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Totemisme - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d&#039;actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l&#039;Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Totemisme" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Totemisme" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis 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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Totemisme" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l&#039;edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d&#039;aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definició" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definició"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definició</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definició-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generalitats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalitats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Generalitats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalitats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tòtem_espiritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tòtem_espiritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tòtem espiritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tòtem_espiritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Totemisme</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 52 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طوطمية - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طوطمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemismu" title="Totemismu - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Totemismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemizm" title="Totemizm - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Totemizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="توتمیسم - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توتمیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тотемизм - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тотемизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Татэмізм - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Татэмізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Татэмізм - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Татэмізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="টোটেমবাদ - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টোটেমবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="تۆتێمیزم - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆتێمیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemismus" title="Totemismus - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Totemismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemismus" title="Totemismus - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Totemismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemism" title="Totemism - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Totemism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemismo" title="Totemismo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Totemismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemismo" title="Totemismo - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Totemismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemism" title="Totemism - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Totemism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemismo" title="Totemismo - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Totemismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="توتم‌پرستی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توتم‌پرستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemismi" title="Totemismi - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Totemismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tot%C3%A9misme" title="Totémisme - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Totémisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toatemisme" title="Toatemisme - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Toatemisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemismo" title="Totemismo - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Totemismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="टोटम प्रथा - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोटम प्रथा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemizam" title="Totemizam - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Totemizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemizmus" title="Totemizmus - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Totemizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Տոտեմիզմ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տոտեմիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemisme" title="Totemisme - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Totemisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemismo" title="Totemismo - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Totemismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemisme" title="Totemisme - javanès" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Totemisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტოტემიზმი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოტემიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тотемизм - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тотемизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%ED%85%8C%EB%AF%B8%EC%A6%98" title="토테미즘 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토테미즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тотемизм - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тотемизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4temisma" title="Tôtemisma - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tôtemisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тотемизм - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тотемизм" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тотемизам - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тотемизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9C" title="ജന്തുപൂജ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജന്തുപൂജ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%88%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Тотем шүтлэг - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тотем шүтлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemisme" title="Totemisme - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Totemisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тотемизм - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тотемизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemizam" title="Totemizam - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Totemizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemism" title="Totemism - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Totemism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemizmus" title="Totemizmus - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Totemizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тотемизам - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тотемизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemism" title="Totemism - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Totemism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemizm:" title="Totemizm: - turcman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Totemizm:" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemizm" title="Totemizm - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Totemizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тотемизм - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тотемизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тотемізм - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тотемізм" 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Rewe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rewe.JPG/220px-Rewe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rewe.JPG/330px-Rewe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rewe.JPG/440px-Rewe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Rewe <a href="/wiki/Maputxe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maputxe">maputxe</a> de <a href="/wiki/Xile" title="Xile">Xile</a></figcaption></figure> <p>El <b>totemisme</b> és el conjunt de <a href="/wiki/Creen%C3%A7a" title="Creença">creences</a> i manifestacions espirituals i socials vinculades a un <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B2tem" title="Tòtem">tòtem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definició"><span id="Definici.C3.B3"></span>Definició</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totemisme&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Definició"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El totemisme és un concepte antropològic actualment en desús, que designa una relació <a href="/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica">metafísica</a>, un complex sistema d'idees, símbols o pràctiques entre un individu o un grup social i un animal (un vegetal o, fins i tot, un objecte). Comprèn les relacions idealment postulades entre dues sèries, una d'aquestes natural i l'altra, cultural. Trobem el totemisme a Amèrica i Oceania, i pel que sembla és una creença inherent a l'ésser humà primitiu més que una difusió global transmesa entre <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">cultures</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%88tnia" title="Ètnia">ètnies</a>. </p><p>El tòtem és un ésser animat o inanimat, del qual un grup de persones diu descendir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generalitats">Generalitats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totemisme&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Generalitats"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els primers antropòlegs i etnòlegs com <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Cort_Haddon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Cort Haddon (encara no existeix)">Alfred Cort Haddon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ferguson_McLennan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ferguson McLennan (encara no existeix)">John Ferguson McLennan</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._H._R._Rivers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="W. H. R. Rivers (encara no existeix)">W. H. R. Rivers</a> van identificar el totemisme com una pràctica compartida entre grups indígenes en parts no connectades del món, que normalment reflecteix una etapa del desenvolupament humà. L'etnòleg escocès John Ferguson McLennan, seguint la moda de la investigació del segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span>, va abordar el totemisme des d'una perspectiva àmplia en el seu estudi The Worship of Animals and Plants (1869, 1870).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> McLennan no va intentar explicar l'origen específic del fenomen totemístic sinó que va intentar indicar que tota la raça humana havia passat, en l'antiguitat, per una etapa totemística.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>El totemisme no és considerat per tothom un fenomen religiós. No es tracta en realitat d'una religió, s'expressa, entre altres característiques, en l'adoració als animals. El concepte de totemisme es va donar a conèixer per l'escocès McLennan a Londres el 1780 amb la fórmula següent: "el totemisme és el fetitxisme més l'<a href="/wiki/Exog%C3%A0mia" title="Exogàmia">exogàmia</a> i la filiació matrilineal (<a href="/wiki/Matrillinatge" title="Matrillinatge">matrillinatge</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La identificació de diversos sistemes religiosos amb el totemisme s'ha descartat i el terme ja no s'utilitza amb freqüència, llevat que s'identifiqui amb l'existència d'animals totèmics en alguna tribu. Alguns estudiosos creuen que, en l'anomenat <i>període paleolític</i>, ja hi ha indicis de creença respecte al parentiu amb els animals, és a dir, una característica atribuïda al totemisme. </p><p>El totemisme es manifestava en diverses formes i tipus de diferents contexts, sobretot entre pobles que barrejaven l'economia (cultius i caça) i, especialment, entre les comunitats de caçadors, com passa a Austràlia, que el totemisme també és present en tribus que crien bestiar. </p><p>El totemisme, de cap manera, pot catalogar una fase general del desenvolupament cultural del clan, però sens dubte ha exercit un efecte psicològic en el comportament de certs grups ètnics, en la seva socialització i en la formació de la personalitat humana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tòtem_espiritual"><span id="T.C3.B2tem_espiritual"></span>Tòtem espiritual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totemisme&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Tòtem espiritual"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Totempfahl_der_Tlingit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Totempfahl_der_Tlingit.jpg/220px-Totempfahl_der_Tlingit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Totempfahl_der_Tlingit.jpg/330px-Totempfahl_der_Tlingit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Totempfahl_der_Tlingit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Un <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B2tem" title="Tòtem">tòtem</a> és un objecte, ésser o <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobrenatural" title="Sobrenatural">sobrenatural</a>, que en les <a href="/wiki/Mitologia" title="Mitologia">mitologies</a> d'algunes cultures es pren com a emblema de la tribu o de l'individu; aquest pot incloure una diversitat d'atributs i significats</figcaption></figure> <p>El terme deriva de la paraula <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ototeman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ototeman (encara no existeix)">ototeman</a></i>, del llenguatge dels <a href="/wiki/Algonquins" title="Algonquins">algonquins</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Ojibwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa">Ojibwa</a> (a l'àrea nord dels Grans Llacs a Amèrica del Nord oriental): originàriament significa: 'ell és de la meva parentela'. L'arrel gramatical <i>ote</i> significa una relació de sang entre els germans que tenen la mateixa mare i que no poden casar-se entre ells. </p><p>Entre algunes <a href="/wiki/Tribu_(antropologia)" title="Tribu (antropologia)">tribus</a> <a href="/wiki/Ind%C3%ADgena" title="Indígena">indígenes</a> i <a href="/wiki/Amerindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindi">nacions natives d'Amèrica del Nord</a>, les qualitats dels animals reflecteixen o reflectien forces sobrenaturals i atribucions espirituals. D'entre alguns dels animals reconeguts està