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723141326/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/portuguese-man-of-war.html">"Portuguese Man-of-War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. 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Science. 139 (3556): 764–766. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Sci...139..764J">1963Sci...139..764J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.139.3556.764">10.1126/science.139.3556.764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17829125">17829125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40186769">40186769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Tremoctopus+violaceus+uses+Physalia+tentacles+as+weapons&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=3556&rft.pages=764-766&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.139.3556.764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40186769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17829125&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1963Sci...139..764J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=E.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auerbach1997-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach1997_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach1997" class="citation journal cs1">Auerbach, Paul S. (1997). "Envenomations from jellyfish and related species". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 23 (6): 555–565. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0099-1767%2897%2990269-5">10.1016/S0099-1767(97)90269-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9460392">9460392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Emergency+Nursing&rft.atitle=Envenomations+from+jellyfish+and+related+species&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=555-565&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0099-1767%2897%2990269-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9460392&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein1989-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein1989_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinMarracciniRothschildBurnett1989" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Mark R.; Marraccini, John V.; Rothschild, Neal E.; Burnett, Joseph W. (1989). "Fatal Portuguese man-o'-war (Physalia physalis) envenomation". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 18 (3): 312–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0196-0644%2889%2980421-4">10.1016/S0196-0644(89)80421-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2564268">2564268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Emergency+Medicine&rft.atitle=Fatal+Portuguese+man-o%27-war+%28Physalia+physalis%29+envenomation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=312-315&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0196-0644%2889%2980421-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2564268&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft.au=Marraccini%2C+John+V.&rft.au=Rothschild%2C+Neal+E.&rft.au=Burnett%2C+Joseph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clinchy1996-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Clinchy1996_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_A._Clinchy1996" class="citation book cs1">Richard A. Clinchy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rKhW53U7FtwC&pg=PA19">Dive First Responder</a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8016-7525-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8016-7525-6"><bdi>978-0-8016-7525-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217043550/https://books.google.com/books?id=rKhW53U7FtwC&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2016-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dive+First+Responder&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8016-7525-6&rft.au=Richard+A.+Clinchy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrKhW53U7FtwC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenner1996-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Fenner1996_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennerWilliamson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fenner, Peter J.; Williamson, John A. (December 1996). "Worldwide deaths and severe envenomation from jellyfish stings". Medical Journal of Australia. 165 (11–12): 658–661. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.1996.tb138679.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb138679.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-729X">0025-729X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8985452">8985452</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45032896">45032896</a>. <q>In Australia, particularly on the east coast, up to 10 000 stings occur each summer from the bluebottle (Physalia spp.) alone, with others also from the "hair jellyfish" (Cyanea) and "blubber" (Catostylus). Common stingers in South Australia and Western Australia, include bluebottle, as well the four-tentacled <a href="/wiki/Cubozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubozoa">cubozoa or box jellyfish</a>, the "jimble" (Carybdea rastoni)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Worldwide+deaths+and+severe+envenomation+from+jellyfish+stings&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=658-661&rft.date=1996-12&rft.issn=0025-729X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45032896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8985452&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.1996.tb138679.x&rft.aulast=Fenner&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Williamson%2C+John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603114215/https://www.medicinenet.com/image-collection/portuguese_man_of_war_sting_picture/picture.htm">"Image Collection: Bites and Infestations: 26. Picture of Portuguese Man of War Sting"</a>. www.medicinenet.com. MedicineNet Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/image-collection/portuguese_man_of_war_sting_picture/picture.htm">the original</a> on 2018-06-03. Retrieved 2014-06-13. <q>The sting of the Portuguese man-of-war. One of the most painful effects on skin is the consequence of attack by oceanic hydrozoans known as Portuguese men-of-war, which are amazing for their size, brilliant color, and power to induce whealing. They have a small float that buoys them up and from which hang long tentacles. The wrap of these tentacles results in linear stripes, which look like whiplashes, caused not by the force of their sting but from deposition of <a href="/wiki/Proteolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteolytic">proteolytic</a> venom toxins, <a href="/wiki/Urticariogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticariogenic">urticariogenic</a> and irritant substances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medicinenet.com&rft.atitle=Image+Collection%3A+Bites+and+Infestations%3A+26.+Picture+of+Portuguese+Man+of+War+Sting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinenet.com%2Fimage-collection%2Fportuguese_man_of_war_sting_picture%2Fpicture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-James2006-55"><a href="#cite_ref-James2006_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesBergerElstonOdom2006" class="citation book cs1">James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M.; Odom, Richard B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659">Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology</a>. Saunders Elsevier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659/page/n439">429</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6"><bdi>978-0-7216-2921-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrews%27+Diseases+of+the+Skin%3A+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Berger%2C+Timothy+G.&rft.au=Elston%2C+Dirk+M.