CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Paul Gauguin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bb846fb2-52db-4e3d-9c26-94c41875ec85","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Paul_Gauguin","wgTitle":"Paul Gauguin","wgCurRevisionId":1259944928,"wgRevisionId":1259944928,"wgArticleId":64719,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2022","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Pages with French IPA","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","1848 births","1903 deaths","19th-century French painters","19th-century French sculptors", "19th-century French writers","20th-century ceramists","20th-century French painters","20th-century French sculptors","20th-century French writers","20th-century French male artists","Artists from Paris","Deaths from syphilis","Fauvism","French ceramists","French male painters","French male sculptors","French people of Peruvian descent","French printmakers","French sailors","French stockbrokers","Paul Gauguin","Pont-Aven painters","French Post-impressionist painters","French Polynesian artists","French Polynesian painters"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Paul_Gauguin","wgRelevantArticleId":64719,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0 ,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q37693","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Paul_Gauguin_1891.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1532"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Paul_Gauguin_1891.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1021"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="817"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Paul Gauguin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Paul_Gauguin rootpage-Paul_Gauguin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Paul+Gauguin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Paul+Gauguin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Paul+Gauguin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Paul+Gauguin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Biography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_history_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_history_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Family history and early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_history_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_first_job" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_first_job"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education and first job </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_first_job-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 First paintings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_1885–1886" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_1885–1886"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 France 1885–1886 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_1885–1886-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloisonnism_and_synthetism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloisonnism_and_synthetism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Cloisonnism and synthetism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloisonnism_and_synthetism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Panama Canal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martinique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martinique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Martinique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martinique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vincent_and_Theo_van_Gogh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vincent_and_Theo_van_Gogh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Vincent and Theo van Gogh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vincent_and_Theo_van_Gogh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edgar_Degas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edgar_Degas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Edgar Degas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edgar_Degas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_visit_to_Tahiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_visit_to_Tahiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 First visit to Tahiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_visit_to_Tahiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Return to France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residence_in_Tahiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence_in_Tahiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13 Residence in Tahiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residence_in_Tahiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marquesas_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marquesas_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.14 Marquesas Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marquesas_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.15 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.16 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Historical significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Picasso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Picasso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influence on Picasso </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Picasso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Technique and style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gauguin_and_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gauguin_and_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Gauguin and colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gauguin_and_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References and sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Paul Gauguin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" > 110 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول غوغان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول غوغان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D4%BF%D6%85%D5%AF%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Փոլ Կօկէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փոլ Կօկէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Qogen" title="Pol Qogen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pol Qogen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86" title="پل گوگن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پل گوگن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81" title="পল গোগাঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল গোগাঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Поль Гоген – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Поль Гоген" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Поль Гаген – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Поль Гаген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Поль Гаген – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Поль Гаген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пол Гоген – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Гоген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3.%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="པོལ.ཀའོ་ཀེང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པོལ.ཀའོ་ཀེང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гоген Поль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гоген Поль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%89%CE%BB_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Πωλ Γκωγκέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πωλ Γκωγκέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86" title="پل گوگن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل گوگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EA%B3%A0%EA%B0%B1" title="폴 고갱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 고갱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Պոլ Գոգեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլ Գոգեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="पॉल गौगुइन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉल गौगुइन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гоген, Поль – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гоген, Поль" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F" title="פול גוגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול גוגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF" title="ಯೂಜಿನ್ ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಪಾಲ್ ಗಾಗಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೂಜಿನ್ ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಪಾಲ್ ಗಾಗಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პოლ გოგენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლ გოგენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Поль Гоген – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Поль Гоген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Поль Гоген – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Поль Гоген" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Gauguin" title="Paulus Gauguin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pols_Gog%C4%93ns" title="Pols Gogēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pols Gogēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пол Гоген – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пол Гоген" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="പോൾ ഗോഗിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോൾ ഗോഗിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%81" title="पाॅल गोगँ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाॅल गोगँ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პოლ გოგენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლ გოგენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول جوجان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول جوجان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86" title="پائول گوگن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پائول گوگن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Поль Гоген – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Поль Гоген" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87" title="पल गोगे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पल गोगे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3" title="ポール・ゴーギャン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・ゴーギャン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਪਾਲ ਗੋਗਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਲ ਗੋਗਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A4%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%86" title="پال گاؤگوئن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال گاؤگوئن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гоген, Поль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гоген, Поль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Поль Гоген – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Поль Гоген" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gaugin" title="Paul Gaugin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paul Gaugin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пол Гоген – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пол Гоген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Goge%C3%B1" title="Pol Gogeñ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Pol Gogeñ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="ปอล โกแก็ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปอล โกแก็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пол Гоген – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пол Гоген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Поль Гоген – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поль Гоген" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پال گاوگین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پال گاوگین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauguini_Paul" title="Gauguini Paul – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Gauguini Paul" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paul Gauguin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%9B%B4" title="保罗·高更 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保罗·高更" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9B%B4" title="高更 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高更" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%9B%B4" title="保羅·高更 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保羅·高更" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37693#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Paul_Gauguin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Paul_Gauguin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Paul_Gauguin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&oldid=1259944928" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Paul_Gauguin&id=1259944928&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPaul_Gauguin">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPaul_Gauguin">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Paul_Gauguin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37693" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French artist (1848–1903)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the cruise ship, see <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_(ship)" title="Paul Gauguin (ship)">Paul Gauguin (ship)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gauguin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gauguin (disambiguation)">Gauguin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Gauguin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_1891.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paul_Gauguin_1891.png/220px-Paul_Gauguin_1891.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paul_Gauguin_1891.png/330px-Paul_Gauguin_1891.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Paul_Gauguin_1891.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="512" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Gauguin in 1891</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin</div> (1848-06-07)7 June 1848 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1903(1903-05-08) (aged 54) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Atuona" title="Atuona">Atuona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Painting</li><li>sculpture</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">ceramics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mette-Sophie Gad</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1873; <abbr title="separated">sep.</abbr> 1894)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teha%27amana" class="mw-redirect" title="Teha'amana">Teha'amana</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1891; <abbr title="separated">sep.</abbr> 1893)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_autograph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gauguin_autograph.png/150px-Gauguin_autograph.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gauguin_autograph.png/225px-Gauguin_autograph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gauguin_autograph.png/300px-Gauguin_autograph.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="209" /></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡoʊˈɡæn/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[øʒɛn ɑ̃ʁi pɔl ɡoɡɛ̃]</a>; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French painter, sculptor, <a href="/wiki/Printmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Printmaker">printmaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramist">ceramist</a>, and writer, whose work has been primarily associated with the <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Impressionist">Post-Impressionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolist</a> movements. He was also an influential practitioner of <a href="/wiki/Wood_engraving" title="Wood engraving">wood engraving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a> as art forms.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> While only moderately successful during his lifetime, Gauguin has since been recognized for his experimental use of color and <a href="/wiki/Synthetist" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetist">Synthetist</a> style that were distinct from <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>. Gauguin was born in Paris in 1848, amidst the tumult of <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Europe's revolutionary year</a>. In 1850, Gauguin's family settled in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, where he experienced a privileged childhood that left a lasting impression on him. Later, financial struggles led them back to France, where Gauguin received formal education. Initially working as a stockbroker, Gauguin started painting in his spare time, his interest in art kindled by visits to <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">galleries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exhibition" title="Exhibition">exhibitions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1884" title="Panic of 1884">financial crisis of 1882</a> significantly impacted his brokerage career, prompting a full-time shift to painting. Gauguin's art education was largely <a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">self-taught</a> and informal, shaped significantly by his associations with other artists rather than <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic training</a>. His entry into the art world was facilitated by his acquaintance with <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>, a leading <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist</a>. Pissarro took on a mentor role for Gauguin, introducing him to other Impressionist artists and techniques. He exhibited with the Impressionists in the early 1880s, but soon began developing his distinct style, characterized by a bolder use of color and less traditional subject matter. His work in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> showcased his inclination towards depicting <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">native life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscapes</a>. By the 1890s, Gauguin's art took a significant turn during his time in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colony</a>, where he sought a refuge from the <a href="/wiki/Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western civilization">Western civilization</a>, driven by the <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">colonialist</a> tropes of <a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">exoticism</a> prevalent at the time. During that time, he controversially married three adolescent <a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a> girls with whom he later fathered children.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Gauguin's later years in Tahiti and the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a> were marked by health issues and financial struggles. His paintings from that period, characterized by vivid colors and Symbolist themes, would prove highly successful among the European viewers for their exploration of the relationships between people, nature, and the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">spiritual world</a>. Gauguin's art became popular after his death, partially from the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">dealer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a>, who organized <a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">exhibitions</a> of his work late in his career and assisted in organizing two important posthumous exhibitions in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> His work was influential on the French <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> and many modern artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, and he is well known for his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(art_dealer)" title="Theo van Gogh (art dealer)">Theo van Gogh</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_history_and_early_life">Family history and early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family history and early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_La_m%C3%A8re_de_l%27artiste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gauguin_La_m%C3%A8re_de_l%27artiste.jpg/170px-Gauguin_La_m%C3%A8re_de_l%27artiste.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gauguin_La_m%C3%A8re_de_l%27artiste.jpg/255px-Gauguin_La_m%C3%A8re_de_l%27artiste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gauguin_La_m%C3%A8re_de_l%27artiste.jpg/340px-Gauguin_La_m%C3%A8re_de_l%27artiste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Aline Marie Chazal Tristán, (1825–1867) "The Artist's Mother", 1889, <a href="/wiki/Staatsgalerie_Stuttgart" title="Staatsgalerie Stuttgart">Staatsgalerie Stuttgart</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flora_Tristan_1838.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flora_Tristan_1838.JPG/170px-Flora_Tristan_1838.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flora_Tristan_1838.JPG/255px-Flora_Tristan_1838.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flora_Tristan_1838.JPG/340px-Flora_Tristan_1838.JPG 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Gauguin's maternal grandmother, Flora Tristan (1803–1844) in 1838</figcaption></figure> Gauguin was born in Paris to Clovis Gauguin and Aline Chazal on 7 June 1848, the year of <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutionary upheavals</a> throughout Europe. His father, a 34-year-old liberal journalist from a family of entrepreneurs in Orléans,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Clovis_came_from_Orléans,_and_there_is_nothing_in_the_Gauguin_family_history_of_market_gardeners_and_small_businessmen_to_suggest_an_artistic_temperament._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Clovis_came_from_Orléans,_and_there_is_nothing_in_the_Gauguin_family_history_of_market_gardeners_and_small_businessmen_to_suggest_an_artistic_temperament.-6">[6]</a> was compelled to flee France when the newspaper for which he wrote was suppressed by French authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713His_father,_Clovis_Gauguin,_was_a_34-year-old_journalist,_who_worked_for_a_liberal_newspaper_that_was_soon_to_be_suppressed.