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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turmoil_in_1885_and_1886_and_the_"Sandstone_City"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turmoil_in_1885_and_1886_and_the_"Sandstone_City""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Turmoil in 1885 and 1886 and the "Sandstone City" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turmoil_in_1885_and_1886_and_the_"Sandstone_City"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1887_to_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1887_to_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1887 to 1900 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1887_to_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turn_of_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turn_of_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Turn of the 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turn_of_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stampede_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stampede_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Stampede City </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stampede_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Early oil and gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_politics_1910s_to_1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_politics_1910s_to_1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Early politics 1910s to 1940s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_politics_1910s_to_1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s_to_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s_to_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 1960s to 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s_to_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_and_1980s:_economic_boom_and_bust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_and_1980s:_economic_boom_and_bust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 1970s and 1980s: economic boom and bust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_and_1980s:_economic_boom_and_bust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympic_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Olympic legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 1990s to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbourhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbourhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Neighbourhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbourhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Arts and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Stage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Print media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Visual art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Arts education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Attractions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sports and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Municipal politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Provincial politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Federal politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Public transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedestrian_and_cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedestrian_and_cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.3 Pedestrian and cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedestrian_and_cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skyway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skyway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.4 Skyway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skyway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads_and_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads_and_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.5 Roads and highways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads_and_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.6 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Primary and secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Post-secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Calgary</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" > 121 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AA" title="ካልገሪ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካልገሪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="كالغاري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالغاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Գալկարի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գալկարի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalqari" title="Kalqari – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalqari" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کلگری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلگری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="ক্যালগারি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যালগারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калгари – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Калгари" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Калгары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калгары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Калгары – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калгары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калгари – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калгари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Κάλγκαρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάλγκαρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgario" title="Kalgario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalgario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کلگری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EA%B1%B0%EB%A6%AC" title="캘거리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캘거리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Կալգարի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալգարի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कैलगरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैलगरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калгари – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Калгари" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99" title="קלגרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלגרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕ್ಯಾಲ್ಗರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಲ್ಗರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კალგარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალგარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калгари – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калгари" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калгари – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калгари" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgaria" title="Calgaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calgaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgari" title="Kalgari – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalgari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgaris" title="Kalgaris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalgaris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="കാൽഗറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൽഗറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कॅल्गारी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅल्गारी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="كالجارى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كالجارى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калгари – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Калгари" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကယ်လ်ဂရီမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကယ်လ်ဂရီမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="カルガリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルガリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калгари – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Калгари" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgari" title="Kalgari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalgari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੈਲਗਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਲਗਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کیلگری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیلگری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калгари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калгари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калгари – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Калгари" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کالگاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کالگاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калгари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калгари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="கால்கரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கால்கரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кәлгари – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәлгари" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="แคลกะรี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคลกะรี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Калгарӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калгарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalg%CE%B5ri" title="Kalgεri – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kalgεri" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96" title="Калгарі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калгарі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کیلگری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیلگری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgari" title="Kalgari – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Kalgari" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgari" title="Kalgari – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kalgari" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9" title="卡加利 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="卡加利" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C" title="卡尔加里 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔加里" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9" title="卡加利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡加利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Calgary" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C" title="卡尔加里 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔加里" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calgary&params=51_3_N_114_4_W_type:city(1300000)_region:CA-AB">51°3′N 114°4′W / 51.050°N 114.067°W / 51.050; -114.067</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest city in Alberta, Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Canadian city. For the hamlet in Scotland, see <a href="/wiki/Calgary,_Mull" title="Calgary, Mull">Calgary, Mull</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Calgary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Calgary (disambiguation)">Calgary (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Alberta, Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Calgary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Calgary</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Calgary_2020-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Downtown_Calgary_2020-4.jpg/288px-Downtown_Calgary_2020-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Downtown_Calgary_2020-4.jpg/432px-Downtown_Calgary_2020-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Downtown_Calgary_2020-4.jpg/576px-Downtown_Calgary_2020-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="577" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary" title="Downtown Calgary">Downtown Calgary</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen-Ave-West-Szmurlo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Stephen-Ave-West-Szmurlo.jpg/142px-Stephen-Ave-West-Szmurlo.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Stephen-Ave-West-Szmurlo.jpg/213px-Stephen-Ave-West-Szmurlo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Stephen-Ave-West-Szmurlo.jpg/284px-Stephen-Ave-West-Szmurlo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Avenue" title="Stephen Avenue">Stephen Avenue</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lougheed_house_Calgary_(36102398304).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lougheed_house_Calgary_%2836102398304%29.jpg/142px-Lougheed_house_Calgary_%2836102398304%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lougheed_house_Calgary_%2836102398304%29.jpg/213px-Lougheed_house_Calgary_%2836102398304%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lougheed_house_Calgary_%2836102398304%29.jpg/284px-Lougheed_house_Calgary_%2836102398304%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Lougheed_House" title="Lougheed House">Lougheed House</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_Plaza_Calgary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Olympic_Plaza_Calgary.jpg/288px-Olympic_Plaza_Calgary.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Olympic_Plaza_Calgary.jpg/432px-Olympic_Plaza_Calgary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Olympic_Plaza_Calgary.jpg/576px-Olympic_Plaza_Calgary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2223" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Plaza_(Calgary)" title="Olympic Plaza (Calgary)">Olympic Plaza</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sait_heritage_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sait_heritage_hall.jpg/143px-Sait_heritage_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sait_heritage_hall.jpg/215px-Sait_heritage_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sait_heritage_hall.jpg/286px-Sait_heritage_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology" title="Southern Alberta Institute of Technology">SAIT Heritage Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_Stampede_Rodeo_final_day_18_-_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calgary_Stampede_Rodeo_final_day_18_-_2011.jpg/141px-Calgary_Stampede_Rodeo_final_day_18_-_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calgary_Stampede_Rodeo_final_day_18_-_2011.jpg/212px-Calgary_Stampede_Rodeo_final_day_18_-_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calgary_Stampede_Rodeo_final_day_18_-_2011.jpg/282px-Calgary_Stampede_Rodeo_final_day_18_-_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="1968" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede_Rodeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary Stampede Rodeo">Calgary Stampede Rodeo</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Calgary_(1983).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Calgary"><img alt="Flag of Calgary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Calgary_%281983%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Calgary_%281983%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Calgary_%281983%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Calgary_%281983%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Calgary_%281983%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Calgary_%281983%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="224" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Calgary" title="Flag of Calgary">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Calgary.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Calgary"><img alt="Coat of arms of Calgary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/COA_of_Calgary.svg/92px-COA_of_Calgary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/COA_of_Calgary.svg/138px-COA_of_Calgary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/COA_of_Calgary.svg/185px-COA_of_Calgary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="325" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Calgary" title="Coat of arms of Calgary">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Calgary_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Calgary"><img alt="Official logo of Calgary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/City_of_Calgary_Logo.svg/100px-City_of_Calgary_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/City_of_Calgary_Logo.svg/150px-City_of_Calgary_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/City_of_Calgary_Logo.svg/200px-City_of_Calgary_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="218" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Stampede City, Cowtown, Mohkínstsis, Wîchîspa Oyade, Guts’ists’i <a href="/wiki/List_of_city_nicknames_in_Canada#Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of city nicknames in Canada">more</a>...<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Onward</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_efdb3273a4a1bb0b249ab0f6df848239efbaaf91"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Calgary&revid=1259712548&groups=_efdb3273a4a1bb0b249ab0f6df848239efbaaf91" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Calgary&revid=1259712548&groups=_efdb3273a4a1bb0b249ab0f6df848239efbaaf91 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Calgary</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_relief_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calgary is located in Canada"><img alt="Calgary is located in Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Canada_relief_map_2.svg/250px-Canada_relief_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Canada_relief_map_2.svg/375px-Canada_relief_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Canada_relief_map_2.svg/500px-Canada_relief_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.985%;left:20.515%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Calgary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Calgary</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Canada</div>Show map of Canada</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calgary is located in Alberta"><img alt="Calgary is located in Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg/250px-Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg/375px-Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg/500px-Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1638" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.474%;left:58.148%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Calgary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Calgary</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Alberta</div>Show map of Alberta</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calgary&params=51_3_N_114_4_W_type:city(1300000)_region:CA-AB">51°3′N 114°4′W / 51.050°N 114.067°W / 51.050; -114.067</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Metropolitan_Region" title="Calgary Metropolitan Region">Calgary Metropolitan Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Alberta" title="List of census divisions of Alberta">Census division</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Division_No._6,_Alberta" title="Division No. 6, Alberta">6</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_districts_in_Alberta" title="List of municipal districts in Alberta">Municipal districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rocky_View_County" title="Rocky View County">Rocky View County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foothills_County" title="Foothills County">Foothills County</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1875</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated<a href="#cite_note-AMACityProfiles-3">[3]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Alberta" title="List of towns in Alberta">Town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">November 7, 1884</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">City</a></th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1894</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calgary,_Mull" title="Calgary, Mull">Calgary, Mull</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Calgary_City_Council" title="Calgary City Council">Calgary City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Calgary" title="List of mayors of Calgary">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Gondek" title="Jyoti Gondek">Jyoti Gondek</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Manager">Manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data">David Duckworth<a href="#cite_note-CalgaryCityManager-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021census-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">820.62 km2 (316.84 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">621.72 km2 (240.05 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,098.68 km2 (1,968.61 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-downtown_elevation-6">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,045 m (3,428 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021census-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021censusPC-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021censusCMA-8">[8]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,306,784 (3rd)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,592.4/km2 (4,124/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,305,550 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,099.9/km2 (5,439/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,481,806 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">290.6/km2 (753/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Calgarian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">MST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (MDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_postal_code#Forward_sortation_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian postal code">FSAs</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_T_postal_codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of T postal codes of Canada">T1Y, T2A - T3S</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_403" title="Area code 403">403</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_codes_587,_825,_and_368" title="Area codes 587, 825, and 368">587, 825, 368</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_Topographic_System" title="National Topographic System">NTS</a> Map</th><td class="infobox-data">082O01</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada" title="Geographical Names Board of Canada">GNBC</a> Code</th><td class="infobox-data">IAKID</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> (Calgary <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>102.66 billion (2020)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita (Calgary <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data">CA$79,885 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calgary.ca">calgary.ca</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36312#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Calgary is the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>. It is the largest metro area within the three <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">prairie provinces</a>. As of 2021, the city proper had a population of 1,306,784 and a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a> population of 1,680,000 making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">third-largest</a> city and <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">fifth-largest</a> metropolitan area in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Calgary is at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Bow_River" title="Bow River">Bow River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elbow_River" title="Elbow River">Elbow River</a> in the southwest of the province, in the transitional area between the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Foothills" title="Rocky Mountain Foothills">Rocky Mountain Foothills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a>, about 80 km (50 mi) east of the front ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a>, roughly 299 km (186 mi) south of the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> and approximately 240 km (150 mi) north of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>. The city anchors the south end of the <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>-defined urban area, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary%E2%80%93Edmonton_Corridor" title="Calgary–Edmonton Corridor">Calgary–Edmonton Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Calgary's economy includes activity in many sectors: energy; financial services; film and television; <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Calgary" title="Transportation in Calgary">transportation</a> and logistics; technology; manufacturing; aerospace; health and wellness; retail; and tourism.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Calgary Metropolitan Region is home to Canada's second-largest number of corporate head offices among the country's 800 largest corporations.<a href="#cite_note-CanadaWest-14">[14]</a> In 2015, Calgary had the largest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city.<a href="#cite_note-TheCalgaryadvantage-15">[15]</a> In 2022, Calgary was ranked alongside <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> as the third <a href="/wiki/Most_livable_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Most livable cities">most livable city</a> in the world, ranking first in Canada and in North America.<a href="#cite_note-EIU2022-16">[16]</a> In 1988, it became the first Canadian city to host the <a href="/wiki/1988_Olympic_Winter_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Olympic Winter Games">Olympic Winter Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Calgary was named after <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Castle" title="Calgary Castle">Calgary Castle</a> (in Scottish Gaelic, Caisteal Chalgairidh) on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Mull" title="Isle of Mull">Isle of Mull</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABplacenames-18">[18]</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Macleod" title="James Macleod">James Macleod</a>, the Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a>, had been a frequent summer guest there. In 1876, shortly after returning to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, he suggested its name for what became <a href="/wiki/Fort_Calgary" title="Fort Calgary">Fort Calgary</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Indigenous peoples of Southern Alberta</a> refer to the Calgary area as "elbow", in reference to the sharp bend made by the <a href="/wiki/Bow_River" title="Bow River">Bow River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elbow_River" title="Elbow River">Elbow River</a>. In some cases, the area was named after the <a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">reeds</a> that grew along the riverbanks, reeds that had been used to fashion <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bows</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot language</a> (Siksiká) the area is known as Mohkínstsis akápiyoyis, meaning "elbow many houses", reflecting its strong settler presence. The shorter form of the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a> name, Mohkínstsis, simply meaning "elbow",<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> is the popular <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> term for the Calgary area.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In the Nakoda or <a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney language</a>, the area is known as Wîchîspa Oyade or Wenchi Ispase, both meaning "elbow".<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree language</a>, the area is known as otôskwanihk (ᐅᑑᐢᑿᓂᕽ) meaning "at the elbow"<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> or otôskwunee meaning "elbow". In the <a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina language</a> (Sarcee), the area is known as Guts’ists’i (older orthography, Kootsisáw) meaning "elbow".<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai language</a>, the city is referred to as ʔaknuqtapȼik’.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey language</a>, the area is known as Klincho-tinay-indihay meaning "many horse town", referring to the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> and the city's settler heritage.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> There have been several attempts to revive the Indigenous names of Calgary. In response to the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada</a>, local <a href="#Post-secondary">post-secondary institutions</a> adopted "official acknowledgements" of Indigenous territory using the Blackfoot name of the city, Mohkínstsis.<a href="#cite_note-:2-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Nakoda_people" title="Nakoda people">Stoney Nakoda</a> sent an application to the Government of Alberta, to rename Calgary as Wichispa Oyade meaning "elbow town";<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> however, this was challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Piikani_Nation" title="Piikani Nation">Piikani Blackfoot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Calgary_history" title="Timeline of Calgary history">Timeline of Calgary history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> The Calgary area was inhabited by pre-<a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a> people whose presence traces back at least 11,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The area has been inhabited by multiple <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>, the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy; <a href="/wiki/Siksika_Nation" title="Siksika Nation">Siksika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kainai_Nation" title="Kainai Nation">Kainai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Piikani</a>), îyârhe <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Nakoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_Nation" title="Tsuutʼina Nation">Tsuutʼina</a> peoples and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> Nation, Region 3. In 1787, <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer)" title="David Thompson (explorer)">David Thompson</a>, a 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> (HBC), spent the winter with a band of <a href="/wiki/Piikani_Nation" title="Piikani Nation">Piikani Nation</a> encamped along the Bow River. He was also a <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trader</a> and surveyor and the first recorded European to visit the area. <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn_(Alberta)" title="John Glenn (Alberta)">John Glenn</a> was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In spring 1875, three priests – Lacombe, Remus, and Scollen – built a small log cabin on the banks of the Elbow River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19757-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortCalgary1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/FortCalgary1878.jpg/220px-FortCalgary1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/FortCalgary1878.jpg/330px-FortCalgary1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/FortCalgary1878.jpg/440px-FortCalgary1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>In 1875, the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> erected <a href="/wiki/Fort_Calgary" title="Fort Calgary">Fort Calgary</a> to police the area.</figcaption></figure> In the fall of 1875, the site became a post of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> (NWMP) (now the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> or RCMP). The NWMP detachment was assigned to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trade</a>, and Inspector <a href="/wiki/%C3%89phrem-A._Brisebois" title="Éphrem-A. Brisebois">Éphrem-A. Brisebois</a> led fifty Mounties as part of F Troop north from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Macleod" title="Fort Macleod">Fort Macleod</a> to establish the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19757-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/I._G._Baker_Company" title="I. G. Baker Company">I. G. Baker Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benton,_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton, Montana</a>, was contracted to construct a suitable fort, and after its completion, the Baker company built a log store next to the fort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19758-37">[37]</a> The NWMP fort remained officially nameless until construction was complete, although it had been referred to as "The Mouth" by people at Fort Macleod.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197510-38">[38]</a> At Christmas dinner NWMP Inspector Éphrem-A. Brisebois christened the unnamed Fort "Fort Brisebois", a decision which caught the ire of his superiors Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Macleod" title="James Macleod">James Macleod</a> and Major <a href="/wiki/Acheson_Irvine" title="Acheson Irvine">Acheson Irvine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197510-38">[38]</a> Major Irvine cancelled the order by Brisebois and wrote <a href="/wiki/Hewitt_Bernard" title="Hewitt Bernard">Hewitt Bernard</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_ministers_of_justice_(Canada)" title="List of deputy ministers of justice (Canada)">Deputy Minister of Justice</a> in Ottawa, describing the situation and suggesting the name "Calgary" put forward by Colonel Macleod. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Edward Blake</a>, at the time <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada">Minister of Justice</a>, agreed with the name and in the spring of 1876, Fort Calgary was officially established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197511-39">[39]</a> In 1877, the First Nations ceded title to the Fort Calgary region through Treaty 7.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1881 the federal government began to offer leases for cattle ranching in Alberta (up to 400 km2 (100,000 acres) for one cent per acre per year) under the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Lands_Act" title="Dominion Lands Act">Dominion Lands Act</a>, which became a catalyst for immigration to the settlement. The I. G. Baker Company drove the first herd of cattle to the region in the same year for the <a href="/wiki/Cochrane,_Alberta" title="Cochrane, Alberta">Cochrane</a> area by order of Major James Walker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19759-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> (CPR) reached the area in August 1883 and constructed a railway station on the CPR-owned Section 15, neighbouring the townsite across the Elbow River to the east on Section 14. The difficulty in crossing the river and the CPR's efforts to persuade residents resulted in the core of the Calgary townsite moving onto Section 15, with the fate of the old townsite sealed when the post office was anonymously moved across the icy Elbow River during the night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis197510-41">[41]</a> The CPR subdivided Section 15 and began selling lots surrounding the station, $450 for corner lots and $350 for all others; and pioneer Felix McHugh constructed the first private building on the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis197510-41">[41]</a> Earlier in the decade it was not expected that the railway would pass near Calgary; instead, the preferred route put forward by people concerned with the young nation's defence was passing near Edmonton and through the <a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Pass" title="Yellowhead Pass">Yellowhead Pass</a>. However, in 1881 CPR changed the plans preferring the direct route through the prairies by way of <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Horse_Pass" title="Kicking Horse Pass">Kicking Horse Pass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197530-42">[42]</a> Along with the CPR, August 1883 brought Calgary the first edition of the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a> published on the 31st under the title The Calgary Herald, Mining and Ranche Advocate and General Advertiser by teacher Andrew M. Armour and printer Thomas B. Braden, a weekly newspaper with a subscription price of $1 per year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197536-43">[43]</a> Over a century later, the CPR headquarters moved to Calgary from <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Residents of the now-eight-year-old settlement sought to form a local government of their own. In the first weeks of 1884, <a href="/wiki/James_Reilly_(Canadian_politician)" title="James Reilly (Canadian politician)">James Reilly</a> who was building the Royal Hotel east of the Elbow River circulated 200 <a href="/wiki/Flyer_(pamphlet)" title="Flyer (pamphlet)">handbills</a> announcing a public meeting on January 7, 1884, at the Methodist Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197538-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196648-46">[46]</a> At the full meeting Reilly advocated for a bridge across the Elbow River and a civic committee to watch over the interests of the public until Calgary could be incorporated. The attendees were enthusiastic about the committee and on the next evening a vote was held to elect the seven members. A total of 24 candidates were nominated, which equalled 10 per cent of Calgary's male population. Major James Walker received 88 votes, the most amongst the candidates, the other six members were Dr. Andrew Henderson, <a href="/wiki/George_Clift_King" title="George Clift King">George Clift King</a>, Thomas Swan, George Murdoch, J. D. Moulton, and Captain John Stewart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197538-45">[45]</a> The civic committee met with <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Dewdney" title="Edgar Dewdney">Edgar Dewdney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_North-West_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories">Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories</a>, who happened to be in Calgary at the time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196648-46">[46]</a> to discuss an allowance for a school, an increase from $300 to $1,000 grant for a bridge over the Elbow River, incorporation as a town, and representation for Calgary in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_North-West_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council of the North-West Territories">Legislative Council of the North-West Territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197539-47">[47]</a> The committee was successful in getting an additional $200 for the bridge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197539-47">[47]</a> In May, Major Walker, acting on instructions from the NWT Lieutenant-governor, organized a public meeting in the NWMP barracks room on the issue of getting a representative in the NWT Council. Walker wrote the clerk of the Council that he was prepared to produce evidence that Calgary and environs (an area of 1000 square miles) held 1000 residents, the requirement for having a Council member.