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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pleroma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pleroma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9roma" title="Pléroma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pléroma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleromo" title="Pleromo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pleromo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Plérôme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plérôme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88" title="플레로마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플레로마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pleroma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9r%C3%B3ma" title="Pléróma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pléróma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma_(gnostiek)" title="Pleroma (gnostiek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pleroma (gnostiek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E" title="プレーローマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレーローマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pleroma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pleroma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плерома – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плерома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плерома – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плерома" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pleroma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pleroma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плерома – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плерома" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Gnostic philosophical concept. For the plant genus, see <a href="/wiki/Pleroma_(plant)" title="Pleroma (plant)">Pleroma (plant)</a>. For a description of the sewing term "fullness", see <a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">Pleat</a>. For the social networking service, see <a href="/wiki/Pleroma_(software)" title="Pleroma (software)">Pleroma (software)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: This article relies primarily on older sources; more current research may be available..<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pleroma</b> (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πλήρωμα</span>, literally "fullness") generally refers to the totality of divine powers. It is used in Christian theological contexts, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>. The term also appears in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Epistle to the Colossians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is used 17 times in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1890_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1890-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word literally means "fullness", from the verb <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">plēróō</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πληρόω</span></span>, "to fill"), from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">plḗrēs</i></span> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:πλήρης">πλήρης</a>, "full").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedish_Academy1953_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedish_Academy1953-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word itself is a relative term, capable of many shades of meaning, according to the subject with which it is joined and the antithesis to which it is contrasted. It denotes the result of the action of the verb <i>pleroun;</i> but <i>pleroun</i> is either </p> <ul><li>to fill up an empty thing (<i>e.g.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2013:48&version=nrsv">Matthew 13:48</a>), or</li> <li>to complete an incomplete thing (<i>e.g.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:17&version=nrsv">Matthew 5:17</a>);</li></ul> <p>and the verbal substantive in -<i>ma</i> may express either </p> <ol><li>the objective accusative after the verb, 'the thing filled or completed,' or</li> <li>the cognate accusative, 'the state of fulness or completion, the fulfilment, the full amount,' resulting from the action of the verb (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2011:12&version=nrsv">Romans 11:12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2013:10&version=nrsv">13:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2015:29&version=nrsv">15:29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2010:26&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 10:26</a>).</li></ol> <p>It may emphasize totality in contrast to its constituent parts; or fullness in contrast to emptiness (<i><a href="/wiki/Kenoma" title="Kenoma">kenoma</a></i>); or completeness in contrast to incompleteness or deficiency (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hysterema</i></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:24&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%2011:9&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 11:9</a>; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hettema</i></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2011:12&version=nrsv">Romans 11:12</a>). </p><p>A further ambiguity arises when it is joined with a genitive, which may be either subjective or objective, the fulness which one thing gives to another, or that which it receives from another. </p><p>In its semi-technical application it is applied primarily to the perfection of God, the fullness of His Being, 'the aggregate of the Divine attributes, virtues, energies': this is used quite absolutely in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:19&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:19</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">oti en auto eudokesen pan to pleroma katoikesai</i></span>), but further defined </p> <ol><li>as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pan to pleroma tes theotetos</i></span>, 'the whole completeness of the Divine nature,' in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:9&version=nrsv">Colossians 2:9</a>,</li> <li>as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pan to pleroma tou theou</i></span>, 'the whole (moral) perfection which is characteristic of God,' in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%203:19&version=nrsv">Ephesians 3:19</a>.</li></ol> <p>Secondarily, this same <i>pleroma</i> is transferred to Christ; it was embodied permanently in Him at the Incarnation (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:19&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:19</a>); it still dwells permanently in His glorified Body, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">en auto katoikei somatikos</i></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:9&version=nrsv">Colossians 2:9</a>); it is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tou pleromatos tou christou</i></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%204:13&version=nrsv">Ephesians 4:13</a>), the complete, moral, and intellectual perfection to which Christians aspire and with which they are filled (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%204:13&version=nrsv">Ephesians 4:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:10&version=nrsv">Colossians 2:10</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">este en auto pepleromenoi</i></span>. Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:16&version=nrsv">John 1:16</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">oti ek tou pleromatos autou emeis pantes elabomen</i></span>, where <i>pleroma</i> is the state of Him who is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pleres charitos kai aletheias</i></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:14&version=nrsv">John 1:14</a>, cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:40&version=nrsv">Luke 2:40</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pleroumenon sophia</i></span>). This indwelling emphasizes the completeness with which the Son represents the Father; it is the fulness of life which makes Him the representative, without other intermediary agencies, and ruler of the whole universe; and it is the fulness of moral and intellectual perfection which is communicable through Him to man; it is consistent with a gradual growth of human faculties (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:40&version=nrsv">Luke 2:40</a>), therefore with the phrase <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eauton ekenosen</i></span> of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%202:7&version=nrsv">Philippians 2:7</a>, which is perhaps intended as a deliberate contrast to it. One further application of the phrase is made in (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%201:23&version=nrsv">Ephesians 1:23</a>), where it is used of the Church, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">to pleroma tou ta panta en pasin pleroumenou</i></span>. Here the genitive is perhaps subjective—the fulness of Christ, His full embodiment, that fulness which He supplies to the Church—emphasizing the thoroughness with which the Church is the receptacle of His powers and represents Him on earth. The analogy of the other uses of the word with the genitive of the person (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%203:19&version=nrsv">Ephesians 3:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%204:13&version=nrsv">4:13</a>), and the stress throughout these books on Christians being filled by Christ (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%203:19&version=nrsv">Ephesians 3:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%204:13&version=nrsv">4:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%205:18&version=nrsv">5:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:9&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:10&version=nrsv">2:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%204:12&version=nrsv">4:12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:16&version=nrsv">John 1:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:34&version=nrsv">3:34</a>), favours this view. But the genitive may be objective, 'the complement of Christ,' that which completes Him, which fills up by its activities the work which His withdrawal to heaven would have left undone, as the body completes the head. The analogy of the body, the stress laid on the action of the Church (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%203:10–21&version=nrsv">Ephesians 3:10–21</a>), the language about Paul himself in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:24&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:24</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">antanaplero ta hysteremata ton thlipseon tou christou</i></span>), support this, and it is impossible to decide between the two. The former view has been most common since the thorough examination of the word by Fritzsche<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzsche1839ii._pp._469_ff_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzsche1839ii._pp._469_ff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lightfoot,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightfoot1890_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightfoot1890-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was taken by von Soden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Soden1891_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Soden1891-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the latter view, which was that of <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a>, has been strongly advocated by Pfleiderer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfleiderer1877ii._p._172_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfleiderer1877ii._p._172-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/T._K._Abbott" class="mw-redirect" title="T. K. Abbott">T. K. Abbott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott1903_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott1903-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the NT the word occurs in <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a> in a sense which is clearly influenced by the NT, and apparently in the meaning of the Divine fulness, as going forth and blessing and residing in the Church (<i>Eph</i>. Inscr. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">te eulogemen en megethei theou patros pleromati</i></span>, and <i>Trall</i>. Inscr. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">en kai aspazomai en to pleromati</i></span>, almost = <i>en Christo</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kenoma" title="Kenoma">Kenoma</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> the use becomes more technical, though its applications are still very variable. The Gnostic writers appeal to the use in the NT (evidenced in Irenaeus' account of their views and his corresponding refutation, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_I" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS/Against Heresies: Book I">Iren I. iii. 4</a>), and the word retains from it the sense of totality in contrast to the constituent parts; but the chief associations of <i>pleroma</i> in their systems are with <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>, and the main thought is that of a state of completeness in contrast to deficiency (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kenoma#Hysterema" title="Kenoma">hysterema</a></i></span>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_I" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS/Against Heresies: Book I">Iren. I. xvi. 3</a>; Hippol. vi. 31), or of the fullness of real existence in contrast to the empty void and unreality of mere phenomena (<i>kenoma</i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_I" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS/Against Heresies: Book I">Iren. I. iv. 1</a>). Thus in <a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a> it expressed the fulness of the Divine Life out of which the Divine Christ descended upon the man Jesus at his baptism, and into which He returned (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_I" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS/Against Heresies: Book I">Iren. I. xxvi. 1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_I" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS/Against Heresies: Book I">III. xi. 1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_III/Chapter_XVI." class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS/Against Heresies: Book III/Chapter XVI.">xvi. 1</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinian system</a> it stands in antithesis to the essential incomprehensible Godhead, as 'the circle of the Divine attributes,' the various means by which God reveals Himself: it is the totality of the thirty <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeons</a> or emanations which proceed from God, but are separated alike from Him and from the material universe. It is at times almost localized, so that a thing is spoken of as 'within,' 'without,' 'above,' 'below' the Pleroma: more often it is the spirit-world, the archetypal ideal existing in the invisible heavens in contrast to the imperfect phenomenal manifestations of that ideal in the universe. Thus 'the whole Pleroma of the aeons' contributes each its own excellence to the historic Jesus, and He appears on earth 'as the perfect beauty and star of the Pleroma' (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">teleiotaton kallos kai astron tou pleromatos</i></span>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_I/Chapter_XI." class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS/Against Heresies: Book I/Chapter XI.">Iren. I. xi. 6</a>). Similarly it was used by writers as equivalent to the full completeness of perfect knowledge (<i><a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia</a></i>, p. 15). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Some] confess that the Father of all contains all things, and that there is nothing whatever outside of the Pleroma (for it is an absolute necessity that, [if there be anything outside of it,] it should be bounded and circumscribed by something greater than itself), and that they speak of what is <i>without</i> and what <i>within</i> in reference to <i>knowledge</i> and <i>ignorance</i>, and not with respect to local distance; but that, in the Pleroma, or in those things which are contained by the Father, the whole creation which we know to have been formed, having been made by the Demiurge, or by the angels, is contained by the unspeakable greatness, as the centre is in a circle, or as a spot is in a garment . . . .</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_II/Chapter_IV." class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS/Against Heresies: Book II/Chapter IV.">Iren. II. iv. 2</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Again, each separate Aeon is called a <i>pleroma</i> in contrast to its earthly imperfect counterpart, so that in this sense the plural can be used, <i>pleromata</i> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_I" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS/Against Heresies: Book I">Iren. I. xiv. 2</a>); and even each individual has his or her Pleroma or spiritual counterpart (<i>to pleroma autes</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a>,—<a href="/wiki/Heracleon" title="Heracleon">Heracleon</a>, <i>ap.</i> Origen, xiii. p. 205). </p><p>It thus expressed the various thoughts which we should express by the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a>, the ideal, heaven; and it is probably owing to this ambiguity, as well as to its heretical associations, that the word dropped out of Christian theology. It is still used in its ordinary untechnical meaning, <i>e.g.</i> <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_of_Ohrid" title="Theophylact of Ohrid">Theophylact</a> speaks of the Trinity as <i>pleroma tou theou</i>; but no use so technical as that in Ignatius reappears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Platonism">Middle Platonism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Platonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_M._Dillon" title="John M. Dillon">John M. Dillon</a>, in <i>Pleroma and Noetic Cosmos: A Comparative Study</i>, states that Gnosticism imported its concept of the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">ideal realm</a>, or pleroma, from Plato's concept of the cosmos and <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> and of <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>'s Noetic cosmos in contrast to the aesthetic cosmos. Dillon does this by contrasting the <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Noetic</a> cosmos to passages from the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi</a>, where the Aeons are expressed as the thoughts of God. Dillon expresses the concept that pleroma is a Gnostic adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Hellenic</a> ideas, since before Philo there is no Jewish tradition that accepts that the material world or cosmos was based on an ideal world that exists as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon199299_ff_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon199299_ff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_sciences">Social sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carl_Jung">Carl Jung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carl Jung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> uses the term <i>pleroma</i> in his work, <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sermons_to_the_Dead" title="Seven Sermons to the Dead">Seven Sermons to the Dead</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1962_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1962-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mystical text he attributed to <a href="/wiki/Basilides_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilides of Alexandria">Basilides of Alexandria</a>, first published anonymously in 1916, and the only part of <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Novus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Novus">Liber Novus</a></i> (<i>The Red Book</i>) to be published before his death. Jung reinterprets <i>pleroma</i> not only in Gnostic terms but as a symbol of the undifferentiated totality from which all opposites arise, laying the foundation for his psychological dualities such as conscious/unconscious and <a href="/wiki/Anima_and_animus" title="Anima and animus">anima/animus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoeller1989_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeller1989-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gregory_Bateson">Gregory Bateson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gregory Bateson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Steps_to_an_Ecology_of_Mind" title="Steps to an Ecology of Mind">Steps to an Ecology of Mind</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateson1972_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateson1972-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> adopts and extends Jung's distinction between <i>pleroma</i> (the non-living world that is undifferentiated by subjectivity) and <i>creatura</i> (the living world, subject to perceptual difference, distinction, and information). What Bateson calls the "myth of power" is the <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemologically</a> false application to Creatura of an element of Pleroma (non-living, undifferentiated).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeaconSherman2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaconSherman2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a> – Philosophical or theological concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a> – Infinite, unknowable aspect of God</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empyrean" title="Empyrean">Empyrean</a> – Highest heaven in ancient cosmologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a> – Relationship between Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_plenitude" title="Principle of plenitude">Principle of plenitude</a> – Philosophical principle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a> – Heavenly realm in Mandaeism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:9&version=nrsv">Col 2:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross2005_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2005">Cross 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1890-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1890_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrong1890">Strong 1890</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedish_Academy1953-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedish_Academy1953_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwedish_Academy1953">Swedish