-7">[7]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713-4Like_many_other_European_intellectuals,_Clovis_was_forced_by_the_failure_of_the_1848_revolutions_to_look_to_the_new_world_[Western_Hemisphere]._There_was_no_future_for_a_liberal_journalist_in_the_France_of_[[Louis_Napoleon|Napoleon_III]]._8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713-4Like_many_other_European_intellectuals,_Clovis_was_forced_by_the_failure_of_the_1848_revolutions_to_look_to_the_new_world_[Western_Hemisphere]._There_was_no_future_for_a_liberal_journalist_in_the_France_of_[[Louis_Napoleon|Napoleon_III]].-8">[8]</a> Gauguin's mother was the 22-year-old daughter of André Chazal, an engraver, and <a href="/wiki/Flora_Tristan" title="Flora Tristan">Flora Tristan</a>, an author and activist in early socialist movements. Their union ended when André assaulted his wife Flora and was sentenced to prison for attempted murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Flora_Tristan,_author_and_social_reformer…"_and_"Theirs_had_been_an_ill-matched,_short-lived_marriage;_it_culminated_in_Chazal_attempting_to_murder_his_wife_and_being_sentenced_to_twenty_years'_imprisonment._9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Flora_Tristan,_author_and_social_reformer…"_and_"Theirs_had_been_an_ill-matched,_short-lived_marriage;_it_culminated_in_Chazal_attempting_to_murder_his_wife_and_being_sentenced_to_twenty_years'_imprisonment.-9">[9]</a> Paul Gauguin's maternal grandmother, Flora Tristan, was the illegitimate daughter of Thérèse Laisnay and Don Mariano de Tristan Moscoso. Details of Thérèse's family background are not known; Don Mariano came from an aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Peru" title="Spanish immigration to Peru">Spanish</a> family from the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peruvian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>. He was an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Dragoon#Early_history_and_role" title="Dragoon">Dragoons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713…_Thérèse_Laisnay,_whose_background_nothing_whatever_is_known…whether_she_was_an_aristocrat_or_adventuress,_it_is_impossible_to_say.-10">[10]</a> Members of the wealthy <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_de_Trist%C3%A1n" title="Pío de Tristán">Tristan Moscoso</a> family held powerful positions in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713The_Tristan_Moscoso_family_belonged_to_the_old_Aragonese_nobility,_and_was_among_the_early_Spanish_settlers_in_Peru,_where_they_had_become_powerful_and_extremely_wealthy._11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713The_Tristan_Moscoso_family_belonged_to_the_old_Aragonese_nobility,_and_was_among_the_early_Spanish_settlers_in_Peru,_where_they_had_become_powerful_and_extremely_wealthy.-11">[11]</a> Nonetheless, Don Mariano's unexpected death plunged his mistress and daughter Flora into poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713They_moved_to_Paris_where_Flora_was_born_in_1803:_the_liaison_was_a_stable_one,_but_Don_Mariano_died_suddenly_before_bringing_himself_to_marry_his_mistress._This_catapulted_[Thérèse]_from_luxury_to_penury,_and_the_rest_of_her_miserable_life_was_spent_pleading_the_claims_for_herself_and_her_daughter._12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713They_moved_to_Paris_where_Flora_was_born_in_1803:_the_liaison_was_a_stable_one,_but_Don_Mariano_died_suddenly_before_bringing_himself_to_marry_his_mistress._This_catapulted_[Thérèse]_from_luxury_to_penury,_and_the_rest_of_her_miserable_life_was_spent_pleading_the_claims_for_herself_and_her_daughter.-12">[12]</a> When Flora's marriage with André failed, she petitioned for and obtained a small monetary settlement from her father's Peruvian relatives. She sailed to Peru in hopes of enlarging her share of the Tristan Moscoso family fortune. This never materialized; but she successfully published a popular travelogue of her experiences in Peru which launched her literary career in 1838. An active supporter of early socialist societies, Gauguin's maternal grandmother helped to lay the foundations for the 1848 revolutionary movements. Placed under surveillance by French police and suffering from overwork, she died in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Followed_by_police_spies,_she_travelled_France_addressing_meetings_of_the_urban_proletariat_whom_she_called_upon_to_unite._Physically_exhausted_by_such_activities,_she_collapsed_and_died_in_Bordeaux_in_November_1844,_less_than_four_years_before_the_revolution_of_1848_toward_which_she_had_made_such_a_signal_contribution._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Followed_by_police_spies,_she_travelled_France_addressing_meetings_of_the_urban_proletariat_whom_she_called_upon_to_unite._Physically_exhausted_by_such_activities,_she_collapsed_and_died_in_Bordeaux_in_November_1844,_less_than_four_years_before_the_revolution_of_1848_toward_which_she_had_made_such_a_signal_contribution.-13">[13]</a> Her grandson Paul "idolized his grandmother, and kept copies of her books with him to the end of his life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713-14">[14]</a> In 1850, Clovis Gauguin departed for Peru with his wife Aline and young children in hopes of continuing his journalistic career under the auspices of his wife's South American relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…impressed_with_his_wife's_South_American_connections,_he_decided_to_emigrate_to_Peru_and_start_a_newspaper_there.-15">[15]</a> He died of a heart attack en route, and Aline arrived in Peru as a widow with the 18-month-old Paul and his 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄2 year-old sister, Marie. Gauguin's mother was welcomed by her paternal granduncle, whose son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rufino_Echenique" title="José Rufino Echenique">José Rufino Echenique</a>, would shortly assume the presidency of Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…Aline_was_well_received_by_her_Spanish_grandfather's_younger_brother,_Don_Pio_Tristan_Moscoso._His_position_in_Peruvian_society_is_indicated_by_the_fact_that,_only_a_few_months_after_Aline's_arrival,_Don_Pio's_son-in-law,_Echenique,_became_President_of_Peru._16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…Aline_was_well_received_by_her_Spanish_grandfather's_younger_brother,_Don_Pio_Tristan_Moscoso._His_position_in_Peruvian_society_is_indicated_by_the_fact_that,_only_a_few_months_after_Aline's_arrival,_Don_Pio's_son-in-law,_Echenique,_became_President_of_Peru.-16">[16]</a> To the age of six, Paul enjoyed a privileged upbringing, attended by nursemaids and servants. He retained a vivid memory of that period of his childhood which instilled "indelible impressions of Peru that haunted him the rest of his life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19714Aline_and_her_two_small_children_consequently_found_themselves_in_a_tropical_paradise_where_every_material_need_was_met_and_every_sense_was_indulged…Aline_and_her_two_children_were_looked_after_by_a_Negro_nursemaid_and_a_Chinese_manservant;_and_the_racial_diversity_of_Peru_was_matched_by_a_rich_extravagance_of_dress_and_by_the_brightly_painted_buildings_everywhere_in_the_city._17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19714Aline_and_her_two_small_children_consequently_found_themselves_in_a_tropical_paradise_where_every_material_need_was_met_and_every_sense_was_indulged…Aline_and_her_two_children_were_looked_after_by_a_Negro_nursemaid_and_a_Chinese_manservant;_and_the_racial_diversity_of_Peru_was_matched_by_a_rich_extravagance_of_dress_and_by_the_brightly_painted_buildings_everywhere_in_the_city.-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19714I_have_a_remarkable_visual_memory,_and_I_remember_that_period,_our_house_and_a_whole_lot_of_events.-18">[18]</a> Gauguin's idyllic childhood ended abruptly when his family mentors fell from political power during <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1856%E2%80%931858" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858">Peruvian civil conflicts</a> in 1854. Aline returned to France with her children, leaving Paul with his paternal grandfather, Guillaume Gauguin, in Orléans. Deprived by the Peruvian Tristan Moscoso clan of a generous annuity arranged by her granduncle, Aline settled in Paris to work as a dressmaker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…[C]ivil_war_in_Peru_resulted_in_Don_Pio's_family_losing_political_power."_And_"[Aline_returned]_to_France_anticipating_grandfather_Gauguin's_death,_life_with_Clovis's_bachelor_brother_in_Orleans,_a_small_legacy_from_the_Gauguins,_and_a_large_annuity_from_Don_Pio,_which_[the_Tristan_Moscoso_clan]_prevented_Aline_from_ever_receiving._Eventually_she_established_herself_as_a_dressmaker_in_Paris…_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…[C]ivil_war_in_Peru_resulted_in_Don_Pio's_family_losing_political_power."_And_"[Aline_returned]_to_France_anticipating_grandfather_Gauguin's_death,_life_with_Clovis's_bachelor_brother_in_Orleans,_a_small_legacy_from_the_Gauguins,_and_a_large_annuity_from_Don_Pio,_which_[the_Tristan_Moscoso_clan]_prevented_Aline_from_ever_receiving._Eventually_she_established_herself_as_a_dressmaker_in_Paris…-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_first_job">Education and first job</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and first job">edit</a>]</div> After attending a couple of local schools, Gauguin was sent to the prestigious Catholic boarding school Petit Séminaire de <a href="/wiki/La_Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin" title="La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin">La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayford200699–100-20">[20]</a> He spent three years at the school. At the age of 14, he entered the Loriol Institute in Paris, a naval preparatory school, before returning to Orléans to take his final year at the Lycée Jeanne D'Arc. Gauguin signed on as a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">pilot</a>'s assistant in the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">merchant marine</a>. Three years later, he joined the French navy in which he served for two years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200114-21">[21]</a> His mother died on 7 July 1867, but he did not learn of it for several months until a letter from his sister Marie caught up with him in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200118-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1871, Gauguin returned to Paris where he secured a job as a stockbroker. A close family friend, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Arosa" title="Gustave Arosa">Gustave Arosa</a>, got him a job at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Bourse">Paris Bourse</a>; Gauguin was 23. He became a successful Parisian businessman and remained one for the next 11 years. In 1879 he was earning 30,000 <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a> a year (about $145,000 in 2019 US dollars) as a stockbroker, and as much again in his dealings in the art market.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> But in 1882 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bourse_crash_of_1882" title="Paris Bourse crash of 1882">the Paris stock market crashed</a> and the art market contracted. Gauguin's earnings deteriorated sharply and he eventually decided to pursue painting full-time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198727-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200148–49-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_and_Mette_Sophie_Gad_by_Julie_Laurberg,_1885.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Paul_Gauguin_and_Mette_Sophie_Gad_by_Julie_Laurberg%2C_1885.JPG/170px-Paul_Gauguin_and_Mette_Sophie_Gad_by_Julie_Laurberg%2C_1885.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Paul_Gauguin_and_Mette_Sophie_Gad_by_Julie_Laurberg%2C_1885.JPG/255px-Paul_Gauguin_and_Mette_Sophie_Gad_by_Julie_Laurberg%2C_1885.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Paul_Gauguin_and_Mette_Sophie_Gad_by_Julie_Laurberg%2C_1885.JPG/340px-Paul_Gauguin_and_Mette_Sophie_Gad_by_Julie_Laurberg%2C_1885.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3235" data-file-height="4925" /></a><figcaption>Gauguin with his wife Mette in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, 1885</figcaption></figure> In 1873, he married a <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danish</a> woman, Mette-Sophie Gad (1850–1920). Over the next ten years, they had five children: Émile (1874–1955); Aline (1877–1897); Clovis (1879–1900); <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Gauguin" title="Jean René Gauguin">Jean René</a> (1881–1961); and <a href="/wiki/Pola_Gauguin" title="Pola Gauguin">Paul Rollon</a> (1883–1961). By 1884, Gauguin had moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, where he pursued a business career as a <a href="/wiki/Tarpaulin" title="Tarpaulin">tarpaulin</a> salesman. It was not a success: He could not speak Danish, and the Danes did not want French tarpaulins. Mette became the chief breadwinner, giving French lessons to trainee diplomats. His middle-class family and marriage fell apart after 11 years when Gauguin was driven to paint full-time. He returned to Paris in 1885, after his wife and her family asked him to leave because he had renounced the values they shared.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200162-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198738-29">[29]</a> Gauguin's last physical contact with them was in 1891, and Mette eventually broke with him decisively in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001194-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001210-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198729-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987182-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_paintings">First paintings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First paintings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Paul_Gauguin_001.jpg/170px-Paul_Gauguin_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Paul_Gauguin_001.jpg/255px-Paul_Gauguin_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Paul_Gauguin_001.jpg/340px-Paul_Gauguin_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Study_of_a_Nude" title="Study of a Nude">Study of a Nude (Suzanne sewing)</a>, 1880, <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a></figcaption></figure> In 1873, around the time he became a stockbroker, Gauguin began painting in his free time. His Parisian life centered on the <a href="/wiki/9th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="9th arrondissement of Paris">9th arrondissement of Paris</a>. Gauguin lived at 15, rue la Bruyère.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paris_locations-35">[35]</a> Nearby were the cafés frequented by the Impressionists. Gauguin also visited galleries frequently and purchased work by emerging artists. He formed a friendship with <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a><a href="#cite_note-met-36">[36]</a> and visited him on Sundays to paint in his garden. Pissarro introduced him to various other artists. In 1877 Gauguin "moved downmarket and across the river to the poorer, newer, urban sprawls" of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaugirard_(Seine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaugirard (Seine) (page does not exist)">Vaugirard</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaugirard_(Seine)" class="extiw" title="fr:Vaugirard (Seine)">fr</a>]. Here, on the third floor at 8 rue Carcel, he had his first home with a <a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">studio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paris_locations-35">[35]</a> His close friend <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Schuffenecker" title="Émile Schuffenecker">Émile Schuffenecker</a>, a former stockbroker who also aspired to become an artist, lived close by. Gauguin showed paintings in <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist</a> exhibitions held in 1881 and 1882 (earlier, a sculpture of his son Émile had been the only sculpture in the 4th Impressionist Exhibition of 1879). His paintings received dismissive reviews, although several of them, such as The Market Gardens of Vaugirard, are now highly regarded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198722-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200138–40-38">[38]</a> In 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a> crashed and the art market contracted. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Durand-Ruel" title="Paul Durand-Ruel">Paul Durand-Ruel</a>, the Impressionists' primary art dealer, was especially affected by the crash, and for a period of time stopped buying pictures from painters such as Gauguin. Gauguin's earnings contracted sharply, and over the next two years he slowly formulated his plans to become a full-time artist.<a href="#cite_note-met-36">[36]</a> The following two summers, he painted with Pissarro and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>. In October 1883, he wrote to Pissarro saying that he had decided to make his living from painting at all costs and asked for his help, which Pissarro at first readily provided. The following January, Gauguin moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, where they could live more cheaply and where he thought he had discerned opportunities when visiting Pissarro there the previous summer. However, the venture proved unsuccessful, and by the end of the year Mette and the children moved to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Gauguin following shortly after in November 1884, bringing with him his art collection, which subsequently remained in Copenhagen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198727–29-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200152–56-40">[40]</a> Life in Copenhagen proved equally difficult, and their marriage grew strained. At Mette's urging, supported by her family, Gauguin returned to Paris the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200156-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200157–62-42">[42]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_064.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Market Gardens of Vaugirard, 1879, Smith College Museum of Art"><img alt="The Market Gardens of Vaugirard, 1879, Smith College Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Paul_Gauguin_064.jpg/200px-Paul_Gauguin_064.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Paul_Gauguin_064.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Paul_Gauguin_064.jpg/400px-Paul_Gauguin_064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2077" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Market Gardens of Vaugirard, 1879, <a href="/wiki/Smith_College_Museum_of_Art" title="Smith College Museum of Art">Smith College Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_059.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winter Landscape, 1879, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest"><img alt="Winter Landscape, 1879, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paul_Gauguin_059.jpg/200px-Paul_Gauguin_059.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paul_Gauguin_059.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paul_Gauguin_059.jpg/400px-Paul_Gauguin_059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1511" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Winter Landscape, 1879, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Budapest)" title="Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)">Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_1880,_The_Embroiderer_(La_Brodeuse),_oil_on_canvas,_116_x_81_cm,_Foundation_E.G._B%C3%BChrle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Madame Gauguin, c. 1880–81, Foundation E.G. Bührle, Zürich"><img alt="Portrait of Madame Gauguin, c. 1880–81, Foundation E.G. Bührle, Zürich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880%2C_The_Embroiderer_%28La_Brodeuse%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_116_x_81_cm%2C_Foundation_E.G._B%C3%BChrle.jpg/139px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880%2C_The_Embroiderer_%28La_Brodeuse%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_116_x_81_cm%2C_Foundation_E.G._B%C3%BChrle.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880%2C_The_Embroiderer_%28La_Brodeuse%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_116_x_81_cm%2C_Foundation_E.G._B%C3%BChrle.jpg/209px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880%2C_The_Embroiderer_%28La_Brodeuse%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_116_x_81_cm%2C_Foundation_E.G._B%C3%BChrle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880%2C_The_Embroiderer_%28La_Brodeuse%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_116_x_81_cm%2C_Foundation_E.G._B%C3%BChrle.jpg/278px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880%2C_The_Embroiderer_%28La_Brodeuse%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_116_x_81_cm%2C_Foundation_E.G._B%C3%BChrle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Madame Gauguin, c. 1880–81, <a href="/wiki/Foundation_E.G._B%C3%BChrle" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation E.G. Bührle">Foundation E.G. Bührle</a>, Zürich</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_060.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden in Vaugirard (Painter's Family in the Garden in Rue Carcel), 1881, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen"><img alt="Garden in Vaugirard (Painter's Family in the Garden in Rue Carcel), 1881, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paul_Gauguin_060.jpg/200px-Paul_Gauguin_060.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paul_Gauguin_060.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paul_Gauguin_060.jpg/400px-Paul_Gauguin_060.