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href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diet and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Threats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Threats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Habitat loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduced_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduced_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Introduced species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduced_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Горски лястовици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Горски лястовици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Artamidae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%A0mids" title="Artàmids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artàmids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasoletovit%C3%AD" title="Lasoletovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lasoletovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helyddion_coed" title="Helyddion coed – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Helyddion coed" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalest%C3%A6re" title="Svalestære – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svalestære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwalbenstarverwandte" title="Schwalbenstarverwandte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwalbenstarverwandte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daak%CA%BC%C3%ADj%C3%ADjinii_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_Tsinyi%CA%BC_t%C3%A1shchozhii" title="Daakʼíjíjinii dóó Tsinyiʼ táshchozhii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Daakʼíjíjinii dóó Tsinyiʼ táshchozhii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuulaslased" title="Tuulaslased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuulaslased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artamidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamedoj" title="Artamedoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Artamedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پرستوجنگلیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرستوجنگلیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artamidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%B2%EC%A0%9C%EB%B9%84%EA%B3%BC" title="숲제비과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="숲제비과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trj%C3%A1sv%C3%B6lur" title="Trjásvölur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Trjásvölur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Artamidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ארטמיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארטמיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbuzok_(Artamidae)" title="Bumbuzok (Artamidae) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bumbuzok (Artamidae)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Токой чабалекейлери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Токой чабалекейлери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaminiai" title="Artaminiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Artaminiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecskesereg%C3%A9ly-f%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Fecskeseregély-félék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fecskeseregély-félék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Artamidae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%84%E3%83%90%E3%83%A1%E7%A7%91" title="モリツバメ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モリツバメ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalest%C3%A6rfamilien" title="Svalestærfamilien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svalestærfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostroloty" title="Ostroloty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ostroloty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artamidae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artamidae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ласточковые сорокопуты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ласточковые сорокопуты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leijut" title="Leijut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leijut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalstarar_(familj)" title="Svalstarar (familj) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svalstarar (familj)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Artamidae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Ланграйнові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ланграйнові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Nh%E1%BA%A1n_r%E1%BB%ABng" title="Họ Nhạn rừng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Nhạn rừng" 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style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Early Miocene–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:213.20523076923px; width:5.7947692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Piedbutcherbird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Piedbutcherbird.jpg/220px-Piedbutcherbird.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Piedbutcherbird.jpg/330px-Piedbutcherbird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Piedbutcherbird.jpg/440px-Piedbutcherbird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Pied_butcherbird" title="Pied butcherbird">Pied butcherbird</a> (<i>Cracticus nigrogularis</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Artamidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaconotoidea" title="Malaconotoidea">Malaconotoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artamidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors" title="Nicholas Aylward Vigors">Vigors</a>, 1825</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaminae" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaminae">Artaminae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracticinae" title="Cracticinae">Cracticinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltopsinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Peltopsinae">Peltopsinae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Artamidae</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerine</a> birds found in Australia, the Indo-Pacific region, and Southern Asia. It includes 24 extant species in six genera and three subfamilies: Peltopsinae (with one genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Peltops" title="Peltops">Peltops</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Artaminae" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaminae">Artaminae</a> (with one genus containing the <a href="/wiki/Artamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Artamus">woodswallows</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cracticinae" title="Cracticinae">Cracticinae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Currawong" title="Currawong">currawongs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butcherbird" title="Butcherbird">butcherbirds</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Australian_magpie" title="Australian magpie">Australian magpie</a>). Artamids used to be <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a>, containing only the woodswallows, but it was expanded to include the family Cracticidae in 1994. Some authors, however, still treat the two as separate families.