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> A <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> was held on June 28, 1884, where <a href="/wiki/James_Davidson_Geddes" title="James Davidson Geddes">James Davidson Geddes</a> defeated James Kidd Oswald to become the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_(N.W.T._electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary (N.W.T. electoral district)">Calgary electoral district</a> representative on the <a href="/wiki/1st_Council_of_the_North-West_Territories" title="1st Council of the North-West Territories">1st Council of the North-West Territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196657–58-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> As for education, Calgary moved quickly: the Citizen's Committee raised $125 on February 6, 1884, and the first school opened for twelve children days later on February 18, led by teacher John William Costello.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp1975154-51">[51]</a> The private school was not enough for the needs of the town and following a petition by James Walker the Calgary Protestant Public School District No. 19 was formed by the Legislature on March 2, 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp1975157-52">[52]</a> On November 27, 1884, Lieutenant Governor Dewdney proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">incorporation</a> of The Town of Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Shortly after on December 3, Calgarians went to the <a href="/wiki/1884_Calgary_municipal_election" title="1884 Calgary municipal election">polls to elect</a> their first mayor and four councillors. The North-West Municipal Ordinance of 1884 provided <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">voting rights</a> to any male <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> over 21 years of age who owned at minimum $300 of property. Each elector was able to cast one vote for the mayor and up to four votes for the councillors (<a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">plurality block voting</a>).<a href="#cite_note-OrdMunicipal-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Murdoch" title="George Murdoch">George Murdoch</a> won the mayoral race in a landslide victory with 202 votes over E. Redpath's 16, while Simon Jackson Hogg, Neville James Lindsay, Joseph Henry Millward, and Simon John Clarke were elected councillors.<a href="#cite_note-1884CalHerald-55">[55]</a> The next morning the Council met for the first time at Beaudoin and Clarke's Saloon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196649-56">[56]</a> Law and order remained top of mind in the frontier town, in early 1884 Jack Campbell was appointed as a constable for the community, and in early 1885 the Town Council passed By-law Eleven creating the position of Chief Constable and assigning relevant duties, a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Police_Service" title="Calgary Police Service">Calgary Police Service</a>. The first chief constable, John (Jack) S. Ingram, who had previously served as the first police chief in Winnipeg, was empowered to arrest <a href="/wiki/Public_intoxication" title="Public intoxication">drunken and disorderly</a> people, stop all fast riding in town, attend all fires and council meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard1975274-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorner1975102-58">[58]</a> Calgary Town Council was eager to employ constables versus contracting the NWMP for town duty as the police force was seen as a money-making proposition. Constables received half of the fines from liquor cases, meaning Chief Constable Ingram could easily pay his $60 per month salary and the expense of a town jail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorner1975102-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turmoil_in_1885_and_1886_and_the_"Sandstone_City"">Turmoil in 1885 and 1886 and the "Sandstone City"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Turmoil in 1885 and 1886 and the "Sandstone City"">edit</a>]</div> For the Town of Calgary, 1884 turned out to be a success. However, two dark years lay ahead for the fledgling community. The turmoil started in late 1885, when Councillor Clarke was arrested for threatening a <a href="/wiki/Undercover_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Undercover operation">plain-clothes</a> Mountie who entered his saloon to conduct a late-night search. When the officer failed to produce a <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">search warrant</a>, Clarke chased him off the premises; however, the Mountie returned with reinforcements and arrested Clarke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196650-59">[59]</a> Clarke found himself before <a href="/wiki/Stipendiary_Magistrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipendiary Magistrate">Stipendiary Magistrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Travis" title="Jeremiah Travis">Jeremiah Travis</a>, a proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> who was appalled by the open traffic of liquor, gambling and prostitution in Calgary despite <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> in the North-West Territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196651-60">[60]</a> Travis' view was accurate as the Royal Commission of Liquor Traffic of 1892 found liquor was sold openly, both day and night during prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorner1975102-58">[58]</a> Travis associated Clarke with the troubles he saw in Calgary and found him guilty, and sentenced Clarke to six months with <a href="/wiki/Hard_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard labour">hard labour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196651-60">[60]</a> Murdoch and the other members of Council were shocked, and a public meeting was held at Boynton's Hall in which a decision was made to send a delegation to Ottawa to seek an overruling of Travis' judgement by the Department of Justice. The community quickly raised $500, and Murdoch and a group of residents headed east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196651-60">[60]</a> The punishment of Clarke did not escape <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cayley" title="Hugh Cayley">Hugh Cayley</a> the editor of the Calgary Herald and <a href="/wiki/Court_clerk" title="Court clerk">Clerk</a> of the District Court. Cayley published articles critical of Travis and his judgment, in which Travis responded by calling Cayley to court, dismissing him from his position as Clerk, ordering Cayley to apologize and pay a $100 fine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196652-61">[61]</a> Cayley refused to pay the fine, which Travis increased to $500, and on January 5, the day after <a href="/wiki/January_1886_Calgary_municipal_election" title="January 1886 Calgary municipal election">the January 1886 Calgary town election</a>, Cayley was imprisoned by Travis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196652-61">[61]</a> Murdoch returned to Calgary on December 27, 1885, only a week before the election to find the town in disarray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196652-61">[61]</a> Shortly before the 1886 election, G. E. Marsh brought a charge of corruption against Murdoch and council over irregularities in the voters' list. Travis found Murdoch and the councillors guilty, disqualifying them from running in the 1886 election, barring them from municipal office for two years, and fining Murdoch $100, and the councillors $20. This was despite the fact Murdoch was visiting Eastern Canada while the alleged tampering was occurring.<a href="#cite_note-TaylorReport-62">[62]</a> Travis' disqualification did not dissuade Calgary voters, and Murdoch defeated his opponent James Reilly by a significant margin in early January to be re-elected as mayor.<a href="#cite_note-1886CalHerald-63">[63]</a> Travis accepted a petition from Reilly to unseat Murdoch and two of the elected councillors, and declare Reilly the mayor of Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196653-64">[64]</a> Both Murdoch and Reilly claimed to be the lawful mayor of the growingly disorganized Town of Calgary, both holding council meetings and attempting to govern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196653-64">[64]</a> Word of the issues in Calgary reached the Minister of Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Sparrow David Thompson</a> in Ottawa who ordered Justice <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wardlaw_Taylor" title="Thomas Wardlaw Taylor">Thomas Wardlaw Taylor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> to conduct an inquiry into the "Case of Jeremiah Travis". The federal government acted before receiving Taylor's report, Jeremiah Travis was suspended, and the government waited for his official tenure to expire, after which he was pensioned off.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Justice Taylor's report, which was released in June 1887, found Travis had exceeded his authority and erred in his judgements.<a href="#cite_note-TaylorReport-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The Territorial Council called for a <a href="/wiki/November_1886_Calgary_municipal_election" title="November 1886 Calgary municipal election">new municipal election</a> to be held in Calgary on November 3, 1886. George Clift King defeated his opponent <a href="/wiki/John_Lineham" title="John Lineham">John Lineham</a> for the office of Mayor of Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197549-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nov1886CalHerald-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_fire_on_9th_Avenue_SE,_Calgary,_Alberta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Big_fire_on_9th_Avenue_SE%2C_Calgary%2C_Alberta.png/220px-Big_fire_on_9th_Avenue_SE%2C_Calgary%2C_Alberta.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Big_fire_on_9th_Avenue_SE%2C_Calgary%2C_Alberta.png/330px-Big_fire_on_9th_Avenue_SE%2C_Calgary%2C_Alberta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Big_fire_on_9th_Avenue_SE%2C_Calgary%2C_Alberta.png/440px-Big_fire_on_9th_Avenue_SE%2C_Calgary%2C_Alberta.png 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Downtown after the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Fire_of_1886" title="Calgary Fire of 1886">Calgary Fire of 1886</a></figcaption></figure> Calgary had only a couple days' peace following the November election before the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Fire_of_1886" title="Calgary Fire of 1886">Calgary Fire of 1886</a> destroyed much of the community's downtown. Part of the slow response to the fire can be attributed to the absence of functioning local government during 1886. As neither George Murdoch or James Reilly was capable of effectively governing the town, the newly ordered <a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">chemical engine</a> for the recently organized <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Fire_Department" title="Calgary Fire Department">Calgary Fire Department</a> (Calgary Hook, Ladder and Bucket Corps) was held in the CPR's storage yard due to lack of payment. Members of the Calgary Fire Department broke into the CPR storage yard on the day of the fire to retrieve the engine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard1975255-69">[69]</a> In total, fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200, although no one was killed or injured.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The new Town Council sprung into action, drafting a bylaw requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, which was readily available nearby in the form of <a href="/wiki/Paskapoo_Formation" title="Paskapoo Formation">Paskapoo sandstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Following the fire several quarries were opened around the city by prominent local businessmen including Thomas Edworthy, <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Fletcher_Orr" title="Wesley Fletcher Orr">Wesley Fletcher Orr</a>, J. G. McCallum, and William Oliver. Prominent buildings built with sandstone following the fire include <a href="/wiki/Knox_United_Church_(Calgary)" title="Knox United Church (Calgary)">Knox Presbyterian Church</a> (1887), Imperial Bank Building (1887), <a href="/wiki/Calgary_City_Hall" title="Calgary City Hall">Calgary City Hall</a> (1911), and Calgary Courthouse No. 2 (1914).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197575-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nov13Herald-73">[73]</a> In February 1887, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Watson_Davis" title="Donald Watson Davis">Donald Watson Davis</a>, who was running the <a href="/wiki/I.G._Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="I.G. Baker">I.G. Baker</a> store in Calgary, was elected MP for <a href="/wiki/Alberta_(Provisional_District)" title="Alberta (Provisional District)">Alberta (Provisional District)</a>. A former whisky trader in southern Alberta, he had turned his hand to building Fort Macleod and Fort Calgary. The main other contender for the job, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Oliver_(politician)" title="Frank Oliver (politician)">Frank Oliver</a>, was a prominent Edmontonian, so Davis's success was a sign that Calgary was surpassing Edmonton, previously the main centre on the western Prairies.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1887_to_1900">1887 to 1900</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1887 to 1900">edit</a>]</div> Calgary continued to expand when real estate speculation took hold of Calgary in 1889. Speculators began buying and building west of Centre Street, and Calgary quickly began to sprawl west to the ire of property owners on the east side of town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForan1975204-75">[75]</a> Property owners on both sides of Centre Street sought to bring development to their side of Calgary, lost successfully[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] by eastsider James Walker who convinced the Town Council to purchase land on the east side to build a stockyard, guaranteeing meat packing and processing plants would be constructed on the east side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForan1975208-76">[76]</a> By 1892 Calgary had reached present-day <a href="/wiki/17_Avenue_SW_(Calgary)" title="17 Avenue SW (Calgary)">Seventeenth Avenue</a>, east to the Elbow River and west to Eighth Street,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForan1975205-77">[77]</a> and the first federal census listed the boom town at 3,876 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-1906census-78">[78]</a> The economic conditions in Calgary began to deteriorate in 1892,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForan1975219-79">[79]</a> as development in the downtown slowed, the streetcar system started in 1889 was put on hold<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForan1975206-80">[80]</a> and smaller property owners began to sell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197577-81">[81]</a> The first step in connecting the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Alberta" title="District of Alberta">District of Alberta</a> happened in Calgary on July 21, 1890, as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Canada)" title="Minister of the Interior (Canada)">Minister of the Interior</a> Edgar Dewdney <a href="/wiki/Groundbreaking" title="Groundbreaking">turned the first sod</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_and_Edmonton_Railway" title="Calgary and Edmonton Railway">Calgary and Edmonton Railway</a> in front of two thousand residents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197566-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard1975229-83">[83]</a> The railway was completed in August 1891. Although its end-of-steel was on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Strathcona" title="Old Strathcona">south side of the river opposite Edmonton</a>, it immensely shortened travel time between the two communities. Previously stagecoach passengers and mail could arrive in five days and animal pulled freight anywhere between two and three weeks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197567-84">[84]</a> the train was able to make the trip in only a few hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard1975230-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a> arrived in Calgary in June 1892 when a Chinese resident was found with the disease, and by August nine people had contracted the disease with three deaths. Calgarians placed the blame for the disease on the local Chinese population, resulting in a riot on August 2, 1892.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1975128-86">[86]</a> Residents descended on the Town's Chinese-owned laundries, smashing windows and attempting to burn the structures to the ground. The local police did not attempt to intervene. Mayor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lucas" title="Alexander Lucas">Alexander Lucas</a> had inexplicably left town during the riot,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1975132-87">[87]</a> and when he returned home he called the NWMP in to patrol Calgary for three weeks to prevent further riots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1975130-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorner1975106-89">[89]</a> Finally on January 1, 1894, Calgary was granted a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter" title="Municipal charter">charter</a> by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_North-West_Legislative_Assembly" title="2nd North-West Legislative Assembly">2nd North-West Legislative Assembly</a>, officially titled Ordinance 33 of 1894, the City of Calgary Charter elevated the frontier town to the status of a full-fledged city.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Calgary became the first city in the North-West Territories, receiving its charter a decade before <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a>. The Calgary charter remained in force until it was repealed with the Cities Act in 1950. The charter came into effect in such a way as to prevent the regularly scheduled municipal election in December 1893, and recognizing the importance of the moment, the entire Town Council resigned to ensure the new city could choose the first <a href="/wiki/Calgary_City_Council" title="Calgary City Council">Calgary City Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/January_1894_Calgary_municipal_election" title="January 1894 Calgary municipal election">Calgary's first municipal election</a> as a city saw Wesley Fletcher Orr garner 244 votes, narrowly defeating his opponent <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Cushing" title="William Henry Cushing">William Henry Cushing</a>'s 220 votes, and Orr was named the first mayor of the City of Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-Jan1894CgyHerald-92">[92]</a> By late 19th century, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the modern cities of Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton. In 1884, the HBC established a sales shop in Calgary. HBC also built the first of the grand "original six" department stores in Calgary in 1913; others that followed were Edmonton, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>, and Winnipeg.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In October 1899 the Village of Rouleauville was incorporated by French Catholic residents south of Calgary's city limits in what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Mission,_Calgary" title="Mission, Calgary">Mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForan1975205–206-95">[95]</a> The town did not remain independent for long, and became the first incorporated municipality to be amalgamated into Calgary eight years later in 1907. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turn_of_the_20th_century">Turn of the 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Turn of the 20th century">edit</a>]</div> The turn of the century brought questions of provincehood the top of mind in Calgary. On September 1, 1905, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> was proclaimed a province with a provisional capital in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, it would be left up to the Legislature to choose the permanent location.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196641-96">[96]</a> One of the first decisions of the new Alberta Legislature was the capital, and although <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Cushing" title="William Henry Cushing">William Henry Cushing</a> advocated strongly for Calgary, the resulting vote saw Edmonton win the capital 16–8.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan196644-97">[97]</a> Calgarians were disappointed on the city not being named the capital, and focused their attention on the formation of the provincial university. However, the efforts by the community could not sway the government, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> was founded in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Strathcona" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Strathcona">City of Strathcona</a>, Premier Rutherford's home, which was subsequently amalgamated into the City of Edmonton in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197544–45-98">[98]</a> Calgary was not to be left without higher education facilities as the provincial <a href="/wiki/Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal School">Normal School</a> opened in the McDougall School building in 1905. In 1910, R. B. Bennett introduced a bill in the Alberta Legislature to incorporate the "Calgary University", however there was significant opposition to two degree-granting institutions in such a small province. A commission was appointed to evaluate the Calgary proposal which found the second university to be unnecessary, however, the commission did recommend the formation of the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art in Calgary (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology" title="Southern Alberta Institute of Technology">SAIT</a>), which was formed later in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan1975129–130-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Street_West,_Calgary,_Alta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1st_Street_West%2C_Calgary%2C_Alta.jpg/220px-1st_Street_West%2C_Calgary%2C_Alta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1st_Street_West%2C_Calgary%2C_Alta.jpg/330px-1st_Street_West%2C_Calgary%2C_Alta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1st_Street_West%2C_Calgary%2C_Alta.jpg/440px-1st_Street_West%2C_Calgary%2C_Alta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of 1st Street West, Calgary, postmarked May 8, 1913</figcaption></figure> Built-up areas of Calgary between 1905 and 1912 were serviced by power and water, the city continued a program of paving and sidewalk laying and with the CPR constructed a series of subways under the tracks to connect the town with streetcars. The first three motor buses hit Calgary streets in 1907, and two years later the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_municipal_railway" title="Calgary municipal railway">municipally owned street railway system</a>, fit with seven miles of track opened in Calgary. The immediately popular street railway system reached 250,000 passengers per month by 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForan1975212-100">[100]</a> The privately owned MacArthur Bridge (precursor to the Centre Street Bridge over the Bow River) opened in 1907 which provided for residential expansion north of the Bow River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForan1975209–210-101">[101]</a> The early-1910s saw real estate speculation hit Calgary once again, with property prices rising significantly with growing municipal investment, CPR's decision to construct a car shop at <a href="/wiki/Ogden,_Calgary" title="Ogden, Calgary">Ogden</a> set to employ over 5,000 people, the projected arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Trunk Pacific">Grand Trunk Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">Canadian Northern Railways</a> in the city and Calgary's growing reputation as a growing economic hub.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForan1975213-102">[102]</a> The period between 1906 and 1911 was the largest population growth period in the city's history, expanding from 11,967 to 43,704 inhabitants in the five-year period.<a href="#cite_note-1906census-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-1911census-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Several ambitious projects were started during this period including a new <a href="/wiki/Calgary_City_Hall" title="Calgary City Hall">City Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(department_store)" title="Hudson's Bay (department store)">Hudson's Bay Department Store</a>, the Grain Exchange Building, and the <a href="/wiki/Palliser_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliser Hotel">Palliser Hotel</a>, this period also corresponded to the end of the "Sandstone City" era as steel frames and terracotta facades such as the Burns Building (1913) which were prevalent in other North American cities overtook the unique sandstone character of Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalman1994530-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stampede_City">Stampede City</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stampede City">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rounding_up_for_the_first_Calgary_Stampede_(38085634056).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rounding_up_for_the_first_Calgary_Stampede_%2838085634056%29.jpg/220px-Rounding_up_for_the_first_Calgary_Stampede_%2838085634056%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rounding_up_for_the_first_Calgary_Stampede_%2838085634056%29.jpg/330px-Rounding_up_for_the_first_Calgary_Stampede_%2838085634056%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rounding_up_for_the_first_Calgary_Stampede_%2838085634056%29.jpg/440px-Rounding_up_for_the_first_Calgary_Stampede_%2838085634056%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2970" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Rounding up cattle for the first <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a> in 1912. The Stampede is one of the world's largest rodeos.</figcaption></figure> The growing City and enthusiastic residents were rewarded in 1908 with the federally funded <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Exhibition" title="Dominion Exhibition">Dominion Exhibition</a>. Seeking to take advantage of the opportunity to promote itself, the city spent CA$145,000 to build six new pavilions and a racetrack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonRead200529-106">[106]</a> It held a lavish parade as well as <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a>, horse racing, and <a href="/wiki/Trick_roping" title="Trick roping">trick roping</a> competitions as part of the event.<a href="#cite_note-GuysDream-107">[107]</a> The exhibition was a success, drawing 100,000 people to the fairgrounds over seven days despite an economic recession that afflicted the city of 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonRead200529-106">[106]</a> Calgary had previously held a number of Agricultural exhibitions dating back to 1886, and recognizing the city's enthusiasm, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Weadick" title="Guy Weadick">Guy Weadick</a>, an American trick roper who participated in the Dominion Exhibition as part of the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Brothers_101_Ranch" title="Miller Brothers 101 Ranch">Miller Brothers 101 Ranch</a> Real Wild West Show, returned to Calgary in 1912 to host the first <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a> in the hopes of establishing an event that more accurately represented the "wild west" than the shows he was a part of.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonRead200530-108">[108]</a> He initially failed to sell civic leaders and the Calgary Industrial Exhibition on his plans,<a href="#cite_note-CHWeadickVision-109">[109]</a> but with the assistance of local livestock agent H. C. McMullen, Weadick convinced businessmen <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Burns_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Burns (politician)">Pat Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Lane_(politician)" title="George Lane (politician)">George Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archie_McLean_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archie McLean (politician)">A. J. McLean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._E._Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="A. E. Cross">A. E. Cross</a> to put up $100,000 to guarantee funding for the event.<a href="#cite_note-GuysDream-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Program_for_1912_Calgary_Stampede.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Program_for_1912_Calgary_Stampede.jpg/220px-Program_for_1912_Calgary_Stampede.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Program_for_1912_Calgary_Stampede.jpg/330px-Program_for_1912_Calgary_Stampede.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Program_for_1912_Calgary_Stampede.jpg/440px-Program_for_1912_Calgary_Stampede.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Program for the 1912 Calgary Stampede, featuring the Big Four: Burns, Lane, Cross, and McLean</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(Calgary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Four (Calgary)">Big Four</a>, as they came to be known, viewed the project as a final celebration of their life as cattlemen.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The city constructed a rodeo arena on the fairgrounds and over 100,000 people attended the six-day event in September 1912 to watch hundreds of cowboys from Western Canada, the United States, and Mexico compete for $20,000 in prizes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonRead200532-111">[111]</a> The event generated $120,000 in revenue and was hailed as a success.<a href="#cite_note-GuysDream-107">[107]</a> The Calgary Stampede has continued as a civic tradition for over 100 years, marketing itself as the "greatest outdoor show on earth", with Calgarians sporting western wear for 10 days while attending the annual parade, daily pancake breakfasts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_oil_and_gas">Early oil and gas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early oil and gas">edit</a>]</div> While agriculture and railway activities were the dominant aspects of Calgary's early economy, the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Valley" title="Turner Valley">Turner Valley</a> Discovery Well blew South-West of Calgary on May 14, 1914, marked the beginning of the oil and gas age in Calgary. Archibald Wayne Dingman and Calgary Petroleum Product's discovery was heralded as the "biggest oil field in the British Empire" at around 19 million cubic metres, and in a three-week period an estimated 500 oil companies sprang into existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan1975145-112">[112]</a> Calgarians were enthusiastic to invest in new oil companies, with many losing life savings during the short 1914 boom in hastily formed companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan1975146-113">[113]</a> Outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> further dampened the oil craze as more men and resources left for Europe and agricultural prices for wheat and cattle increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan1975146-113">[113]</a> Turner Valley's oil fields would boom again in 1924 and 1936, and by the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> the Turner Valley oilfield was producing more than 95 per cent of the oil in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> however the city would wait until 1947 for <a href="/wiki/Leduc_No._1" title="Leduc No. 1">Leduc No. 1</a> to definitively shift Calgary to an oil and gas city. While Edmonton would see significant population and economic growth with the Leduc discovery, many corporate offices established in Calgary after Turner Valley refused to relocate north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenson199442–43-115">[115]</a> Consequently, by 1967, Calgary had more millionaires than any other city in Canada, and per capita, more cars than any city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Sarasota20th-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_politics_1910s_to_1940s">Early politics 1910s to 1940s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early politics 1910s to 1940s">edit</a>]</div> Early-20th-century Calgary served as a hotbed for political activity. Historically Calgarians supported the provincial and federal conservative parties, the opposite of the Liberal-friendly City of Edmonton. However, Calgarians were sympathetic to the cause of workers and supported the development of labour organizations. In 1909, the <a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> (UFA) formed in Edmonton through the merger of two earlier farm organizations as a non-partisan lobbying organization to represent the interests of farmers. The UFA eventually dropped its non-partisan stance when it contested the <a href="/wiki/1921_Alberta_general_election" title="1921 Alberta general election">1921 provincial election</a>. It was elected to form the province's first non-Liberal government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan1975167-117">[117]</a> By that time Calgary was using <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> (STV), a form of proportional representation, to elect its city councillors. Calgary was the first city in Canada to adopt PR for its city elections. Councillors were elected in one at-large district. Each voter cast just a single vote using a ranked transferable ballot. The UFA government elected in 1921 changed the provincial election law so that Calgary could elect its MLAs through PR as well. Calgary elected its MLAs through PR until 1956 and its councillors through PR until 1971 (although mostly using <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>, not STV, in the 1960s).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Calgary endured a six-year recession following the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. The high unemployment rate from reduced manufacturing demand, compounded with servicemen returning from Europe needing work, created economic and social unrest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1999125-120">[120]</a> By 1921, over 2,000 men (representing 11 percent of the male workforce) were officially unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1999130-121">[121]</a> Labour organizations began endorsing candidates for Calgary City Council in the late 1910s and were quickly successful in electing sympathetic candidates to office, including Mayor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hunter_Adams" title="Samuel Hunter Adams">Samuel Hunter Adams</a> in <a href="/wiki/1920_Calgary_municipal_election" title="1920 Calgary municipal election">1920</a>. As well the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> and its sequel, <a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(Canada)" title="One Big Union (Canada)">the One Big Union</a>, found much support among Calgary workers. The city's support of labour and agricultural groups made it a natural location for the founding meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (precursor to the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a>). The organizational meeting was held in Calgary on July 31, 1932, with attendance exceeding 1,300 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan1975169-122">[122]</a> Pat Lenihan was elected to the Calgary City Council in 1939, in part due to the use of Proportional Representation in city elections. He is the only Communist Party member elected to Calgary council. (He is the subject of the book Patrick Lenihan from Irish Rebel to Founder of Canadian Public Sector Unionism, edited by Gilbert Levine (Athabasca University Press).) In 1922, Civic Government Association formed in opposition to the power of labour groups, endorsing its own competing slate of candidates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1999172-123">[123]</a> Labour's influence was short-lived on the City Council, with Labour as a whole failing to receive substantial support after 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1999178-124">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Bedford_Bennett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Richard_Bedford_Bennett.jpg/220px-Richard_Bedford_Bennett.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Richard_Bedford_Bennett.jpg/330px-Richard_Bedford_Bennett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Richard_Bedford_Bennett.jpg/440px-Richard_Bedford_Bennett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Richard Bedford Bennett, the eleventh prime minister of Canada, and first prime minister from Calgary.</figcaption></figure> Calgary gained further political prominence when <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a>'s Conservative Party won the <a href="/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election" title="1930 Canadian federal election">1930 federal election</a> and formed government and became Canada's <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">11th prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan1975165-125">[125]</a> Bennett arrived in Calgary from <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> in 1897, was previously the leader of the provincial Conservative Party, advocated for Calgary as the capital of Alberta, and championed the growing city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan1975166–167-126">[126]</a> Calgary had to wait another decade to have a sitting premier represent the city, when sitting <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit Party of Alberta">Social Credit</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a> moved from his <a href="/wiki/Okotoks-High_River" title="Okotoks-High River">Okotoks-High River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Calgary (provincial electoral district)">Calgary</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1940_Alberta_general_election" title="1940 Alberta general election">1940 provincial election</a> after his Okotoks-High River constituents began a <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall</a> campaign against him as their local MLA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_to_1970s">1960s to 1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1960s to 1970s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trolleybus_next_to_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_store_in_Calgary_in_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Trolleybus_next_to_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_store_in_Calgary_in_1971.jpg/220px-Trolleybus_next_to_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_store_in_Calgary_in_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Trolleybus_next_to_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_store_in_Calgary_in_1971.jpg/330px-Trolleybus_next_to_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_store_in_Calgary_in_1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Trolleybus_next_to_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_store_in_Calgary_in_1971.jpg/440px-Trolleybus_next_to_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_store_in_Calgary_in_1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3551" data-file-height="2202" /></a><figcaption>From the 1970s onward, the population of Calgary grew significantly, with many high-rises constructed to accommodate the growth.