&rft.au=Odom%2C+Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolognia-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Bolognia_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapiniBologniaJorizzo2007" class="citation book cs1">Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2999-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2999-1"><bdi>978-1-4160-2999-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dermatology%3A+2-Volume+Set&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Mosby&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1&rft.aulast=Rapini&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rft.au=Bolognia%2C+Jean+L.&rft.au=Jorizzo%2C+Joseph+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loten2006-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Loten2006_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLotenStokesWorsleySeymour2006" class="citation journal cs1">Loten, Conrad; Stokes, Barrie; Worsley, David; Seymour, Jamie E.; Jiang, Simon; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/184_07_030406/lot11135_fm.pdf">"A randomised controlled trial of hot water (45 °C) immersion versus ice packs for pain relief in bluebottle stings"</a> (PDF). Medical Journal of Australia. 184 (7): 329–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2006.tb00265.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00265.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16584366">16584366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14684627">14684627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=A+randomised+controlled+trial+of+hot+water+%2845+%C2%B0C%29+immersion+versus+ice+packs+for+pain+relief+in+bluebottle+stings&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=329-333&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14684627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16584366&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2006.tb00265.x&rft.aulast=Loten&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Barrie&rft.au=Worsley%2C+David&rft.au=Seymour%2C+Jamie+E.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Simon&rft.au=Isbister%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mja.com.au%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fissues%2F184_07_030406%2Flot11135_fm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galsziou2013-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Galsziou2013_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalsziouBennettGreenbergGreen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Galsziou, Paul T.; Bennett, John; Greenberg, Peter; Green, Sally (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.racgp.org.au/getattachment/572969cd-e853-42a6-8392-653145b96a1b/Bluebottle-stings.aspx">"Hot water immersion for bluebottle stings"</a>. Australian Family Physician. 42 (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Hot+water+immersion+for+bluebottle+stings&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Galsziou&rft.aufirst=Paul+T.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+John&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Peter&rft.au=Green%2C+Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.racgp.org.au%2Fgetattachment%2F572969cd-e853-42a6-8392-653145b96a1b%2FBluebottle-stings.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaitsevLiss1997" class="citation book cs1">Zaitsev Y, Liss P (1997). "Neuston of seas and oceans". In Duce R (ed.). The sea surface and global change. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01745-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01745-9"><bdi>978-0-521-01745-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/847978750">847978750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neuston+of+seas+and+oceans&rft.btitle=The+sea+surface+and+global+change&rft.place=Cambridge+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F847978750&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01745-9&rft.aulast=Zaitsev&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Liss%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7569233.stm">"Dangerous jellyfish wash up"</a>. BBC News. 2008-08-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511114304/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7569233.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Dangerous+jellyfish+wash+up&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2F7569233.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988">/ </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-41237286">"Man-of-war spotted along coast in Cornwall and Wales"</a>. 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Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 6 (36): 613–626. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2008.0457">10.1098/rsif.2008.0457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696138">2696138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19091687">19091687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+Interface&rft.atitle=Hydrodynamics+of+sailing+of+the+Portuguese+man-of-war+Physalia+physalis&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=613-626&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2696138%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19091687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsif.2008.0457&rft.aulast=Iosilevskii&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Weihs%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2696138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totton1956-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Totton1956_63-0">^</a> Totton, A. and Mackie, G. (1960) "Studies on Physalia physalis", Discovery Reports, 30: 301–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodcock1944-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock1944_64-0">^</a> Woodcock, A. H. (1944) "A theory of surface water motion deduced from the wind-induced motion of the Physalia", J. Marine Res., 5: 196–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodcock1956-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock1956_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock1956_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock1956" class="citation journal cs1">Woodcock, A.H. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/178253a0">"Dimorphism in the Portuguese man-of-war"</a>. Nature. 178 (4527): 253–255. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956Natur.178..253W">1956Natur.178..253W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F178253a0">10.1038/178253a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4297968">4297968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dimorphism+in+the+Portuguese+man-of-war&rft.volume=178&rft.issue=4527&rft.pages=253-255&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4297968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F178253a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956Natur.178..253W&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F178253a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrer2017-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrer2017_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrerPastor2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ferrer, Luis; Pastor, Ane (2017). 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Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 11545. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...511545P">2015NatSR...511545P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep11545">10.1038/srep11545</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480229">4480229</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26108978">26108978</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8456129">8456129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Portuguese+Man-of-War+%28Physalia+physalis%29+in+the+Mediterranean%3A+A+permanent+invasion+or+a+casual+appearance%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11545&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4480229%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8456129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...511545P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26108978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep11545&rft.aulast=Prieto&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Mac%C3%8Das%2C+D.&rft.au=Peliz%2C+A.&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4480229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+man+o%27+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Headlam2020-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Headlam2020_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadlamLyonsKennyLenihan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Headlam, Jasmine L.; Lyons, Kieran; Kenny, Jon; Lenihan, Eamonn S.; Quigley, Declan T.G.; Helps, William; Dugon, Michel M.; Doyle, Thomas K. 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Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 246: 107033. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ECSS..24607033H">2020ECSS..24607033H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecss.2020.107033">10.1016/j.ecss.2020.107033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224908448">224908448</a>.</cite><span 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section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifeinthefastlane.com/2008/12/blue-bottle-sting-australia/">Bluebottle</a> Life In The Fast Lane</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portuguesemanofwar.com/">PortugueseManOfWar.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/2018825720/critter-of-the-week-bluebottle-jellyfish-portuguese-man-of-war">Physalia physalis</a> discussed on <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">RNZ</a> <a href="/wiki/Critter_of_the_Week" title="Critter of the Week">Critter of the Week</a>, 24 December 2021.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px 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.portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/21px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/32px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/42px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1039" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Marine_life" title="Portal:Marine life">Marine life</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Physalia physalis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202526" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q202526">Q202526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Physalia_physalis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Physalia physalis">Physalia physalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Physalia%20physalis/">Physalia physalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Physalia_physalis">Physalia_physalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/physalia-physalis/">physalia-physalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=24318">24318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4HFBD">4HFBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46549987">46549987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PYLSPH">PYLSPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/55479">55479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2264734">2264734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/117302">117302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11120639">11120639</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=719181">719181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000177212">NBNSYS0000177212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=168775">168775</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b54e655a-6a32-4254-a7f2-6d82db6541a8">b54e655a-6a32-4254-a7f2-6d82db6541a8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/104563/">104563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/135479">135479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=702294">702294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaLifeBase" title="SeaLifeBase">SeaLifeBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=44728">44728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=135479">135479</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Physalia utriculus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256295" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2256295">Q2256295</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Physalia_utriculus">Physalia_utriculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=345054">345054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6VGGP">6VGGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4339840">4339840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11697422">11697422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=168776">168776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=387269">387269</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Physalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2704401" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2704401">Q2704401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Physalia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Physalia">Physalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Physalia/">Physalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Physalia">Physalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=24317">24317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7PRWC">7PRWC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46549986">46549986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PYLSG">1PYLSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2264733">2264733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/117305">117305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=51435">51435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000185670">NBNSYS0000185670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=168774">168774</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f0937576-05c6-427b-826b-75d27a9b207d">f0937576-05c6-427b-826b-75d27a9b207d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=497201">497201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=135382">135382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Physaliidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10349281" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10349281">Q10349281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Physaliidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Physaliidae">Physaliidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Physaliidae">Physaliidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=24316">24316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NKGP">7NKGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46549985">46549985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PHYLF">1PHYLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9243">9243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/117304">117304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=108624">108624</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=51434">51434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021053956">NHMSYS0021053956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=168773">168773</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f219e8b9-da3b-4b73-8946-122a9bf61f2f">f219e8b9-da3b-4b73-8946-122a9bf61f2f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=263067">263067</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=135342">135342</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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