Academy 1953</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzsche1839ii._pp._469_ff-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzsche1839ii._pp._469_ff_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFritzsche1839">Fritzsche 1839</a>, ii. pp. 469 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELightfoot1890-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightfoot1890_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLightfoot1890">Lightfoot 1890</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Soden1891-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Soden1891_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVon_Soden1891">Von Soden 1891</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfleiderer1877ii._p._172-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfleiderer1877ii._p._172_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfleiderer1877">Pfleiderer 1877</a>, ii. p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott1903-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott1903_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1903">Abbott 1903</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon199299_ff-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon199299_ff_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDillon1992">Dillon 1992</a>, pp. 99 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1962-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1962_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung1962">Jung 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoeller1989-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoeller1989_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoeller1989">Hoeller 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateson1972-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateson1972_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateson1972">Bateson 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaconSherman2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeaconSherman2008_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeaconSherman2008">Deacon & Sherman 2008</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1903" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Thomas Kingsmill (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQsXAAAAIAAJ"><i>The International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments: Ephesians and Colossians</i></a>. C. Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Critical+Commentary+on+the+Holy+Scriptures+of+the+Old+and+New+Testaments%3A+Ephesians+and+Colossians&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kingsmill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQsXAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBateson1972" class="citation book cs1">Bateson, Gregory (1972). "Form, Substance, and Difference". <i>Steps to an Ecology of Mind</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">448–</span>466.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Form%2C+Substance%2C+and+Difference&rft.btitle=Steps+to+an+Ecology+of+Mind&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E448-%3C%2Fspan%3E466&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Bateson&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCross2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/378/mode/2up">"Colossians, Epistle to the"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian church</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 379.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colossians%2C+Epistle+to+the&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00late%2Fpage%2F378%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeaconSherman2008" class="citation book cs1">Deacon, Terrence W.; Sherman, Jeremy (2008). "The Pattern Which Connects Pleroma to Creatura: The Autocell Bridge from Physics to Life". In Hoffmeyer, Jesper (ed.). <i>A Legacy for Living Systems: Gregory Bateson as Precursor to Biosemiotics</i>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6706-8_5">10.1007/978-1-4020-6706-8_5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pattern+Which+Connects+Pleroma+to+Creatura%3A+The+Autocell+Bridge+from+Physics+to+Life&rft.btitle=A+Legacy+for+Living+Systems%3A+Gregory+Bateson+as+Precursor+to+Biosemiotics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6706-8_5&rft.aulast=Deacon&rft.aufirst=Terrence+W.&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDillon1992" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, John M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSbrLPup7wYC&q=John+M.+Dillon%2C+%22Pleroma+and+Noetic+Cosmos%3A&pg=PA99">"Pleroma and Noetic Cosmos: A Comparative Study"</a>. In Wallis, R.T. (ed.). <i>Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</i>. State Univ. of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1337-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1337-3"><bdi>0-7914-1337-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pleroma+and+Noetic+Cosmos%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.btitle=Neoplatonism+and+Gnosticism&rft.pub=State+Univ.+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7914-1337-3&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWSbrLPup7wYC%26q%3DJohn%2BM.%2BDillon%252C%2B%2522Pleroma%2Band%2BNoetic%2BCosmos%253A%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritzsche1839" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fritzsche, Carl Friedrich A. (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFgPAAAAQAAJ"><i>Pauli ad Romanos epistola</i></a>. Vol. Tomus II. Halis Saxonum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pauli+ad+Romanos+epistola&rft.pub=Halis+Saxonum&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Fritzsche&rft.aufirst=Carl+Friedrich+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFgPAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoeller1989" class="citation book cs1">Hoeller, Stephan A. (1989). <i>The Gnostic Jung and the Seven Sermons to the Dead</i>. Quest Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Jung+and+the+Seven+Sermons+to+the+Dead&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Hoeller&rft.aufirst=Stephan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJung1962" class="citation book cs1">Jung, C. G. (1962). <i>Memories, Dreams, Reflections</i>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72395-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72395-1"><bdi>0-679-72395-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories%2C+Dreams%2C+Reflections&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-679-72395-1&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot1890" class="citation book cs1">Lightfoot, Joseph Barber (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/50857/50857-h/50857-h.htm#Page_323">"On the meaning of πλήρωμα"</a>. <i>Saint Paul's Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon</i>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+meaning+of+%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1&rft.btitle=Saint+Paul%27s+Epistles+to+the+Colossians+and+to+Philemon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Barber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F50857%2F50857-h%2F50857-h.htm%23Page_323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfleiderer1877" class="citation book cs1">Pfleiderer, Otto (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PWpCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Paulinism</i></a>. Vol. II. Williams and Norgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paulinism&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Pfleiderer&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPWpCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrong1890" class="citation web cs1">Strong, James (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4138/kjv/tr/0-1/">"G4138 - plēroma - Strong's Greek Lexicon"</a>. <i>Blue Letter Bible</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=G4138+-+pl%C4%93roma+-+Strong%27s+Greek+Lexicon&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flexicon%2Fg4138%2Fkjv%2Ftr%2F0-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwedish_Academy1953" class="citation web cs1">Swedish Academy, ed. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saob.se/artikel/?seek=pleroma&pz=1">"Pleroma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordbok" title="Svenska Akademiens ordbok">Svenska Akademiens ordbok</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Akademiens+ordbok&rft.atitle=Pleroma&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saob.se%2Fartikel%2F%3Fseek%3Dpleroma%26pz%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVon_Soden1891" class="citation book cs1">Von Soden, H. (1891). <i>Hand-Commentar zum NT</i>. Freiburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand-Commentar+zum+NT&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Von+Soden&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/20px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/40px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lock, W. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/hastings/dictv4/Page_1.html">"Pleroma"</a>. In Hastings, James (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Hastings%27_Dictionary_of_the_Bible" title="Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible">A Dictionary of the Bible</a></i>. Vol. IV. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pleroma&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fhastings%2Fdictv4%2FPage_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMead1890" class="citation journal cs1">Mead, G. R. S. (1890). Blavatsky, Helena (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_jgbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA230">"Pistis Sophia"</a>. <i>Lucifer</i>. <b>6</b> (33). London: The Theosophical Publishing Society: <span class="nowrap">230–</span>239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lucifer&rft.atitle=Pistis+Sophia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=G.+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_jgbAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPagels1975" class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine (1975). <i>The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters</i> (1992 edition: Trinity Press International ed.). Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56338-039-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56338-039-0"><bdi>1-56338-039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Paul%3A+Gnostic+Exegesis+of+the+Pauline+Letters&rft.edition=1992+edition%3A+Trinity+Press+International&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=1-56338-039-0&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleroma" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pleroma" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pleroma"><i>pleroma</i></a> at Wiktionary </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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href="/wiki/Template:Gnosticism_topics" title="Template:Gnosticism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gnosticism_topics" title="Template talk:Gnosticism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gnosticism_topics172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraxas" title="Abraxas">Abraxas/Abrasax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_spark" title="Divine spark">Divine spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-Gnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturninus_of_Antioch" title="Saturninus of Antioch">Saturninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">Gnostic sects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borborites" title="Borborites">Borborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainites" title="Cainites">Cainites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpocrates" title="Carpocrates">Carpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcosians" title="Marcosians">Marcosians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonians" title="Simonians">Simonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syrian-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archontics" title="Archontics">Archontics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic texts">Gnostic texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gnostic Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion/Gospel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth" title="Gospel of Truth">Gospel of Truth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Gnostic_Gospels" title="Category:Gnostic Gospels">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askew_Codex" title="Askew Codex">Askew Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Codex" title="Bruce Codex">Bruce Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia/Faith-Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Gnostic_apocrypha" title="Category:Gnostic apocrypha">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">In modern times</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica">Ecclesia Gnostica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Society" title="Gnostic Society">Gnostic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannite_Church" title="Johannite Church">Johannite Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_King" title="Charles William King">Charles William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Quispel" title="Gilles Quispel">Gilles Quispel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._S._Mead" title="G. R. S. Mead">G. R. S. Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Doinel" title="Jules Doinel">Jules Doinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_A._Hoeller" title="Stephan A. Hoeller">Stephan A. Hoeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bereslavsky" title="John Bereslavsky">John Bereslavsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism in cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Buddhism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Relation_with_early_Christianity" title="Gnosticism">Christianity and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy (Blavatskian)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&oldid=1283617134">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleroma&oldid=1283617134</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carl_Jung" title="Category:Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gnostic_cosmology" title="Category:Gnostic cosmology">Gnostic cosmology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gnostic_terms_and_concepts" title="Category:Gnostic terms and concepts">Gnostic terms and concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_Greek_words_and_phrases" title="Category:New Testament Greek words and phrases">New Testament Greek words and phrases</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_April_2025" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2025">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Koin%C4%93_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Koinē Greek-language text">Articles containing Koinē Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 April 2025, at 16:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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