</figcaption></figure> Only a little over a decade after shuttering the municipal tram lines, Calgary City Council began investigating rapid transit. In 1966 a <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail transit">heavy rail transit</a> proposal was developed, however the estimated costs continued to grow rapidly, and the plan was re-evaluated in 1975. In May 1977, Calgary City Council directed that a detailed design and construction start on the south leg of a <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Light rail transit">light rail transit</a> system,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReasons198447-127">[127]</a> which opened on May 25, 1981, and dubbed the <a href="/wiki/CTrain" title="CTrain">CTrain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a> gained autonomy as a degree-granting institution in 1966 with the passage of the Universities Act by the Alberta Legislature. The campus provided as a <a href="/wiki/Peppercorn_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peppercorn (legal)">one-dollar lease</a> from the City of Calgary in 1957 had previously served as a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">satellite campus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_and_1980s:_economic_boom_and_bust">1970s and 1980s: economic boom and bust</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1970s and 1980s: economic boom and bust">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a> resulted in significant investment and growth in Calgary. By 1981, 45 percent of the Calgary labour force was made up of management, administrative or clerical staff, above the national average of 35 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReasons198410-128">[128]</a> Calgary's population grew with the opportunity the oil boom brought. The 20-year period from 1966 to 1986 saw the population increase from 330,575 to 636,107.<a href="#cite_note-1966census-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-1986census-130">[130]</a> Population growth became a source of pride, the June 1980 Calgary Magazine exclaimed "Welcome to Calgary! Calgary almost specializes in newcomers...".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReasons198411-131">[131]</a> High-rise buildings were erected during the economic boom, and more office space opened in Calgary in 1979 than in New York City and Chicago combined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalman1994838-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The end of the oil boom is associated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Program" title="National Energy Program">National Energy Program</a> implemented by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>'s government and the <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">drop in world oil prices</a>, and the end of the construction boom in Calgary is associated with the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Petro-Canada_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro-Canada Centre">Petro-Canada Centre</a> in 1984. The two-tower granite Petro-Canada Centre, which some locals called "Red Square" alluding to the city's hostile view of the <a href="/wiki/State-owned" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned">state-owned</a> petroleum company, saw the larger 53-storey west tower rise to 215 m (705 ft) and become the largest building in Calgary for 26 years, and a smaller 32-storey east tower rise 130 m (430 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalman1994838-132">[132]</a> The city further expanded the CTrain system, planning began in 1981, and the northeast leg of the system was to be operational in time for the 1988 Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReasons198450–52-134">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a> caused by falling demand and the National Energy Program marked the end of Calgary's boom. In 1983 Calgary City Council announced service cuts to ease the $16 million deficit, 421 city employees were laid off,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReasons198443-135">[135]</a> unemployment increased from 5 to 11 percent between November 1981 and November 1982, eventually peaking at 14.9 percent in March 1983. The decline was so swift that the city's population decreased for the first time in history from April 1982 to April 1983, and 3,331 homes were <a href="/wiki/Foreclosed" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreclosed">foreclosed</a> by financial institutions in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReasons198419-136">[136]</a> Low oil prices in the 1980s prevented a full economic recovery until the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsonGismondi2011-137">[137]</a> In May 1980, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Skalbania" title="Nelson Skalbania">Nelson Skalbania</a> announced that the Atlanta Flames hockey club would relocate and become the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Flames" title="Calgary Flames">Calgary Flames</a>. Skalbania represented a group of Calgary businessmen that included oil magnates <a href="/wiki/Harley_Hotchkiss" title="Harley Hotchkiss">Harley Hotchkiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_T._Scurfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph T. Scurfield">Ralph T. Scurfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Green" title="Norman Green">Norman Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Seaman" title="Daryl Seaman">Daryl Seaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byron_Seaman" title="Byron Seaman">Byron Seaman</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders" title="Calgary Stampeders">Calgary Stampeders</a> player <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kwong" title="Norman Kwong">Norman Kwong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atlflames-138">[138]</a> Atlanta team owner <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cousins" title="Tom Cousins">Tom Cousins</a> sold the team to Skalbania for US$16 million, a record sale price for an <a href="/wiki/NHL" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL">NHL</a> team at the time.<a href="#cite_note-HockeyChron-139">[139]</a> The team reached the playoffs each year in its first 10 years in Calgary and won the team's only Stanley Cup in <a href="/wiki/1989_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1989 Stanley Cup Finals">1989</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympic_legacy">Olympic legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Olympic legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Winter Olympics</a></div> Public concern existed regarding the potential long-term debt implications that had plagued Montreal following the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReasons198446-140">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Winter_Sport_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Winter Sport Institute">Calgary Olympic Development Association</a> led the bid for Calgary and spent two years building local support for the project, selling memberships to 80,000 of the city's 600,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-BidResults-141">[141]</a> It secured CA$270 million in funding from the federal and provincial governments while civic leaders, including Mayor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Ralph Klein</a>, crisscrossed the world attempting to woo <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) delegates.<a href="#cite_note-CODABestShot-142">[142]</a> Calgary was one of three finalists, opposed by the Swedish community of <a href="/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a> and Italian community of <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CODABestShot-142">[142]</a> On September 30, 1981, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> voted to give Calgary the right to host the <a href="/wiki/1988_Olympic_Winter_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Olympic Winter Games">1988 Olympic Winter Games</a>, becoming the first Canadian host for the winter games.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The Games' five primary venues were all purpose-built, however, at significant cost.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome" title="Scotiabank Saddledome">Olympic Saddledome</a> was the primary venue for ice hockey and figure skating. Located at <a href="/wiki/Stampede_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Stampede Park">Stampede Park</a>, the facility was expected to cost $83 million, but cost overruns pushed the facility to nearly $100 million.<a href="#cite_note-BuildingOlympicLegacy-145">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Oval" title="Olympic Oval">Olympic Oval</a> was built on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a>. It was the first fully enclosed 400-metre <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Speed skating at the Winter Olympics">speed skating</a> venue in the world as it was necessary to protect against the possibility of either bitter cold temperatures or ice-melting <a href="/wiki/Chinook_wind" title="Chinook wind">chinook winds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SICountdown-146">[146]</a> Seven world and three Olympic records were broken during the Games, resulting in the facility earning praise as "the fastest ice on Earth".<a href="#cite_note-BuildingOlympicLegacy-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada_Olympic_Park" title="Canada Olympic Park">Canada Olympic Park</a> was built on the western outskirts of Calgary and hosted <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics">bobsled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Luge at the Winter Olympics">luge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics">ski jumping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics">freestyle skiing</a>. It was the most expensive facility built for the games, costing $200 million.<a href="#cite_note-BuildingOlympicLegacy-145">[145]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> failing to earn a gold medal in the Games, the events proved to be a major economic boom for the city, which had fallen into its worst <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> in 40 years following the collapse of both oil and grain prices in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-BoomorBust-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTEnthusiasm-148">[148]</a> A report prepared for the city in January 1985 estimated the games would create 11,100 <a href="/wiki/Man-hour" title="Man-hour">man-years</a> of employment and generate CA$450-million in salaries and wages.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In its post-Games report, OCO'88 estimated the Olympics created CA$1.4 billion in economic benefits across Canada during the 1980s, 70 percent within Alberta, as a result of capital spending, increased tourism and new sporting opportunities created by the facilities.<a href="#cite_note-OCO78-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_to_present">1990s to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1990s to present">edit</a>]</div> Thanks in part to escalating oil prices, the economy in Calgary and Alberta was booming until the end of 2009, and the region of nearly 1.1 million people was home to the fastest-growing economy in the country.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil and gas industry</a> comprise an important part of the economy, the city has invested a great deal into other areas such as tourism and high-tech manufacturing. Over 3.1 million people now visit the city annually<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> for its many festivals and attractions, especially the Calgary Stampede. The nearby mountain resort towns of <a href="/wiki/Banff,_Alberta" title="Banff, Alberta">Banff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Louise,_Alberta" title="Lake Louise, Alberta">Lake Louise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canmore,_Alberta" title="Canmore, Alberta">Canmore</a> are also becoming increasingly popular with tourists. Other modern industries include light manufacturing, high-tech, film, e-commerce, transportation, and services. <a href="/wiki/2013_Alberta_floods" title="2013 Alberta floods">Widespread flooding</a> throughout southern Alberta, including on the Bow and Elbow rivers, forced the evacuation of over 75,000 city residents on June 21, 2013, and left large areas of the city, including downtown, without power.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Calgary_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-Calgary_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Calgary_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/330px-Calgary_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Calgary_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/440px-Calgary_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7305" data-file-height="7305" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of Calgary</figcaption></figure> Calgary is at the transition zone between the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Foothills" title="Rocky Mountain Foothills">Canadian Rockies foothills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a>. The city lies within the foothills of the Parkland Natural Region and the Grasslands Natural Region.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Downtown Calgary is about 1,042.4 m (3,420 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>,<a href="#cite_note-downtown_elevation-6">[6]</a> and the airport is 1,076 m (3,531 ft).<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In 2011, the city covered a land area of 825.29 km2 (318.65 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-2011censusABmunis-157">[157]</a> Calgary is in southern <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and also next to the Rocky mountains. Two rivers and two creeks run through the city. The <a href="/wiki/Bow_River" title="Bow River">Bow River</a> is the larger, and it flows from the west to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Elbow_River" title="Elbow River">Elbow River</a> flows northwards from the south until it converges with the Bow River at the historic site of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Calgary" title="Fort Calgary">Fort Calgary</a> near downtown. Nose Creek flows into Calgary from the northwest, then south to join the Bow River several kilometres east of the Elbow-Bow confluence. Fish Creek flows into Calgary from the southwest and converges with the Bow River near <a href="/wiki/McKenzie_Lake,_Calgary" title="McKenzie Lake, Calgary">McKenzie Lake</a>. The City of Calgary, 848 km2 (327 sq mi) in size,<a href="#cite_note-MAProfileStats-158">[158]</a> consists of an inner city surrounded by suburban communities of various density.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The city is immediately surrounded by two <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_districts_in_Alberta" title="List of municipal districts in Alberta">municipal districts</a> – <a href="/wiki/Foothills_County" title="Foothills County">Foothills County</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_View_County" title="Rocky View County">Rocky View County</a> to the north, west and east. Proximate urban communities beyond the city within the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Metropolitan_Region" title="Calgary Metropolitan Region">Calgary Metropolitan Region</a> include: the City of <a href="/wiki/Airdrie,_Alberta" title="Airdrie, Alberta">Airdrie</a> to the north; the City of <a href="/wiki/Chestermere" title="Chestermere">Chestermere</a>, the Town of <a href="/wiki/Strathmore,_Alberta" title="Strathmore, Alberta">Strathmore</a> and the Hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Langdon,_Alberta" title="Langdon, Alberta">Langdon</a> to the east; the towns of <a href="/wiki/Okotoks" title="Okotoks">Okotoks</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_River" title="High River">High River</a> to the south; and the Town of <a href="/wiki/Cochrane,_Alberta" title="Cochrane, Alberta">Cochrane</a> to the northwest.<a href="#cite_note-2015roadmap-160">[160]</a> Numerous rural subdivisions are located within the Elbow Valley, <a href="/wiki/Springbank,_Alberta" title="Springbank, Alberta">Springbank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bearspaw,_Alberta" title="Bearspaw, Alberta">Bearspaw</a> areas to the west and northwest.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tsuu_T%27ina_Nation_Indian_Reserve_No._145" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuu T'ina Nation Indian Reserve No. 145">Tsuu T'ina Nation Indian Reserve No. 145</a> borders Calgary to the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-2015roadmap-160">[160]</a> Over the years, the city has made many land annexations to facilitate growth. In the most recent annexation of lands from the surrounding Rocky View County, completed in July 2007, the city annexed <a href="/wiki/Shepard,_Alberta" title="Shepard, Alberta">Shepard</a>, a former hamlet, and placed its boundaries adjacent to the Hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Balzac,_Alberta" title="Balzac, Alberta">Balzac</a> and City of Chestermere, and very close to the City of Airdrie.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary-2387396_1280_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪ View of downtown Calgary ‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Calgary-2387396_1280_%28cropped%29.jpg/1100px-Calgary-2387396_1280_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Calgary-2387396_1280_%28cropped%29.jpg/1650px-Calgary-2387396_1280_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Calgary-2387396_1280_%28cropped%29.jpg/2200px-Calgary-2387396_1280_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1008" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary-2387396_1280_(cropped).jpg" title="File:Calgary-2387396 1280 (cropped).jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">View of downtown Calgary</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> Numerous plant and animal species are found within and around Calgary. The <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir">Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir</a> (Pseudotsuga menziesii <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">var.</a> glauca) comes near the eastern limit of its range at Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifer</a> of widespread distribution found in the Calgary area is the white spruce (<a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">Picea glauca</a>).<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Animals that can be found in and around Calgary include <a href="/wiki/White-tail_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="White-tail deer">white-tail deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_porcupine" title="North American porcupine">North American porcupines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, bats, rabbits, <a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">mink</a>, weasels, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">skunks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbourhoods">Neighbourhoods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Neighbourhoods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Calgary" title="List of neighbourhoods in Calgary">List of neighbourhoods in Calgary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban_living_Calgary_Alberta._(38816447984).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Urban_living_Calgary_Alberta._%2838816447984%29.jpg/220px-Urban_living_Calgary_Alberta._%2838816447984%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Urban_living_Calgary_Alberta._%2838816447984%29.jpg/330px-Urban_living_Calgary_Alberta._%2838816447984%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Urban_living_Calgary_Alberta._%2838816447984%29.jpg/440px-Urban_living_Calgary_Alberta._%2838816447984%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5393" data-file-height="3172" /></a><figcaption>Calgary's <a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Calgary" title="Eau Claire, Calgary">Eau Claire</a> community, adjacent to downtown and <a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Island_Park_(Calgary)" title="Prince's Island Park (Calgary)">Prince's Island Park</a></figcaption></figure> The downtown region of the city consists of five neighbourhoods: <a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Calgary" title="Eau Claire, Calgary">Eau Claire</a> (including the Festival District), the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_West_End,_Calgary" title="Downtown West End, Calgary">Downtown West End</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary" title="Downtown Calgary">Downtown Commercial Core</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Calgary" title="Chinatown, Calgary">Chinatown</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_East_Village,_Calgary" title="Downtown East Village, Calgary">Downtown East Village</a> (also part of the <a href="/wiki/Beltline,_Calgary" title="Beltline, Calgary">Rivers District</a>). The commercial core is itself divided into a number of districts, including the <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Avenue" title="Stephen Avenue">Stephen Avenue</a> Retail Core, the Entertainment District, the Arts District, and the Government District. Distinct from downtown and south of 9th Avenue is Calgary's densest neighbourhood, the Beltline. The area includes a number of communities, such as Connaught, Victoria Crossing, and a portion of the Rivers District. The Beltline is the focus of major planning and rejuvenation initiatives on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">municipal government</a> to increase the density and liveliness of Calgary's centre.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Directly radiating from the downtown core is the first of the inner-city communities. These include <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Heights,_Calgary" title="Crescent Heights, Calgary">Crescent Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hounsfield_Heights/Briar_Hill,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill, Calgary">Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillhurst,_Calgary" title="Hillhurst, Calgary">Hillhurst</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sunnyside,_Calgary" title="Sunnyside, Calgary">Sunnyside</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Calgary" title="Kensington, Calgary">Kensington</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Calgary#Business_revitalization_zones" title="List of neighbourhoods in Calgary">BRZ</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bridgeland,_Calgary" title="Bridgeland, Calgary">Bridgeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfrew,_Calgary" title="Renfrew, Calgary">Renfrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal,_Calgary" title="Mount Royal, Calgary">Mount Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarboro,_Calgary" title="Scarboro, Calgary">Scarboro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunalta,_Calgary" title="Sunalta, Calgary">Sunalta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission,_Calgary" title="Mission, Calgary">Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramsay,_Calgary" title="Ramsay, Calgary">Ramsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inglewood,_Calgary" title="Inglewood, Calgary">Inglewood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radisson_Heights,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Radisson Heights, Calgary">Albert Park/Radisson Heights</a> directly to the east. The inner city is, in turn, surrounded by relatively dense and established neighbourhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Rosedale,_Calgary" title="Rosedale, Calgary">Rosedale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Calgary" title="Mount Pleasant, Calgary">Mount Pleasant</a> to the north; <a href="/wiki/Bowness,_Calgary" title="Bowness, Calgary">Bowness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkdale,_Calgary" title="Parkdale, Calgary">Parkdale</a>, Shaganappi, Westgate and <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Calgary" title="Glendale, Calgary">Glendale</a> to the west; <a href="/wiki/Parkhill/Stanley_Park,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkhill/Stanley Park, Calgary">Park Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Calgary,_Calgary" title="South Calgary, Calgary">South Calgary</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Marda_Loop,_Calgary" title="Marda Loop, Calgary">Marda Loop</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bankview,_Calgary" title="Bankview, Calgary">Bankview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altadore,_Calgary" title="Altadore, Calgary">Altadore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Killarney,_Calgary" title="Killarney, Calgary">Killarney</a> to the south; and <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn,_Calgary" title="Forest Lawn, Calgary">Forest Lawn</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Avenue,_Calgary" title="International Avenue, Calgary">International Avenue</a> to the east. Lying beyond these, and usually separated from one another by highways, are suburban communities including <a href="/wiki/Evergreen,_Calgary" title="Evergreen, Calgary">Evergreen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset,_Calgary" title="Somerset, Calgary">Somerset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auburn_Bay,_Calgary" title="Auburn Bay, Calgary">Auburn Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_Hills,_Calgary" title="Country Hills, Calgary">Country Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundance,_Calgary" title="Sundance, Calgary">Sundance</a>, Chaparral, <a href="/wiki/Riverbend,_Calgary" title="Riverbend, Calgary">Riverbend</a>, and <a href="/wiki/McKenzie_Towne,_Calgary" title="McKenzie Towne, Calgary">McKenzie Towne</a>. In all, there are over 180 distinct neighbourhoods within the city limits.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Several of Calgary's neighbourhoods were initially separate municipalities that were annexed by the city as it grew. These include Bowness, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Calgary" title="Montgomery, Calgary">Montgomery</a>, Midnapore, Shepard, and Forest Lawn. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Calgary experiences a semi-<a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate#Cool_summer_subtype" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> Dwb, <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha climate classification</a> Dcbo) within eastern parts of the city and a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> (Köppen Dwc, Trewartha Eolo) within western parts of the city, largely due to an increase in elevation.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The city has warm summers and very cold, dry (though highly variable) winters.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> It falls into the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">NRC</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">Plant Hardiness Zone</a> 4a.<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Plant_Hardiness_Zones-172">[172]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a>, average daily temperatures in Calgary range from 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) in July to −7.1 °C (19.2 °F) in January.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-173">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dilmaghanian00711.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dilmaghanian00711.JPG/220px-Dilmaghanian00711.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dilmaghanian00711.JPG/330px-Dilmaghanian00711.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dilmaghanian00711.JPG/440px-Dilmaghanian00711.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ice skating on the frozen stream in <a href="/wiki/Bowness_Park,_Calgary" title="Bowness Park, Calgary">Bowness Park</a>. Winters in Calgary are cold and dry, with temperatures dropping below −20 °C (−4 °F).</figcaption></figure> Winters are cold, and the air temperature drops to or below −20 °C (−4 °F) on average 22 days of the year and −30 °C (−22 °F) on average of 3.7 days of the year, but are frequently broken up by warm, dry <a href="/wiki/Chinook_wind" title="Chinook wind">chinook winds</a> that blow into Alberta over the mountains. These winds can raise the winter temperature by 20 °C (36 °F), and as much as 30 °C (54 °F) in just a few hours and may last several days.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> As well, Calgary's proximity to the Rocky Mountains affects winter temperatures with a mixture of lows and highs, and tends to result in a mild winter for a city in the Prairie Provinces. Temperatures are also affected by the wind chill factor; Calgary's average wind speed is 14.2 km/h (8.8 mph), one of the highest in Canadian cities.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In summer, daytime temperatures range from 10 to 25 °C (50 to 77 °F) and exceed 30 °C (86 °F) an average of 5.1 days in June, July, and August, and occasionally as late as September or as early as May, and in winter drop below or at −30 °C (−22 °F) 3.7 days of the year. As a consequence of Calgary's high elevation and aridity, summer days are often not humid, unlike many other major cities in Canada. Summer evenings also tend to cool off, with monthly average low temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) throughout the summer months.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-173">[173]</a> Calgary has the sunniest days year-round of Canada's 100 largest cities, with slightly over 332 days of sun;<a href="#cite_note-CIA-173">[173]</a> it has on average 2,396 hours of sunshine annually,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-173">[173]</a> with an average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> of 55% in the winter and 45% in the summer (15:00 MST).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-173">[173]</a> Calgary International Airport in the northeastern section of the city receives an average of 418.8 mm (16.49 in) of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> annually, with 326.4 mm (12.85 in) of that occurring in the form of rain, and 128.8 cm (50.7 in) as snow.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-173">[173]</a> The most rainfall occurs in June and the most snowfall in March.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-173">[173]</a> Calgary has also recorded snow every month of the year.<a href="#cite_note-envcanold-176">[176]</a> It last snowed in July on July 15, 1999.<a href="#cite_note-july1999-177">[177]</a> Thunderstorms can be frequent and sometimes severe<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> with most of them occurring in the summer months. Calgary lies within Alberta's <a href="/wiki/Hailstorm_Alley" title="Hailstorm Alley">Hailstorm Alley</a> and is prone to damaging hailstorms every few years. A hailstorm that struck Calgary on September 7, 1991, was one of the most destructive <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canadian history</a>, with over $400 million in damage.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Being west of the <a href="/wiki/Dry_line" title="Dry line">dry line</a> on most occasions, <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> are rare in the region. The highest temperature ever recorded in Calgary was 36.7 °C (98.1 °F) on <a href="/wiki/2018_North_American_heat_wave" title="2018 North American heat wave">August 10, 2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Calgary_Int'l_CS-180">[180]</a> The lowest temperature ever recorded was −45.0 °C (−49.0 °F) on February 4, 1893.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-173">[173]</a> On November 15, 2021, Calgary City Council voted to declare a climate emergency. A <a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">climate emergency declaration</a> is a resolution passed by a governing body such as a city council. It puts the local government on record in support of emergency action to respond to climate change and recognizes the pace and scale of action needed.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Calgary (<a href="/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport" title="Calgary International Airport">Calgary International Airport</a>) <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 71877; coordinates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calgary&params=51_06_50_N_114_01_13_W_type:airport_region:CA-AB&title=Calgary+International+Airport">51°06′50″N 114°01′13″W / 51.11389°N 114.02028°W / 51.11389; -114.02028 (Calgary International Airport)</a>; elevation: 1,084.1 m (3,557 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5 (29.3) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4 (31.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.6 (18.3) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7 (28.9) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3 (20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.5 (7.7) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.8 (10.8) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9 (28.6) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3 (29.7) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5 (18.5) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.1 (10.2) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1.7 (28.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−44.4 (−47.9) </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−45 (−49) </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.2 (−35.0) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30 (−22) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.7 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3 (8.1) </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.7 (−14.3) </td> <td style="background: #2929FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35 (−31) </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−42.8 (−45.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−45 (−49) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> </th> <td style="background: #0000CC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−52.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−52.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−44.7 </td> <td style="background: #1E1EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.1 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.7 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.5 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000E3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−47.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−55.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−55.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (0.39) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (0.46) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (0.70) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6 (1.17) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.1 (2.41) </td> <td style="background: #51FF51; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.7 (4.44) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.7 (2.59) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8 (2.12) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (1.46) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (0.67) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (0.64) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (0.49) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">445.4 (17.54) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (0.04) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (0.50) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.5 (2.07) </td> <td style="background: #51FF51; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.5 (4.43) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.7 (2.59) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.5 (2.11) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8 (1.33) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (0.33) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (0.07) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">342.2 (13.48) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #07FF07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (6.5) </td> <td style="background: #00E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (6.7) </td> <td style="background: #009B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.8 (9.4) </td> <td style="background: #009D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22.9 (9.0) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (3.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (0.9) </td> <td style="background: #53FF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (4.5) </td> <td style="background: #00DC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (7.4) </td> <td style="background: #0CFF0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #4FFF4F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">138.8 (54.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">114.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.22 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.83 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.22 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) </th> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.08 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.13 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.96 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">55.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 3pm) </th> <td style="background: #2929FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.7 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.7 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.2 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.7 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.8 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.2 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.8 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.3 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.3 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.3 </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.2 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.3 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.5 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.6 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.4 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.9 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">314.1 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">284.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.0 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.4 </td> <td style="background: #B8B851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">121.1 </td> <td style="background: #B3B370; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,396.