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2388" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garden in Vaugirard (Painter's Family in the Garden in Rue Carcel), 1881, <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a>, Copenhagen</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_1885–1886">France 1885–1886</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France 1885–1886">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paul_Gauguin_036.jpg/220px-Paul_Gauguin_036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paul_Gauguin_036.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin_036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paul_Gauguin_036.jpg/440px-Paul_Gauguin_036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption> Four <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Breton</a> Women, 1886, <a href="/wiki/Neue_Pinakothek" title="Neue Pinakothek"> Neue Pinakothek, Munich</a></figcaption></figure> After a brief period in Italy, spent in the small towns of San Salvo and Ururi, Gauguin returned to Paris in June 1885, accompanied by his six-year-old son Clovis. The other children remained with Mette in Copenhagen, where they had the support of family and friends while Mette herself was able to get work as a translator and French teacher. Gauguin initially found it difficult to re-enter the art world in Paris and spent his first winter back in real poverty, obliged to take a series of menial jobs. Clovis eventually fell ill and was sent to a boarding school, Gauguin's sister Marie providing the funds.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200163–67-44">[44]</a> During this first year, Gauguin produced very little art. He exhibited 19 paintings and a wood relief at the eighth (and last) Impressionist exhibition in May 1886.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Most of these paintings were earlier work from Rouen or Copenhagen and there was nothing really novel in the few new ones, although his Baigneuses à Dieppe ("Women Bathing") introduced what was to become a recurring motif, the woman in the waves. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Bracquemond" title="Félix Bracquemond">Félix Bracquemond</a> did purchase one of his paintings. This exhibition also established <a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a> as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> movement in Paris. Gauguin contemptuously rejected Seurat's <a href="/wiki/Neo-impressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-impressionism">Neo-Impressionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillist</a> technique and later in the year broke decisively with Pissarro, who from that point on was rather antagonistic towards Gauguin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198739–41-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200167–68-47">[47]</a> Gauguin spent the summer of 1886 in the artist's colony of <a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven</a> in Brittany. He was attracted in the first place because it was cheap to live there. However, he found himself an unexpected success with the young art students who flocked there in the summer. His naturally pugilistic temperament (he was both an accomplished boxer and fencer) was no impediment in the socially relaxed seaside resort. He was remembered during that period as much for his outlandish appearance as for his art. Amongst these new associates was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laval" title="Charles Laval">Charles Laval</a>, who would accompany Gauguin the following year to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200170–73-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198742–49-49">[49]</a> That summer, he executed some pastel drawings of nude figures in the manner of Pissarro and those by Degas exhibited at the 1886 eighth Impressionist exhibition. He mainly painted landscapes such as La Bergère Bretonne ("The Breton Shepherdess"), in which the figure plays a subordinate role. His Jeunes Bretons au bain ("Young Breton Boys Bathing"), introducing a theme he returned to each time he visited Pont-Aven, is clearly indebted to Degas in its design and bold use of pure colour. The naive drawings of the English illustrator <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Caldecott" title="Randolph Caldecott">Randolph Caldecott</a>, used to illustrate a popular guide-book on Brittany, had caught the imagination of the avant-garde student artists at Pont-Aven, anxious to free themselves from the conservatism of their academies, and Gauguin consciously imitated them in his sketches of Breton girls.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> These sketches were later worked up into paintings back in his Paris studio. The most important of these is Four Breton Women, which shows a marked departure from his earlier Impressionist style as well as incorporating something of the naive quality of Caldecott's illustration, exaggerating features to the point of caricature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198742–49-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200174–75-51">[51]</a> Gauguin, along with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard" title="Émile Bernard">Émile Bernard</a>, Charles Laval, Émile Schuffenecker and many others, re-visited <a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven" title="Pont-Aven">Pont-Aven</a> after his travels in Panama and Martinique. The bold use of pure colour and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolist</a> choice of subject matter distinguish what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a>. Disappointed with <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>, Gauguin felt that traditional European painting had become too imitative and lacked symbolic depth. By contrast, the art of Africa and Asia seemed to him full of mystic symbolism and vigour. There was a vogue in Europe at the time for the art of other cultures, especially that of Japan (<a href="/wiki/Japonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japonism">Japonism</a>). He was invited to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin%27s_exhibit_at_Les_XX,_1889" title="Paul Gauguin's exhibit at Les XX, 1889">1889 exhibition</a> organized by <a href="/wiki/Les_XX" title="Les XX">Les XX</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_Women_Bathing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women Bathing, 1885, National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo"><img alt="Women Bathing, 1885, National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gauguin_Women_Bathing.jpg/200px-Gauguin_Women_Bathing.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gauguin_Women_Bathing.jpg/300px-Gauguin_Women_Bathing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gauguin_Women_Bathing.jpg/400px-Gauguin_Women_Bathing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Women Bathing, 1885, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Western_Art" title="National Museum of Western Art"> National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_La_berg%C3%A8re_bretonne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Bergère Bretonne, 1886, Laing Art Gallery"><img alt="La Bergère Bretonne, 1886, Laing Art Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Paul_Gauguin_-_La_berg%C3%A8re_bretonne.jpg/200px-Paul_Gauguin_-_La_berg%C3%A8re_bretonne.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Paul_Gauguin_-_La_berg%C3%A8re_bretonne.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_-_La_berg%C3%A8re_bretonne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Paul_Gauguin_-_La_berg%C3%A8re_bretonne.jpg/400px-Paul_Gauguin_-_La_berg%C3%A8re_bretonne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1673" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">La Bergère Bretonne, 1886, <a href="/wiki/Laing_Art_Gallery" title="Laing Art Gallery">Laing Art Gallery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_-_Bretonne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Breton Girl, 1886, Burrell Collection, Glasgow"><img alt="Breton Girl, 1886, Burrell Collection, Glasgow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gauguin_-_Bretonne.jpg/134px-Gauguin_-_Bretonne.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gauguin_-_Bretonne.jpg/200px-Gauguin_-_Bretonne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gauguin_-_Bretonne.jpg/267px-Gauguin_-_Bretonne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="751" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Breton Girl, 1886, <a href="/wiki/Burrell_Collection" title="Burrell Collection"> Burrell Collection, Glasgow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_1886-87,_Breton_Bather,_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Breton Bather, 1886–87, Art Institute of Chicago"><img alt="Breton Bather, 1886–87, Art Institute of Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1886-87%2C_Breton_Bather%2C_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg/123px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1886-87%2C_Breton_Bather%2C_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1886-87%2C_Breton_Bather%2C_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg/185px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1886-87%2C_Breton_Bather%2C_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1886-87%2C_Breton_Bather%2C_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg/247px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1886-87%2C_Breton_Bather%2C_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Breton Bather, 1886–87, <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloisonnism_and_synthetism">Cloisonnism and synthetism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cloisonnism and synthetism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Affiche_Volpini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Affiche_Volpini.jpg/220px-Affiche_Volpini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Affiche_Volpini.jpg/330px-Affiche_Volpini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Affiche_Volpini.jpg/440px-Affiche_Volpini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Poster of the 1889 Exhibition of Paintings by the <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetist Group</a>, at Café des Arts, known as <a href="/wiki/The_Volpini_Exhibition,_1889" title="The Volpini Exhibition, 1889">The Volpini Exhibition, 1889</a></figcaption></figure> Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Japanese prints</a>, Gauguin's work evolved towards <a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a>, a style given its name by the critic <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Dujardin" title="Édouard Dujardin">Édouard Dujardin</a> to describe <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard" title="Émile Bernard">Émile Bernard</a>'s method of painting with flat areas of colour and bold outlines, which reminded Dujardin of the Medieval <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> enameling technique. Gauguin was very appreciative of Bernard's art and of his daring with the employment of a style which suited Gauguin in his quest to express the essence of the objects in his art.<a href="#cite_note-twsJun10b-52">[52]</a> In Gauguin's <a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Christ" title="The Yellow Christ">The Yellow Christ</a> (1889), often cited as a quintessential Cloisonnist work, the image was reduced to areas of pure colour separated by heavy black outlines. In such works Gauguin paid little attention to classical perspective and boldly eliminated subtle gradations of colour, thereby dispensing with the two most characteristic principles of post-<a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> painting. His painting later evolved towards <a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a> in which neither form nor colour predominate but each has an equal role. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_Il_Cristo_giallo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Yellow Christ (Le Christ jaune), 1889, Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY"><img alt="The Yellow Christ (Le Christ jaune), 1889, Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gauguin_Il_Cristo_giallo.jpg/157px-Gauguin_Il_Cristo_giallo.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gauguin_Il_Cristo_giallo.jpg/235px-Gauguin_Il_Cristo_giallo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gauguin_Il_Cristo_giallo.jpg/314px-Gauguin_Il_Cristo_giallo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1570" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Christ" title="The Yellow Christ">The Yellow Christ</a> (Le Christ jaune), 1889, <a href="/wiki/Albright%E2%80%93Knox_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Albright–Knox Art Gallery">Albright–Knox Art Gallery</a>, Buffalo, NY</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin,_Paul_-_Still_Life_with_Profile_of_Laval_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Still Life with Profile of Laval (Charles Laval), 1886, Indianapolis Museum of Art"><img alt="Still Life with Profile of Laval (Charles Laval), 1886, Indianapolis Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Still_Life_with_Profile_of_Laval_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/163px-Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Still_Life_with_Profile_of_Laval_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Still_Life_with_Profile_of_Laval_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/245px-Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Still_Life_with_Profile_of_Laval_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Still_Life_with_Profile_of_Laval_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/327px-Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Still_Life_with_Profile_of_Laval_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12001" data-file-height="14686" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_Profile_of_Laval" title="Still Life with Profile of Laval">Still Life with Profile of Laval</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Laval" title="Charles Laval">Charles Laval</a>), 1886, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art" title="Indianapolis Museum of Art">Indianapolis Museum of Art</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama_Canal">Panama Canal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Panama Canal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1886_bas_obispo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1886_bas_obispo.jpg/220px-1886_bas_obispo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1886_bas_obispo.jpg/330px-1886_bas_obispo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1886_bas_obispo.jpg/440px-1886_bas_obispo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Early French construction on the Panama Canal, 1886</figcaption></figure> In 1887, Gauguin left France along with his friend, another young painter, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laval" title="Charles Laval">Charles Laval</a>. His dream was to purchase land of his own on the small Panamanian island of <a href="/wiki/Taboga_Island" title="Taboga Island">Taboga</a>, where he stated he desired to live "on fish and fruit and for nothing… without anxiety for the day or for the morrow." By the time he reached the port city of <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón</a>, Gauguin was out of money and found work as a laborer on the French construction of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. During this time, Gauguin penned letters to his wife, Mette, lamenting the arduous conditions: "I have to dig… from five-thirty in the morning to six in the evening, under the tropical sun and rain," he wrote. "At night I am devoured by mosquitoes." Meanwhile, Laval had been earning money by drawing portraits of canal officials, work which Gauguin detested since only portraits done in a lewd manner would sell.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough_p174-53">[53]</a> Gauguin held a profound contempt for Panama, and at one point was arrested in Panama City for urinating in public. Marched across town at gunpoint, Gauguin was ordered to pay a fine of four francs. After discovering that land on Taboga was priced far beyond reach (and after falling deathly ill on the island where he was subsequently interned in a yellow fever and malaria sanatorium),<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> he decided to leave Panama.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough_p174-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martinique">Martinique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Martinique">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinique_Landscape_Paul_Gauguin,_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Martinique_Landscape_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1887.jpg/220px-Martinique_Landscape_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Martinique_Landscape_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1887.jpg/330px-Martinique_Landscape_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Martinique_Landscape_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1887.jpg/440px-Martinique_Landscape_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Martinique Landscape 1887, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery" title="Scottish National Gallery">Scottish National Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> Later that same year, Gauguin and Laval spent the time from June to November near <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint Pierre</a> on the Caribbean island of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, a French colony. His thoughts and experiences during this time are recorded in his letters to his wife and his artist friend Emile Schuffenecker.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> At the time, France had a policy of <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">repatriation</a> where if a citizen became broke or stranded on a French colony, the state would pay for the boat ride back. Upon leaving Panama, protected by the repatriation policy, Gauguin and Laval decided to disembark at the Martinique port of St. Pierre. Scholars disagree on whether Gauguin intentionally or spontaneously decided to stay on the island. At first, the 'negro hut' in which they lived suited him, and he enjoyed watching people in their daily activities.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> However, the weather in the summer was hot and the hut leaked in the rain. Gauguin also suffered <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsh_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsh fever">marsh fever</a>. While in Martinique, he produced between 10 and 20 works (12 being the most common estimate), traveled widely and apparently came into contact with a small community of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Martinique" title="Hinduism in Martinique">Indian</a> immigrants; a contact that would later influence his art through the incorporation of Indian symbols. During his stay, the writer <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> was also on the island.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> His account provides an historical comparison to accompany Gauguin's images. Gauguin finished 11 known paintings during his stay in Martinique, many of which seem to be derived from his hut. His letters to Schuffenecker express an excitement about the exotic location and natives represented in his paintings. Gauguin asserted that four of his paintings on the island were better than the rest.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The works as a whole are brightly coloured, loosely painted, outdoor figural scenes. Even though his time on the island was short, it surely was influential. He recycled some of his figures and sketches in later paintings, such as the motif in Among the Mangoes,<a href="#cite_note-vangoghmuseum-59">[59]</a> which is replicated on his fans. Rural and indigenous populations remained a popular subject in Gauguin's work after he left the island. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_Huttes_sous_les_arbres.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huttes sous les arbres, 1887, Private collection, Washington"><img alt="Huttes sous les arbres, 1887, Private collection, Washington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gauguin_Huttes_sous_les_arbres.jpg/159px-Gauguin_Huttes_sous_les_arbres.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gauguin_Huttes_sous_les_arbres.jpg/239px-Gauguin_Huttes_sous_les_arbres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gauguin_Huttes_sous_les_arbres.jpg/318px-Gauguin_Huttes_sous_les_arbres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1126" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Huttes sous les arbres, 1887, <a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Private collection</a>, Washington</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_089.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bord de Mer II, 1887, Private collection, Paris"><img alt="Bord de Mer II, 1887, Private collection, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_Gauguin_089.jpg/200px-Paul_Gauguin_089.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_Gauguin_089.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_089.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_Gauguin_089.jpg/400px-Paul_Gauguin_089.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2349" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bord de Mer II, 1887, Private collection, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:At_The_Pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At the Pond, 1887, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam"><img alt="At the Pond, 1887, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/At_The_Pond.jpg/200px-At_The_Pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/At_The_Pond.jpg/300px-At_The_Pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/At_The_Pond.jpg/400px-At_The_Pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="420" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">At the Pond, 1887, <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>, Amsterdam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_Conversation_Tropiques.