<sup id="cite_ref-Christidis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christidis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species in this family are known for their beautiful song. Their feeding habits vary from nectar sucking (woodswallows) to predation on small birds (pied currawong). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_systematics">Taxonomy and systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family Artamidae was introduced by the Irish zoologist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors" title="Nicholas Aylward Vigors">Nicholas Aylward Vigors</a> in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artamids are part of the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaconotoidea" title="Malaconotoidea">Malaconotoidea</a>, a lineage which is widespread through Australasia and consists of a vast diversity of omnivorous and carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Songbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Songbirds">songbirds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family Artamidae has been divided over time into two subfamilies. With few studies and dispute on the inclusion of Cracticidae within the family Artamidae, it appears they have been placed in this respective joint position due to lack of evidence or knowledge. Jerome Fuchs and colleagues extensively analysed both the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of the artamid family. The results suggested that the group may have existed in Australasia for 33.7 to 45 million years, dating back to the late <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a><sup id="cite_ref-fuchs_2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuchs_2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Kurrartapu" title="Kurrartapu">Kurrartapu</a></i> is a fossil species known from a proximal <a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsus" title="Tarsometatarsus">tarsometatarsus</a> from the Early Miocene at Riversleigh in central Queensland. It was around the same size as the <a href="/wiki/Black_butcherbird" title="Black butcherbird">black butcherbird</a> and had features in common with <i><a href="/wiki/Strepera" class="mw-redirect" title="Strepera">Strepera</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cracticus" title="Cracticus">Cracticus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artamid species occur throughout Australasia with most species occurring in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social interactions of artamids vary from the solitary <a href="/wiki/Black_butcherbird" title="Black butcherbird">black butcherbird</a>, which lives alone or in a single pair, to the <a href="/wiki/White-breasted_woodswallow" title="White-breasted woodswallow">white-breasted woodswallow</a>, which lives in flocks or loose <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a>. While some species are sedentary, staying close to suburbia and ample food sources, others are migratory or even nomadic like the <a href="/wiki/Masked_woodswallow" title="Masked woodswallow">masked woodswallow</a>, moving around in response to changes in climate such as rainfall or temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnie12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnie12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range of habitats occupied varies between species, but many species are ecological generalists, and can be found in a variety of different habitats including rainforest, woodland, coastal scrub, watercourses, playing fields, pastoral land and paperbarks. Some species have adapted to urban landscapes where they contend with fragmented and degraded remnants of native vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aus_Magpie_morphology.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aus_Magpie_morphology.JPG/220px-Aus_Magpie_morphology.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aus_Magpie_morphology.JPG/330px-Aus_Magpie_morphology.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aus_Magpie_morphology.JPG/440px-Aus_Magpie_morphology.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3444" data-file-height="3157" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Magpie" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Magpie">Australian Magpie</a> showing its plumage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Artamids are a diverse family showing a notable variation in size and shape. They range in size from the short stocky <a href="/wiki/Fiji_woodswallow" title="Fiji woodswallow">Fiji woodswallow</a> <i>Artamus mentalis</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Ashy_woodswallow" title="Ashy woodswallow">ashy woodswallow</a> <i>Artamus fuscus</i>, both of which are around 19 centimetres (7.5 in) in length and weigh about 40 grams (1.4 oz), to the larger <a href="/wiki/Grey_currawong" title="Grey currawong">grey currawong</a> <i>Strepera versicolour</i>, which measures up to 50 cm (20 in) and weighs up to 440 g (16 oz). </p><p>The beaks of artamids are strong and robust, sometimes known as a generalist beak. Like <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>, some of the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Cracticinae" title="Cracticinae">Cracticinae</a> possess a sharp projection along the upper mandible, with a corresponding notch on the lower mandible. This hook-like tooth is used to catch and fatally sever the bodies of insects, lizards and small mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A trait of artamids (and all passerines) is that they possess an <a href="/wiki/Anisodactyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisodactyl">anisodactyl</a> foot arrangement: three toes are directed forward and one toe directed backward, enabling them to perch on horizontal objects such as tree branches and power lines.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because they possess a <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a>, artamids are able to create subtle songs; those of the <a href="/wiki/Pied_butcherbird" title="Pied butcherbird">pied butcherbird</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pied_currawong" title="Pied currawong">pied currawong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_magpie" title="Australian magpie">Australian magpie</a> are particularly notable.<sup id="cite_ref-EoB_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoB-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uniquely among other perching birds, some woodswallows possess special feathers called <a href="/wiki/Powder_down" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder down">powder down</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tips of the barbules on powder down feathers disintegrate, forming fine particles of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, which appear as a powder, or "feather dust", among the feathers and spread when preening.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> of the artamids is relatively dull, most birds showing a combination of greys, earthy browns, blacks and patches of white. There is seldom <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> in plumage, but when it occurs the males are brighter and the females appear dull or resemble juveniles. In many species juveniles have a distinctly duller plumage.