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #F7F721; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF45; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.0 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada" title="Environment and Climate Change Canada">Environment and Climate Change Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-173">[173]</a>and Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Springbank Hill (<a href="/wiki/Calgary/Springbank_Airport" title="Calgary/Springbank Airport">Calgary/Springbank Airport</a>) <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 71860; coordinates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calgary&params=51_06_11_N_114_22_28_W_type:airport_region:CA-AB&title=Calgary%2FSpringbank+Airport">51°06′11″N 114°22′28″W / 51.10306°N 114.37444°W / 51.10306; -114.37444 (Calgary/Springbank Airport)</a>; elevation: 1,200.9 m (3,940 ft); 1981–2010 normals </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3 </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2 (17.2) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.7 (19.9) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7 (27.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7 (19) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.1 (37.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.5 (5.9) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.4 (7.9) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.2 (15.4) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.9 (14.2) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3 (8.1) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−42.8 (−45.0) </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41.6 (−42.9) </td> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−36.3 (−33.3) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.7 (−7.1) </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.1 (6.6) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1 (21.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.8 (14.4) </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.1 (−20.4) </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−36.5 (−33.7) </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41.6 (−42.9) </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−42.8 (−45.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> </th> <td style="background: #0000B7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−56.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000B7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−56.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−48.0 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.0 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.0 </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−48.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000B2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−57.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000B2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−57.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (0.39) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (0.45) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (0.69) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (1.00) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.1 (2.41) </td> <td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.7 (4.20) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9 (2.63) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.0 (3.07) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.3 (1.98) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (0.64) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (0.64) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (0.39) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">469.8 (18.49) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (0.37) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 (1.95) </td> <td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.7 (4.20) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9 (2.63) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.0 (3.07) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.5 (1.79) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (0.28) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (0.09) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">366.2 (14.42) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #41FF41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (5.0) </td> <td style="background: #0EFF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (5.8) </td> <td style="background: #00BA00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.7 (8.5) </td> <td style="background: #00D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (7.5) </td> <td style="background: #46FF46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (4.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #52FF52; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (4.6) </td> <td style="background: #00F200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (6.9) </td> <td style="background: #46FF46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (4.9) </td> <td style="background: #5DFF5D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">127.3 (50.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">106.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.17 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.04 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.48 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.91 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.23 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.73 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.09 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.05 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.6 </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0 </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.3 </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.3 </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.7 </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.8 </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2 </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.2 </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.8 </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.5 </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.1 </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.4 </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Environment Canada<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Calgary" title="Demographics of Calgary">Demographics of Calgary</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Calgary_Population_Pyramid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2021_Calgary_Population_Pyramid.png/464px-2021_Calgary_Population_Pyramid.png" decoding="async" width="464" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2021_Calgary_Population_Pyramid.png/696px-2021_Calgary_Population_Pyramid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2021_Calgary_Population_Pyramid.png/928px-2021_Calgary_Population_Pyramid.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Population Pyramid of Calgary</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census of Population</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,306,784 living in 502,301 of its 531,062 total private dwellings, a change of 5.5% from its 2016 population of 1,239,220. With a land area of 820.62 km2 (316.84 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,592.4/km2 (4,124.4/sq mi) in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-2021census-5">[5]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan area</a> (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Calgary CMA had a population of 1,481,806 living in 563,440 of its 594,513 total private dwellings, a change of 6.4% from its 2016 population of 1,392,609. With a land area of 5,098.68 km2 (1,968.61 sq mi), it had a population density of 290.6/km2 (752.7/sq mi) in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-2021censusCMA-8">[8]</a> The population of the City of Calgary according to its <a href="/wiki/2019_Alberta_municipal_censuses" title="2019 Alberta municipal censuses">2019 municipal census</a> is 1,285,711,<a href="#cite_note-2019census-184">[184]</a> a change of 1.4% from its <a href="/wiki/2018_Alberta_municipal_censuses" title="2018 Alberta municipal censuses">2018 municipal census</a> population of 1,267,344.<a href="#cite_note-2018MAPL-185">[185]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016 Census of Population</a> conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,239,220 living in 466,725 of its 489,650 total private dwellings, a change of 13% from its 2011 population of 1,096,833. With a land area of 825.56 km2 (318.75 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,501.1/km2 (3,887.7/sq mi) in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-2016censusABmunis-186">[186]</a> Calgary was ranked first among the three cities in Canada that saw their population grow by more than 100,000 people between 2011 and 2016. During this time, Calgary saw a population growth of 142,387 people, followed by <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> at 120,345 people and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> at 116,511 people.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) is the fourth-largest CMA in Canada and the largest in Alberta. It had a population of 1,392,609 in the 2016 Census compared to its 2011 population of 1,214,839. Its five-year population change of 14.6 percent was the highest among all CMAs in Canada between 2011 and 2016. With a land area of 5,107.55 km2 (1,972.04 sq mi), the Calgary CMA had a population density of 272.7/km2 (706.2/sq mi) in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-2016censusCMAs-188">[188]</a> Statistics Canada's latest estimate of the Calgary CMA population, as of July 1, 2017, is 1,488,841.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In 2015, the population within an hour commuting distance of the city was 1,511,755.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> As a consequence of the large number of corporations, as well as the presence of the energy sector in Alberta, Calgary has a median family income of $104,530.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigrants</a> (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 430,640 persons or 33.3% of the total population of Calgary. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (65,430 persons or 15.2%), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (56,515 persons or 13.1%), <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (36,240 persons or 8.4%), <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (20,415 persons or 4.7%), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (18,375 persons or 4.3%), Vietnam (15,395 persons or 3.6%), Nigeria (12,450 persons or 2.9%), United States of America (10,890 persons or 2.5%), <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (10,775 persons or 2.5%), and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (8,210 persons or 1.9%).<a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Calgary#City_of_Calgary" title="Demographics of Calgary">Demographics of Calgary § City of Calgary</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 842.62771587289px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 356.71711573738px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 194.74613562318px; border-left-color:darkgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkgreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 119.34446716853px; border-left-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 58.54771953738px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.999289389325px 0.37699022545064px 0 0; border-top-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:85.687951550396px 51.551672709011px 0 0; border-top-color:#804000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#804000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:33.341197721605px 94.278123308055px 0 0; border-top-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:white"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Pan-ethnic</a> breakdown of Calgary from the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021 census</a><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-192">[192]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  European<a href="#cite_note-euro-193">[a]</a> (55.41%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  South Asian (10.97%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Southeast Asian<a href="#cite_note-SoutheastAsian-194">[b]</a> (8.56%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  East Asian<a href="#cite_note-EastAsian-195">[c]</a> (8.49%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  African (5.47%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Middle Eastern<a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastern-196">[d]</a> (3.55%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous</a> (3.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Latin American (2.47%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other<a href="#cite_note-Other-197">[e]</a> (1.89%)</div> </div> </div></div> According to the 2016 Census, 60% of Calgary's population was white or European, 4% were <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a>, and 36.2% belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minority</a> group (non-white and non-Indigenous). Among those of European origin, the most frequently reported ethnic backgrounds were <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a>. Among visible minorities, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asians</a> (ethnic backgrounds mainly from India and Pakistan) make up the largest group (9.5%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> (6.8%) and <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> (5.5%). 5.4% were of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> origin, 3.5% was of <a href="/wiki/West_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian">West Asian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> origin, while 2.6% of the population was of <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> origin. Of the largest Canadian cities, Calgary ranked fourth in the proportion of visible minorities, behind Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg. 20.7% of the population identified as "<a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian</a>" in ethnic origin.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> groups in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Calgary">City of Calgary</a> (2001−2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2016 </th> <th colspan="2">2011 </th> <th colspan="2">2006 </th> <th colspan="2">2001 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr>Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr>%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European</a> </td> <td>715,725 </td> <td>55.41% </td> <td>744,625 </td> <td>60.91% </td> <td>727,935 </td> <td>67.26% </td> <td>722,595 </td> <td>73.77% </td> <td>688,465 </td> <td>79.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> </td> <td>141,660 </td> <td>10.97% </td> <td>115,795 </td> <td>9.47% </td> <td>81,180 </td> <td>7.5% </td> <td>56,210 </td> <td>5.74% </td> <td>36,370 </td> <td>4.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> </td> <td>110,610 </td> <td>8.56% </td> <td>89,260 </td> <td>7.3% </td> <td>67,880 </td> <td>6.27% </td> <td>40,325 </td> <td>4.12% </td> <td>28,605 </td> <td>3.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asian</a> </td> <td>109,615 </td> <td>8.49% </td> <td>103,640 </td> <td>8.48% </td> <td>87,390 </td> <td>8.07% </td> <td>76,565 </td> <td>7.82% </td> <td>59,020 </td> <td>6.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Canadian">African</a> </td> <td>70,680 </td> <td>5.47% </td> <td>51,515 </td> <td>4.21% </td> <td>31,870 </td> <td>2.94% </td> <td>20,540 </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>13,370 </td> <td>1.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Canadians" title="Middle Eastern Canadians">Middle Eastern</a> </td> <td>45,885 </td> <td>3.55% </td> <td>37,800 </td> <td>3.09% </td> <td>25,215 </td> <td>2.33% </td> <td>17,175 </td> <td>1.75% </td> <td>11,300 </td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> </td> <td>41,350 </td> <td>3.2% </td> <td>35,195 </td> <td>2.88% </td> <td>28,905 </td> <td>2.67% </td> <td>24,425 </td> <td>2.49% </td> <td>19,765 </td> <td>2.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Latin American</a> </td> <td>31,855 </td> <td>2.47% </td> <td>26,265 </td> <td>2.15% </td> <td>19,870 </td> <td>1.84% </td> <td>13,120 </td> <td>1.34% </td> <td>8,525 </td> <td>0.98% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other/<a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> </td> <td>24,400 </td> <td>1.89% </td> <td>18,305 </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>11,990 </td> <td>1.11% </td> <td>8,525 </td> <td>0.87% </td> <td>5,735 </td> <td>0.66% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total responses </th> <th>1,291,770 </th> <th>98.85% </th> <th>1,222,405 </th> <th>98.64% </th> <th>1,082,230 </th> <th>98.67% </th> <th>979,485 </th> <th>99.12% </th> <th>871,140 </th> <th>99.12% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>1,306,784 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,239,220 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,096,833 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>988,193 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>878,866 </th> <th>100% </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11">Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Calgary" title="List of places of worship in Calgary">List of places of worship in Calgary</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, religious groups in Calgary included:<a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-192">[192]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (575,250 persons or 44.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion</a> (499,375 persons or 38.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (95,925 persons or 7.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (49,465 persons or 3.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (33,450 persons or 2.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (20,855 persons or 1.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (6,390 persons or 0.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Spirituality</a> (1,370 persons or 0.1%)</li> <li>Other (9,695 persons or 0.8%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Alberta" title="Economy of Alberta">Economy of Alberta</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Employment by industry<a href="#cite_note-statcan-200">[195]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Industry</th> <th>Calgary</th> <th>Alberta </th></tr> <tr> <td>Agriculture</td> <td>6.1%</td> <td>10.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manufacturing</td> <td>15.8%</td> <td>15.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trade</td> <td>15.9%</td> <td>15.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finance</td> <td>6.4%</td> <td>5.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Health and education</td> <td>25.1%</td> <td>18.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Business services</td> <td>25.1%</td> <td>18.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other services</td> <td>16.5%</td> <td>18.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Labour force (2016)<a href="#cite_note-statcan2006-201">[196]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rate</th> <th>Calgary</th> <th>Alberta</th> <th>Canada </th></tr> <tr> <td>Employment</td> <td>66.9%</td> <td>66.3%</td> <td>61.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unemployment</td> <td>10.3%</td> <td>9.0%</td> <td>6.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Participation</td> <td>74.6%</td> <td>72.9%</td> <td>65.6% </td></tr></tbody></table> Calgary is recognized as a leader in the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Canadian oil and gas industry</a>, and its economy expanded at a significantly higher rate than the overall Canadian economy (43% and 25%, respectively) over the ten-year period from 1999 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-calgary.ca-202">[197]</a> Its high personal and family incomes,<a href="#cite_note-CanadaWest-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com-203">[198]</a> low unemployment and high GDP per capita<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> have all benefited from increased sales and prices due to a resource boom,<a href="#cite_note-calgary.ca-202">[197]</a> and increasing economic diversification. Calgary benefits from a relatively strong <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">job market</a> in Alberta and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Calgary%E2%80%93Edmonton_Corridor" title="Calgary–Edmonton Corridor">Calgary–Edmonton Corridor</a>, one of the fastest-growing regions in the country. It is the head office for many major oil and gas-related companies, and many financial service businesses have grown up around them. Small business and self-employment levels also rank amongst the highest in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com-203">[198]</a> Calgary is a distribution and transportation hub<a href="#cite_note-CRPtransportation-205">[200]</a> with high retail sales.<a href="#cite_note-calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com-203">[198]</a> Calgary's economy is decreasingly dominated by the oil and gas industry, although it is still the single largest contributor to the city's GDP. In 2006, Calgary's real GDP (in constant 1997 dollars) was CA$52.386 billion, of which oil, gas and mining contributed 12%.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> The larger oil and gas companies are <a href="/wiki/BP_Canada" title="BP Canada">BP Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Natural_Resources_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Natural Resources Limited">Canadian Natural Resources Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encana" title="Encana">Encana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_Canada" title="Shell Canada">Shell Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/TransCanada_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="TransCanada Corporation">TransCanada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nexen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexen">Nexen</a>, making the city home to 87% of Canada's oil and natural gas producers and 66% of coal producers.<a href="#cite_note-AlbertaFirst-207">[202]</a> As of November 2016, the city had a labour force of 901,700 (a 74.6% participation rate) and 10.3% unemployment rate.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-210">[205]</a> In 2013, Calgary's four largest industries by employee count were "Trade" (with 112,800 employees), "Professional, Scientific and Technical Services" (100,800 employees), "Health Care and Social Assistance" (89,200 employees), and "Construction" (81,500 employees).<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> In 2006, the top three private sector employers in Calgary were <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Communications" title="Shaw Communications">Shaw Communications</a> (7,500 employees), <a href="/wiki/Nova_Chemicals" title="Nova Chemicals">Nova Chemicals</a> (4,945) and <a href="/wiki/Telus" title="Telus">Telus</a> (4,517).<a href="#cite_note-topemployers-212">[207]</a> Companies rounding out the top ten were <a href="/wiki/Mark%27s_Work_Wearhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark's Work Wearhouse">Mark's Work Wearhouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Co-op" title="Calgary Co-op">Calgary Co-op</a>, Nexen, Canadian Pacific Railway, CNRL, Shell Canada and <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company" title="Dow Chemical Company">Dow Chemical Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-topemployers-212">[207]</a> The top public sector employers in 2006 were the Calgary Zone of the Alberta Health Services (22,000), the City of Calgary (12,296) and the Calgary Board of Education (8,000).<a href="#cite_note-topemployers-212">[207]</a> Public sector employers rounding out the top five were the University of Calgary and the Calgary Roman Catholic Separate School Division.<a href="#cite_note-topemployers-212">[207]</a> In Canada, Calgary has the second-highest concentration of head offices in Canada (behind Toronto), the most head offices per capita, and the highest head office revenue per capita.<a href="#cite_note-CanadaWest-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com-203">[198]</a> Some large employers with Calgary head offices include <a href="/wiki/Safeway_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Safeway Inc.">Canada Safeway Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loblaw_Companies" title="Loblaw Companies">Westfair Foods Ltd.</a>, Suncor Energy, <a href="/wiki/Agrium" title="Agrium">Agrium</a>, Flint Energy Services Ltd., Shaw Communications, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">Canadian Pacific Kansas City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-large-213">[208]</a> CPR moved its head office from Montreal in 1996 and Imperial Oil moved from Toronto in 2005. Encana's new 58-floor corporate headquarters, <a href="/wiki/The_Bow_(skyscraper)" title="The Bow (skyscraper)">the Bow</a>, became the tallest building in Canada outside of Toronto.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> In 2001, the city became the corporate headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/TSX_Venture_Exchange" title="TSX Venture Exchange">TSX Venture Exchange</a>. <a href="/wiki/WestJet" title="WestJet">WestJet</a> is headquartered close to the Calgary International Airport,<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enerjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Enerjet">Enerjet</a> has its headquarters on the airport grounds.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> Prior to their dissolution, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Airlines" title="Canadian Airlines">Canadian Airlines</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>'s subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Zip_(airline)" title="Zip (airline)">Zip</a> were also headquartered near the city's airport.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> Although its main office is now based in <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_North" title="Canadian North">Canadian North</a>, purchased from Canadian Airlines in September 1998, still maintains operations and charter offices in Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> One of Canada's largest <a href="/wiki/Accounting_network" title="Accounting network">accounting firms</a>, <a href="/wiki/MNP_LLP" title="MNP LLP">MNP LLP</a>, is also headquartered in Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> According to a report by Alexi Olcheski of Avison Young published in August 2015, vacancy rates rose to 11.5 percent in the second quarter of 2015 from 8.3 percent in 2014. Oil and gas company office spaces in downtown Calgary are subleasing 40 percent of their overall vacancies.<a href="#cite_note-FP_12Aug2015-222">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/H%26R_Real_Estate_Investment_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="H&R Real Estate Investment Trust">H&R Real Estate Investment Trust</a>, which owns the 58-storey, 158,000-square-metre <a href="/wiki/Bow_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow Tower">Bow Tower</a>, claims the building was fully leased. Tenants such as <a href="/wiki/Suncor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suncor">Suncor</a> "have been letting staff and contractors go in response to the downturn".<a href="#cite_note-FP_12Aug2015-222">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arts and culture">edit</a>]</div> Calgary was designated as one of Canada's cultural capitals in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> While many Calgarians continue to live in the city's suburbs, more central neighbourhoods such as Kensington, Inglewood, Forest Lawn, Bridgeland, Marda Loop, the Mission District, and especially the Beltline, have become more popular and density in those areas has increased.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage">Stage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stage">edit</a>]</div> Calgary is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alberta_Jubilee_Auditorium" title="Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium">Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium</a> performing arts, culture and community facility. The auditorium is one of two "twin" facilities in the province, the other is the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Jubilee_Auditorium" title="Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium">Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium</a> in Edmonton, each being locally known as the "Jube." The 2,538-seat auditorium was opened in 1957<a href="#cite_note-jubileeauditorium-225">[220]</a> and has been host to hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a>, theatrical, stage and local productions. The Calgary Jube is the resident home of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Ballet_Company" title="Alberta Ballet Company">Alberta Ballet Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Opera" title="Calgary Opera">Calgary Opera</a>, and the annual civic <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> ceremonies. Both auditoriums operate 365 days a year and are run by the provincial government. Both received major renovations as part of the province's centennial in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-jubileeauditorium-225">[220]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epcor_Centre_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Epcor_Centre_5.jpg/220px-Epcor_Centre_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Epcor_Centre_5.jpg/330px-Epcor_Centre_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Epcor_Centre_5.jpg/440px-Epcor_Centre_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arts_Commons" title="Arts Commons">Arts Commons</a> is a multi-venue <a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">arts centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary" title="Downtown Calgary">Downtown Calgary</a>.</figcaption></figure> The city is also home to a number of performing arts spaces, such as <a href="/wiki/Arts_Commons" title="Arts Commons">Arts Commons</a>, which is a 400,000 square foot performing arts complex housing the Jack Singer Concert Hall, Martha Cohen Theatre, Max Bell Theatre, Big Secret Theatre, and Motel Theatre, the Pumphouse Theatre, which houses the Victor Mitchell and Joyce Doolittle theatres, The GRAND, the Bella Concert Hall, the Wright Theatre, Vertigo Theatre, Stage West Theatre, Lunchbox Theatre, and several other smaller venues. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> Some large theatre companies share Calgary's <a href="/wiki/Arts_Commons" title="Arts Commons">Arts Commons</a> building, including <a href="/wiki/One_Yellow_Rabbit" title="One Yellow Rabbit">One Yellow Rabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Calgary" title="Theatre Calgary">Theatre Calgary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Theatre_Projects" title="Alberta Theatre Projects">Alberta Theatre Projects</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Grand_(Calgary)" title="The Grand (Calgary)">The Grand</a> is a culture house dedicated to the contemporary live arts. Other companies, groups, and collectives operate in niche theatres, such as Storybook Theatre (children's theatre), Sundog Storytellers (immersive theatre), and The Shakespeare Company. Calgary is the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Theatresports" title="Theatresports">Theatresports</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improvisational theatre</a> games.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Every three years, Calgary hosts the <a href="/wiki/Honens_International_Piano_Competition" title="Honens International Piano Competition">Honens International Piano Competition</a> (formerly known as the Esther Honens International Piano Competition). The finalists of the competition perform piano concerti with the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra">Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra</a>; the laureate is awarded a cash prize (currently $100,000.00 CDN, the largest cash award of any international piano competition), and a three-year career development program. Honens is an integral component of the classical music scene in Calgary. A number of <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching bands</a> are based in Calgary. They include the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Round-Up_Band" title="Calgary Round-Up Band">Calgary Round-Up Band</a>, the Calgary Stetson Show Band, the Bishop Grandin Marching Ghosts, and the six-time World Association for Marching Show Bands champions, the Calgary Stampede Showband, as well as military bands including the Band of HMCS Tecumseh, the King's Own Calgary Regiment Band, and the <a href="/wiki/Regimental_Pipes_and_Drums_of_The_Calgary_Highlanders" title="Regimental Pipes and Drums of The Calgary Highlanders">Regimental Pipes and Drums of The Calgary Highlanders</a>. There are many other civilian pipe bands in the city, notably the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Police_Service" title="Calgary Police Service">Calgary Police Service</a> Pipe Band.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> Calgary is also home to a choral music community, including a variety of amateur, community, and semi-professional groups. Some of the mainstays include the Mount Royal Choirs from the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_University" title="Mount Royal University">Mount Royal University</a> Conservatory, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Boys%27_Choir" title="Calgary Boys' Choir">Calgary Boys' Choir</a>, the Calgary Girls Choir, the Youth Singers of Calgary, the Cantaré Children's Choir, Luminous Voices Music Society, Spiritus Chamber Choir, and pop-choral group Revv52.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>]</div> The Alberta Ballet is Canada's third-largest dance company. Under Jean Grand-Maître's artistic direction, the Alberta Ballet is at the forefront both at home and internationally. Jean Grand-Maître is well known for his successful portrait series collaborations with pop artists like Joni Mitchell, Elton John, and Sarah McLachlan. The Alberta Ballet resides in the Nat Christie Centre.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> Other dance companies include Springboard Performance, which hosts the annual Fluid Movement Arts Festival,<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> Decidedly Jazz Danceworks, which opened its new $25-million facility in 2016 in collaboration with the Kahanoff Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> as well as a host of others, including European folk dance ensembles, Afro-based dance companies, and diasporic dance companies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> Numerous films have been shot in Calgary and the surrounding area, including <a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Jesse_James_by_the_Coward_Robert_Ford" title="The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford">The Assassination of Jesse James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain" title="Brokeback Mountain">Brokeback Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances with Wolves">Dances with Wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(film)" title="Doctor Zhivago (film)">Doctor Zhivago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inception" title="Inception">Inception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall" title="Legends of the Fall">Legends of the Fall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unforgiven" title="Unforgiven">Unforgiven</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Revenant_(2015_film)" title="The Revenant (2015 film)">The Revenant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cool_Runnings" title="Cool Runnings">Cool Runnings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghostbusters:_Afterlife" title="Ghostbusters: Afterlife">Ghostbusters: Afterlife</a> was filmed in downtown Calgary and Inglewood in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> Television shows include <a href="/wiki/Fargo_(TV_series)" title="Fargo (TV series)">Fargo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Summer_(TV_series)" title="Black Summer (TV series)">Black Summer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wynonna_Earp_(TV_series)" title="Wynonna Earp (TV series)">Wyonna Earp</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wild_Roses_(TV_series)" title="Wild Roses (TV series)">Wild Roses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_Us_(TV_series)" title="The Last of Us (TV series)">The Last of Us</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_media">Print media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Print media">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Sun" title="Calgary Sun">Calgary Sun</a> are the main newspapers in Calgary. <a href="/wiki/Global_Television_Network" title="Global Television Network">Global</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (TV network)">City</a>, <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC</a> television networks have local studios in the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Visual art">edit</a>]</div> Visual and conceptual artists like the art collective <a href="/wiki/United_Congress" title="United Congress">United Congress</a> are active in the city. There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">art galleries</a> in the downtown along Stephen Avenue; the SoDo (South of Downtown) Design District; the 17 Avenue corridor; the neighbourhood of Inglewood, including the Esker Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> There are also various art installations in the +15 system in downtown Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_Central_Library_(48002281806).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Calgary_Central_Library_%2848002281806%29.jpg/220px-Calgary_Central_Library_%2848002281806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Calgary_Central_Library_%2848002281806%29.jpg/330px-Calgary_Central_Library_%2848002281806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Calgary_Central_Library_%2848002281806%29.jpg/440px-Calgary_Central_Library_%2848002281806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5411" data-file-height="3607" /></a><figcaption>Calgary's <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Central_Library" title="Calgary Central Library">Central Library</a> has won numerous international architectural and urban design awards.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Public_Library" title="Calgary Public Library">Calgary Public Library</a> is the city's public library network, with 21 branches loaning books, e-books, CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays, audiobooks, and more. Based on borrowing, the library is Canada's second-largest and North America's sixth-largest municipal library. The new flagship branch, the 22,000 m2 (240,000 sq ft) <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Central_Library" title="Calgary Central Library">Calgary Central Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_East_Village,_Calgary" title="Downtown East Village, Calgary">Downtown East Village</a>, opened on November 1, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> Several museums are in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Glenbow_Museum" title="Glenbow Museum">Glenbow Museum</a> is western Canada's largest and includes an <a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">art gallery</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> gallery.