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Conversation Tropiques (Négresses Causant), 1887, Private collection, Dallas"><img alt="Conversation Tropiques (Négresses Causant), 1887, Private collection, Dallas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gauguin_Conversation_Tropiques.jpg/200px-Gauguin_Conversation_Tropiques.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gauguin_Conversation_Tropiques.jpg/300px-Gauguin_Conversation_Tropiques.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gauguin_Conversation_Tropiques.jpg/400px-Gauguin_Conversation_Tropiques.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="404" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Conversation Tropiques (Négresses Causant), 1887, Private collection, Dallas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_087.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Among the Mangoes (La Cueillette des Fruits), 1887, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam[59]"><img alt="Among the Mangoes (La Cueillette des Fruits), 1887, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paul_Gauguin_087.jpg/200px-Paul_Gauguin_087.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paul_Gauguin_087.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_087.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paul_Gauguin_087.jpg/400px-Paul_Gauguin_087.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7222" data-file-height="5605" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Among the Mangoes (La Cueillette des Fruits), 1887, <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>, Amsterdam<a href="#cite_note-vangoghmuseum-59">[59]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vincent_and_Theo_van_Gogh">Vincent and Theo van Gogh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vincent and Theo van Gogh">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Paul_Gauguin_(Man_in_a_Red_Beret).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Paul_Gauguin_%28Man_in_a_Red_Beret%29.jpg/170px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Paul_Gauguin_%28Man_in_a_Red_Beret%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Paul_Gauguin_%28Man_in_a_Red_Beret%29.jpg/255px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Paul_Gauguin_%28Man_in_a_Red_Beret%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Paul_Gauguin_%28Man_in_a_Red_Beret%29.jpg/340px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Paul_Gauguin_%28Man_in_a_Red_Beret%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5361" data-file-height="5986" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, Paul Gauguin (Man in a Red Beret), 1888, <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>, Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> Gauguin's <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> paintings were exhibited at his colour merchant Arsène Poitier's gallery. There they were seen and admired by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> and his art dealer brother <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(art_dealer)" title="Theo van Gogh (art dealer)">Theo</a>, whose firm <a href="/wiki/Goupil_%26_Cie" title="Goupil & Cie">Goupil & Cie</a> had dealings with Portier. Theo purchased three of Gauguin's paintings for 900 francs and arranged to have them hung at Goupil's, thus introducing Gauguin to wealthy clients. This arrangement with Goupil's continued past Theo's death in 1891. At the same time, Vincent and Gauguin became close friends (on Vincent's part it amounted to something akin to adulation) and they corresponded together on art, a correspondence that was instrumental in Gauguin formulating his <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of art">philosophy of art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 1888, at Theo's instigation, Gauguin and Vincent spent nine weeks painting together at Vincent's <a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_House" title="The Yellow House">Yellow House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> in the South of France. Gauguin's relationship with Vincent proved fraught. Their relationship deteriorated and eventually Gauguin decided to leave. On the evening of 23 December 1888, according to a much later account of Gauguin's, Vincent confronted Gauguin with a <a href="/wiki/Straight_razor" title="Straight razor">straight razor</a>. Later the same evening, he cut off his own left ear. He wrapped the severed tissue in newspaper and handed it to a woman who worked at a <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothel</a> Gauguin and Vincent had both visited, and asked her to "keep this object carefully, in remembrance of me". Vincent was <a href="/wiki/Hospital_in_Arles" title="Hospital in Arles">hospitalized</a> the following day and Gauguin left Arles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayford2006284-62">[62]</a> They never saw each other again, but they continued to correspond, and in 1890 Gauguin went so far as to propose they form an artist studio in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> An 1889 sculptural self-portrait <a href="/wiki/Jug_in_the_Form_of_a_Head,_Self-Portrait" title="Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait">Jug in the Form of a Head</a> appears to reference Gauguin's traumatic relationship with Vincent. Gauguin later claimed to have been instrumental in influencing Vincent van Gogh's development as a painter at Arles. While Vincent did briefly experiment with Gauguin's theory of "painting from the imagination" in paintings such as <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_Garden_at_Etten_(Ladies_of_Arles)" title="Memory of the Garden at Etten (Ladies of Arles)">Memory of the Garden at Etten</a>, it did not suit him and he quickly returned to painting from nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198776–77-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Avant_et_après-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edgar_Degas">Edgar Degas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Edgar Degas">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:428px;max-width:428px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Paul_Gauguin_105.jpg/205px-Paul_Gauguin_105.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Paul_Gauguin_105.jpg/308px-Paul_Gauguin_105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Paul_Gauguin_105.jpg/410px-Paul_Gauguin_105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2796" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Riders on the Beach, 1902, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Folkwang" title="Museum Folkwang">Museum Folkwang</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Chanteuse_by_Paul_Gauguin,_1880_-_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_-_Copenhagen_-_DSC09448.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/La_Chanteuse_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880_-_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_-_Copenhagen_-_DSC09448.JPG/215px-La_Chanteuse_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880_-_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_-_Copenhagen_-_DSC09448.JPG" decoding="async" width="215" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/La_Chanteuse_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880_-_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_-_Copenhagen_-_DSC09448.JPG/323px-La_Chanteuse_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880_-_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_-_Copenhagen_-_DSC09448.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/La_Chanteuse_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880_-_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_-_Copenhagen_-_DSC09448.JPG/430px-La_Chanteuse_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1880_-_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_-_Copenhagen_-_DSC09448.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2914" data-file-height="2452" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Valérie Roumi, 1880, carved and painted mahogany, <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a></div></div></div></div></div> Although Gauguin made some of his early strides in the world of art under Pissarro, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a> was Gauguin's most admired contemporary artist and a great influence on his work from the beginning, with his figures and interiors as well as a carved and painted medallion of singer Valérie Roumi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199216,_19,_123-66">[66]</a> He had a deep reverence for Degas' artistic dignity and tact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199217-67">[67]</a> It was Gauguin's healthiest, longest-lasting friendship, spanning his entire artistic career until his death. In addition to being one of his earliest supporters, including buying Gauguin's work and persuading dealer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Durand-Ruel" title="Paul Durand-Ruel">Paul Durand-Ruel</a> to do the same, there was never a public support for Gauguin more unwavering than from Degas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199216-68">[68]</a> Gauguin also purchased work from Degas in the early to mid-1870s and his own <a href="/wiki/Monotyping" title="Monotyping">monotyping</a> predilection was probably influenced by Degas' advancements in the medium.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_(Words_of_the_Devil)_(recto),_1894,_NGA_11586.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg/170px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg/255px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg/340px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Paul Gauguin, Arearea no Varua Ino,1894, watercolour monotype on Japan paper, owned originally by Degas, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></figcaption></figure> Gauguin's Durand-Ruel exhibition in November 1893, which Degas chiefly organized, received mixed reviews. Among the mocking were <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a> and former friend Pissarro. Degas, however, praised his work, purchasing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_faaturuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te faaturuma (page does not exist)">Te faaturuma</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Melancol%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:La Melancolía">es</a>] and admiring the exotic sumptuousness of Gauguin's conjured folklore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199285,_95-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In appreciation, Gauguin presented Degas with The Moon and the Earth, one of the exhibited paintings that had attracted the most hostile criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Dumas-73">[73]</a> Gauguin's late canvas Riders on the Beach (two versions) recalls Degas' horse pictures that he started in the 1860s, specifically Racetrack and Before the Race, testifying to his enduring effect on Gauguin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin1992123-74">[74]</a> Degas later purchased two paintings at Gauguin's 1895 auction to raise funds for his final trip to Tahiti. These were Vahine no te vi (Woman with a Mango) and the version Gauguin painted of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Olympia_(Manet)" title="Olympia (Manet)">Olympia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dumas-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_visit_to_Tahiti">First visit to Tahiti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First visit to Tahiti">edit</a>]</div> By 1890, Gauguin had conceived the project of making <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> his next artistic destination. A successful auction of paintings in Paris at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Drouot" title="Hôtel Drouot">Hôtel Drouot</a> in February 1891, along with other events such as a banquet and a benefit concert, provided the necessary funds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987125-76">[76]</a> The auction had been greatly helped by a flattering review from <a href="/wiki/Octave_Mirbeau" title="Octave Mirbeau">Octave Mirbeau</a>, courted by Gauguin through <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987125Thomson_notes_that_Gauguin_was_alert_to_the_potential_for_self-publicity._Camille_Pissarro,_no_admirer_of_Gauguin,_later_scathingly_observed_that_Gauguin_had_set_out_to_"get_himself_elected_…_as_a_man_of_genius_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987125Thomson_notes_that_Gauguin_was_alert_to_the_potential_for_self-publicity._Camille_Pissarro,_no_admirer_of_Gauguin,_later_scathingly_observed_that_Gauguin_had_set_out_to_"get_himself_elected_…_as_a_man_of_genius-77">[77]</a> After visiting his wife and children in Copenhagen, for what turned out to be the last time, Gauguin set sail for Tahiti on 1 April 1891, promising to return a rich man and make a fresh start.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987127-78">[78]</a> His avowed intent was to escape European civilization and "everything that is artificial and conventional".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Nevertheless, he took care to take with him a collection of visual stimuli in the form of photographs, drawings and prints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987143-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[a]</a> He spent the first three months in <a href="/wiki/Papeete" title="Papeete">Papeete</a>, the capital of the colony and already much influenced by French and European culture. His biographer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belinda_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belinda Thomson (page does not exist)">Belinda Thomson</a> observes that he must have been disappointed in his vision of a primitive idyll. He was unable to afford the pleasure-seeking life-style in Papeete, and an early attempt at a portrait, <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Bambridge" title="Suzanne Bambridge">Suzanne Bambridge</a>, was not well liked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987133-84">[83]</a> He decided to set up his studio in Mataiea, <a href="/wiki/Papeari" title="Papeari">Papeari</a>, some 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Papeete, installing himself in a native-style bamboo hut. Here he executed paintings depicting Tahitian life such as <a href="/wiki/Fatata_te_Miti" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatata te Miti">Fatata te Miti</a> (By the Sea) and <a href="/wiki/Ia_Orana_Maria" title="Ia Orana Maria">Ia Orana Maria</a> (Ave Maria), the latter to become his most prized Tahitian painting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987182Thomson_notes_that_Gauguin_offered_''Ia_Orana_Maria''_to_the_[[Musée_du_Luxembourg]],_whose_officials_turned_it_down_unceremoniously,_"thus_confirming_and_reinforcing_Gauguin's_hatred_of_officialdom"_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987182Thomson_notes_that_Gauguin_offered_''Ia_Orana_Maria''_to_the_[[Musée_du_Luxembourg]],_whose_officials_turned_it_down_unceremoniously,_"thus_confirming_and_reinforcing_Gauguin's_hatred_of_officialdom"-85">[84]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paul_Gauguin_040.jpg/180px-Paul_Gauguin_040.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paul_Gauguin_040.jpg/270px-Paul_Gauguin_040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paul_Gauguin_040.jpg/360px-Paul_Gauguin_040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="3147" /></a><figcaption>Vahine no te tiare (Woman with a Flower), 1891, <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a></figcaption></figure> Many of his finest paintings date from this period. His first portrait of a Tahitian model is thought to be Vahine no te tiare (<a href="/wiki/Tahitian_Woman_with_a_Flower" title="Tahitian Woman with a Flower">Woman with a Flower</a>). The painting is notable for the care with which it delineates <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> features. He sent the painting to his patron <a href="/wiki/George-Daniel_de_Monfreid" title="George-Daniel de Monfreid">George-Daniel de Monfreid</a>, a friend of Schuffenecker, who was to become Gauguin's devoted champion in Tahiti. By late summer 1892 this painting was being displayed at Goupil's gallery in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198792,_136–138-86">[85]</a> Art historian <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Mowll_Mathews" title="Nancy Mowll Mathews">Nancy Mowll Mathews</a> believes that Gauguin's encounter with exotic sensuality in Tahiti, so evident in the painting, was by far the most important aspect of his sojourn there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001187-87">[86]</a> He often rendered titles of his works in <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, some of these titles however were sometimes very misconjugated to a point where they were almost hard to understand by native Tahitian speakers themselves.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Gauguin was lent copies of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques-Antoine_Moerenhout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques-Antoine Moerenhout (page does not exist)">Jacques-Antoine Moerenhout's</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Antoine_Moerenhout" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques-Antoine Moerenhout">fr</a>] 1837 Voyage aux îles du Grand Océan and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_de_Bovis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmond de Bovis (page does not exist)">Edmond de Bovis'</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_de_Bovis" class="extiw" title="fr:Edmond de Bovis">fr</a>] 1855 État de la société tahitienne à l'arrivée des Européens, containing full accounts of Tahiti's forgotten culture and religion. Gauguin was fascinated by the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Arioi" title="Arioi">Arioi</a> society and their god <a href="/wiki/%27Oro" class="mw-redirect" title="'Oro">'Oro</a>. Because these accounts contained no illustrations and the Tahitian models had in any case long disappeared, he could give free rein to his imagination. He executed some twenty paintings and a dozen woodcarvings over the next year. The first of these was Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi), representing Oro's terrestrial wife Vairaumati, now held by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. His illustrated notebook of the time, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancien_Culte_Mahorie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancien Culte Mahorie (page does not exist)">Ancien Culte Mahorie</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_Culte_Mahorie" class="extiw" title="it:Ancien Culte Mahorie">it</a>], is preserved in the Louvre and was published in facsimile form in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196924-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987156-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001174-91">[90]</a> In all, Gauguin sent nine of his paintings to Monfreid in Paris. These were eventually exhibited in Copenhagen in a joint exhibition with the late Vincent van Gogh. Reports that they had been well received (though in fact only two of the Tahitian paintings were sold and his earlier paintings were unfavourably compared with van Gogh's) were sufficiently encouraging for Gauguin to contemplate returning with some seventy others he had completed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001193-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987166-93">[92]</a> He had in any case largely run out of funds, depending on a state grant for a free passage home. In addition he had some health problems diagnosed as heart problems by the local doctor, which Mathews suggests may have been the early signs of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_syphilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular syphilis">cardiovascular syphilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001188-94">[93]</a> Gauguin later wrote a travelogue (first published 1901) titled <a href="/wiki/Noa_Noa" class="mw-redirect" title="Noa Noa">Noa Noa</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noa_Noa" class="extiw" title="ca:Noa Noa">ca</a>], originally conceived as commentary on his paintings and describing his experiences in Tahiti. Modern critics have suggested that the contents of the book were in part fantasized and plagiarized.<a href="#cite_note-www.nytimes.com-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In it he revealed that he had at this time taken a 13-year-old girl as native wife or vahine (the <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> word for "woman"), a marriage contracted in the course of a single afternoon. This was <a href="/wiki/Teha%27amana" class="mw-redirect" title="Teha'amana">Teha'amana</a>, called Tehura in the travelogue, who was pregnant by him by the end of summer 1892.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001179–182-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smart-99">[98]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001180Mathews_notes_that_Gauguin_certainly_emphasised_the_youth_of_the_girl_for_dramatic_effect._Nevertheless_it_is_likely_Teha'amana_was_in_her_early_teens,_as_young_girls_at_the_time_were_commonly_offered_as_native_wives_to_Westerners._There_is_no_further_record_of_Teha'amana's_baby._Mathews_estimates_it_was_probably_adopted_in_keeping_with_Tahitian_custom_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001180Mathews_notes_that_Gauguin_certainly_emphasised_the_youth_of_the_girl_for_dramatic_effect._Nevertheless_it_is_likely_Teha'amana_was_in_her_early_teens,_as_young_girls_at_the_time_were_commonly_offered_as_native_wives_to_Westerners._There_is_no_further_record_of_Teha'amana's_baby._Mathews_estimates_it_was_probably_adopted_in_keeping_with_Tahitian_custom-100">[99]</a> Teha'amana was the subject of several of Gauguin's paintings, including <a href="/wiki/Merahi_metua_no_Tehamana" title="Merahi metua no Tehamana">Merahi metua no Tehamana</a> and the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Dead_Watching" title="Spirit of the Dead Watching">Spirit of the Dead Watching</a>, as well as a notable woodcarving <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tehura_(woodcarving)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tehura (woodcarving) (page does not exist)">Tehura</a> now in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> By the end of July 1893, Gauguin had decided to leave Tahiti and he would never see Teha'amana or their child again even after returning to the island several years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987181-102">[101]</a> A digital catalogue raisonné of the paintings from this period was released by the Wildenstein Plattner Institute in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_-_Die_Gesandten_der_Oro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page from Gauguin's notebook (date unknown), Ancien Culte Mahorie. Louvre"><img alt="Page from Gauguin's notebook (date unknown), Ancien Culte Mahorie. Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gauguin_-_Die_Gesandten_der_Oro.jpg/200px-Gauguin_-_Die_Gesandten_der_Oro.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gauguin_-_Die_Gesandten_der_Oro.jpg/300px-Gauguin_-_Die_Gesandten_der_Oro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gauguin_-_Die_Gesandten_der_Oro.jpg/400px-Gauguin_-_Die_Gesandten_der_Oro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1118" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page from Gauguin's notebook (date unknown), Ancien Culte Mahorie. <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Te_aa_no_areois_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi), 1892, Museum of Modern Art"><img alt="Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi), 1892, Museum of Modern Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Paul_Gauguin_-_Te_aa_no_areois_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/155px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Te_aa_no_areois_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Paul_Gauguin_-_Te_aa_no_areois_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/232px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Te_aa_no_areois_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Paul_Gauguin_-_Te_aa_no_areois_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/310px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Te_aa_no_areois_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="3894" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi), 1892, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_(The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Spirit of the Dead Watching 1892, Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY"><img alt="Spirit of the Dead Watching 1892, Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG/200px-Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG/300px-Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG/400px-Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4527" data-file-height="3572" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Dead_Watching" title="Spirit of the Dead Watching">Spirit of the Dead Watching</a> 1892, <a href="/wiki/Albright%E2%80%93Knox_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Albright–Knox Art Gallery">Albright–Knox Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo, NY">Buffalo, NY</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_ca.1891-1893,_Tehura_(Teha%27amana),_polychromed_pua_wood,_H._22.2_cm._Realized_during_Gauguin%27s_first_voyage_to_Tahiti._Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tehura (Teha'amana), 1891–3, polychromed pua wood, Musée d'Orsay, Paris"><img alt="Tehura (Teha'amana), 1891–3, polychromed pua wood, Musée d'Orsay, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paul_Gauguin%2C_ca.1891-1893%2C_Tehura_%28Teha%27amana%29%2C_polychromed_pua_wood%2C_H._22.2_cm._Realized_during_Gauguin%27s_first_voyage_to_Tahiti._Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/177px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_ca.1891-1893%2C_Tehura_%28Teha%27amana%29%2C_polychromed_pua_wood%2C_H._22.2_cm._Realized_during_Gauguin%27s_first_voyage_to_Tahiti._Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paul_Gauguin%2C_ca.1891-1893%2C_Tehura_%28Teha%27amana%29%2C_polychromed_pua_wood%2C_H._22.2_cm._Realized_during_Gauguin%27s_first_voyage_to_Tahiti._Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/266px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_ca.1891-1893%2C_Tehura_%28Teha%27amana%29%2C_polychromed_pua_wood%2C_H._22.2_cm._Realized_during_Gauguin%27s_first_voyage_to_Tahiti._Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paul_Gauguin%2C_ca.1891-1893%2C_Tehura_%28Teha%27amana%29%2C_polychromed_pua_wood%2C_H._22.2_cm._Realized_during_Gauguin%27s_first_voyage_to_Tahiti._Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/354px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_ca.1891-1893%2C_Tehura_%28Teha%27amana%29%2C_polychromed_pua_wood%2C_H._22.2_cm._Realized_during_Gauguin%27s_first_voyage_to_Tahiti._Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1134" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tehura (Teha'amana), 1891–3, polychromed pua wood, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_France">Return to France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Return to France">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_by_Mucha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gauguin_by_Mucha.jpg/170px-Gauguin_by_Mucha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gauguin_by_Mucha.jpg/255px-Gauguin_by_Mucha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gauguin_by_Mucha.jpg/340px-Gauguin_by_Mucha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Gauguin, c. 1895, playing a <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a>'s studio at rue de la Grande-Chaumière, Paris (Mucha photo)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_1894,_Oviri_(Sauvage),_partially_glazed_stoneware,_75_x_19_x_27_cm,_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg/220px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg/440px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3401" data-file-height="5357" /></a><figcaption>Paul Gauguin, 1894, <a href="/wiki/Oviri" title="Oviri">Oviri (Sauvage)</a>, partially glazed stoneware, 75 x 19 x 27 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris. "The theme of Oviri is death, savagery, wildness. Oviri stands over a dead she-wolf, while crushing the life out of her cub." Perhaps, as Gauguin wrote to <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a>, it is a matter of "not death in life but life in death".<a href="#cite_note-Orsay-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Paul_Gauguin_113.jpg/220px-Paul_Gauguin_113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Paul_Gauguin_113.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin_113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Paul_Gauguin_113.jpg/440px-Paul_Gauguin_113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahana_no_atua" title="Mahana no atua">Mahana no atua</a> (Day of the God), 1894</figcaption></figure> In August 1893, Gauguin returned to France, where he continued to execute paintings on Tahitian subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Mahana_no_atua" title="Mahana no atua">Mahana no atua</a> (Day of the God) and <a href="/wiki/Nave_nave_moe" title="Nave nave moe">Nave nave moe</a> (Sacred spring, sweet dreams).<a href="#cite_note-Examination-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987181-102">[101]</a> An exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Durand-Ruel" title="Paul Durand-Ruel">Durand-Ruel</a> gallery in November 1894 was a moderate success, selling at quite elevated prices 11 of the 40 paintings exhibited. He set up an apartment at 6 rue Vercingétorix, on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a> district frequented by artists, and began to conduct a weekly <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salon</a>. He affected an exotic persona, dressing in Polynesian costume, and conducted a public affair with a young woman still in her teens, "half Indian, half Malayan", known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annah_the_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annah the Javanese (page does not exist)">Annah the Javanese</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annah_la_javanesa" class="extiw" title="ca:Annah la javanesa">ca</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001197–199-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Despite the moderate success of his November exhibition, he subsequently lost Durand-Ruel's patronage in circumstances that are not clear. Mathews characterises this as a tragedy for Gauguin's career. Amongst other things he lost the chance of an introduction to the American market.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The start of 1894 found him preparing woodcuts using an experimental technique for his proposed travelogue Noa Noa. He returned to Pont-Aven for the summer. In February 1895 he attempted an auction of his paintings at Hôtel Drouot in Paris, similar to the one of 1891, but this was not a success. The dealer <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a>, however, showed his paintings at his gallery in March 1895, but they unfortunately did not come to terms at that date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001208-110">[109]</a> He submitted a large ceramic sculpture he called <a href="/wiki/Oviri" title="Oviri">Oviri</a> he had fired the previous winter to the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_des_Beaux-Arts" title="Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts">Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts</a> 1895 salon opening in April.<a href="#cite_note-Orsay-104">[103]</a> There are conflicting versions of how it was received: his biographer and Noa Noa collaborator, the <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolist</a> poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Morice_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Morice (writer) (page does not exist)">Charles Morice</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Morice" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Morice">fr</a>], contended (1920) that the work was "literally expelled" from the exhibition, while Vollard said (1937) that the work was admitted only when Chaplet threatened to withdraw all his own work.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In any case, Gauguin took the opportunity to increase his public exposure by writing an outraged letter on the state of modern ceramics to <a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001208–209-112">[111]</a> By this time it had become clear that he and his wife Mette were irrevocably separated. Although there had been hopes of a reconciliation, they had quickly quarrelled over money matters and neither visited the other. Gauguin initially refused to share any part of a 13,000-franc inheritance from his uncle Isidore which he had come into shortly after returning. Mette was eventually gifted 1,500 francs, but she was outraged and from that point on kept in contact with him only through Schuffenecker—doubly galling for Gauguin, as his friend thus knew the true extent of his betrayal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001194,_210-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987182-33">[33]</a> By mid 1895 attempts to raise funds for Gauguin's return to Tahiti had failed, and he began accepting charity from friends. In June 1895 <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eugène Carrière">Eugène Carrière</a> arranged a cheap passage back to Tahiti, and Gauguin never saw Europe again.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin,_Paul_-_Sacred_Spring,_Sweet_Dreams_(Nave_nave_moe).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave nave moe (Sacred spring, sweet dreams), 1894, Hermitage Museum"><img alt="Nave nave moe (Sacred spring, sweet dreams), 1894, Hermitage Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Sacred_Spring%2C_Sweet_Dreams_%28Nave_nave_moe%29.jpg/200px-Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Sacred_Spring%2C_Sweet_Dreams_%28Nave_nave_moe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Sacred_Spring%2C_Sweet_Dreams_%28Nave_nave_moe%29.jpg/300px-Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Sacred_Spring%2C_Sweet_Dreams_%28Nave_nave_moe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Sacred_Spring%2C_Sweet_Dreams_%28Nave_nave_moe%29.jpg/400px-Gauguin%2C_Paul_-_Sacred_Spring%2C_Sweet_Dreams_%28Nave_nave_moe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4432" data-file-height="3296" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nave_nave_moe" title="Nave nave moe">Nave nave moe</a> (Sacred spring, sweet dreams), 1894, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annah the Javanese, (1893), Private collection[114]"><img alt="Annah the Javanese, (1893), Private collection[114]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Paul_Gauguin_004.jpg/136px-Paul_Gauguin_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Paul_Gauguin_004.jpg/204px-Paul_Gauguin_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Paul_Gauguin_004.jpg/272px-Paul_Gauguin_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3726" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Annah the Javanese, (1893), <a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Private collection</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Annah_la_Javanaise_by_Mucha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Gauguin, Alfons Mucha, Luděk Marold, and Annah the Javanese at Mucha's studio, 1893"><img alt="Paul Gauguin, Alfons Mucha, Luděk Marold, and Annah the Javanese at Mucha's studio, 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Annah_la_Javanaise_by_Mucha.jpg/200px-Annah_la_Javanaise_by_Mucha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Annah_la_Javanaise_by_Mucha.jpg/300px-Annah_la_Javanaise_by_Mucha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Annah_la_Javanaise_by_Mucha.jpg/400px-Annah_la_Javanaise_by_Mucha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="521" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paul Gauguin, <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Mucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfons Mucha">Alfons Mucha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lud%C4%9Bk_Marold" title="Luděk Marold">Luděk Marold</a>, and Annah the Javanese at Mucha's studio, 1893</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Nave_Nave_Fenua_from_the_Noa_Noa_Series_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave Nave Fenua (Delightful Land), woodcut in Noa Noa series, 1894, Art Gallery of Ontario"><img alt="Nave Nave Fenua (Delightful Land), woodcut in Noa Noa series, 1894, Art Gallery of Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Paul_Gauguin_-_Nave_Nave_Fenua_from_the_Noa_Noa_Series_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/116px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Nave_Nave_Fenua_from_the_Noa_Noa_Series_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Paul_Gauguin_-_Nave_Nave_Fenua_from_the_Noa_Noa_Series_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/174px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Nave_Nave_Fenua_from_the_Noa_Noa_Series_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Paul_Gauguin_-_Nave_Nave_Fenua_from_the_Noa_Noa_Series_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/232px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Nave_Nave_Fenua_from_the_Noa_Noa_Series_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="3787" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave Nave Fenua (Delightful Land), woodcut in Noa Noa series, 1894, <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario" title="Art Gallery of Ontario">Art Gallery of Ontario</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residence_in_Tahiti">Residence in Tahiti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Residence in Tahiti">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agostini_-_Tahiti,_plate_page_0080.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Agostini_-_Tahiti%2C_plate_page_0080.png/220px-Agostini_-_Tahiti%2C_plate_page_0080.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Agostini_-_Tahiti%2C_plate_page_0080.png/330px-Agostini_-_Tahiti%2C_plate_page_0080.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Agostini_-_Tahiti%2C_plate_page_0080.png/440px-Agostini_-_Tahiti%2C_plate_page_0080.png 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Jules Agostini's 1896 photograph of Gauguin's house in <a href="/wiki/Puna%27auia" class="mw-redirect" title="Puna'auia">Puna'auia</a>. Note the sculpture of a nude woman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001230Mathews_records_an_anecdote_that_a_Catholic_priest_asked_him_to_remove_a_provocative_sculpture_of_a_nude_woman_from_his_grounds._Not_only_did_Gauguin_refuse,_but_he_threatened_to_sue_the_priest._In_a_note_(n._71)_Mathews_casts_doubt_on_the_source_of_the_story_because_she_can't_find_a_record_for_the_priest_named_as_Michel_Béchu,_but_the_priest_in_question_would_appear_to_be_Léonard_Pierre_Béchu,_originally_entered_as_"Michel"_in_cathedral_records_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001230Mathews_records_an_anecdote_that_a_Catholic_priest_asked_him_to_remove_a_provocative_sculpture_of_a_nude_woman_from_his_grounds._Not_only_did_Gauguin_refuse,_but_he_threatened_to_sue_the_priest._In_a_note_(n._71)_Mathews_casts_doubt_on_the_source_of_the_story_because_she_can't_find_a_record_for_the_priest_named_as_Michel_Béchu,_but_the_priest_in_question_would_appear_to_be_Léonard_Pierre_Béchu,_originally_entered_as_"Michel"_in_cathedral_records-116">[115]</a></figcaption></figure> Gauguin set out for Tahiti again on 28 June 1895. His return is characterised by Thomson as an essentially negative one, his disillusionment with the Paris art scene compounded by two attacks on him in the same issue of <a href="/wiki/Mercure_de_France" title="Mercure de France">Mercure de France</a>;<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> one by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard" title="Émile Bernard">Emile Bernard</a>, the other by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Mauclair" title="Camille Mauclair">Camille Mauclair</a>. Mathews remarks that his isolation in Paris had become so bitter that he had no choice but to try to reclaim his place in Tahiti society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987185–186-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001209–210-120">[119]</a> He arrived in September 1895 and was to spend the next six years living, for the most part, an apparently comfortable life as an artist-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colon#Etymology_3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:colon">colon</a> near, or at times in, Papeete. During this time he was able to support himself with an increasingly steady stream of sales and the support of friends and well-wishers, though there was a period of time 1898–1899 when he felt compelled to take a desk job in Papeete, of which there is not much record. He built a spacious reed and thatch house at <a href="/wiki/Puna%27auia" class="mw-redirect" title="Puna'auia">Puna'auia</a> in an affluent area ten miles east of Papeete, settled by wealthy families, in which he installed a large studio, sparing no expense. Jules Agostini, an acquaintance of Gauguin's and an accomplished amateur photographer, photographed the house in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001215-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Later a sale of land obliged him to build a new one in the same neighbourhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987188-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001212–213-125">[124]</a> He maintained a <a href="/wiki/Trap_(carriage)" title="Trap (carriage)">horse and trap</a>, so was in a position to travel daily to Papeete to participate in the social life of the colony should he wish. He subscribed to the Mercure de France (indeed was a shareholder), by then France's foremost critical journal, and kept up an active correspondence with fellow artists, dealers, critics, and patrons in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001214–215-126">[125]</a> During his year in Papeete and thereafter, he played an increasing role in local politics, contributing abrasively to a local journal opposed to the colonial government, Les Guêpes (The Wasps), that had recently been formed, and eventually edited his own monthly publication <a href="/wiki/Le_Sourire" title="Le Sourire">Le Sourire: Journal sérieux</a> (The Smile: A Serious Newspaper), later titled simply Journal méchant (A Wicked Newspaper).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001232–235-127">[126]</a> A certain amount of artwork and woodcuts from his newspaper survive.