<sup id="cite_ref-Gluckman14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gluckman14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Notarium" title="Notarium">notarium</a>, a fused vertebra of the shoulder in birds that helps brace the chest against the forces generated by the wings, is a distinctive osteological trait that has evolved repeatedly in the <a href="/wiki/Passerines" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerines">passerines</a> including the family Artamidae.<sup id="cite_ref-James09_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James09-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_faced_woodswallow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Black_faced_woodswallow.jpg/220px-Black_faced_woodswallow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Black_faced_woodswallow.jpg/330px-Black_faced_woodswallow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Black_faced_woodswallow.jpg/440px-Black_faced_woodswallow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Black-faced woodswallows roosting as a group</figcaption></figure> <p>Members of the Artamidae, especially the woodswallows, have been known to cluster together during the night and day. Accounts have appeared in literature from the earliest days of ornithological documentation in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood70_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The habit of clustering is believed to serve two purposes: retaining body heat during cooler weather and as a social form of camouflage. Another unusual behaviour exhibited by an artamid is the swooping on humans by Australian magpies. While there is not much information on this behaviour, previous studies have suggested that magpie attacks on humans may be strongly influenced by hormone levels. For example, recent investigations indicate that the stress hormone corticosterone may cause magpie aggression and swooping.<sup id="cite_ref-Warne_2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warne_2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All are omnivorous to some degree: the butcherbirds mostly eat meat; Australian magpies usually forage through short grass looking for worms and other small creatures; currawongs are true omnivores, taking fruit, grain, meat, insects, eggs and nestlings; and woodswallows feed on insects and nectar. <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most are opportunistic feeders, such as the woodswallows, taking advantage of the flowering plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Silky_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Silky oak">silky oak</a> <i>Grevillea robusta</i>, box mistletoe <i>Amyema miquelii</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the long flowering stalks of <i>Xanthorrhoea</i> spp. or insects such as cockroaches or spiders eaten by the <a href="/wiki/Black_butcherbird" title="Black butcherbird">black butcherbird</a>. Bigger species such as the grey currawong prey on many vertebrates, including frogs, lizards such as skinks, and juveniles of smaller birds such as the native <a href="/wiki/Eastern_spinebill" title="Eastern spinebill">eastern spinebill</a> <i>Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris</i> or the introduced <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a> <i>Passer domesticus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_1984_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_1984-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolution of vertical feeding zones (feeding strategies subdividing into vertical space, e.g. upper, mid- and ground canopy) is noted among the Artamidae. While species will sometimes overlap vertical terrains, most woodswallows use the upper canopy, feeding on insects and pollen, while magpies and currawongs tend to use the ground or swoop down from the mid-story pouncing on their food. Being accomplished in extractive foraging is another trait of the Artamidae; although they are opportunistic feeders they are very methodical foragers, often following a set routine.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_loss">Habitat loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Habitat loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With developments occurring more regularly the most critical threat to the artamids is <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>. This loss of habitat reduces vegetation corridors (connective parcels of vegetation) that are used for feeding, breeding and safely travelling.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After fragmentation, habitats are often too small or are limited by the construction of roads. These barriers cause population stresses and species can become vulnerable to localised extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat loss and fragmentation can force species into urbanised habitats that impose their own dangers such as cars. <a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a> is considered to contribute significantly to the population decline of many bird species, especially opportunistic feeders like the Artimidae, which often unconsciously swoop down on an insect without seeing an oncoming car.<sup id="cite_ref-CSIRO_2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIRO_2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduced_species">Introduced species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Introduced species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> have caused the greatest number of extinctions. Exotic feral animals such as cats can have a negative effect on artamids. Ground-foraging species such as the magpie often fall prey to cats in urban environments.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three subfamilies<sup id="cite_ref-BirdsAlive_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BirdsAlive-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with six genera and 24 species.<sup id="cite_ref-BirdsAlive_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BirdsAlive-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ioc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 a molecular study showed the <a href="/wiki/Australian_magpie" title="Australian magpie">Australian magpie</a> to be the sister taxon to the black butcherbird.