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> Other major museums include the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Centre,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cultural Centre, Calgary">Chinese Cultural Centre</a> (at 6,500 m2 (70,000 sq ft), the largest stand-alone cultural centre in Canada),<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canada's Sports Hall of Fame">Canada's Sports Hall of Fame</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Canada_Olympic_Park" title="Canada Olympic Park">Canada Olympic Park</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Military_Museums" title="The Military Museums">The Military Museums</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Music_Centre" title="National Music Centre">National Music Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hangar_Flight_Museum" title="The Hangar Flight Museum">The Hangar Flight Museum</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Calgary_Stampede_-_Day_Eight_(9)_(35890971326).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2017_Calgary_Stampede_-_Day_Eight_%289%29_%2835890971326%29.jpg/220px-2017_Calgary_Stampede_-_Day_Eight_%289%29_%2835890971326%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2017_Calgary_Stampede_-_Day_Eight_%289%29_%2835890971326%29.jpg/330px-2017_Calgary_Stampede_-_Day_Eight_%289%29_%2835890971326%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2017_Calgary_Stampede_-_Day_Eight_%289%29_%2835890971326%29.jpg/440px-2017_Calgary_Stampede_-_Day_Eight_%289%29_%2835890971326%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a> draws in over a million visitors every year.<a href="#cite_note-:4-250">[245]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_Pride_Parade_2016_(29427625056).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Calgary_Pride_Parade_2016_%2829427625056%29.jpg/220px-Calgary_Pride_Parade_2016_%2829427625056%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Calgary_Pride_Parade_2016_%2829427625056%29.jpg/330px-Calgary_Pride_Parade_2016_%2829427625056%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Calgary_Pride_Parade_2016_%2829427625056%29.jpg/440px-Calgary_Pride_Parade_2016_%2829427625056%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Calgary has held an <a href="/wiki/LGBT_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT pride">LGBT+ Pride</a> event every year since 1988.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a></figcaption></figure> Calgary hosts a <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Calgary" title="List of festivals in Calgary">number of annual festivals and events</a>. These include the Calgary International Film Festival, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Folk_Music_Festival" title="Calgary Folk Music Festival">Calgary Folk Music Festival</a>, the Calgary Performing Arts Festival (formerly <a href="/wiki/Kiwanis_Music_Festival" title="Kiwanis Music Festival">Kiwanis Music Festival</a>),<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> FunnyFest Calgary Comedy Festival, <a href="/wiki/Sled_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sled Island">Sled Island</a> music festival, <a href="/wiki/Beakerhead" title="Beakerhead">Beakerhead</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_festival" title="Greek festival">Greek festival</a>, Carifest, <a href="/wiki/Wordfest" title="Wordfest">Wordfest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lilac_Festival_(Calgary)" title="Lilac Festival (Calgary)">Lilac Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/GlobalFest" title="GlobalFest">GlobalFest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otafest" title="Otafest">Otafest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Comic_and_Entertainment_Expo" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo">Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo</a>, <a href="/wiki/FallCon" title="FallCon">FallCon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Fringe_Festival" title="Calgary Fringe Festival">Calgary Fringe Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summerstock_Conservatory" title="Summerstock Conservatory">Summerstock</a>, Expo Latino, <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Pride" title="Calgary Pride">Calgary Pride</a>, Calgary International Spoken Word Festival,<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> and many other cultural and ethnic festivals. The <a href="/wiki/Calgary_International_Film_Festival" title="Calgary International Film Festival">Calgary International Film Festival</a> is also held annually as well as the <a href="/wiki/International_Festival_of_Animated_Objects" title="International Festival of Animated Objects">International Festival of Animated Objects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> Calgary's best-known event is the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a>, which has occurred each July, with the exception of the year 2020, since 1912. It is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of festivals in Canada">festivals in Canada</a>, with a 2005 attendance of 1,242,928 at the 10-day <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a> and exhibition.<a href="#cite_note-:4-250">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_education">Arts education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Arts education">edit</a>]</div> Calgary is also home to several post-secondary institutions that provide credit and non-credit instruction in the arts, including the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_University_of_the_Arts" title="Alberta University of the Arts">Alberta University of the Arts</a> (formerly Alberta College of Art and Design),<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> the School of Creative and Performing Arts at the University of Calgary,<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> the Mount Royal University Conservatory,<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> and Ambrose University. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attractions">Attractions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Attractions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_and_landmarks_in_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attractions and landmarks in Calgary">List of attractions and landmarks in Calgary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Calgary_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Calgary parks">List of Calgary parks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Avenue_Walk._Calgary._(28278179767).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stephen_Avenue_Walk._Calgary._%2828278179767%29.jpg/220px-Stephen_Avenue_Walk._Calgary._%2828278179767%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stephen_Avenue_Walk._Calgary._%2828278179767%29.jpg/330px-Stephen_Avenue_Walk._Calgary._%2828278179767%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stephen_Avenue_Walk._Calgary._%2828278179767%29.jpg/440px-Stephen_Avenue_Walk._Calgary._%2828278179767%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3225" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>Featuring a mix of boutiques, high-end retailers and restaurants, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Avenue" title="Stephen Avenue">Stephen Avenue</a> is a major <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian mall</a> and tourist attraction in Calgary.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_Tower_(222091642).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Calgary_Tower_%28222091642%29.jpg/220px-Calgary_Tower_%28222091642%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Calgary_Tower_%28222091642%29.jpg/330px-Calgary_Tower_%28222091642%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Calgary_Tower_%28222091642%29.jpg/440px-Calgary_Tower_%28222091642%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Despite no longer being the tallest structure in the city, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Tower" title="Calgary Tower">Calgary Tower</a> remains a prominent attraction and symbol of Calgary's culture.</figcaption></figure> Downtown Calgary features an eclectic mix of restaurants and bars, cultural venues, public squares and shopping. Downtown attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Tower" title="Calgary Tower">Calgary Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilder_Institute/Calgary_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo">Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Music_Centre" title="National Music Centre">National Music Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Telus_Convention_Centre" title="Calgary Telus Convention Centre">Calgary Telus Convention Centre</a>, Chinatown district, Arts Commons, <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Central_Library" title="Calgary Central Library">Central Library</a>, St. Patrick's Island, Glenbow Museum, the Art Gallery of Calgary (AGC), <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Plaza_(Calgary)" title="Olympic Plaza (Calgary)">Olympic Plaza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a> grounds and military museums, and various other <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Calgary" title="List of tallest buildings in Calgary">high rises</a>. Notable shopping areas include the <a href="/wiki/The_Core_Shopping_Centre_(Calgary)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Core Shopping Centre (Calgary)">Core Centre</a>, Stephen Avenue and the <a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Calgary#Eau_Claire_Market" title="Eau Claire, Calgary">Eau Claire Market</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_Bridge_(Calgary)" title="Peace Bridge (Calgary)">Peace Bridge</a> spans the <a href="/wiki/Bow_River" title="Bow River">Bow River</a> in the downtown region. The region is also home to <a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Island_Park_(Calgary)" title="Prince's Island Park (Calgary)">Prince's Island Park</a>, an urban park located just north of the Eau Claire district. At 1.0 ha (2.5 acres), the <a href="/wiki/Devonian_Gardens_(Calgary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonian Gardens (Calgary)">Devonian Gardens</a> is one of the largest urban indoor gardens in the world,<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> located on the top floor of the Core Centre. Directly south of the city's downtown is the <a href="/wiki/Beltline,_Calgary" title="Beltline, Calgary">Beltline</a>, an urban community known for its bars, nightclubs, restaurants, and shopping venues. At the Beltline's core is 17 Avenue SW, the community's primary entertainment and <a href="/wiki/Nightlife" title="Nightlife">nightlife</a> strip, lined with a high concentration of bars and entertainment. During the Calgary Flames' <a href="/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Calgary_Flames_season" title="2003–04 Calgary Flames season">Stanley Cup run in 2004</a>, 17 Avenue SW was frequented by over 50,000 fans and supporters per game night. The concentration of red jersey-wearing fans led to the street's playoff moniker, the "<a href="/wiki/Red_Mile" title="Red Mile">Red Mile</a>". Downtown Calgary is easily accessed using the <a href="/wiki/CTrain" title="CTrain">CTrain</a> transit system with 9 train stations in the city's downtown core. The train is also fare-free while downtown. Attractions in other areas of the city include the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Park_Historical_Village" title="Heritage Park Historical Village">Heritage Park Historical Village</a>, depicting life in pre-1914 Alberta and featuring working historic vehicles such as a <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam train</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">electric streetcar</a>. The village itself comprises a mixture of replica buildings and historic structures relocated from southern Alberta. Just west of the city limits is <a href="/wiki/Calaway_Park" title="Calaway Park">Calaway Park</a>, Western Canada's largest outdoor family amusement park, and just north of the park across the Trans Canada Highway is the YBV Springbank Airport, where the Wings over Springbank Airshow is held every July. Other major city attractions include Canada Olympic Park (which features <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canada's Sports Hall of Fame">Canada's Sports Hall of Fame</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Spruce_Meadows" title="Spruce Meadows">Spruce Meadows</a>. On top of the many shopping areas in the city centre, there are a number of large suburban shopping complexes in the city. Among the largest are <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Centre" title="Chinook Centre">Chinook Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southcentre_Mall" title="Southcentre Mall">Southcentre Mall</a> in the south, Westhills and <a href="/wiki/Signal_Hill,_Calgary" title="Signal Hill, Calgary">Signal Hill</a> in the southwest, South Trail Crossing and Deerfoot Meadows in the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Market_Mall" title="Market Mall">Market Mall</a> in the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Sunridge_Mall" title="Sunridge Mall">Sunridge Mall</a> in the northeast, and the newly built <a href="/wiki/CrossIron_Mills" title="CrossIron Mills">CrossIron Mills</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Horizon_Mall" title="New Horizon Mall">New Horizon Mall</a> just north of the Calgary city limits, and south of the City of Airdrie. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports_and_recreation">Sports and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sports and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Calgary">Sports in Calgary</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_from_Nose_hill_park_(15811489540).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Calgary_from_Nose_hill_park_%2815811489540%29.jpg/220px-Calgary_from_Nose_hill_park_%2815811489540%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Calgary_from_Nose_hill_park_%2815811489540%29.jpg/330px-Calgary_from_Nose_hill_park_%2815811489540%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Calgary_from_Nose_hill_park_%2815811489540%29.jpg/440px-Calgary_from_Nose_hill_park_%2815811489540%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The grassy fields of <a href="/wiki/Nose_Hill_Park" title="Nose Hill Park">Nose Hill Park</a> overlooking <a href="/wiki/Canada_Olympic_Park" title="Canada Olympic Park">Canada Olympic Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a> </figcaption></figure> Within Calgary, there are approximately 8,000 ha (20,000 acres) of parkland available for public usage and recreation.<a href="#cite_note-Parks-259">[254]</a> These parks include <a href="/wiki/Fish_Creek_Provincial_Park" title="Fish Creek Provincial Park">Fish Creek Provincial Park</a>, Inglewood Bird Sanctuary, <a href="/wiki/Bowness_Park,_Calgary" title="Bowness Park, Calgary">Bowness Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edworthy_Park" title="Edworthy Park">Edworthy Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Park,_Calgary" title="Confederation Park, Calgary">Confederation Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Island_Park_(Calgary)" title="Prince's Island Park (Calgary)">Prince's Island Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nose_Hill_Park" title="Nose Hill Park">Nose Hill Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Memorial_Park" title="Central Memorial Park">Central Memorial Park</a>. Nose Hill Park is one of the largest municipal parks in Canada at 1,129 ha (2,790 acres). The park has been subject to a revitalization plan that began in 2006. Its trail system is currently undergoing rehabilitation in accordance with this plan.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> The oldest park in Calgary, Central Memorial Park, dates back to 1911. Similar to Nose Hill Park, revitalization also took place in Central Memorial Park in 2008–2009 and reopened to the public in 2010 while still maintaining its Victorian style.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> An 800 km (500 mi) pathway system connects these parks and various neighbourhoods.<a href="#cite_note-Parks-259">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-pathway-263">[258]</a> Calgary also has multiple private sporting clubs including the <a href="/wiki/The_Glencoe_Club" title="The Glencoe Club">Glencoe Club</a> and the Calgary Winter Club. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_peace_bridge_Calgary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_peace_bridge_Calgary.jpg/220px-The_peace_bridge_Calgary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_peace_bridge_Calgary.jpg/330px-The_peace_bridge_Calgary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_peace_bridge_Calgary.jpg/440px-The_peace_bridge_Calgary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peace_Bridge_(Calgary)" title="Peace Bridge (Calgary)">Peace Bridge</a> is a pedestrian and cycling bridge at <a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Calgary" title="Eau Claire, Calgary">Eau Claire Park</a>, suspended over the <a href="/wiki/Bow_River" title="Bow River">Bow River</a>.</figcaption></figure> In large part due to its proximity to the Rocky Mountains, Calgary has traditionally been a popular destination for winter sports. Since hosting the <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Winter Olympics</a>, the city has also been home to a number of major winter sporting facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Canada_Olympic_Park" title="Canada Olympic Park">Canada Olympic Park</a> (bobsleigh, <a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">luge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">ski jumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)" title="Downhill (ski competition)">downhill skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, and some summer sports) and the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Oval" title="Olympic Oval">Olympic Oval</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">speed skating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a>). These facilities serve as the primary training venues for a number of competitive athletes. Also, Canada Olympic Park serves as a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a> trail in the summer months. Calgary unsuccessfully bid to host the 2026 Winter Olympics, losing to Milan/Cortina Italy. In the summer, the Bow River is frequented by river rafters<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">fly-fishermen</a>. Golfing is also an extremely popular activity for Calgarians, and the region has a large number of courses.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Century_Downs_Racetrack_and_Casino" title="Century Downs Racetrack and Casino">Century Downs Racetrack and Casino</a> is a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5+1⁄2-furlong (1.1 km) horse track located just north of the city.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> As part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alberta" title="Battle of Alberta">Battle of Alberta</a>, the city's sports teams enjoy a popular rivalry with their Edmonton counterparts, most notably the rivalries between the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Flames" title="Calgary Flames">Calgary Flames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders" title="Calgary Stampeders">Calgary Stampeders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Elks" title="Edmonton Elks">Edmonton Elks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Calgary_Saddledome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2020_Calgary_Saddledome.jpg/220px-2020_Calgary_Saddledome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2020_Calgary_Saddledome.jpg/330px-2020_Calgary_Saddledome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2020_Calgary_Saddledome.jpg/440px-2020_Calgary_Saddledome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome" title="Scotiabank Saddledome">Scotiabank Saddledome</a> is a multi-use <a href="/wiki/Indoor_arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor arena">indoor arena</a> that is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Flames" title="Calgary Flames">Calgary Flames</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">NLL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Roughnecks" title="Calgary Roughnecks">Calgary Roughnecks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McMahon_Stadium_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/McMahon_Stadium_5.jpg/220px-McMahon_Stadium_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/McMahon_Stadium_5.jpg/330px-McMahon_Stadium_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/McMahon_Stadium_5.jpg/440px-McMahon_Stadium_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/McMahon_Stadium" title="McMahon Stadium">McMahon Stadium</a> is the home stadium for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">CFL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders" title="Calgary Stampeders">Calgary Stampeders</a> and was the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium" title="Olympic Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Winter Olympics</a>.</figcaption></figure> Calgary is the hometown of the <a href="/wiki/Hart_wrestling_family" title="Hart wrestling family">Hart wrestling family</a> and the location of the Hart family "<a href="/wiki/Hart_Dungeon" title="Hart Dungeon">Dungeon</a>", where the patriarch of the Hart Family, <a href="/wiki/Stu_Hart" title="Stu Hart">Stu Hart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hart-269">[264]</a> trained numerous professional wrestlers including <a href="/wiki/Superstar_Billy_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstar Billy Graham">Superstar Billy Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Pillman" title="Brian Pillman">Brian Pillman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Bulldogs" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bulldogs">British Bulldogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edge_(wrestler)" title="Edge (wrestler)">Adam Copeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_(wrestler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian (wrestler)">Christian Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Valentine" title="Greg Valentine">Greg Valentine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Jericho" title="Chris Jericho">Chris Jericho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jushin_Thunder_Liger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jushin Thunder Liger">Jushin Thunder Liger</a> and many more. Also among the trainees were the Hart family members themselves, including WWE Hall of Fame member and former WWE champion <a href="/wiki/Bret_Hart" title="Bret Hart">Bret Hart</a> and his brother, the 1994 WWF <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Ring" title="King of the Ring">King of the Ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Hart" title="Owen Hart">Owen Hart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hart-269">[264]</a> Notable sporting events held by Calgary include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="1972 World Figure Skating Championships">1972 World Figure Skating Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_IBF_World_Championships" title="1985 IBF World Championships">1985 IBF World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships" title="1995 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships">1995 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships</a> (co-hosted with Edmonton and Red Deer), <a href="/wiki/2012_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships" title="2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships">2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships</a> (co-hosted with Edmonton)</li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/World_Police_and_Fire_Games" title="World Police and Fire Games">World Police and Fire Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIBT_World_Championships_2005" title="FIBT World Championships 2005">FIBT World Championships 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="2006 World Figure Skating Championships">2006 World Figure Skating Championships</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/North_American_Outgames" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Outgames">North American Outgames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_IIHF_World_Women%27s_U18_Championship" title="2008 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship">2008 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Water_Ski_World_Championships_champions" title="List of Water Ski World Championships champions">Water Ski World Championships</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Women%27s_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships" title="2021 Women's Ice Hockey World Championships">2021 Women's Ice Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="2023 World Junior Figure Skating Championships">2023 World Junior Figure Skating Championships</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Professional sports teams </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Club</th> <th>League</th> <th>Venue</th> <th>Established</th> <th>Championships </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders" title="Calgary Stampeders">Calgary Stampeders</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McMahon_Stadium" title="McMahon Stadium">McMahon Stadium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1945 </td> <td style="text-align:center">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Flames" title="Calgary Flames">Calgary Flames</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome" title="Scotiabank Saddledome">Scotiabank Saddledome</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1980 </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Roughnecks" title="Calgary Roughnecks">Calgary Roughnecks</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">National Lacrosse League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome" title="Scotiabank Saddledome">Scotiabank Saddledome</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2001 </td> <td style="text-align:center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_FC" title="Cavalry FC">Cavalry FC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League" title="Canadian Premier League">Canadian Premier League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATCO_Field" title="ATCO Field">ATCO Field</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2018 </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Wranglers" title="Calgary Wranglers">Calgary Wranglers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome" title="Scotiabank Saddledome">Scotiabank Saddledome</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2022 </td> <td style="text-align:center">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Surge" title="Calgary Surge">Calgary Surge</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Elite_Basketball_League" title="Canadian Elite Basketball League">Canadian Elite Basketball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winsport_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Winsport Arena">Winsport Arena</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2023 </td> <td style="text-align:center">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_RATH" title="Calgary RATH">Calgary RATH</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Ringette_League" title="National Ringette League">National Ringette League</a> </td> <td>Winsport Arena </td> <td style="text-align:center">2007 </td> <td style="text-align:center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Wild_FC" title="Calgary Wild FC">Calgary Wild FC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Super_League" title="Northern Super League">Northern Super League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McMahon_Stadium" title="McMahon Stadium">McMahon Stadium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2025 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Amateur and junior clubs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Club</th> <th>League</th> <th>Venue</th> <th>Established</th> <th>Championships </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Canucks" title="Calgary Canucks">Calgary Canucks</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Junior_Hockey_League" title="Alberta Junior Hockey League">Alberta Junior Hockey League</a> </td> <td>Henry Viney Arena </td> <td style="text-align:center">1971 </td> <td style="text-align:center">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Hitmen" title="Calgary Hitmen">Calgary Hitmen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Hockey_League" title="Western Hockey League">Western Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome" title="Scotiabank Saddledome">Scotiabank Saddledome</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1995 </td> <td style="text-align:center">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Mavericks" title="Calgary Mavericks">Calgary Mavericks</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Canada_National_Junior_Championship" title="Rugby Canada National Junior Championship">Rugby Canada National Junior Championship</a> </td> <td>Calgary Rugby Park </td> <td style="text-align:center">1998 </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Wolf_Pack" title="Prairie Wolf Pack">Prairie Wolf Pack</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rugby_Championship" title="Canadian Rugby Championship">Canadian Rugby Championship</a> </td> <td>Calgary Rugby Park </td> <td style="text-align:center">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Rage" title="Calgary Rage">Calgary Rage</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Women%27s_Canadian_Football_League" title="Western Women's Canadian Football League">Western Women's Canadian Football League</a> </td> <td>Shouldice Athletic Park </td> <td style="text-align:center">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center">0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> The city is a corporate power-centre with a high percentage of the workforce is employed in <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> jobs. The high concentration of oil and gas corporations led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservative Party</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> However, as Calgary's population has increased, so has the diversity of its politics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_politics">Municipal politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Municipal politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_city_hall1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Calgary_city_hall1.jpg/220px-Calgary_city_hall1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Calgary_city_hall1.jpg/330px-Calgary_city_hall1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Calgary_city_hall1.jpg/440px-Calgary_city_hall1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Municipal_Building" title="Calgary Municipal Building">Calgary Municipal Building</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">seat of local government</a> for the City of Calgary. Attached to the building is the historic <a href="/wiki/Calgary_City_Hall" title="Calgary City Hall">Calgary City Hall</a> built in 1911.</figcaption></figure> The City of Calgary is a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">council–manager government</a> structure consisting of a fifteen-member <a href="/wiki/Calgary_City_Council" title="Calgary City Council">Council</a> elected every four years. The Council itself consists of an at-large <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Calgary" title="List of mayors of Calgary">Mayor</a> and fourteen Councillors who represent geographic regions of the city. The legal authority to govern as a "creature of the province" is derived from various regulations and legislation of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature" title="Alberta Legislature">Alberta Legislature</a>, of which the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_Government_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Municipal Government Act (page does not exist)">Municipal Government Act</a> and the City of Calgary Charter, 2018 Regulation provide many of the powers and responsibilities for the city.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> The current Mayor <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Gondek" title="Jyoti Gondek">Jyoti Gondek</a> was first elected in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Calgary_municipal_election" title="2021 Calgary municipal election">2021 municipal election</a>. Three school boards operate independently of each other in Calgary, the public, the separate (catholic) and francophone systems. Both the public and separate boards have 7 elected trustees each representing 2 of 14 wards. The School Boards are considered part of municipal politics in Calgary as they are elected at the same time as City Council.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> Calgary's first municipal political party, A Better Calgary, was established in June 2024, as a center-right group focused on common sense and fiscal responsibility. This followed the Alberta government's Bill 20, allowing municipal political parties in Calgary and Edmonton. Despite initial backlash against provisions that would have allowed the Premier to remove mayors and councillors, the pilot project for municipal political parties remained. Cheryl Munson, representing A Better Calgary, cited dissatisfaction with <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Gondek" title="Jyoti Gondek">Jyoti Gondek</a> as motivations for the party's formation. Although some members had ties to the <a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Conservative Party</a>, Munson clarified there were no formal links.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_politics">Provincial politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Provincial politics">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Calgary federal election results<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Year </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #6495ED"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">22% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;">128,163 </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED">53% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;">304,926 </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">17% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;">95,538 </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">2% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;">10,113 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">18% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;">111,329 </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED">66% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;">405,171 </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">10% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;">60,850 </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">4% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;">22,736 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Calgary provincial election results<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Year </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party" title="Alberta New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Cons.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #F4A460"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2023_Alberta_general_election" title="2023 Alberta general election">2023</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">49.3% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;">272,344 </td> <td bgcolor="#005D7C">48.3% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#005D7C;">266,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #005D7C"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_Alberta_general_election" title="2019 Alberta general election">2019</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">33.9% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;">188,731 </td> <td bgcolor="#005D7C">53.0% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#005D7C;">294,999 </td></tr> </tbody></table> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Alberta_general_election" title="2023 Alberta general election">2023 provincial election</a>, Calgary is represented by 26 <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">MLAs</a>, comprising 14 members of the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party of Alberta">New Democratic Party (NDP)</a> and 12 members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Conservative Party (UCP)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_politics">Federal politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Federal politics">edit</a>]</div> Calgary is currently split between 10 ridings in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>. Historically, all or most of Calgary's federal seats have been held by the major centre-right party of the day, presently the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>. Before 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberals</a> had only elected three MPs from Calgary ridings in their entire history-- <a href="/wiki/Manley_Justin_Edwards" title="Manley Justin Edwards">Manley Edwards</a> (1940–1945),<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hays" title="Harry Hays">Harry Hays</a> (1963–1965)<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Mahoney" title="Pat Mahoney">Pat Mahoney</a> (1968–1972).