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In February 1900 he became the editor of Les Guêpes itself, for which he drew a salary, and he continued as editor until he left Tahiti in September 1901. The paper under his editorship was noted for its scurrilous attacks on the governor and officialdom in general, but was not in fact a champion of native causes, although perceived as such nevertheless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001233-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965223–226-130">[129]</a> For the first year at least he produced no paintings, informing Monfreid that he proposed henceforth to concentrate on sculpture. Few of his wooden carvings from this period survive, most of them collected by Monfreid. Thomson cites Oyez Hui Iesu (Christ on the Cross), a wooden cylinder half a metre (20") tall featuring a curious hybrid of religious motifs. The cylinder may have been inspired by similar symbolic carvings in Brittany, such as at <a href="/wiki/Pleumeur-Bodou" title="Pleumeur-Bodou">Pleumeur-Bodou</a>, where ancient menhirs have been Christianised by local craftsmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987188–190-131">[130]</a> When he resumed painting, it was to continue his long-standing series of sexually charged nudes in paintings such as Te tamari no atua (Son of God) and O Taiti (Nevermore). Thomson observes a progression in complexity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987190-132">[131]</a> Mathews notes a return to Christian symbolism that would have endeared him to the colonists of the time, now anxious to preserve what was left of native culture by stressing the universality of religious principles. In these paintings, Gauguin was addressing an audience amongst his fellow colonists in Papeete, not his former avant-garde audience in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001217–219-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> His health took a decided turn for the worse and he was hospitalised several times for a variety of ailments. While he was in France, he had his ankle shattered in a drunken brawl on a seaside visit to <a href="/wiki/Concarneau" title="Concarneau">Concarneau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965163-135">[134]</a> The injury, an <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">open fracture</a>, never healed properly. Then painful and debilitating sores that restricted his movement began erupting up and down his legs. These were treated with arsenic. Gauguin blamed the tropical climate and described the sores as "eczema", but his biographers agree this must have been the progress of syphilis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001188-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987222–223-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[b]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_D%27ou_venons-nous.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Paul_Gauguin_-_D%27ou_venons-nous.jpg/400px-Paul_Gauguin_-_D%27ou_venons-nous.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Paul_Gauguin_-_D%27ou_venons-nous.jpg/600px-Paul_Gauguin_-_D%27ou_venons-nous.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Paul_Gauguin_-_D%27ou_venons-nous.jpg/800px-Paul_Gauguin_-_D%27ou_venons-nous.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3090" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Where_Do_We_Come_From%3F_What_Are_We%3F_Where_Are_We_Going%3F" title="Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?">Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?</a>, 1897, oil on canvas, 139 × 375 cm (55 × 148 in), <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Boston Museum of Fine Arts</a>, Boston, MA</figcaption></figure> In April 1897, he received word that his favorite daughter Aline had died from pneumonia. This was also the month he learned he had to vacate his house because its land had been sold. He took out a bank loan to build a much more extravagant wooden house with beautiful views of the mountains and sea. But he overextended himself in so doing, and by the end of the year faced the real prospect of his bank foreclosing on him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965193–195-139">[137]</a> Failing health and pressing debts brought him to the brink of despair. At the end of the year he completed his monumental <a href="/wiki/Where_Do_We_Come_From%3F_What_Are_We%3F_Where_Are_We_Going%3F" title="Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?">Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?</a>, which he regarded as his masterpiece and final artistic testament (in a letter to Monfreid he explained that he tried to kill himself after finishing it).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987194–200-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001225–229-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> The painting was exhibited at Vollard's gallery in November the following year, along with eight thematically related paintings he had completed by July.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> This was his first major exhibition in Paris since his Durand-Ruel show in 1893 and it was a decided success, critics praising his new serenity. Where do we come from?, however, received mixed reviews and Vollard had difficulty selling it. He eventually sold it in 1901 for 2,500 francs (about $10,000 in year 2000 US dollars) to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Frizeau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Frizeau (page does not exist)">Gabriel Frizeau</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Frizeau" class="extiw" title="fr:Gabriel Frizeau">fr</a>], of which Vollard's commission was perhaps as much as 500 francs. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Tahitian_Woman_with_Evil_Spirit_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paul_Gauguin_-_Tahitian_Woman_with_Evil_Spirit_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Tahitian_Woman_with_Evil_Spirit_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paul_Gauguin_-_Tahitian_Woman_with_Evil_Spirit_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Tahitian_Woman_with_Evil_Spirit_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paul_Gauguin_-_Tahitian_Woman_with_Evil_Spirit_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Tahitian_Woman_with_Evil_Spirit_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="3090" /></a><figcaption>Tahitian Woman with Evil Spirit, traced monotype, 1899/1900, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4del" title="Städel">Städel</a></figcaption></figure> Georges Chaudet, Gauguin's Paris dealer, died in the fall of 1899. Vollard had been buying Gauguin's paintings through Chaudet and now made an agreement with Gauguin directly.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987194-200-145">[143]</a> The agreement provided Gauguin a regular monthly advance of 300 francs against a guaranteed purchase of at least 25 unseen paintings a year at 200 francs each, and in addition Vollard undertook to provide him with his art materials. There were some initial problems on both sides, but Gauguin was finally able to realise his long cherished plan of resettling in the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a> in search of a yet more <a href="/wiki/Urgesellschaft" title="Urgesellschaft">primitive society</a>. He spent his final months in Tahiti living in considerable comfort, as attested by the liberality with which he entertained his friends at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965227–228-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001234-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Gauguin was unable to continue his work in ceramics in the islands for the simple reason that suitable clay was not available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196918-149">[147]</a> Similarly, without access to a printing press (Le Sourire was <a href="/wiki/Hectograph" title="Hectograph">hectographed</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965209-150">[148]</a> he was obliged to turn to the <a href="/wiki/Monotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotype">monotype</a> process in his graphic work.<a href="#cite_note-Metamorphoses-151">[149]</a> Surviving examples of these prints are rather rare and command very high prices in the saleroom.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> During this time Gauguin maintained a relationship with Pahura (Pau'ura) a Tai, the daughter of neighbours in Puna'auia. Gauguin began this relationship when Pau'ura was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">14+1⁄2 years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965182-153">[151]</a> He fathered two children with her, of which a daughter died in infancy. The other, a boy, she raised herself. His descendants still inhabited Tahiti at the time of Mathews' biography. Pahura refused to accompany Gauguin to the Marquesas away from her family in Puna'auia (earlier she had left him when he took work in Papeete just 10 miles away).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965228-154">[152]</a> When the English writer <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">Willam Somerset Maugham</a> visited her in 1917, she could offer him no useful memory of Gauguin and chided him for visiting her without bringing money from Gauguin's family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001213–214-155">[153]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Oyez_Hui_Iesu_(Christ_on_the_Cross).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oyez Hui Iesu (Christ on the Cross), rubbing (reverse print) from an 1896 wooden cylinder, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston"><img alt="Oyez Hui Iesu (Christ on the Cross), rubbing (reverse print) from an 1896 wooden cylinder, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_Gauguin_-_Oyez_Hui_Iesu_%28Christ_on_the_Cross%29.jpg/120px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Oyez_Hui_Iesu_%28Christ_on_the_Cross%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_Gauguin_-_Oyez_Hui_Iesu_%28Christ_on_the_Cross%29.jpg/180px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Oyez_Hui_Iesu_%28Christ_on_the_Cross%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_Gauguin_-_Oyez_Hui_Iesu_%28Christ_on_the_Cross%29.jpg/240px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Oyez_Hui_Iesu_%28Christ_on_the_Cross%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oyez Hui Iesu (Christ on the Cross), rubbing (reverse print) from an 1896 wooden cylinder, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_091.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nevermore (O Taiti), 1897, Courtauld Gallery, London"><img alt="Nevermore (O Taiti), 1897, Courtauld Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paul_Gauguin_091.jpg/200px-Paul_Gauguin_091.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paul_Gauguin_091.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_091.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paul_Gauguin_091.jpg/400px-Paul_Gauguin_091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="1655" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nevermore_(Gauguin)" title="Nevermore (Gauguin)">Nevermore</a> (O Taiti), 1897, <a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Gallery" title="Courtauld Gallery">Courtauld Gallery</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_Eve_(The_Nightmare),_1899%E2%80%931900_monotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eve (The Nightmare), 1899–1900, monotype, J. Paul Getty Museum"><img alt="Eve (The Nightmare), 1899–1900, monotype, J. Paul Getty Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Eve_%28The_Nightmare%29%2C_1899%E2%80%931900_monotype.jpg/151px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Eve_%28The_Nightmare%29%2C_1899%E2%80%931900_monotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Eve_%28The_Nightmare%29%2C_1899%E2%80%931900_monotype.jpg/227px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Eve_%28The_Nightmare%29%2C_1899%E2%80%931900_monotype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Eve_%28The_Nightmare%29%2C_1899%E2%80%931900_monotype.jpg/303px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Eve_%28The_Nightmare%29%2C_1899%E2%80%931900_monotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="4294" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eve (The Nightmare), 1899–1900, monotype, <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marquesas_Islands">Marquesas Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marquesas Islands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Maison_du_Jouir_-_RF_2723.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Paul_Gauguin_-_Maison_du_Jouir_-_RF_2723.jpg/400px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Maison_du_Jouir_-_RF_2723.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Paul_Gauguin_-_Maison_du_Jouir_-_RF_2723.jpg/600px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Maison_du_Jouir_-_RF_2723.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Paul_Gauguin_-_Maison_du_Jouir_-_RF_2723.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="129" /></a><figcaption>Door lintel at Maison du Jouir, 1901, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atuona_-_Maison_du_Jouir_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atuona_-_Maison_du_Jouir_%281%29.JPG/220px-Atuona_-_Maison_du_Jouir_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atuona_-_Maison_du_Jouir_%281%29.JPG/330px-Atuona_-_Maison_du_Jouir_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atuona_-_Maison_du_Jouir_%281%29.JPG/440px-Atuona_-_Maison_du_Jouir_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of Gauguin's home Maison du Jouir (House of Pleasure) at Atuona, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_Cultural_Center" title="Paul Gauguin Cultural Center">Paul Gauguin Cultural Center</a></figcaption></figure> Gauguin had nurtured his plan of settling in the Marquesas ever since seeing a collection of intricately carved Marquesan bowls and weapons in Papeete during his first months in Tahiti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196925-156">[154]</a> However, he found a society that, as in Tahiti, had lost its cultural identity. Of all the Pacific island groups, the Marquesas were the most affected by the import of Western diseases (especially <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-newadvent-157">[155]</a> An 18th-century population of some 80,000 had declined to just 4,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965232-158">[156]</a> Catholic missionaries held sway and, in their effort to control drunkenness and promiscuity, obliged all native children to attend missionary schools into their teens. French colonial rule was enforced by a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> noted for its malevolence and stupidity, while traders, both Western and Chinese, exploited the natives appallingly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196926-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965234-160">[158]</a> Gauguin settled in <a href="/wiki/Atuona" title="Atuona">Atuona</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hiva-Oa" title="Hiva-Oa">Hiva-Oa</a>, arriving 16 September 1901.<a href="#cite_note-161">[c]</a> This was the administrative capital of the island group, but considerably less developed than Papeete although there was an efficient and regular steamer service between the two. There was a military doctor but no hospital. The doctor was relocated to Papeete the following February and thereafter Gauguin had to rely on the island's two health care workers, the Vietnamese exile Nguyen Van Cam (Ky Dong), who had settled on the island but had no formal medical training, and the Protestant pastor Paul Vernier, who had studied medicine in addition to theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965249-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001235–236-163">[160]</a> Both of these were to become close friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965236,_250-164">[161]</a> He bought a plot of land in the center of the town from the Catholic mission, having first ingratiated himself with the local bishop by attending mass regularly. This bishop was Monseigneur Joseph Martin, initially well disposed to Gauguin because he was aware that Gauguin had sided with the Catholic party in Tahiti in his journalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001239-165">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_P%C3%A8re_Paillard_-_NGA_1963.10.238.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Paul_Gauguin_-_P%C3%A8re_Paillard_-_NGA_1963.10.238.jpg/220px-Paul_Gauguin_-_P%C3%A8re_Paillard_-_NGA_1963.10.238.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Paul_Gauguin_-_P%C3%A8re_Paillard_-_NGA_1963.10.238.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin_-_P%C3%A8re_Paillard_-_NGA_1963.10.238.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Paul_Gauguin_-_P%C3%A8re_Paillard_-_NGA_1963.10.238.jpg/440px-Paul_Gauguin_-_P%C3%A8re_Paillard_-_NGA_1963.10.238.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Père Paillard (Father Lechery), 1902, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>. Gauguin's lampoon of Bishop Martin.</figcaption></figure> Gauguin built a two-floor house on his plot, sturdy enough to survive a later cyclone which washed away most other dwellings in the town. He was helped in the task by the two best Marquesan carpenters on the island, one of them called Tioka, tattooed from head to toe in the traditional Marquesan way (a tradition suppressed by the missionaries). Tioka was a deacon in Vernier's congregation and became Gauguin's neighbour after the cyclone when Gauguin gifted him a corner of his plot. The ground floor was open-air and used for dining and living, while the top floor was used for sleeping and as his studio. The door to the top floor was decorated with a polychrome wood-carved lintel and jambs that still survive in museums. The lintel named the house as Maison du Jouir (i.e. House of Pleasure), while the jambs echoed his earlier 1889 wood-carving <a href="/wiki/Soyez_amoureuses_vous_serez_heureuses" title="Soyez amoureuses vous serez heureuses">Soyez amoureuses vous serez heureuses</a> (i.e. Be in Love, You Will Be Happy). The walls were decorated with, amongst other things, his prized collection of forty-five pornographic photographs he had purchased in Port Said on his way out from France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965238-166">[163]</a> In the early days at least, until Gauguin found a vahine, the house drew appreciative crowds in the evenings from the natives, who came to stare at the pictures and party half the night away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965240-167">[164]</a> Needless to say, all this did not endear Gauguin to the bishop, still less when Gauguin erected two sculptures he placed at the foot of his steps lampooning the bishop and a servant reputed to be the bishop's mistress,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965256-168">[165]</a> and yet still less when Gauguin later attacked the unpopular missionary school system.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> The sculpture of the bishop, Père Paillard, is to be found at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, while its pendant piece Thérèse realized a record $30,965,000 for a Gauguin sculpture at a Christie's New York 2015 sale.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> These were among at least eight sculptures that adorned the house according to a posthumous inventory, most of which are lost today. Together they represented a very public attack on the hypocrisy of the church in sexual matters.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> State funding for the missionary schools had ceased as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1901_French_law_on_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="1901 French law on associations">1901 Associations Bill</a> promulgated throughout the French empire.<a href="#cite_note-newadvent-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001239-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> The schools continued with difficulty as private institutions, but these difficulties were compounded when Gauguin established that attendance at any given school was only compulsory within a catchment area of some two and a half miles radius. This led to numerous teenage daughters being withdrawn from the schools (Gauguin called this process "rescuing"). He took as vahine one such girl, Vaeoho (also called Marie-Rose), the 14-year-old daughter of a native couple who lived in an adjoining valley six miles distant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965240–241-175">[172]</a> This can scarcely have been a pleasant task for her as Gauguin's sores were by then extremely noxious and required daily dressing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001235–236-163">[160]</a> Nevertheless, she lived willingly with him and the following year gave birth to a healthy daughter whose descendants continue to live on the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965241-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965255-177">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Le_Sorcier_d%27Hiva_Oa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paul_Gauguin_-_Le_Sorcier_d%27Hiva_Oa.jpg/220px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Le_Sorcier_d%27Hiva_Oa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paul_Gauguin_-_Le_Sorcier_d%27Hiva_Oa.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Le_Sorcier_d%27Hiva_Oa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paul_Gauguin_-_Le_Sorcier_d%27Hiva_Oa.jpg/440px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Le_Sorcier_d%27Hiva_Oa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="2386" /></a><figcaption>Le Sorcier d'Hiva Oa (Marquesan Man in a Red Cape), 1902, Musée d'art moderne et d'art contemporain de Liège</figcaption></figure> By November he had settled into his new home with Vaeoho, a cook (Kahui), two other servants (nephews of Tioka), his dog, Pegau (a play on his initials PG), and a cat. The house itself, although in the center of the town, was set amongst trees and secluded from view. The partying ceased and he began a period of productive work, sending twenty canvases to Vollard the following April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965241–255-178">[175]</a> He had thought he would find new motifs in the Marquesas, writing to Monfreid:<a href="#cite_note-S243-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I think in the Marquesas, where it is easy to find models (a thing that is growing more and more difficult in Tahiti), and with new country to explore – with new and more savage subject matter in brief – that I shall do beautiful things. Here my imagination has begun to cool, and then, too, the public has grown so used to Tahiti. The world is so stupid that if one shows it canvases containing new and terrible elements, Tahiti will become comprehensible and charming. My Brittany pictures are now rose-water because of Tahiti; Tahiti will become eau de Cologne because of the Marquesas.