<sup id="cite_ref-kearns13_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kearns13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Subfamily Peltopsinae: <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Peltops" title="Peltops">Peltops</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peltops" title="Mountain peltops">Mountain peltops</a>, <i>Peltops montanus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_peltops" title="Lowland peltops">Lowland peltops</a>, <i>Peltops blainvillii</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily Cracticinae: <ul><li>Genus <i>Melloria</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_butcherbird" title="Black butcherbird">Black butcherbird</a>, <i>Melloria quoyi</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i>Gymnorhina</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_magpie" title="Australian magpie">Australian magpie</a>, <i>Gymnorhina tibicen</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Cracticus" title="Cracticus">Cracticus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_butcherbird" title="Grey butcherbird">Grey butcherbird</a>, <i>Cracticus torquatus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver-backed_butcherbird" title="Silver-backed butcherbird">Silver-backed butcherbird</a>, <i>Cracticus argenteus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_butcherbird" title="Black-backed butcherbird">Black-backed butcherbird</a>, <i>Cracticus mentalis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pied_butcherbird" title="Pied butcherbird">Pied butcherbird</a>, <i>Cracticus nigrogularis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_butcherbird" title="Hooded butcherbird">Hooded butcherbird</a>, <i>Cracticus cassicus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagula_butcherbird" title="Tagula butcherbird">Tagula butcherbird</a>, <i>Cracticus louisiadensis</i></li></ul></li> <li>†Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Kurrartapu" title="Kurrartapu">Kurrartapu</a></i> (Early Miocene) <ul><li><i>K. johnnguyeni</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Strepera" class="mw-redirect" title="Strepera">Strepera</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pied_currawong" title="Pied currawong">Pied currawong</a>, <i>Strepera graculina</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_currawong" title="Black currawong">Black currawong</a>, <i>Strepera fuliginosa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_currawong" title="Grey currawong">Grey currawong</a>, <i>Strepera versicolor</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily Artaminae: <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Artamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Artamus">Artamus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashy_woodswallow" title="Ashy woodswallow">Ashy woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus fuscus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_woodswallow" title="Fiji woodswallow">Fiji woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus mentalis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory-backed_woodswallow" title="Ivory-backed woodswallow">Ivory-backed woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus monachus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_woodswallow" title="Great woodswallow">Great woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus maximus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-breasted_woodswallow" title="White-breasted woodswallow">White-breasted woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus leucorynchus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-backed_woodswallow" title="White-backed woodswallow">White-backed woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus insignis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_woodswallow" title="Masked woodswallow">Masked woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus personatus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-browed_woodswallow" title="White-browed woodswallow">White-browed woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus superciliosus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-faced_woodswallow" title="Black-faced woodswallow">Black-faced woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus cinereus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusky_woodswallow" title="Dusky woodswallow">Dusky woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus cyanopterus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_woodswallow" title="Little woodswallow">Little woodswallow</a>, <i>Artamus minor</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Christidis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christidis_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLes_ChristidisWalter_E._Boles2008" class="citation book cs1">Les Christidis & Walter E. Boles (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SFP9P1i-PoEC&q=Cracticidae&pg=PA174"><i>Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds</i></a>. CSIRO Publishing. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06511-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06511-6"><bdi>978-0-643-06511-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematics+and+Taxonomy+of+Australian+Birds&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06511-6&rft.au=Les+Christidis&rft.au=Walter+E.+Boles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSFP9P1i-PoEC%26q%3DCracticidae%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtamidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigors1825" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors" title="Nicholas Aylward Vigors">Vigors, Nicholas Aylward</a> (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/752773">"Observations on the natural affinities that connect the orders and families of birds"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 395–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1823.tb00098.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1823.tb00098.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Linnean+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+natural+affinities+that+connect+the+orders+and+families+of+birds&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395-517&rft.date=1825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1823.tb00098.x&rft.aulast=Vigors&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Aylward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F752773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtamidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock1994" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Walter J. (1994). <i>History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names</i>. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Artamidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842378" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q842378">Q842378</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Artamidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Artamidae">Artamidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Artamidae">Artamidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=119443">119443</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6R5">6R5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7570">7570</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9276">9276</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/71296">71296</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109374">109374</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179659">179659</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021252659">NHMSYS0021252659</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2169681">2169681</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e54ff522-1f32-4313-8e88-ddefc3c8af75">e54ff522-1f32-4313-8e88-ddefc3c8af75</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=464862">464862</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=369384">369384</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1459914">1459914</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&oldid=1228667465">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artamidae&oldid=1228667465</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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