<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> On October 19, 2015, Calgary elected its first two Liberal MPs since 1968, <a href="/wiki/Darshan_Kang" title="Darshan Kang">Darshan Kang</a> for <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Skyview" title="Calgary Skyview">Calgary Skyview</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hehr" title="Kent Hehr">Kent Hehr</a> for <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Centre" title="Calgary Centre">Calgary Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> The Tories held the other eight. The Tories won back Calgary Skyview and Calgary Centre in 2019, but the Liberals took back Calgary Skyview in 2021. No Liberal has ever held a Calgary-based riding for more than one term. The federal riding of <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Heritage" title="Calgary Heritage">Calgary Heritage</a> was held by former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> and CPC leader <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>. That seat was also held by <a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a>; it was known as <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Southwest" title="Calgary Southwest">Calgary Southwest</a> at the time. Harper is the second Prime Minister to represent a Calgary riding; the first was <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a> from <a href="/wiki/Calgary_West" title="Calgary West">Calgary West</a>, who held that position from 1930 to 1935. <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>, former Prime Minister and former leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a> (also a predecessor of the CPC), held the riding of <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Centre" title="Calgary Centre">Calgary Centre</a> during his second stint in Parliament from 2000 to 2004. The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party of Canada</a> has also made inroads in Calgary, exemplified by results of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 federal election</a> where they achieved 7.7% of the vote across the city, ranging from 4.7% in <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Northeast" title="Calgary Northeast">Calgary Northeast</a> to 13.1% in <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Centre-North" title="Calgary Centre-North">Calgary Centre-North</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Police_Service" title="Calgary Police Service">Calgary Police Service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_Police_(2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Calgary_Police_%282011%29.jpg/220px-Calgary_Police_%282011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Calgary_Police_%282011%29.jpg/330px-Calgary_Police_%282011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Calgary_Police_%282011%29.jpg/440px-Calgary_Police_%282011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Police_Service" title="Calgary Police Service">Calgary Police Service</a> on duty in <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Park,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rideau Park, Calgary">Rideau Park</a></figcaption></figure> The Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) had a crime severity index of 60.4 in 2013, which is lower than the national average of 68.7.<a href="#cite_note-2013crime-284">[279]</a> A slight majority of the other CMAs in Canada had crime severity indexes greater than Calgary's 60.4.<a href="#cite_note-2013crime-284">[279]</a> Calgary had the sixth-most homicides in 2013 at 24.<a href="#cite_note-2013crime-284">[279]</a> However, Calgary set a record high 40 homicides in 2015, a 66.6% increase from 2013, giving the city a homicide rate of 3.6 per 100,000 people, a homicide rate relatively similar to that of New York for the same year (4.1 per 100,000). 2020 saw another close peak in murders with 38 being reported, with Calgary having a slightly lower homicide rate of 3.06 per 100,00, along with a record total of 112 shootings.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> In 2022, Calgary had a crime severity index of 75.2 which is an increase of 4% from the previous year, but still is lower than the national average of 78.1<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_in_Calgary" title="Military in Calgary">Military in Calgary</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Calgary" title="Special:EditPage/Calgary">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The presence of the Canadian military has been part of the local economy and culture since the early years of the 20th century, beginning with the assignment of a squadron of <a href="/wiki/Strathcona%27s_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathcona's Horse">Strathcona's Horse</a>. A cavalry regiment, <a href="/wiki/15th_Light_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Light Horse">15th Light Horse</a>, was authorized on July 3, 1905.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> After many failed attempts to create the city's own infantry unit, the <a href="/wiki/103rd_Regiment_(Calgary_Rifles)" title="103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles)">103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles)</a> was finally authorized on April 1, 1910.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/CFB_Calgary" title="CFB Calgary">Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Calgary</a> was established as Currie Barracks and Harvie Barracks following the Second World War. The base remained the most significant <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence (DND)</a> institution in the city until it was decommissioned in 1998, when most of the units moved to <a href="/wiki/CFB_Edmonton" title="CFB Edmonton">CFB Edmonton</a>. Despite this closure there is still a number of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> Reserve units, and cadet units garrisoned throughout the city. They include <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Tecumseh" title="HMCS Tecumseh">HMCS Tecumseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Naval_Reserve" title="Canadian Forces Naval Reserve">Naval Reserve</a> unit, <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Own_Calgary_Regiment_(RCAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="The King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC)">The King's Own Calgary Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Calgary_Highlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calgary Highlanders">The Calgary Highlanders</a>, both headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/Mewata_Armouries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mewata Armouries">Mewata Armouries</a>, <a href="/wiki/41_Signal_Regiment" title="41 Signal Regiment">41 Signal Regiment</a> 3 Squadron Calgary, <a href="/wiki/41_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="41 Canadian Brigade Group">41 Canadian Brigade Group</a>, headquartered at the former location of CFB Calgary, 14 (Calgary) Service Battalion, <a href="/wiki/15_Field_Ambulance" title="15 Field Ambulance">15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance Detachment Calgary</a>, 14 (Edmonton) Military Police Platoon Calgary, <a href="/wiki/41_Combat_Engineer_Regiment" title="41 Combat Engineer Regiment">41 Combat Engineer Regiment</a> detachment Calgary (33 Engineer Squadron), along with a small cadre of <a href="/wiki/Regular_Force" title="Regular Force">Regular Force</a> support. Several units have been granted <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Soldiers%27_Memorial" title="Calgary Soldiers' Memorial">Calgary Soldiers' Memorial</a> commemorates those who died during wartime or while serving overseas. Along with those from units currently stationed in Calgary it represents the <a href="/wiki/10th_Battalion,_CEF" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Battalion, CEF">10th</a> and <a href="/wiki/50th_Battalion,_CEF" class="mw-redirect" title="50th Battalion, CEF">50th</a> Battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Calgary" title="Transportation in Calgary">Transportation in Calgary</a> and <a href="/wiki/CTrain" title="CTrain">CTrain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Calgary_area" title="List of airports in the Calgary area">List of airports in the Calgary area</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_transit">Public transit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Public transit">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Calgary_June_2018_(42856099521).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Downtown_Calgary_June_2018_%2842856099521%29.jpg/220px-Downtown_Calgary_June_2018_%2842856099521%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Downtown_Calgary_June_2018_%2842856099521%29.jpg/330px-Downtown_Calgary_June_2018_%2842856099521%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Downtown_Calgary_June_2018_%2842856099521%29.jpg/440px-Downtown_Calgary_June_2018_%2842856099521%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/CTrain" title="CTrain">CTrain</a> is Calgary's <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> transit system, boasting the second-highest ridership in North America.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Transit" title="Calgary Transit">Calgary Transit</a> provides public transportation services throughout the city with regular bus service, <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> (BRT), and <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Light rail transit">light rail transit</a> (LRT). Calgary's light rail system, known as the <a href="/wiki/CTrain" title="CTrain">CTrain</a>, was the second <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_North_America" title="Light rail in North America">light rail system in North America</a> (behind the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_LRT" title="Edmonton LRT">Edmonton LRT</a>). It currently consists of two lines (<a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(Calgary)" title="Red Line (Calgary)">Red Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(Calgary)" title="Blue Line (Calgary)">Blue Line</a>), with 44 stations and 58.2 km (36.2 mi) of track. Most of the CTrain runs on both dedicated tracks with partial grade separation across suburban areas, and a street-level section across downtown. The CTrain is North America's second busiest LRT system, carrying 270,000 passengers per weekday and approximately half of Calgary downtown workers take the transit to work. The CTrain is also North America's first and only rapid transit system to run on 100% renewable, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind-generated</a> energy.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> In early 2020, city council approved construction of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Calgary)" title="Green Line (Calgary)">Green Line</a>, the third light rail line in the city's rapid transit network. It will be the first rail line in Calgary to operate low-floor trains and is the largest public works project in the history of Calgary, about three-and-a-half times bigger than the second-largest project.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WestJet_737-800_in_front_of_Calgary_skyline_(Quintin_Soloviev).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/WestJet_737-800_in_front_of_Calgary_skyline_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.png/220px-WestJet_737-800_in_front_of_Calgary_skyline_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/WestJet_737-800_in_front_of_Calgary_skyline_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.png/330px-WestJet_737-800_in_front_of_Calgary_skyline_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/WestJet_737-800_in_front_of_Calgary_skyline_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.png/440px-WestJet_737-800_in_front_of_Calgary_skyline_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4367" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Calgary International Airport is the gateway to Canada's <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Rocky Mountains</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport" title="Calgary International Airport">Calgary International Airport</a> (YYC), in the city's northeast, is a major transportation and cargo hub for much of central and western Canada. It is <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Canada" title="List of the busiest airports in Canada">Canada's fourth busiest airport</a>, serving 18 million passengers in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> The airport serves as the primary gateway into <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a>, located 90 minutes west, and the entire <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rocky_Mountain_Parks_World_Heritage_Site" title="Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site">Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-Getting2Banff-293">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-stop_flight" title="Non-stop flight">Non-stop</a> destinations include cities throughout Canada, the United States, Europe, Central America, and Asia. <a href="/wiki/Calgary/Springbank_Airport" title="Calgary/Springbank Airport">Calgary/Springbank Airport</a>, Canada's eleventh busiest,<a href="#cite_note-move-294">[289]</a> serves as a reliever for the Calgary International taking the <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> traffic and is also a base for <a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">aerial firefighting</a> aircraft. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pedestrian_and_cycling">Pedestrian and cycling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Pedestrian and cycling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9A_Street_LRT_bridge_-_Bow_River_Pathway_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/9A_Street_LRT_bridge_-_Bow_River_Pathway_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-9A_Street_LRT_bridge_-_Bow_River_Pathway_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/9A_Street_LRT_bridge_-_Bow_River_Pathway_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-9A_Street_LRT_bridge_-_Bow_River_Pathway_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/9A_Street_LRT_bridge_-_Bow_River_Pathway_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-9A_Street_LRT_bridge_-_Bow_River_Pathway_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Calgary has the largest paved pathway network in North America.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a></figcaption></figure> Spanning over 1,000 km (620 mi), Calgary has the most extensive walking and cycling pathway network in North America.<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> There are also 290 km (180 mi) of on-street bikeways and 96 km (60 mi) of publicly maintained trails.<a href="#cite_note-pathway-263">[258]</a> As of 2017, 140,000 Calgarians cycle at least once a week and about 400,000 cycle occasionally.<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> 40% of cyclists in Calgary ride no matter how cold it gets and 96% ride when temperatures are above 0 °C.<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> The Peace Bridge provides pedestrians and cyclists access to the downtown core from the north side of the Bow River. The bridge ranked among the top 10 architectural projects in 2012 and among the top 10 public spaces of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skyway">Skyway</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Skyway">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_%2B15_(28201581821).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Calgary_%2B15_%2828201581821%29.jpg/220px-Calgary_%2B15_%2828201581821%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Calgary_%2B15_%2828201581821%29.jpg/330px-Calgary_%2B15_%2828201581821%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Calgary_%2B15_%2828201581821%29.jpg/440px-Calgary_%2B15_%2828201581821%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4342" data-file-height="3257" /></a><figcaption>Calgary's <a href="/wiki/%2B15" class="mw-redirect" title="+15">+15</a> <a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">skyway</a> network is the world's most extensive elevated pedestrian skywalk system.</figcaption></figure> In the 1960s, Calgary started to develop a series of pedestrian bridges connecting many downtown buildings.<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> Today, these bridges connect between most of the city's downtown office towers and make up the world's most extensive <a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">skyway</a> network (elevated indoor pedestrian bridges), officially called the <a href="/wiki/%2B15" class="mw-redirect" title="+15">+15</a>. The system shields pedestrians from the city's extremely cold winter temperatures. The name derives from the fact that the bridges are usually 4.6 m (15 ft) above ground.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads_and_highways">Roads and highways</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Roads and highways">edit</a>]</div> Calgary lies at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_2" title="Alberta Highway 2">Highway 2</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_1" title="Alberta Highway 1">Trans-Canada Highway</a>, making it an important hub for the transit of goods across Canada and along the <a href="/wiki/CANAMEX_Corridor" title="CANAMEX Corridor">CANAMEX Corridor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stoney_Trail" title="Stoney Trail">Stoney Trail</a> encircles the city, completing a full <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a>. The last segment in west Calgary was completed in December 2023, and is now open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> Freeways and expressways are mostly called "trails". Highway 2, named <a href="/wiki/Deerfoot_Trail" title="Deerfoot Trail">Deerfoot Trail</a>, is the main north–south route through Calgary and one of the busiest highways in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-revenge-303">[298]</a> Much of Calgary's street network is on a grid where roads are numbered with avenues running east–west and streets running north–south. Until 1904 the streets were named; after that date, all streets were given numbers radiating outwards from the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-The_Odd_History_of_Calgary's_City_Streets-304">[299]</a> Roads in predominantly residential areas, as well as freeways and expressways, do not generally conform to the grid and are usually not numbered. However, it is a developer and city convention in Calgary that non-numbered streets within a new community have the same name prefix as the community itself.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> Calgary's presence along the Canadian Pacific Kansas City mainline (which includes the <a href="/wiki/CPKC_Alyth_Yard" title="CPKC Alyth Yard">CPKC Alyth Yard</a>) makes the city an important hub of freight rail throughout the province. There is no inter-city or regional passenger rail serving the city. In June 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Infrastructure_Bank" title="Canada Infrastructure Bank">Canada Infrastructure Bank</a> signed a memorandum of understanding with the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Alberta" title="Executive Council of Alberta">Government of Alberta</a> to build a 130-kilometre (81 mi) inter-city rail line from downtown Calgary to Banff, and an express line from Calgary International Airport to downtown Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> A 350–400 km/h (220–250 mph) <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> line running from Downtown Calgary to Downtown Edmonton is planned as well. In July 2021, <a href="/wiki/EllisDon" title="EllisDon">EllisDon</a> signed a memorandum of understanding with the Government of Alberta to build the line, and it is expected to open sometime between 2030 and 2032.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> Between 1955 and 1978, CPR operated a transcontinental passenger rail service called the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian (train)">Canadian</a>, running between Toronto and Vancouver via CPR's right-of-way through Calgary. In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a> assumed responsibility over CPR's Canadian rail service. In the aftermath of another round of deep budget cuts made to Via Rail on January 15, 1990, Via permanently discontinued the <a href="/wiki/Super_Continental" title="Super Continental">Super Continental</a> and rerouted the Canadian along the Super Continental's <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian National">CN</a> route, bypassing Regina and Calgary in favour of Saskatoon and Edmonton. Since then, there has been no intercity rail service to or from Calgary. But two new rail-tour lines have opened along the CPR right-of-way: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountaineer" title="Rocky Mountaineer">Rocky Mountaineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Pacific" title="Royal Canadian Pacific">Royal Canadian Pacific</a>. The latter still operates rail-tour services to Calgary, while the former has terminated its westbound services at Banff, two hours to the west. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Medical centres and hospitals</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Calgary" title="Health care in Calgary">Health care in Calgary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foothills_Hospital.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Foothills_Hospital.JPG/220px-Foothills_Hospital.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Foothills_Hospital.JPG/330px-Foothills_Hospital.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Foothills_Hospital.JPG/440px-Foothills_Hospital.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Located in Calgary, <a href="/wiki/Foothills_Medical_Centre" title="Foothills Medical Centre">Foothills Medical Centre</a> is the largest hospital in the province of Alberta.</figcaption></figure> Calgary has four major adult <a href="/wiki/Acute_care" title="Acute care">acute care</a> hospitals and one major pediatric acute care site: the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Alberta Children's Hospital">Alberta Children's Hospital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Foothills_Medical_Centre" title="Foothills Medical Centre">Foothills Medical Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed_Centre" title="Peter Lougheed Centre">Peter Lougheed Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rockyview_General_Hospital" title="Rockyview General Hospital">Rockyview General Hospital</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Health_Campus" title="South Health Campus">South Health Campus</a>. They are all overseen by the Calgary Zone of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Health_Services" title="Alberta Health Services">Alberta Health Services</a>, formerly the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Health_Region" title="Calgary Health Region">Calgary Health Region</a>. Calgary is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Tom_Baker_Cancer_Centre" title="Tom Baker Cancer Centre">Tom Baker Cancer Centre</a> (at the Foothills Medical Centre), the Grace Women's Health Centre, which provides a variety of care, and the <a href="/wiki/Libin_Cardiovascular_Institute_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta">Libin Cardiovascular Institute</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_M._Chumir_Centre" title="Sheldon M. Chumir Centre">Sheldon M. Chumir Centre</a> (a large 24-hour assessment clinic), and the Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre (RRDTC), as well as hundreds of smaller medical and dental clinics operate in Calgary. The <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Medicine_of_the_University_of_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Medicine of the University of Calgary">Faculty of Medicine of the University of Calgary</a> also operates in partnership with Alberta Health Services, by researching cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes, joint injury, arthritis and genetics.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> The Alberta children's hospital, built in 2006, replaced the old Children's Hospital. The four largest Calgary hospitals have a combined total of more than 2,100 beds, and employ over 11,500 people.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary">Primary and secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary">edit</a>]</div> In the 2011–2012 school year, 100,632 <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="K–12 (education)">K-12</a> students enrolled in 221 schools in the English language public school system run by the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Board_of_Education" title="Calgary Board of Education">Calgary Board of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBEfacts-310">[305]</a> With other students enrolled in the associated <a href="/wiki/CBe-learn" title="CBe-learn">CBe-learn</a> and Chinook Learning Service programs, the school system's total enrolment is 104,182 students.<a href="#cite_note-CBEfacts-310">[305]</a> Another 43,000 attend about 95 schools in the separate English language <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Catholic_School_District" title="Calgary Catholic School District">Calgary Catholic School District</a> board.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> The much smaller Francophone community has their own French language school board (<a href="/wiki/The_Southern_Francophone_Education_Region_No._4" title="The Southern Francophone Education Region No. 4">The Southern Francophone Education Region No. 4</a>), which is also based in Calgary, but serves a larger regional district. There are also several public <a href="/wiki/Alberta_charter_schools" title="Alberta charter schools">charter schools</a> in the city. Calgary has the country's first high school exclusively designed for Olympic-calibre athletes, the <a href="/wiki/National_Sport_School_(Canada)" title="National Sport School (Canada)">National Sport School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> The oldest school in Calgary that is still in operation is <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_High_School_(Calgary)" title="St. Mary's High School (Calgary)">St. Mary's High School</a>. Calgary is also home to many private schools including Mountain View Academy, Rundle College, <a href="/wiki/Rundle_Academy" title="Rundle Academy">Rundle Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Water_Academy" title="Clear Water Academy">Clear Water Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary_French_and_International_School" title="Calgary French and International School">Calgary French and International School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Winds_Adventist_Academy" title="Chinook Winds Adventist Academy">Chinook Winds Adventist Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webber_Academy" title="Webber Academy">Webber Academy</a>, Delta West Academy, Masters Academy, <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Islamic_School" title="Calgary Islamic School">Calgary Islamic School</a>, Menno Simons Christian School, <a href="/wiki/West_Island_College" title="West Island College">West Island College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edge_School" title="Edge School">Edge School</a>, Calgary Christian School, <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Christian_Academy_(Calgary)" title="Heritage Christian Academy (Calgary)">Heritage Christian Academy</a>, and Bearspaw Christian School. Calgary is also home to what was Western Canada's largest public high school, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook_High_School" title="Lord Beaverbrook High School">Lord Beaverbrook High School</a>, with 2,241 students enrolled in the 2005–2006 <a href="/wiki/Academic_term" title="Academic term">school year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> Currently the student population of Lord Beaverbrook is 1,812 students (September 2012) and several other schools are equally as large; <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada_High_School" title="Western Canada High School">Western Canada High School</a> with 2,035 students (2009) and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Winston_Churchill_High_School" title="Sir Winston Churchill High School">Sir Winston Churchill High School</a> with 1,983 students (2009). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-secondary">Post-secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Post-secondary">edit</a>]</div> The publicly funded <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a> (U of C) is a <a href="/wiki/Public_Research_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Research University">research university</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> It is Calgary's largest <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degree-granting</a> post-secondary institution, with an enrolment of approximately 34,000 students in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_University" title="Mount Royal University">Mount Royal University</a>, with over 14,000 students, grants degrees in a number of fields. <a href="/wiki/SAIT_Polytechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="SAIT Polytechnic">SAIT Polytechnic</a>, with over 14,000 students, provides polytechnic and apprentice education, granting certificates, diplomas and applied degrees. <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca University</a> provides <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a> programs. Both <a href="/wiki/SAIT/AUArts/Jubilee_station" title="SAIT/AUArts/Jubilee station">SAIT</a><a href="#cite_note-LRT-316">[311]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_station_(Calgary)" title="University station (Calgary)">University of Calgary</a><a href="#cite_note-LRT-316">[311]</a> have <a href="/wiki/CTrain" title="CTrain">CTrain</a> light-rail stations on or near their campuses. Other publicly funded post-secondary institutions based in Calgary include the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_University_of_the_Arts" title="Alberta University of the Arts">Alberta University of the Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_University" title="Ambrose University">Ambrose University</a> (associated with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bow_Valley_College" title="Bow Valley College">Bow Valley College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_University,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's University, Calgary">St. Mary's University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PublicPostSec-317">[312]</a> The publicly funded <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology" title="Northern Alberta Institute of Technology">Northern Alberta Institute of Technology</a> (NAIT), and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge" title="University of Lethbridge">University of Lethbridge</a><a href="#cite_note-PublicPostSec-317">[312]</a> also have campuses in Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-AULocations-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAITCalgary-319">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-UofLCalgary-320">[315]</a> Several independent private institutions are in the city. These include <a href="/wiki/ABM_College" title="ABM College">ABM College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Bible_College" title="Alberta Bible College">Alberta Bible College</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDI_College" title="CDI College">CDI College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(Alberta)" title="Columbia College (Alberta)">Columbia College</a>, <a href="/wiki/MaKami_College" title="MaKami College">MaKami College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reeves_College" title="Reeves College">Reeves College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robertson_College" title="Robertson College">Robertson College</a>, and Sundance College.<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Calgary" title="Media in Calgary">Media in Calgary</a></div> Calgary's daily newspapers include the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Sun" title="Calgary Sun">Calgary Sun</a>, and formerly <a href="/wiki/StarMetro_(newspaper)" title="StarMetro (newspaper)">StarMetro</a>. Calgary is the sixth largest television market in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> Broadcasts stations serving Calgary include <a href="/wiki/CICT-DT" title="CICT-DT">CICT 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Global_Television_Network" title="Global Television Network">Global</a>), <a href="/wiki/CFCN-DT" title="CFCN-DT">CFCN 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/CKAL-DT" title="CKAL-DT">CKAL 5</a> (<a href="/wiki/City_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (TV network)">City</a>), <a href="/wiki/CBRT-DT" title="CBRT-DT">CBRT 9</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC</a>), <a href="/wiki/CKCS-DT" title="CKCS-DT">CKCS 32</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yes_TV" title="Yes TV">YesTV</a>), and <a href="/wiki/CJCO-DT" title="CJCO-DT">CJCO 38</a> (<a href="/wiki/Omni_Television" title="Omni Television">Omni</a>). Network affiliate programming from the United States originates from <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>. There are a wide range of radio stations, including a station for First Nations and the Asian Canadian community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Calgary" title="List of people from Calgary">List of people from Calgary</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> The City of Calgary maintains trade development programs, cultural and educational partnerships in <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinning</a> agreements with six cities:<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Province/State </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> </td> <td>Quebec </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> </td> <td>Rajasthan </td> <td>India </td> <td>1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a> </td> <td>Heilongjiang </td> <td>China </td> <td>1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naucalpan" title="Naucalpan">Naucalpan</a> </td> <td>Mexico State </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarui">Tarui</a> </td> <td>Gifu </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a> </td> <td>Daejeon </td> <td>South Korea </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a><a href="#cite_note-Phoenix_sisters-325">[320]</a> </td> <td>Arizona </td> <td>US </td> <td>1997 </td></tr></tbody></table> Calgary is one of nine Canadian cities, out of the total of 98 cities internationally, that is in the New York City Global Partners, Inc. organization,<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> which was formed in 2006 from the former Sister City program of the City of New York, Inc.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">List of cities in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta" title="List of communities in Alberta">List of communities in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Awards" title="Calgary Awards">Calgary Awards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-euro-193"><a href="#cite_ref-euro_193-0">^</a> Statistic includes all persons that did not makeup part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity. </li> <li id="cite_note-SoutheastAsian-194"><a href="#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_194-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastAsian-195"><a href="#cite_ref-EastAsian_195-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census. </li> <li id="cite_note-MiddleEastern-196"><a href="#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_196-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Other-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Other_197-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, <abbr title="not included elsewhere">n.i.e.</abbr>" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved November 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Walrus&rft.atitle=How+Naheed+Nenshi%27s+Tense+Re-election+Forces+Us+to+Confront+Canadian+Racism&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.aulast=Klaszus&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewalrus.ca%2Fhow-naheed-nenshis-tense-re-election-forces-us-to-confront-canadian-racism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNenshi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nenshi, Naheed (October 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/FINA/Evidence/EV9151061/FINAEV114-E.PDF">"FINA: Standing Committee on Finance ● Number 114 ● 1st Session ● 42nd Parliament. Evidence"</a> (PDF). Standing Committee on Finance. 114: 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040132/http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/FINA/Evidence/EV9151061/FINAEV114-E.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017 – via ourcommons.ca. <q>We all know that until the Fort McMurray wildfires last year, the flooding in southern Alberta in 2013 was the costliest natural disaster in Canadian history. While we have done great work in the four years since, within the city of Calgary we continue to need assistance in upstream flood mitigation. Calgary is a city that is built at the confluence of two rivers in a place the Blackfoot called Moh-Kins-Tsis, the elbow. We can't move the city. We can't make room for the river. This is where the rivers are. As a result, it is incredibly important that we do the engineering work on the upstream mitigation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Standing+Committee+on+Finance&rft.atitle=FINA%3A+Standing+Committee+on+Finance+%E2%97%8F+Number+114+%E2%97%8F+1st+Session+%E2%97%8F+42nd+Parliament.+Evidence&rft.volume=114&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft.aulast=Nenshi&rft.aufirst=Naheed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcommons.ca%2FContent%2FCommittee%2F421%2FFINA%2FEvidence%2FEV9151061%2FFINAEV114-E.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkesDuongKeslerRamos2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkes, Rima; Duong, Aaron; Kesler, Linc; Ramos, Howard (February 21, 2017). "Canadian University Acknowledgment of Indigenous Lands, Treaties, and Peoples". Canadian Review of Sociology. 54 (1): 89–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcars.12140">10.1111/cars.12140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-6171">1755-6171</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28220681">28220681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Canadian+University+Acknowledgment+of+Indigenous+Lands%2C+Treaties%2C+and+Peoples&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-102&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft.issn=1755-6171&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28220681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcars.12140&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=Rima&rft.au=Duong%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Kesler%2C+Linc&rft.au=Ramos%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caut.ca/content/guide-acknowledging-first-peoples-traditional-territory">"Guide to Acknowledging First Peoples & Traditional Territory"</a>. Canadian Association of University Teachers. November 19, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110054647/https://www.caut.ca/content/guide-acknowledging-first-peoples-traditional-territory">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Association+of+University+Teachers&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Acknowledging+First+Peoples+%26+Traditional+Territory&rft.date=2017-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caut.ca%2Fcontent%2Fguide-acknowledging-first-peoples-traditional-territory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eskerfoundation.com/visit/">"Visit Esker Foundation"</a>. Esker Foundation. November 20, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122023824/http://eskerfoundation.com/visit">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017. <q>It is important to acknowledge and reflect upon the fact that Esker Foundation is located on the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina, and the Stoney Nakoda First Nations. We are also situated on land adjacent to where the Bow River meets the Elbow River; the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is Mohkinstsis, which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to Métis Nation of Alberta, Region III.