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Paul Gauguin, Letter LII to George Daniel de Monfreid, June 1901</cite></div></blockquote> In fact, his Marquesas work for the most part can only be distinguished from his Tahiti work by experts or by their dates,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001243-181">[178]</a> paintings such as Two Women remaining uncertain in their location.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> For Anna Szech, what distinguishes them is their repose and melancholy, albeit containing elements of disquiet. Thus, in the second of two versions of Cavaliers sur la Plage (Riders on the Beach), gathering clouds and foamy breakers suggest an impending storm while the two distant figures on grey horses echo similar figures in other paintings that are taken to symbolise death.<a href="#cite_note-S243-179">[176]</a> Gauguin chose to paint landscapes, still lifes, and figure studies at this time, with an eye to Vollard's clientele, avoiding the primitive and lost paradise themes of his Tahiti paintings.<a href="#cite_note-C312-183">[180]</a> But there is a significant trio of pictures from this last period that suggest deeper concerns. The first two of these are Jeune fille à l'éventail (Young Girl with Fan) and Le Sorcier d'Hiva Oa (Marquesan Man in a Red Cape). The model for Jeune fille was the red-headed Tohotaua, the daughter of a chieftain on a neighbouring island. The portrait appears to have been taken from <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Grelet_-_Tohotaua.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Louis Grelet - Tohotaua.jpg">a portrait photograph of Tohotaua by Louis Grelet</a> that Vernier later sent to Vollard. The model for Le sorcier may have been Haapuani, an accomplished dancer as well as a feared magician, who was a close friend of Gauguin's and, according to <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Danielsson" title="Bengt Danielsson">Bengt Danielsson</a>, married to Tohotau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965244-184">[181]</a> Szech notes that the white colour of Tohotau's dress is a symbol of power and death in Polynesian culture, the sitter doing duty for a <a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Maohi</a> culture as a whole threatened with extinction.<a href="#cite_note-S243-179">[176]</a> Le Sorcier appears to have been executed at the same time and depicts a long-haired young man wearing an exotic red cape. The <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a> nature of the image has attracted critical attention, giving rise to speculation that Gauguin intended to depict a <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">māhū</a> (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> person) rather than a taua or priest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001243-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> The third picture of the trio is the mysterious and beautiful Contes barbares (Primitive Tales) featuring Tohotau again at the right. The left figure is <a href="/wiki/Meijer_de_Haan" title="Meijer de Haan">Jacob Meyer de Haan</a>, a painter friend of Gauguin's from their Pont-Aven days who had died a few years previously, while the middle figure is again androgynous, identified by some as Haapuani. The Buddha-like pose and the lotus blossoms suggests to Elizabeth Childs that the picture is a meditation on the perpetual cycle of life and the possibility of rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-C312-183">[180]</a> As these paintings reached Vollard after Gauguin's sudden death, nothing is known about Gauguin's intentions in their execution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001246-187">[184]</a> In March 1902, the governor of French Polynesia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Petit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Petit (page does not exist)">Édouard Petit</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Petit_(%C3%A9crivain)" class="extiw" title="fr:Édouard Petit (écrivain)">fr</a>], arrived in the Marquesas to make an inspection. He was accompanied by Édouard Charlier as head of the judicial system. Charlier was an amateur painter who had been befriended by Gauguin when he first arrived as magistrate at Papeete in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965179-188">[185]</a> However their relationship had turned to enmity when Charlier refused to prosecute Gauguin's then vahine Pau'ura for a number of trivial offences, allegedly housebreaking and theft, she had committed at Puna'auia while Gauguin was away working in Papeete. Gauguin had gone so far as to publish an open letter attacking Charlier about the affair in Les Guêpes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965211-189">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965212-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965213-191">[188]</a> Petit, presumably suitably forewarned, refused to see Gauguin to deliver the settlers' protests (Gauguin their spokesman) about the invidious taxation system, which saw most revenue from the Marquesas spent in Papeete. Gauguin responded in April by refusing to pay his taxes and encouraging the settlers, traders and planters, to do likewise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965248-192">[189]</a> At around the same time, Gauguin's health began to deteriorate again, revisited by the same familiar constellation of symptoms involving pain in the legs, heart palpitations, and general debility. The pain in his injured ankle grew insupportable and in July he was obliged to order a <a href="/wiki/Trap_(carriage)" title="Trap (carriage)">trap</a> from Papeete so that he could get about town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965249-162">[159]</a> By September the pain was so extreme that he resorted to <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> injections. However he was sufficiently concerned by the habit he was developing to turn his syringe set over to a neighbour, relying instead on <a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">laudanum</a>. His sight was also beginning to fail him, as attested by the spectacles he wears in his last known self-portrait. This was actually a portrait commenced by his friend Ky Dong that he completed himself, thus accounting for its uncharacteristic style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965258-193">[190]</a> It shows a man tired and aged, yet not entirely defeated.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> For a while he considered returning to Europe, to Spain, to get treatment. Monfreid advised him:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965258–259-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In returning you will risk damaging that process of incubation which is taking place in the public's appreciation of you. At present you are a unique and legendary artist, sending to us from the remote South Seas disconcerting and inimitable works which are the definitive creations of a great man who, in a way, has already gone from this world. Your enemies – and like all who upset the mediocrities you have many enemies – are silent; but they dare not attack you, do not even think of it. You are so far away. You should not return... You are already as unassailable as all the great dead; you already belong to the history of art.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George Daniel Monfreid, Letter to Paul Gauguin circa October 1902</cite></div></blockquote> In July 1902, Vaeoho, by then seven months pregnant, left Gauguin to return home to her neighbouring valley of Hekeani to have her baby amongst family and friends. She gave birth in September but did not return. Gauguin did not subsequently take another vahine. It was at this time that his quarrel with Bishop Martin over missionary schools reached its height. The local gendarme, Désiré Charpillet, at first friendly to Gauguin, wrote a report to the administrator of the island group, who resided on the neighbouring island of <a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a>, criticizing Gauguin for encouraging natives to withdraw their children from school as well as encouraging settlers to withhold payment of their taxes. As luck would have it, the post of administrator had recently been filled by François Picquenot, an old friend of Gauguin's from Tahiti and essentially sympathetic to him. Picquenot advised Charpillet not to take any action over the schools issue, since Gauguin had the law on his side, but authorised Charpillet to seize goods from Gauguin in lieu of payment of taxes if all else failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965255–258-197">[194]</a> Possibly prompted by loneliness, and at times unable to paint, Gauguin took to writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987202-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965259-199">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_L%27Esprit_Moderne_et_le_Catholicisme_-_F_82a,_F_82b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Paul_Gauguin_-_L%27Esprit_Moderne_et_le_Catholicisme_-_F_82a%2C_F_82b.jpg/220px-Paul_Gauguin_-_L%27Esprit_Moderne_et_le_Catholicisme_-_F_82a%2C_F_82b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Paul_Gauguin_-_L%27Esprit_Moderne_et_le_Catholicisme_-_F_82a%2C_F_82b.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin_-_L%27Esprit_Moderne_et_le_Catholicisme_-_F_82a%2C_F_82b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Paul_Gauguin_-_L%27Esprit_Moderne_et_le_Catholicisme_-_F_82a%2C_F_82b.jpg/440px-Paul_Gauguin_-_L%27Esprit_Moderne_et_le_Catholicisme_-_F_82a%2C_F_82b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>L'Esprit Moderne et le Catholicisme front and back covers, 1902, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">Saint Louis Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In 1901, the manuscript of Noa Noa that Gauguin had prepared along with woodcuts during his interlude in France was finally published with Morice's poems in book form in the <a href="/wiki/La_Plume" title="La Plume">La Plume</a> edition (the manuscript itself is now lodged in the Louvre museum). Sections of it (including his account of Teha'amana) had previously been published without woodcuts in 1897 in <a href="/wiki/La_Revue_Blanche" title="La Revue Blanche">La Revue Blanche</a>, while he himself had published extracts in Les Guêpes while he was editor. The La Plume edition was planned to include his woodcuts, but he withheld permission to print them on smooth paper as the publishers wished.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> In truth he had grown uninterested in the venture with Morice and never saw a copy, declining an offer of one hundred complimentary copies.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Nevertheless, its publication inspired him to consider writing other books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001247-202">[199]</a> At the beginning of the year (1902), he had revised an old 1896–97 manuscript, L'Esprit Moderne et le Catholicisme (The Modern Spirit and Catholicism), on the Roman Catholic Church, adding some twenty pages containing insights gleaned from his dealings with Bishop Martin. He sent this text to Bishop Martin, who responded by sending him an illustrated history of the Church. Gauguin returned the book with critical remarks he later published in his autobiographical reminisces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965259–262-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> He next prepared a witty and well-documented essay, Racontars de Rapin (Tales of a Dabbler) on critics and art criticism, which he sent for publication to <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontainas" title="André Fontainas">André Fontainas</a>, art critic at the Mercure de France whose favourable review of Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? had done much to restore his reputation. Fontainas, however, replied that he dared not publish it. It was not subsequently published until 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001247-202">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965262-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> On 27 May that year, the steamer service, Croix du Sud, was shipwrecked off the <a href="/wiki/Apataki" title="Apataki">Apataki</a> atoll, and for a period of three months the island was left without mail or supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965252-209">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> When mail service resumed, Gauguin penned an angry attack on Governor Petit in an open letter, complaining amongst other things about the way they had been abandoned following the shipwreck. The letter was published by L'Indepéndant, the successor newspaper to Les Guêpes, that November in Papeete. Petit had in fact followed an independent and pro-native policy, to the disappointment of the Roman Catholic Party, and the newspaper was preparing an attack on him. Gauguin also sent the letter to the Mercure de France, which published a redacted version of it after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965262-205">[202]</a> He followed this with a private letter to the head of the gendarmerie in Papeete, complaining about his own local gendarme Charpillet's excesses in making prisoners labor for him. Danielsson notes that, while these and similar complaints were well-founded, the motivation for them all was wounded vanity and simple animosity. As it happened, the relatively supportive Charpillet was replaced that December by another gendarme, Jean-Paul Claverie, from Tahiti, much less well disposed to Gauguin and who in fact had fined him in his earliest Mataiea days for public indecency, having caught him bathing naked in a local stream following complaints from the missionaries there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965264-211">[208]</a> His health further deteriorated in December to the extent that he was scarcely able to paint. He began an autobiographical memoir he called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avant_et_apr%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avant et après (page does not exist)">Avant et après</a> (Before and After) (published in translation in the US as Intimate Journals), which he completed over the next two months.<a href="#cite_note-Avant_et_après-65">[65]</a> The title was supposed to reflect his experiences before and after coming to Tahiti and as tribute to his own grandmother's unpublished memoir Past and Future. His memoir proved to be a fragmented collection of observations about life in Polynesia, his own life, and comments on literature and paintings. He included in it attacks on subjects as diverse as the local gendarmerie, Bishop Martin, his wife Mette and the <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a> in general, and concluded with a description of his personal philosophy conceiving life as an <a href="/wiki/Existential" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential">existential</a> struggle to reconcile opposing binaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001247-252-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[d]</a> Mathews notes two closing remarks as a distillation of his philosophy:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">No one is good; no one is evil; everyone is both, in the same way and in different ways. … It is so small a thing, the life of a man, and yet there is time to do great things, fragments of the common task.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Paul Gauguin, Intimate Journals, 1903<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a></cite></div></blockquote> He sent the manuscript to Fontainas for editing, but the rights reverted to Mette after Gauguin's death, and it was not published until 1918 (in a facsimile edition); the American translation appearing in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oviri_on_the_Tomb_of_Gauguin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oviri_on_the_Tomb_of_Gauguin.jpg/220px-Oviri_on_the_Tomb_of_Gauguin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oviri_on_the_Tomb_of_Gauguin.jpg/330px-Oviri_on_the_Tomb_of_Gauguin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oviri_on_the_Tomb_of_Gauguin.jpg/440px-Oviri_on_the_Tomb_of_Gauguin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Oviri figure on Gauguin's grave in <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery,_Atuona" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvary Cemetery, Atuona">Atuona</a></figcaption></figure> At the beginning of 1903, Gauguin engaged in a campaign designed to expose the incompetence of the island's gendarmes, in particular Jean-Paul Claverie, for taking the side of the natives directly in a case involving the alleged drunkenness of a group of them.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> Claverie, however, escaped censure. At the beginning of February, Gauguin wrote to the administrator, François Picquenot, alleging corruption by one of Claverie's subordinates. Picquenot investigated the allegations but could not substantiate them. Claverie responded by filing a charge against Gauguin of libeling a gendarme. He was subsequently fined 500 francs and sentenced to three months' imprisonment by the local magistrate on 27 March 1903. Gauguin immediately filed an appeal in Papeete and set about raising the funds to travel to Papeete to hear his appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965271–274-219">[215]</a> At this time Gauguin was very weak and in great pain and resorted once again to using morphine. He died suddenly on the morning of 8 May 1903. <a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001252–254-221">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[e]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_106.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cavaliers sur la Plage [II] (Riders on the Beach), 1902, Private collection"><img alt="Cavaliers sur la Plage [II] (Riders on the Beach), 1902, Private collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Paul_Gauguin_106.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_106.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Paul_Gauguin_106.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Paul_Gauguin_106.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2527" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cavaliers sur la Plage [II] (Riders on the Beach), 1902, <a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Private collection</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Landscape_with_a_Pig_and_a_Horse_(Hiva_Oa)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landscape with a Pig and a Horse (Hiva Oa), 1903, Ateneum, Helsinki"><img alt="Landscape with a Pig and a Horse (Hiva Oa), 1903, Ateneum, Helsinki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Paul_Gauguin_-_Landscape_with_a_Pig_and_a_Horse_%28Hiva_Oa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/131px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Landscape_with_a_Pig_and_a_Horse_%28Hiva_Oa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Paul_Gauguin_-_Landscape_with_a_Pig_and_a_Horse_%28Hiva_Oa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/196px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Landscape_with_a_Pig_and_a_Horse_%28Hiva_Oa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Paul_Gauguin_-_Landscape_with_a_Pig_and_a_Horse_%28Hiva_Oa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/261px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Landscape_with_a_Pig_and_a_Horse_%28Hiva_Oa%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3486" data-file-height="4001" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Landscape with a Pig and a Horse (Hiva Oa), 1903, <a href="/wiki/Ateneum" title="Ateneum"> Ateneum, Helsinki</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_Nature_morte_aux_oiseaux_exotiques_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Still life with Exotic Birds, 1902, Pushkin Museum"><img alt="Still life with Exotic Birds, 1902, Pushkin Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gauguin_Nature_morte_aux_oiseaux_exotiques_I.jpg/150px-Gauguin_Nature_morte_aux_oiseaux_exotiques_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gauguin_Nature_morte_aux_oiseaux_exotiques_I.jpg/225px-Gauguin_Nature_morte_aux_oiseaux_exotiques_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gauguin_Nature_morte_aux_oiseaux_exotiques_I.jpg/300px-Gauguin_Nature_morte_aux_oiseaux_exotiques_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3054" data-file-height="2419" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Still life with Exotic Birds, 1902, <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Jeune_fille_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9ventail_-_Folkwang_G53.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jeune fille à l'éventail (Young Girl with a Fan), 1902, Museum Folkwang"><img alt="Jeune fille à l'éventail (Young Girl with a Fan), 1902, Museum Folkwang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Paul_Gauguin_-_Jeune_fille_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9ventail_-_Folkwang_G53.jpg/119px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Jeune_fille_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9ventail_-_Folkwang_G53.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Paul_Gauguin_-_Jeune_fille_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9ventail_-_Folkwang_G53.jpg/179px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Jeune_fille_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9ventail_-_Folkwang_G53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Paul_Gauguin_-_Jeune_fille_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9ventail_-_Folkwang_G53.jpg/238px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Jeune_fille_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9ventail_-_Folkwang_G53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Jeune fille à l'éventail (Young Girl with a Fan), 1902, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Folkwang" title="Museum Folkwang">Museum Folkwang</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Contes_barbares_-_Folkwang_G54.