l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%93ssos" title="Óssos">os</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%B3" title="Falcó">falcó</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Peix" class="mw-redirect" title="Peix">peix</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Bis%C3%B3" title="Bisó">bisó</a> i el <a href="/wiki/Taxidea_taxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxidea taxus">teixó</a>. Aquests eren animals de gran importància. </p><p>Existeixen diferents teories sobre el seu origen. Els antropòlegs materialistes suggereixen que el totemisme va néixer com una manera de protegir els animals i les plantes de l'<a href="/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3" title="Extinció">extinció</a>. D'aquesta manera, cada tribu es va encarregar de protegir un animal tòtem, acordant, per exemple, que només ells el caçarien, o també en cas contrari, protegir l'animal totèmic establint un <a href="/wiki/Tab%C3%BA" title="Tabú">tabú</a> que prohibia la ingesta de l'animal o vegetal en qüestió per part de la tribu. En la pràctica, el totemisme es duia a terme assignant el nom de l'animal al nom de la tribu; així, els antropòlegs trobaven en els seus viatges, per exemple, el clan dels castors, o el clan dels <a href="/wiki/Bedoll" title="Bedoll">bedolls</a>, entre molts altres tòtems d'animals i plantes que, de vegades, humorísticament, eren adjectivats per formar combinacions del tipus "bisó rialler". Altres antropòlegs menys entusiastes van afirmar que el totemisme va néixer senzillament com una necessitat lingüística de designar els seus veïns, i no van trobar millor manera de fer-ho que usant les paraules que tenien a mà i que millor caracteritzaven els animals. Si els seus veïns eren especialistes en la recol·lecció de la mel, els anomenaven <i>el clan de la mel</i>, o més concretament, <i>els mels</i>. </p><p>Antropòlegs més espirituals, basant-se en els increïbles testimonis orals recollits en les seves investigacions, van escriure que l'ésser humà primitiu tenia una relació molt especial amb els animals, que mitjançant pràctiques rituals o ingesta d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=End%C3%B2gens&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Endògens (encara no existeix)">endògens</a>, el nostre ancestre recordava o experimentava la vida d'un animal o planta, que ell mateix havia estat. I que, per tant, ingerir la carn del seu animal totèmic era equivalent a menjar un ésser de la seva mateixa espècie, pràctica <a href="/wiki/Tab%C3%BA" title="Tabú">tabú</a> o prohibida en moltes regions. </p><p>El totemisme és, llavors, una mica de tot això; varia segons les regions i pot tenir orígens diferents; el que ens ha d'interessar és l'especial relació de l'individu primitiu amb els animals i les plantes. Hi ha encara, al nostre segle, el prejudici d'associar l'ésser humà primitiu a un individu simple i sense pensaments, i sovint l'associem a un mico. Tanmateix, llegint el testimoni de diversos grans antropòlegs -<a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> és un d'ells-, ens adonem de la sublim intel·ligència i la cultura d'aquests individus singulars, tot un museu vivent del nostre passat. </p><p>Els bruixots o xamans de cada tribu eren els encarregats de determinar mitjançant visions, l'animal o planta tòtem de cada nounat. Això passava quan hi havia un totemisme individual i no grupal. El tòtem en qüestió, suposadament, protegia l'individu o el clan, així com el clan o l'individu protegien el tòtem. Altres vegades, el totemisme es traduïa en una igualtat de virtuts entre l'ésser humà i el seu animal o planta tòtem, de tal manera que per exemple, l'individu àguila tenia les mateixes virtuts que l'àguila. </p><p>Un cop difosa la pràctica d'assignacions totèmiques, el totemisme es va convertir en molts llocs (nord d'Austràlia, Amèrica del Nord...) en una intricada xarxa de relacions socials entre els clans, en què dones serps eren donades en matrimoni a homes àguila, i només a ells, per citar-ne un exemple. Quan un cert nombre de persones en el si d'un clan era sobrepassat, es creava un nou clan, i també un nou tòtem. De tal manera que aquestes precioses relacions socials entre els clans se segellaven. A Amèrica del Nord, ho feien amb el tallat d'un tronc que representava el passat d'un clan, amb tots els seus antecessors totèmics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totemisme&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B2tem" title="Tòtem">Tòtem</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totemisme&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/0147111.xml">Totemisme</a>».&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i>.&#32; Barcelona:&#32; <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Patrick Wolfe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=ZdhnThYIgGAC&amp;pg=PA112"><i>Settler Colonialism</i></a>.&#32; Continuum International Publishing Group,&#32;22 desembre 1998,&#32;p.&#160;111–. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-304-70340-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-304-70340-1">ISBN 978-0-304-70340-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Settler+Colonialism&amp;rft.au=Patrick+Wolfe&amp;rft.date=22+desembre+1998&amp;rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.pages=111%E2%80%93&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-304-70340-1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZdhnThYIgGAC%26pg%3DPA112"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLennan, J., <i>The worship of animals and plants</i>, Fortnightly Review, vol. 6-7 (1869-1870)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfe1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe1998_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Patrick Wolfe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=ZdhnThYIgGAC&amp;pg=PA112"><i>Settler Colonialism</i></a>.&#32; Continuum International Publishing Group,&#32;22 Desembre 1998,&#32;p.&#160;111–. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-304-70340-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-304-70340-1">ISBN 978-0-304-70340-1</a></span>&#32;[Consulta: 22 desembre 2012].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Settler+Colonialism&amp;rft.au=Patrick+Wolfe&amp;rft.date=22+Desembre+1998&amp;rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.pages=111%E2%80%93&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-304-70340-1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZdhnThYIgGAC%26pg%3DPA112"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totemisme&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Totems" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Totems">Totemisme</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i>Sir</i> <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Branca_Daurada" title="La Branca Daurada"><i>La branca daurada</i></a>, 1890.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_pensament_salvatge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="El pensament salvatge (encara no existeix)">El pensament salvatge</a></i>, 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_formes_elementals_de_la_vida_religiosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Les formes elementals de la vida religiosa (encara no existeix)">Les formes elementals de la vida religiosa</a></i>, 1822.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d&#39;autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" 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