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+Esker+Foundation&rft.pub=Esker+Foundation&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feskerfoundation.com%2Fvisit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolvegrey2001" class="citation book cs1">Wolvegrey, Arok (2001). Cree: Words. Regina, Saskatchewan: University of Regina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0889771277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0889771277"><bdi>978-0889771277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cree%3A+Words&rft.place=Regina%2C+Saskatchewan&rft.pub=University+of+Regina+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0889771277&rft.aulast=Wolvegrey&rft.aufirst=Arok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ktunaxa.org/wp-content/uploads/Traditional_Territory_Av2_02.png">Ktunaxa Nation Official Website - Territory Map</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/nativecentre/files/nativecentre/september-2017-acknowledgement-of-traditional-indigenous-territories.pdf">"University of Calgary Recommended Acknowledgements of Traditional Indigenous Territories"</a> (PDF). University of Calgary. November 19, 2017. <q>Welcome to the University of Calgary. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the traditional territories of the Blackfoot and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina, and the Stoney Nakoda First Nations, including Chiniki, Bearspaw, and Wesley First Nation. I would also like to note that the University of Calgary is situated on land adjacent to where the Bow River meets the Elbow River, and that the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is "Mohkinstsis" which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to the Métis Nation of Alberta, Region III.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Calgary+Recommended+Acknowledgements+of+Traditional+Indigenous+Territories&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary&rft.date=2017-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fnativecentre%2Ffiles%2Fnativecentre%2Fseptember-2017-acknowledgement-of-traditional-indigenous-territories.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035141/https://bowvalleycollege.ca/about/governance/treaty-7-territory-acknowledgement">"Treaty 7 Territory Acknowledgement"</a>. Bow Valley College. November 19, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bowvalleycollege.ca/about/governance/treaty-7-territory-acknowledgement">the original</a> on December 1, 2017. <q>We are located in the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikani, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina and the Iyarhe Nakoda. We are situated on land where the Bow River meets the Elbow River, and the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is 'Mohkinstsis' which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to Metis Nation of Alberta, Region 3.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+7+Territory+Acknowledgement&rft.pub=Bow+Valley+College&rft.date=2017-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbowvalleycollege.ca%2Fabout%2Fgovernance%2Ftreaty-7-territory-acknowledgement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtroyal.ca/ProgramsCourses/FacultiesSchoolsCentres/IniskimCentre/">"Oki (Welcome) to the Iniskim Centre"</a>. Mount Royal University. November 19, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031748/http://www.mtroyal.ca/ProgramsCourses/FacultiesSchoolsCentres/IniskimCentre/">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017. <q>Mount Royal University is located in the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina and the Iyarhe Nakoda. We are situated on land where the Bow River meets the Elbow River. The traditional Blackfoot name of this place is 'Mohkinstsis', which we now call the city of Calgary. The city of Calgary is also home to the Métis Nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oki+%28Welcome%29+to+the+Iniskim+Centre&rft.pub=Mount+Royal+University&rft.date=2017-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtroyal.ca%2FProgramsCourses%2FFacultiesSchoolsCentres%2FIniskimCentre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-calgary-first-nations-stoney-nakoda-canmore-place-names-1.4399941">"What's in a name? For Alberta First Nations seeking heritage recognition, plenty"</a>. CBC News. November 13, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115113436/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-calgary-first-nations-stoney-nakoda-canmore-place-names-1.4399941">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+For+Alberta+First+Nations+seeking+heritage+recognition%2C+plenty&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Falberta-calgary-first-nations-stoney-nakoda-canmore-place-names-1.4399941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann2017" class="citation news cs1">Kaufmann, Bill (November 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/piikani-blackfoot-dispute-stoney-nakoda-push-on-name-changes-for-calgary-other-locales">"Piikani Blackfoot dispute Stoney Nakoda push on name changes for Calgary, other locales"</a>. The Calgary Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171120092726/http://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/piikani-blackfoot-dispute-stoney-nakoda-push-on-name-changes-for-calgary-other-locales">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=Piikani+Blackfoot+dispute+Stoney+Nakoda+push+on+name+changes+for+Calgary%2C+other+locales&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalgaryherald.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fpiikani-blackfoot-dispute-stoney-nakoda-push-on-name-changes-for-calgary-other-locales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/~walde/testtime.html">"Archaeology Timeline of Alberta"</a>. University of Calgary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329150036/http://people.ucalgary.ca/~walde/testtime.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeology+Timeline+of+Alberta&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2F~walde%2Ftesttime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220124/http://tprc.alberta.ca/parks/fishcreek/glenns.asp">"The Glenns"</a>. Alberta Tourism Parks, Recreation and Culture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tprc.alberta.ca/parks/fishcreek/glenns.asp">the original</a> on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Glenns&rft.pub=Alberta+Tourism+Parks%2C+Recreation+and+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftprc.alberta.ca%2Fparks%2Ffishcreek%2Fglenns.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19757-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19757_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19757_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGinnis1975">McGinnis 1975</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19758-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19758_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGinnis1975">McGinnis 1975</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197510-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197510_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197510_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacEwan1975">MacEwan 1975</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197511-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197511_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacEwan1975">MacEwan 1975</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19759-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis19759_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGinnis1975">McGinnis 1975</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis197510-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis197510_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis197510_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGinnis1975">McGinnis 1975</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197530-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197530_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacEwan1975">MacEwan 1975</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197536-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacEwan197536_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacEwan1975">MacEwan 1975</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorMordant2012" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Susan; Mordant, Nicole (November 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/23/cp-rail-moving-headquarters-from-glass-tower-in-calgary-to-nearby-rail-yard-sources/">"CP Rail moving headquarters from glass tower in Calgary to nearby rail yard: union source"</a>. Financial Post. Postmedia Network Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530205727/http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/23/cp-rail-moving-headquarters-from-glass-tower-in-calgary-to-nearby-rail-yard-sources/">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2013. 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Retrieved March 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+of+New+York+City&rft.atitle=New+York+City+Global+Partners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Funccp%2Fscp%2Fhtml%2Fscphome%2Fhome.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright1999" class="citation book cs1">Bright, David (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsoflabourcl0000brig">The Limits of Labour: Class Formation and the Labour Movement in Calgary, 1883-1929</a>. Vancouver, British Columbia: UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774852364" title="Special:BookSources/9780774852364"><bdi>9780774852364</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Labour%3A+Class+Formation+and+the+Labour+Movement+in+Calgary%2C+1883-1929&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780774852364&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimitsoflabourcl0000brig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonRead2005" class="citation cs2">Dixon, Joan; Read, Tracey (2005), Celebrating the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede, Canmore, Alberta: Altitude Publishing Canada Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55153-939-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55153-939-X"><bdi>1-55153-939-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+the+Calgary+Exhibition+and+Stampede&rft.place=Canmore%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=Altitude+Publishing+Canada+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-55153-939-X&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Read%2C+Tracey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalman1994" class="citation book cs1">Kalman, Harold (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcanadia0002kalm">A History of Canadian Architecture</a>. Vol. 2. Toronto: Oxford University Press. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195406962" title="Special:BookSources/9780195406962"><bdi>9780195406962</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Canadian+Architecture&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780195406962&rft.aulast=Kalman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcanadia0002kalm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReasons1984" class="citation book cs1">Reasons, Charles E., ed. (1984). Stampede City: Power and Politics in the West. Toronto: Between the Lines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919946461" title="Special:BookSources/0919946461"><bdi>0919946461</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2580912M">2580912M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stampede+City%3A+Power+and+Politics+in+the+West&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Between+the+Lines&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2580912M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0919946461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasporichKlassen1975" class="citation book cs1">Rasporich, Anthony W.; Klassen, Henry C., eds. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse">Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914</a>. Calgary, Alberta: McClelland and Stewart West. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771210175" title="Special:BookSources/0771210175"><bdi>0771210175</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Calgary%3A+Town%2C+City%2C+and+Region+1875-1914&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart+West&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0771210175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontiercalgaryt0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinnis1975" class="citation book cs1">McGinnis, J.P. Dickin (1975). "Building in Calgary 1875-1914". In Rasporich, Anthony W.; Klassen, Henry C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse">Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914</a>. Calgary, Alberta: McClelland and Stewart West. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771210175" title="Special:BookSources/0771210175"><bdi>0771210175</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Building+in+Calgary+1875-1914&rft.btitle=Frontier+Calgary%3A+Town%2C+City%2C+and+Region+1875-1914&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart+West&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0771210175&rft.aulast=McGinnis&rft.aufirst=J.P.+Dickin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontiercalgaryt0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorner1975" class="citation book cs1">Thorner, T. (1975). "Crime and Criminal Justice in Calgary". In Rasporich, Anthony W.; Klassen, Henry C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse">Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914</a>. Calgary, Alberta: McClelland and Stewart West. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771210175" title="Special:BookSources/0771210175"><bdi>0771210175</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crime+and+Criminal+Justice+in+Calgary&rft.btitle=Frontier+Calgary%3A+Town%2C+City%2C+and+Region+1875-1914&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart+West&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0771210175&rft.aulast=Thorner&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontiercalgaryt0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1975" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, J. Brian (1975). "The Chinese Experience in Frontier Calgary: 1885-1910". In Rasporich, Anthony W.; Klassen, Henry C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse">Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914</a>. Calgary, Alberta: McClelland and Stewart West. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771210175" title="Special:BookSources/0771210175"><bdi>0771210175</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Experience+in+Frontier+Calgary%3A+1885-1910&rft.btitle=Frontier+Calgary%3A+Town%2C+City%2C+and+Region+1875-1914&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart+West&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0771210175&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=J.+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontiercalgaryt0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStamp1975" class="citation book cs1">Stamp, Robert M. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse/page/153">"The Bureaucratization of Public Education in Calgary"</a>. In Rasporich, Anthony W.; Klassen, Henry C. (eds.). Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914. Calgary, Alberta: McClelland and Stewart West. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771210175" title="Special:BookSources/0771210175"><bdi>0771210175</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bureaucratization+of+Public+Education+in+Calgary&rft.btitle=Frontier+Calgary%3A+Town%2C+City%2C+and+Region+1875-1914&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart+West&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0771210175&rft.aulast=Stamp&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontiercalgaryt0000unse%2Fpage%2F153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForan1975" class="citation book cs1">Foran, Max (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse/page/203">"Land Speculation and Urban Development: Calgary 1884-1912"</a>. In Rasporich, Anthony W.; Klassen, Henry C. (eds.). Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914. Calgary, Alberta: McClelland and Stewart West. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771210175" title="Special:BookSources/0771210175"><bdi>0771210175</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Land+Speculation+and+Urban+Development%3A+Calgary+1884-1912&rft.btitle=Frontier+Calgary%3A+Town%2C+City%2C+and+Region+1875-1914&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart+West&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0771210175&rft.aulast=Foran&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontiercalgaryt0000unse%2Fpage%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacEwan1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grant_MacEwan" title="Grant MacEwan">MacEwan, Grant</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calgarycavalcade0000mace_a2n4">Calgary Cavalcade from Fort to Fortune</a>. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Western Producer Book Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919306500" title="Special:BookSources/0919306500"><bdi>0919306500</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calgary+Cavalcade+from+Fort+to+Fortune&rft.place=Saskatoon%2C+Saskatchewan&rft.pub=Western+Producer+Book+Service&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0919306500&rft.aulast=MacEwan&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcalgarycavalcade0000mace_a2n4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacEwan1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grant_MacEwan" title="Grant MacEwan">MacEwan, Grant</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pokingintopoliti0000mace">Poking into Politics</a>. Edmonton, Alberta: The Institute of Applied Art, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14408511">14408511</a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poking+into+Politics&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Applied+Art%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14408511&rft.aulast=MacEwan&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpokingintopoliti0000mace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenson1994" class="citation book cs1">Stenson, Fred (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofcalgary00sten">The Story of Calgary</a>. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Fifth House Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895618-36-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-895618-36-3"><bdi>1-895618-36-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Calgary&rft.place=Saskatoon%2C+Saskatchewan&rft.pub=Fifth+House+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-895618-36-3&rft.aulast=Stenson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofcalgary00sten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1975" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Tom (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cowtownalbumofea0000ward">Cowtown: An Album of Early Calgary</a>. Calgary, Alberta: City of Calgary Electric System & McClelland and Stewart West Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771210124" title="Special:BookSources/0771210124"><bdi>0771210124</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cowtown%3A+An+Album+of+Early+Calgary&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=City+of+Calgary+Electric+System+%26+McClelland+and+Stewart+West+Limited&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0771210124&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcowtownalbumofea0000ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanz2001" class="citation book cs1">Janz, Darrel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calgaryheartofne0000sche">Calgary: Heart of the New West</a>. Memphis, Tennessee: Towery Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881096-93-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881096-93-1"><bdi>978-1-881096-93-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calgary%3A+Heart+of+the+New+West&rft.place=Memphis%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Towery+Pub&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-881096-93-1&rft.aulast=Janz&rft.aufirst=Darrel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcalgaryheartofne0000sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozubKozub2001" class="citation book cs1">Kozub, Mark; Kozub, Janice (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Foo2g5a0LIC&q=Calgary&pg=PP1">A Calgary Album: Glimpses of the Way We Were</a>. Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-224-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-224-6"><bdi>978-0-88882-224-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Calgary+Album%3A+Glimpses+of+the+Way+We+Were&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-88882-224-6&rft.aulast=Kozub&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Kozub%2C+Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Foo2g5a0LIC%26q%3DCalgary%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2002" class="citation book cs1">Martin, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1r-krRZlq9oC&q=Calgary&pg=PA1">Calgary: The Unknown City</a> (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_Pulp_Press" title="Arsenal Pulp Press">Arsenal Pulp Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55152-111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55152-111-4"><bdi>978-1-55152-111-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3746623M">3746623M</a>. Retrieved April 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calgary%3A+The+Unknown+City&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Arsenal+Pulp+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3746623M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-55152-111-4&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1r-krRZlq9oC%26q%3DCalgary%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMorranBrodeur1999" class="citation book cs1">McMorran, Jennifer; Brodeur, François (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IkkKn5wT8akC&q=Calgary&pg=PA1">Calgary</a>. Éditions Ulysse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89464-171-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89464-171-2"><bdi>978-2-89464-171-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calgary&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ulysse&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-89464-171-2&rft.aulast=McMorran&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Brodeur%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIkkKn5wT8akC%26q%3DCalgary%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalgary" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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id="Places_adjacent_to_Calgary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Calgary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochrane,_Alberta" title="Cochrane, Alberta">Cochrane</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airdrie,_Alberta" title="Airdrie, Alberta">Airdrie</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rocky_View_County" title="Rocky View County">Rocky View County</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Canmore,_Alberta" title="Canmore, Alberta">Canmore</a> <a href="/wiki/Kananaskis_Country" title="Kananaskis Country">Kananaskis Country</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Calgary<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Chestermere" title="Chestermere">Chestermere</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheadle,_Alberta" title="Cheadle, Alberta">Cheadle</a> <a href="/wiki/Langdon,_Alberta" title="Langdon, Alberta">Langdon</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsuu_T%27ina_Nation_145,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuu T'ina Nation 145, Alberta">Tsuu T'ina Nation 145</a> <a href="/wiki/Bragg_Creek,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bragg Creek, Alberta">Bragg Creek</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Okotoks" title="Okotoks">Okotoks</a> <a href="/wiki/High_River" title="High River">High River</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Municipal_District_of_Foothills_No._31" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal District of Foothills No. 31">Municipal District of Foothills No. 31</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Calgary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Calgary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Calgary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Calgary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calgary" title="Template:Calgary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calgary" title="Template talk:Calgary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calgary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calgary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Calgary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Calgary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Calgary" title="Coat of arms of Calgary">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Calgary" title="Demographics of Calgary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Calgary" title="Flag of Calgary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Calgary" title="List of people from Calgary">Notable Calgarians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sister_cities">Sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Alberta_floods" title="2013 Alberta floods">2013 Calgary flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hub_Oil_explosion" title="Hub Oil explosion">Hub Oil explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmont_Palliser_Hotel" title="Fairmont Palliser Hotel">Fairmont Palliser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Calgary" title="List of mayors of Calgary">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Fire_of_1886" title="Calgary Fire of 1886">1886 Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Calgary_history" title="Timeline of Calgary history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary" title="Downtown Calgary">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Calgary">Greater Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Calgary" title="List of neighbourhoods in Calgary">Neighbourhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Foothills" title="Rocky Mountain Foothills">Rocky Mountain Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">Aspen parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_River" title="Elbow River">Elbow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_River" title="Bow River">Bow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Island_Park_(Calgary)" title="Prince's Island Park (Calgary)">Prince's Island Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WestJet" title="WestJet">WestJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bow_(skyscraper)" title="The Bow (skyscraper)">The Bow (skyscraper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Calgary" title="List of tallest buildings in Calgary">Skyscrapers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_City_Council" title="Calgary City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Calgary_municipal_elections" title="List of Calgary municipal elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Calgary">Mayor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Fire_Department" title="Calgary Fire Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Calgary" title="List of hospitals in Calgary">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Police_Service" title="Calgary Police Service">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Board_of_Education" title="Calgary Board of Education">Calgary Board of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Catholic_School_District" title="Calgary Catholic School District">Calgary Catholic School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Southern_Francophone_Education_Region_No._4" title="The Southern Francophone Education Region No. 4">Southern Francophone Education Region No. 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Calgary" title="Category:Education in Calgary">List of schools and libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Public_Library" title="Calgary Public Library">Calgary Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_White_Hat" title="Calgary White Hat">Calgary White Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Calgary" title="Media in Calgary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Calgary" title="Sport in Calgary">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Calgary" title="Transportation in Calgary">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Calgary" title="List of bridges in Calgary">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Transit" title="Calgary Transit">Calgary Transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTrain" title="CTrain">CTrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport" title="Calgary International Airport">Calgary International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calgary" title="Category:Calgary">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Alberta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Alberta" title="Template:Subdivisions of Alberta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Alberta" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Alberta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Alberta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Alberta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Alberta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada#Alberta" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Alberta" title="List of census divisions of Alberta">Census divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_agglomerations_in_Alberta" title="List of census agglomerations in Alberta">Census agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Alberta" title="List of municipalities in Alberta">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_authorities_in_Alberta" title="List of school authorities in Alberta">School authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta" title="List of communities in Alberta">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Alberta" title="List of towns in Alberta">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of villages in Alberta">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hamlets_in_Alberta" title="List of hamlets in Alberta">Hamlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">Indian reserves and settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Metis settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_Alberta" title="List of ghost towns in Alberta">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_centres_in_Alberta" title="List of population centres in Alberta">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_places_in_Alberta" title="List of designated places in Alberta">Designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Alberta" title="List of localities in Alberta">Localities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">Cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_service_areas_in_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban service areas in Alberta">urban service areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdrie,_Alberta" title="Airdrie, Alberta">Airdrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Alberta" title="Beaumont, Alberta">Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks,_Alberta" title="Brooks, Alberta">Brooks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camrose,_Alberta" title="Camrose, Alberta">Camrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestermere" title="Chestermere">Chestermere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake,_Alberta" title="Cold Lake, Alberta">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saskatchewan" title="Fort Saskatchewan">Fort Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Prairie" title="Grande Prairie">Grande Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacombe,_Alberta" title="Lacombe, Alberta">Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leduc,_Alberta" title="Leduc, Alberta">Leduc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloydminster" title="Lloydminster">Lloydminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat" title="Medicine Hat">Medicine Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Park" title="Sherwood Park">Sherwood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Grove" title="Spruce Grove">Spruce Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetaskiwin" title="Wetaskiwin">Wetaskiwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alberta" title="Category:Alberta">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alberta" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Alberta">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Attractions_and_landmarks_in_Calgary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calgary_landmarks" title="Template:Calgary landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calgary_landmarks" title="Template talk:Calgary landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calgary_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calgary landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Attractions_and_landmarks_in_Calgary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Calgary" title="List of tourist attractions in Calgary">Attractions and landmarks in Calgary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plus_15" title="Plus 15">Plus 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baitun_Nur_Mosque" title="Baitun Nur Mosque">Baitun Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Calgary" title="List of bridges in Calgary">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Place_(Calgary)" title="Brookfield Place (Calgary)">Brookfield Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_Building" title="Burns Building">Burns Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Central_Library" title="Calgary Central Library">Calgary Central Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_City_Hall" title="Calgary City Hall">Calgary City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Tower" title="Calgary Tower">Calgary Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Street_Bridge_(Calgary)" title="Centre Street Bridge (Calgary)">Centre Street Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmont_Palliser_Hotel" title="Fairmont Palliser Hotel">Fairmont Palliser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_House_(Calgary)" title="Hart House (Calgary)">Hart House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewata_Armouries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mewata Armouries">Mewata Armouries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Avenue" title="Stephen Avenue">Stephen Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Calgary" title="List of tallest buildings in Calgary">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telus_Sky" title="Telus Sky">Telus Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bow_(skyscraper)" title="The Bow (skyscraper)">The Bow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_River_pathway" title="Bow River pathway">Bow River pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calaway_Park" title="Calaway Park">Calaway Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canada's Sports Hall of Fame">Canada's Sports Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Calgary" title="Contemporary Calgary">Contemporary Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Calgary" title="List of festivals in Calgary">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Calgary" title="Fort Calgary">Fort Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenbow_Museum" title="Glenbow Museum">Glenbow Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hangar_Flight_Museum" title="The Hangar Flight Museum">The Hangar Flight Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Park_Historical_Village" title="Heritage Park Historical Village">Heritage Park Historical Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lougheed_House" title="Lougheed House">Lougheed House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Military_Museums" title="The Military Museums">The Military Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telus_Spark_Science_Centre" title="Telus Spark Science Centre">TELUS Spark Science Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Olympic_Park" title="Canada Olympic Park">Canada Olympic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Institute/Calgary_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo">Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_Commons" title="Arts Commons">Arts Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foothills_Stadium" title="Foothills Stadium">Foothills Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_Stadium" title="McMahon Stadium">McMahon Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Oval" title="Olympic Oval">Olympic Oval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome" title="Scotiabank Saddledome">Scotiabank Saddledome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alberta_Jubilee_Auditorium" title="Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium">Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Meadows" title="Spruce Meadows">Spruce Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Music_Centre" title="National Music Centre">Studio Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grand_(Calgary)" title="The Grand (Calgary)">The Grand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_Park" title="Battalion Park">Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowness_Park,_Calgary" title="Bowness Park, Calgary">Bowness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Memorial_Park" title="Central Memorial Park">Central Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Park,_Calgary" title="Confederation Park, Calgary">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonian_Gardens_(Calgary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonian Gardens (Calgary)">Devonian Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edworthy_Park" title="Edworthy Park">Edworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_Creek_Provincial_Park" title="Fish Creek Provincial Park">Fish Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Millennium_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaw Millennium Park">Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_Hill_Park" title="Nose Hill Park">Nose Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Plaza_(Calgary)" title="Olympic Plaza (Calgary)">Olympic Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeper_Park" title="Peacekeeper Park">Peacekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearce_Estate_Park" title="Pearce Estate Park">Pearce Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Island_Park_(Calgary)" title="Prince's Island Park (Calgary)">Prince's Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Centre" title="Chinook Centre">Chinook Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Mall" title="Market Mall">Market Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossIron_Mills" title="CrossIron Mills">CrossIron Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerfoot_City" title="Deerfoot City">Deerfoot City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Mall" title="Marlborough Mall">Marlborough Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizon_Mall" title="New Horizon Mall">New Horizon Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hill_Centre" title="North Hill Centre">North Hill Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northland_Village_Mall" title="Northland Village Mall">Northland Village Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southcentre_Mall" title="Southcentre Mall">Southcentre Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunridge_Mall" title="Sunridge Mall">Sunridge Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Core_(shopping_centre)" title="The Core (shopping centre)">The CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westbrook_Mall" title="Westbrook Mall">Westbrook Mall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MNP_Community_%26_Sport_Centre" title="MNP Community & Sport Centre">MNP Community & Sport Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southland_Leisure_Centre" title="Southland Leisure Centre">Southland Leisure Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Square_Leisure_Centre" title="Village Square Leisure Centre">Village Square Leisure Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li>Italics indicate a landmark / location outside of the City of Calgary; the character * indicates a landmark / location under construction.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Calgary_neighbourhoods" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calgary_neighbourhoods" title="Template:Calgary neighbourhoods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calgary_neighbourhoods" title="Template talk:Calgary neighbourhoods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calgary_neighbourhoods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calgary neighbourhoods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Calgary_neighbourhoods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calgary</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Calgary" title="List of neighbourhoods in Calgary">neighbourhoods</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary" title="Downtown Calgary">Downtown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Calgary" title="Chinatown, Calgary">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary#Cultural_district" title="Downtown Calgary">Cultural District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_West_End,_Calgary" title="Downtown West End, Calgary">Downtown West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary#Downtown_commercial_core" title="Downtown Calgary">Downtown Commercial Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_East_Village,_Calgary" title="Downtown East Village, Calgary">Downtown East Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Calgary" title="Eau Claire, Calgary">Eau Claire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary#Entertainment_district" title="Downtown Calgary">Entertainment District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary#Government_district" title="Downtown Calgary">Government District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbour_Lake,_Calgary" title="Arbour Lake, Calgary">Arbour Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banff_Trail,_Calgary" title="Banff Trail, Calgary">Banff Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddington_Heights,_Calgary" title="Beddington Heights, Calgary">Beddington Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowness,_Calgary" title="Bowness, Calgary">Bowness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Calgary" title="Brentwood, Calgary">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Heights,_Calgary" title="Cambrian Heights, Calgary">Cambrian Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Calgary" title="Capitol Hill, Calgary">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleswood,_Calgary" title="Charleswood, Calgary">Charleswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleswood,_Calgary" title="Charleswood, Calgary">Charleswood Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel,_Calgary" title="Citadel, Calgary">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collingwood,_Calgary" title="Collingwood, Calgary">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Hills,_Calgary" title="Country Hills, Calgary">Country Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Heights,_Calgary" title="Crescent Heights, Calgary">Crescent Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie,_Calgary" title="Dalhousie, Calgary">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgemont,_Calgary" title="Edgemont, Calgary">Edgemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Calgary" title="Evanston, Calgary">Evanston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood/Greenbriar,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood/Greenbriar, Calgary">Greenbriar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood/Greenbriar,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood/Greenbriar, Calgary">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamptons,_Calgary" title="Hamptons, Calgary">Hamptons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkwood,_Calgary" title="Hawkwood, Calgary">Hawkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Valley,_Calgary" title="Hidden Valley, Calgary">Hidden Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highwood,_Calgary" title="Highwood, Calgary">Highwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillhurst,_Calgary" title="Hillhurst, Calgary">Hillhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hounsfield_Heights/Briar_Hill,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill, Calgary">Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Hills,_Calgary" title="Huntington Hills, Calgary">Huntington Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincora,_Calgary" title="Kincora, Calgary">Kincora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacEwan_Glen" title="MacEwan Glen">MacEwan Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Calgary" title="Montgomery, Calgary">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Calgary" title="Mount Pleasant, Calgary">Mount Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Hill,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nolan Hill, Calgary">Nolan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Haven,_Calgary" title="North Haven, Calgary">North Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panorama_Hills,_Calgary" title="Panorama Hills, Calgary">Panorama Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkdale,_Calgary" title="Parkdale, Calgary">Parkdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Mckay,_Calgary" title="Point Mckay, Calgary">Point Mckay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Park_Village,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens Park Village, Calgary">Queens Park Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchlands,_Calgary" title="Ranchlands, Calgary">Ranchlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Ridge,_Calgary" title="Rocky Ridge, Calgary">Rocky Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosedale,_Calgary" title="Rosedale, Calgary">Rosedale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemont,_Calgary" title="Rosemont, Calgary">Rosemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Calgary" title="Royal Oak, Calgary">Royal Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Hill,_Calgary" title="Sage Hill, Calgary">Sage Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone_Valley,_Calgary" title="Sandstone Valley, Calgary">Sandstone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_Acres,_Calgary" title="Scenic Acres, Calgary">Scenic Acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood,_Calgary" title="Sherwood, Calgary">Sherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Springs,_Calgary" title="Silver Springs, Calgary">Silver Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrews_Heights,_Calgary" title="St. Andrews Heights, Calgary">St. Andrews Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyside,_Calgary" title="Sunnyside, Calgary">Sunnyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorncliffe,_Calgary" title="Thorncliffe, Calgary">Thorncliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscany,_Calgary" title="Tuscany, Calgary">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Heights,_Calgary" title="University Heights, Calgary">University Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Ridge,_Calgary" title="Valley Ridge, Calgary">Valley Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varsity,_Calgary" title="Varsity, Calgary">Varsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Hillhurst,_Calgary" title="West Hillhurst, Calgary">West Hillhurst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbeydale,_Calgary" title="Abbeydale, Calgary">Abbeydale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddington_Heights,_Calgary" title="Beddington Heights, Calgary">Beddington Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeland,_Calgary" title="Bridgeland, Calgary">Bridgeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castleridge,_Calgary" title="Castleridge, Calgary">Castleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape,_Calgary" title="Cityscape, Calgary">Cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Springs,_Calgary" title="Coral Springs, Calgary">Coral Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Hills,_Calgary" title="Coventry Hills, Calgary">Coventry Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconridge,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Falconridge, Calgary">Falconridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenview,_Calgary" title="Greenview, Calgary">Greenview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Hills,_Calgary" title="Harvest Hills, Calgary">Harvest Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Calgary" title="Highland Park, Calgary">Highland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Hills,_Calgary" title="Huntington Hills, Calgary">Huntington Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Calgary" title="Marlborough, Calgary">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Park,_Calgary" title="Marlborough Park, Calgary">Marlborough Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martindale,_Calgary" title="Martindale, Calgary">Martindale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayland_Heights,_Calgary" title="Mayland Heights, Calgary">Mayland Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Park,_Calgary" title="Monterey Park, Calgary">Monterey Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Heights-Mountview,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Winston Heights-Mountview, Calgary">Mountview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineridge,_Calgary" title="Pineridge, Calgary">Pineridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstone,_Calgary" title="Redstone, Calgary">Redstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrew,_Calgary" title="Renfrew, Calgary">Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeland,_Calgary" title="Bridgeland, Calgary">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundle,_Calgary" title="Rundle, Calgary">Rundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Ridge,_Calgary" title="Saddle Ridge, Calgary">Saddle Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyview_Ranch,_Calgary" title="Skyview Ranch, Calgary">Skyview Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taradale,_Calgary" title="Taradale, Calgary">Taradale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple,_Calgary" title="Temple, Calgary">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorncliffe,_Calgary" title="Thorncliffe, Calgary">Thorncliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuxedo_Park,_Calgary" title="Tuxedo Park, Calgary">Tuxedo Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vista_Heights,_Calgary" title="Vista Heights, Calgary">Vista Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehorn,_Calgary" title="Whitehorn, Calgary">Whitehorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Heights-Mountview,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Winston Heights-Mountview, Calgary">Winston Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altadore,_Calgary" title="Altadore, Calgary">Altadore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_Woods,_Calgary" title="Aspen Woods, Calgary">Aspen Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankview,_Calgary" title="Bankview, Calgary">Bankview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-Aire,_Calgary" title="Bel-Aire, Calgary">Bel-Aire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltline,_Calgary" title="Beltline, Calgary">Beltline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeside,_Calgary" title="Braeside, Calgary">Braeside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridlewood,_Calgary" title="Bridlewood, Calgary">Bridlewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia,_Calgary" title="Britannia, Calgary">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Meadows,_Calgary" title="Canyon Meadows, Calgary">Canyon Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarbrae,_Calgary" title="Cedarbrae, Calgary">Cedarbrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Park,_Calgary" title="Chinook Park, Calgary">Chinook Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Park,_Calgary" title="Christie Park, Calgary">Christie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Bungalow,_Calgary" title="Cliff Bungalow, Calgary">Cliff Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_Hill,_Calgary" title="Coach Hill, Calgary">Coach Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cougar_Ridge,_Calgary" title="Cougar Ridge, Calgary">Cougar Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crestmont,_Calgary" title="Crestmont, Calgary">Crestmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currie_Barracks,_Calgary" title="Currie Barracks, Calgary">Currie Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Ridge,_Calgary" title="Discovery Ridge, Calgary">Discovery Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Ridge,_Calgary" title="Eagle Ridge, Calgary">Eagle Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_Park,_Calgary" title="Elbow Park, Calgary">Elbow Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elboya,_Calgary" title="Elboya, Calgary">Elboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlton,_Calgary" title="Erlton, Calgary">Erlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen,_Calgary" title="Evergreen, Calgary">Evergreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_Green,_Calgary" title="Garrison Green, Calgary">Garrison Green</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garrison_Woods,_Calgary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garrison Woods, Calgary (page does not exist)">Garrison Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan,_Calgary" title="Glamorgan, Calgary">Glamorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenbrook,_Calgary" title="Glenbrook, Calgary">Glenbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Calgary" title="Glendale, Calgary">Glendale Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killarney,_Calgary" title="Killarney, Calgary">Glengarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haysboro,_Calgary" title="Haysboro, Calgary">Haysboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Grove,_Calgary" title="Kelvin Grove, Calgary">Kelvin Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killarney,_Calgary" title="Killarney, Calgary">Killarney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsland,_Calgary" title="Kingsland, Calgary">Kingsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeview,_Calgary" title="Lakeview, Calgary">Lakeview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park,_Calgary" title="Lincoln Park, Calgary">Lincoln Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal,_Calgary" title="Mount Royal, Calgary">Mount Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfair,_Calgary" title="Mayfair, Calgary">Mayfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowlark_Park,_Calgary" title="Meadowlark Park, Calgary">Meadowlark Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millrise,_Calgary" title="Millrise, Calgary">Millrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission,_Calgary" title="Mission, Calgary">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Glenmore,_Calgary" title="North Glenmore, Calgary">North Glenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakridge,_Calgary" title="Oakridge, Calgary">Oakridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliser,_Calgary" title="Palliser, Calgary">Palliser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkhill/Stanley_Park,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkhill/Stanley Park, Calgary">Park Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterson,_Calgary" title="Patterson, Calgary">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_Hill,_Calgary" title="Pump Hill, Calgary">Pump Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxboro,_Calgary" title="Roxboro, Calgary">Rideau Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Calgary" title="Richmond, Calgary">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosscarrock" title="Rosscarrock">Rosscarrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxboro,_Calgary" title="Roxboro, Calgary">Roxboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Park,_Calgary" title="Rutland Park, Calgary">Rutland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarboro,_Calgary" title="Scarboro, Calgary">Scarboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnessy,_Calgary" title="Shawnessy, Calgary">Shawnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Hill,_Calgary" title="Signal Hill, Calgary">Signal Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverado,_Calgary" title="Silverado, Calgary">Silverado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset,_Calgary" title="Somerset, Calgary">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springbank_Hill,_Calgary" title="Springbank Hill, Calgary">Springbank Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Cliff,_Calgary" title="Spruce Cliff, Calgary">Spruce Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaganappi,_Calgary" title="Shaganappi, Calgary">Shaganappi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Slopes,_Calgary" title="Shawnee Slopes, Calgary">Shawnee Slopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Calgary,_Calgary" title="South Calgary, Calgary">South Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwood,_Calgary" title="Southwood, Calgary">Southwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkhill/Stanley_Park,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkhill/Stanley Park, Calgary">Stanley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathcona_Park,_Calgary" title="Strathcona Park, Calgary">Strathcona Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunalta,_Calgary" title="Sunalta, Calgary">Sunalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildwood,_Calgary" title="Wildwood, Calgary">Wildwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Springs,_Calgary" title="West Springs, Calgary">West Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate,_Calgary" title="Westgate, Calgary">Westgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Park,_Calgary" title="Windsor Park, Calgary">Windsor Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbine,_Calgary" title="Woodbine, Calgary">Woodbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlands,_Calgary" title="Woodlands, Calgary">Woodlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia,_Calgary" title="Acadia, Calgary">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Park/Radisson_Heights" title="Albert Park/Radisson Heights">Albert Park/Radisson Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applewood_Park,_Calgary" title="Applewood Park, Calgary">Applewood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_Bay,_Calgary" title="Auburn Bay, Calgary">Auburn Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvedere,_Calgary" title="Belvedere, Calgary">Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bonavista,_Calgary" title="Lake Bonavista, Calgary">Bonavista Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaparral,_Calgary" title="Chaparral, Calgary">Chaparral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperfield,_Calgary" title="Copperfield, Calgary">Copperfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranston,_Calgary" title="Cranston, Calgary">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Ridge,_Calgary" title="Deer Ridge, Calgary">Deer Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Run,_Calgary" title="Deer Run, Calgary">Deer Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Cove,_Calgary" title="Diamond Cove, Calgary">Diamond Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglasdale/Douglasglen,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglasdale/Douglasglen, Calgary">Douglas Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglasdale/Douglasglen,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglasdale/Douglasglen, Calgary">Douglasdale Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Calgary" title="Dover, Calgary">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_Woods,_Calgary" title="Erin Woods, Calgary">Erin Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Calgary" title="Fairview, Calgary">Fairview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Heights,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Heights, Calgary">Forest Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn,_Calgary" title="Forest Lawn, Calgary">Forest Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss,_Calgary" title="Hotchkiss, Calgary">Hotchkiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglewood,_Calgary" title="Inglewood, Calgary">Inglewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bonavista,_Calgary" title="Lake Bonavista, Calgary">Lake Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bonavista,_Calgary" title="Lake Bonavista, Calgary">Lake Bonavista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy,_Calgary" title="Legacy, Calgary">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden,_Calgary" title="Ogden, Calgary">Lynnwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany,_Calgary" title="Mahogany, Calgary">Mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyth/Bonnybrook/Manchester,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyth/Bonnybrook/Manchester, Calgary">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Ridge,_Calgary" title="Maple Ridge, Calgary">Maple Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKenzie_Lake,_Calgary" title="McKenzie Lake, Calgary">McKenzie Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKenzie_Towne,_Calgary" title="McKenzie Towne, Calgary">McKenzie Towne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore,_Calgary" title="Midnapore, Calgary">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden,_Calgary" title="Ogden, Calgary">Millican Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brighton,_Calgary" title="New Brighton, Calgary">New Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden,_Calgary" title="Ogden, Calgary">Ogden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland,_Calgary" title="Parkland, Calgary">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penbrooke_Meadows,_Calgary" title="Penbrooke Meadows, Calgary">Penbrooke Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_Park" title="Quarry Park">Quarry Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland,_Calgary" title="Queensland, Calgary">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay,_Calgary" title="Ramsay, Calgary">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Carpet,_Calgary" title="Red Carpet, Calgary">Red Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverbend,_Calgary" title="Riverbend, Calgary">Riverbend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seton,_Calgary" title="Seton, Calgary">Seton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southview,_Calgary" title="Southview, Calgary">Southview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance,_Calgary" title="Sundance, Calgary">Sundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden,_Calgary" title="Walden, Calgary">Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Park,_Calgary" title="Willow Park, Calgary">Willow Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business revitalization zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowness,_Calgary" title="Bowness, Calgary">Bowness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary" title="Downtown Calgary">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission,_Calgary" title="Mission, Calgary">Fourth Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglewood,_Calgary" title="Inglewood, Calgary">Inglewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Avenue,_Calgary" title="International Avenue, Calgary">International Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Calgary" title="Kensington, Calgary">Kensington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marda_Loop,_Calgary" title="Marda Loop, Calgary">Marda Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seton,_Calgary" title="Seton, Calgary">Seton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Avenue" title="Stephen Avenue">Stephen Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_Avenue_SW,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="17 Avenue SW, Calgary">Uptown 17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Crossing,_Calgary" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Crossing, Calgary">Victoria Crossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Census_metropolitan_areas_(CMAs)_in_Canada_by_size" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Census_metropolitan_areas_in_Canada_by_size" title="Template:Census metropolitan areas in Canada by size"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Census_metropolitan_areas_in_Canada_by_size" title="Template talk:Census metropolitan areas in Canada by size"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Census_metropolitan_areas_in_Canada_by_size" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Census metropolitan areas in Canada by size"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Census_metropolitan_areas_(CMAs)_in_Canada_by_size" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Census_geographic_units_of_Canada" title="Census geographic units of Canada">Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Canada by size</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">Ottawa-Gatineau</a>, ON/QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_metropolitan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary metropolitan region">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_metropolitan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton metropolitan region">Edmonton</a>, AB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_m%C3%A9tropolitaine_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Communauté métropolitaine de Québec">Quebec City</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg Capital Region">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">St. Catharines-Niagara</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Victoria" title="Greater Victoria">Victoria</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatoon_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatoon Metropolitan Area">Saskatoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a>, SK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_District_of_Central_Okanagan" title="Regional District of Central Okanagan">Kelowna</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Metropolitan Area">St. John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Greater Sudbury</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Saint_John" title="Greater Saint John">Saint John</a>, NB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, AB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario" title="Belleville, Ontario">Belleville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Quinte_West" title="Quinte West">Quinte West</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Fredericton" title="Greater Fredericton">Fredericton</a>, NB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drummondville" title="Drummondville">Drummondville</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a>, AB</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winter_Olympic_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_Winter_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Olympic Winter Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Winter_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Olympic Winter Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Winter_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Winter Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winter_Olympic_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Olympic Games host cities">host cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York" title="Lake Placid, New York">Lake Placid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics" title="1940 Winter Olympics">1940</a>: None[c1]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics" title="1944 Winter Olympics">1944</a>: None[c1]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics" title="1960 Winter Olympics">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Valley,_California" title="Olympic Valley, California">Squaw Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics" title="1968 Winter Olympics">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics" title="1972 Winter Olympics">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics" title="1980 Winter Olympics">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York" title="Lake Placid, New York">Lake Placid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer" title="Lillehammer">Lillehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">Pyeongchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">2026</a>: <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics" title="2030 Winter Olympics">2030</a>: <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics" title="2034 Winter Olympics">2034</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>[c1] Cancelled due to World War II <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/48px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/64px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games" title="Portal:Olympic Games">Olympic Games portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36312#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36312#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36312#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127786184">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204830/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWrFW3DDvJvPv9gvcHG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085122-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79034973">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12000676b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12000676b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge502104&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450918">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559530205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f88bfae6-8a35-4bed-bd37-8ea16ba2b9c6">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045744">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calgary&oldid=1259712548">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calgary&oldid=1259712548</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-vfd6b","wgBackendResponseTime":214,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_efdb3273a4a1bb0b249ab0f6df848239efbaaf91":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-114.06666666666666,51.05],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"5E74F3","title":"Calgary","marker-symbol":"city"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q36312","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#808080","title":"Calgary"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.447","walltime":"3.802","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36014,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1012855,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":134315,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":47,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1029180,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3157.673 1 -total"," 35.18% 1110.904 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.84% 626.468 179 Template:Cite_web"," 16.17% 510.656 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 14.14% 446.424 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.08% 318.322 85 Template:Sfn"," 7.32% 231.136 1 Template:Navboxes"," 6.75% 213.107 14 Template:Navbox"," 4.90% 154.630 24 Template:Cite_news"," 4.29% 135.343 17 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.971","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25888613,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlberta_First2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlberta_Tourism2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBly2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyceCotterPerreault2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBright1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByfield1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCBC_Article\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalgary_Board_of_Education2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalgary_Catholic_District_School_Board\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalgary_Economic_Development\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalgary_Economic_Development2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCalgary_Kiosk2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalgary_Stampede2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarsted\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCity_of_Calgary\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFCotton1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis_Stock2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeMello\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebra_J._DavidsonMike_Gismondi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixonRead2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonovanMonto2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDudley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuhatschek2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_Volmers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaculty_of_Medicine_of_the_University_of_Calgary2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForan1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFromhold2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGALBRAITH1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerlach2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Alberta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGuimondSinclair1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJanofsky1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvie2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmann2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith_Johnstone\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaszus2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaszus2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozubKozub2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacEwan1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacEwan1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManagement\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaychak1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGinnis1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMorranBrodeur1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittelstadt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan,_Geoffrey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNenshi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOCO\u0026#039;881988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanning\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasporichKlassen1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReasons1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeskus2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthern_Alberta_Jubilee_Auditorium\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStamp1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwift1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzeto2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorMordant2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Atlas_of_Canada2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_City_of_Calgary2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Conference_Board_of_Canada2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorner1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolmers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolmers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard_Cameron\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardlaw_Taylor1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkesDuongKeslerRamos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolvegrey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CgyHerld1\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CAD\"] = 5,\n [\"Calgary\"] = 1,\n [\"Calgary landmarks\"] = 1,\n [\"Calgary neighbourhoods\"] = 1,\n [\"Calgary weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Canada topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Canadian party colour\"] = 15,\n [\"Census metropolitan areas by size\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 14,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite canlaw\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 176,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 46,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Google maps\"] = 1,\n [\"HMCS\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 17,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Olympic Winter Games Host Cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 4,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pop density\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 85,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Springbank Hill, Calgary weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Subdivisions of Alberta\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 4,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"WikidataCoord\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","460","19.8"],["?","280","12.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","8.6"],["type","140","6.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","4.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","100","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","3.4"],["[others]","640","27.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-846f74b78b-72kr4","timestamp":"20241128020359","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Calgary","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calgary","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36312","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36312","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-06-13T15:08:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T17:29:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/Downtown_Calgary_2020-4.jpg","headline":"city in Alberta, Canada"}</script> </body> </html>