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contes barbares (Primitive Tales), 1902, Museum Folkwang"><img alt="Contes barbares (Primitive Tales), 1902, Museum Folkwang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paul_Gauguin_-_Contes_barbares_-_Folkwang_G54.jpg/102px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Contes_barbares_-_Folkwang_G54.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paul_Gauguin_-_Contes_barbares_-_Folkwang_G54.jpg/154px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Contes_barbares_-_Folkwang_G54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paul_Gauguin_-_Contes_barbares_-_Folkwang_G54.jpg/205px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Contes_barbares_-_Folkwang_G54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Contes barbares (Primitive Tales), 1902, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Folkwang" title="Museum Folkwang">Museum Folkwang</a></div> </li> </ul> Earlier, he had sent for his pastor, Paul Vernier, complaining of fainting fits. They had chatted together, and Vernier had left, believing him in a stable condition. However, Gauguin's neighbour, Tioka, found him dead at 11 o'clock, confirming the fact in the traditional Marquesan way by biting his scalp in an attempt to revive him. By his bedside was an empty bottle of <a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">laudanum</a>, which has given rise to speculation that he was the victim of an overdose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965274-223">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965275-224">[219]</a> Vernier believed he died of a heart attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001257-225">[220]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grab_Gauguin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Grab_Gauguin.jpg/180px-Grab_Gauguin.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Grab_Gauguin.jpg/270px-Grab_Gauguin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Grab_Gauguin.jpg/360px-Grab_Gauguin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="3118" /></a><figcaption>Gauguin's grave, Atuona</figcaption></figure> Gauguin was buried in the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery,_Atuona" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvary Cemetery, Atuona">Calvary Cemetery</a> (Cimetière Calvaire), <a href="/wiki/Atuona" title="Atuona">Atuona</a>, Hiva 'Oa, at 2 p.m. the next day. In 1973, a bronze cast of his Oviri figure was placed on his grave, as he had indicated was his wish.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> Ironically, his nearest neighbor in the cemetery is Bishop Martin, his grave surmounted by a large white cross. Vernier wrote an account of Gauguin's last days and burial, reproduced in O'Brien's edition of Gauguin's letters to Monfreid.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> Word of Gauguin's death did not reach France (to Monfreid) until 23 August 1903. In the absence of a will, his less valuable effects were auctioned in Atuona while his letters, manuscripts, and paintings were auctioned in Papeete on 5 September 1903. Mathews notes that this speedy dispersal of his effects led to the loss of much valuable information about his later years. Thomson notes that the auction inventory of his effects (some of which were burned as pornography) revealed a life that was not as impoverished or primitive as he had liked to maintain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987204-228">[223]</a> Mette Gauguin in due course received the proceeds of the auction, some 4,000 francs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001255-229">[224]</a> One of the paintings auctioned in Papeete was Maternité II, a smaller version of Maternité I in the Hermitage Museum. The original was painted at the time his then vahine, Pau'ura, in Puna'auia, gave birth to their son Emile. It is not known why he painted the smaller copy. It was sold for 150 francs to a French naval officer, Commandant Cochin, who said that Governor Petit himself had bid up to 135 francs for the painting. It was sold at Sotheby's for US$39,208,000 in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_-_Maternite_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gauguin_-_Maternite_II.jpg/180px-Gauguin_-_Maternite_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gauguin_-_Maternite_II.jpg/270px-Gauguin_-_Maternite_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gauguin_-_Maternite_II.jpg/360px-Gauguin_-_Maternite_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Maternité II, 1899, <a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">private collection</a>, sold at auction in Papeete, 1903</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_Cultural_Center" title="Paul Gauguin Cultural Center">Paul Gauguin Cultural Center</a> at Atuona has a reconstruction of the Maison du Jouir. The original house stood empty for a few years, the door still carrying Gauguin's carved lintel. This was eventually recovered, four of the five pieces held at the Musée D'Orsay and the fifth at the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_Museum_(Tahiti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Gauguin Museum (Tahiti)">Paul Gauguin Museum</a> in Tahiti.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> In 2014, forensic examination of four teeth found in a glass jar in a well near Gauguin's house threw into question the conventional belief that Gauguin had suffered from syphilis. DNA examination established that the teeth were almost certainly Gauguin's, but no traces were found of the mercury that was used to treat syphilis at the time, suggesting either that Gauguin did not suffer from syphilis or that he was not being treated for it.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meier-233">[228]</a> In 2007, four rotten <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a>, which may have been Gauguin's, were found by archaeologists at the bottom of a well that he built on the island of Hiva Oa, on the Marquese Islands.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Children">edit</a>]</div> Gauguin outlived three of his children; his favorite daughter Aline died of pneumonia, his son Clovis died of a blood infection following a hip operation,<a href="#cite_note-swain1965-235">[230]</a> and a daughter, whose birth was portrayed in Gauguin's painting of 1896 <a href="/wiki/Te_tamari_no_atua" title="Te tamari no atua">Te tamari no atua</a>, the child of Gauguin's young Tahitian mistress, Pau'ura, died only a few days after her birth on Christmas Day 1896.<a href="#cite_note-1896birth-236">[231]</a> His son, Émile Gauguin, worked as a construction engineer in the U.S. and is buried in Lemon Bay Historical Cemetery, in Florida. Another son, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Gauguin" title="Jean René Gauguin">Jean René</a>, became a well-known sculptor and a staunch socialist. He died on 21 April 1961 in Copenhagen. <a href="/wiki/Pola_Gauguin" title="Pola Gauguin">Pola</a> (Paul Rollon) became an artist and art critic and wrote a memoir, My Father, Paul Gauguin (1937). Gauguin had several other children by his mistresses: Germaine (born 1891) with Juliette Huais (1866–1955); Émile Marae a Tai (born 1899) with Pau'ura; and a daughter (born 1902) with Vaeoho (Marie-Rose). There is some speculation that the Belgian artist, Germaine Chardon, was Gauguin's daughter. Emile Marae a Tai, <a href="/wiki/Illiterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiterate">illiterate</a> and raised in Tahiti by Pau'ura, was brought to Chicago in 1963 by the French journalist Josette Giraud and was an artist in his own right, his descendants still living in Tahiti as of 2001.<a href="#cite_note-swain1965-235">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001213-237">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historical significance">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a> was an art movement of late 19th-century painting and sculpture, characterized by exaggerated body proportions, animal totems, geometric designs, and stark contrasts. The first artist to systematically use these effects and achieve broad public success was Paul Gauguin.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> The European cultural elite, discovering the art of Africa, Micronesia, and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> for the first time, were fascinated, intrigued, and educated by the newness, wildness, and the stark power embodied in the art of those faraway places. Like <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> in the early days of the 20th century, Gauguin was inspired and motivated by the raw power and simplicity of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive</a> Art of those foreign cultures.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> Gauguin is also considered a <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Impressionist">Post-Impressionist</a> painter. His bold, colourful, and design oriented paintings significantly influenced <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern art</a>. Artists and movements in the early 20th century inspired by him include <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain" title="André Derain">André Derain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a>, among others. Later, he influenced <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Frank_Mathews" title="Arthur Frank Mathews">Arthur Frank Mathews</a> and the American <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Rewald" title="John Rewald">John Rewald</a>, recognized as a foremost authority on late 19th-century art, wrote a series of books about the Post-Impressionist period, including Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin (1956) and an essay, Paul Gauguin: Letters to Ambroise Vollard and André Fontainas (included in Rewald's Studies in Post-Impressionism, 1986), discusses Gauguin's years in Tahiti and the struggles of his survival as seen through correspondence with the art dealer Vollard and others.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Picasso">Influence on Picasso</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence on Picasso">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_1893-95,_Objet_d%C3%A9coratif_carr%C3%A9_avec_dieux_tahitiens,_terre_cuite,_rehauts_peints,_34_cm,_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1893-95%2C_Objet_d%C3%A9coratif_carr%C3%A9_avec_dieux_tahitiens%2C_terre_cuite%2C_rehauts_peints%2C_34_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/220px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1893-95%2C_Objet_d%C3%A9coratif_carr%C3%A9_avec_dieux_tahitiens%2C_terre_cuite%2C_rehauts_peints%2C_34_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1893-95%2C_Objet_d%C3%A9coratif_carr%C3%A9_avec_dieux_tahitiens%2C_terre_cuite%2C_rehauts_peints%2C_34_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1893-95%2C_Objet_d%C3%A9coratif_carr%C3%A9_avec_dieux_tahitiens%2C_terre_cuite%2C_rehauts_peints%2C_34_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1893-95%2C_Objet_d%C3%A9coratif_carr%C3%A9_avec_dieux_tahitiens%2C_terre_cuite%2C_rehauts_peints%2C_34_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/440px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1893-95%2C_Objet_d%C3%A9coratif_carr%C3%A9_avec_dieux_tahitiens%2C_terre_cuite%2C_rehauts_peints%2C_34_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Paul Gauguin, 1893–1895, Objet décoratif carré avec dieux tahitiens, terre cuite, rehauts peints, 34 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> Gauguin's posthumous retrospective exhibitions at the <a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a> in Paris in 1903, and an even larger one in 1906, had a stunning and powerful influence on the French <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> and in particular <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s paintings. In the autumn of 1906, Picasso made paintings of oversized nude women and monumental sculptural figures that recalled the work of Paul Gauguin and showed his interest in <a href="/wiki/Primitive_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive art">primitive art</a>. Picasso's paintings of massive figures from 1906 were directly influenced by Gauguin's sculpture, painting, and his writing as well. The power evoked by Gauguin's work led directly to <a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a> in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-twsJun10a-241">[236]</a> According to Gauguin biographer, <a href="/wiki/David_Sweetman" title="David Sweetman">David Sweetman</a>, Picasso, as early as 1902, became a fan of Gauguin's work when he met and befriended the expatriate Spanish sculptor and ceramist <a href="/wiki/Paco_Durrio" title="Paco Durrio">Paco Durrio</a>, in Paris. Durrio had several of Gauguin's works on hand because he was a friend of Gauguin's and an unpaid agent of his work. Durrio tried to help his poverty-stricken friend in Tahiti by promoting his oeuvre in Paris. After they met, Durrio introduced Picasso to Gauguin's stoneware, helped Picasso make some ceramic pieces, and gave Picasso a first La Plume edition of Noa Noa: The Tahiti Journal of Paul Gauguin.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> In addition to seeing Gauguin's work at Durrio's, Picasso also saw the work at <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a>'s gallery where both he and Gauguin were represented. Concerning Gauguin's impact on Picasso, <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(art_historian)" title="John Richardson (art historian)">John Richardson</a> wrote: <blockquote> The 1906 exhibition of Gauguin's work left Picasso more than ever in this artist's thrall. Gauguin demonstrated the most disparate types of art—not to speak of elements from metaphysics, ethnology, symbolism, the Bible, classical myths, and much else besides—could be combined into a synthesis that was of its time yet timeless. An artist could also confound conventional notions of beauty, he demonstrated, by harnessing his demons to the dark gods (not necessarily Tahitian ones) and tapping a new source of divine energy. If in later years Picasso played down his debt to Gauguin, there is no doubt that between 1905 and 1907 he felt a very close kinship with this other Paul, who prided himself on Spanish genes inherited from his Peruvian grandmother. Had not Picasso signed himself 'Paul' in Gauguin's honor.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a></blockquote> Both David Sweetman and John Richardson point to the Gauguin sculpture called <a href="/wiki/Oviri" title="Oviri">Oviri</a> (literally meaning 'savage'), the gruesome phallic figure of the Tahitian goddess of life and death that was intended for Gauguin's grave, exhibited in the 1906 retrospective exhibition that even more directly led to Les Demoiselles. Sweetman writes, "Gauguin's statue Oviri, which was prominently displayed in 1906, was to stimulate Picasso's interest in both sculpture and ceramics, while the woodcuts would reinforce his interest in print-making, though it was the element of the primitive in all of them which most conditioned the direction that Picasso's art would take. This interest would culminate in the seminal Les Demoiselles d'Avignon."<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> According to Richardson, <blockquote>Picasso's interest in <a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">stoneware</a> was further stimulated by the examples he saw at the 1906 Gauguin retrospective at the <a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a>. The most disturbing of those ceramics (one that Picasso might have already seen at Vollard's) was the gruesome Oviri. Until 1987, when the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> acquired this little-known work (exhibited only once since 1906) it had never been recognized as the masterpiece it is, let alone recognized for its relevance to the works leading up to the Demoiselles. Although just under 30 inches high, Oviri has an awesome presence, as befits a monument intended for Gauguin's grave. Picasso was very struck by Oviri. 50 years later he was delighted when [Douglas] Cooper and I told him that we had come upon this sculpture in a collection that also included the original plaster of his cubist head. Has it been a revelation, like <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> sculpture? Picasso's shrug was grudgingly affirmative. He was always loath to admit Gauguin's role in setting him on the road to Primitivism.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique_and_style">Technique and style</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Technique and style">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_1892,_Ta_matete_(Le_March%C3%A9),_oil_on_canvas,_73.2_x_91.5_cm,_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1892%2C_Ta_matete_%28Le_March%C3%A9%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73.2_x_91.5_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg/240px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1892%2C_Ta_matete_%28Le_March%C3%A9%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73.2_x_91.5_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1892%2C_Ta_matete_%28Le_March%C3%A9%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73.2_x_91.5_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg/360px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1892%2C_Ta_matete_%28Le_March%C3%A9%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73.2_x_91.5_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1892%2C_Ta_matete_%28Le_March%C3%A9%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73.2_x_91.5_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg/480px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1892%2C_Ta_matete_%28Le_March%C3%A9%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73.2_x_91.5_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6054" data-file-height="4808" /></a><figcaption>Ta Matete, 1892, <a href="/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Basel" title="Kunstmuseum Basel">Kunstmuseum Basel</a></figcaption></figure> Gauguin's initial artistic guidance was from Pissarro, but the relationship left more of a mark personally than stylistically. Gauguin's masters were <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a>, Degas, and Cézanne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther20007-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199216-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin1992123-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19715-247">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness197115-248">[243]</a> His own beliefs, and in some cases the psychology behind his work, were also influenced by philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> and poet <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness197110-249">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness197115-248">[243]</a> Gauguin, like some of his contemporaries such as Degas and Toulouse-Lautrec, employed a technique for painting on canvas known as peinture à l'essence. For this, the oil (<a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binder</a>) is drained from the paint and the remaining sludge of pigment is mixed with turpentine. He may have used a similar technique in preparing his monotypes, using paper instead of metal, as it would absorb oil giving the final images a matte appearance he desired.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> He also proofed some of his existing drawings with the aid of glass, copying an underneath image onto the glass surface with watercolour or gouache for printing. Gauguin's <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a> were no less innovative, even to the avant-garde artists responsible for the woodcut revival happening at that time. Instead of incising his blocks with the intent of making a detailed illustration, Gauguin initially chiseled his blocks in a manner similar to wood sculpture, followed by finer tools to create detail and tonality within his bold contours. Many of his tools and techniques were considered experimental. This methodology and use of space ran parallel to his painting of flat, decorative reliefs.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paul_Gauguin_049.jpg/240px-Paul_Gauguin_049.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paul_Gauguin_049.jpg/360px-Paul_Gauguin_049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paul_Gauguin_049.jpg/480px-Paul_Gauguin_049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5586" data-file-height="4071" /></a><figcaption>Parahi te maras, 1892, Meyer de Schauensee collection</figcaption></figure> Starting in Martinique, Gauguin began using <a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">analogous colours</a> in close proximity to achieve a muted effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199233-252">[247]</a> Shortly after this, he also made his breakthroughs in non-representational colour, creating canvases that had an independent existence and vitality all their own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199252-253">[248]</a> This gap between surface reality and himself displeased Pissarro and quickly led to the end of their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199245-254">[249]</a> His human figures at this time are also a reminder of his love affair with Japanese prints, particularly gravitating to the naivety of their figures and compositional austerity as an influence on his primitive manifesto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199233-252">[247]</a> For that very reason, Gauguin was also inspired by <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a>. He sought out a bare emotional purity of his subjects conveyed in a straightforward way, emphasizing major forms and upright lines to clearly define shape and contour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther200013,_17-255">[250]</a> Gauguin also used elaborate formal decoration and colouring in patterns of abstraction, attempting to harmonize man and nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther200050-256">[251]</a> His depictions of the natives in their natural environment are frequently evident of serenity and a self-contained sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther200075-257">[252]</a> This complemented one of Gauguin's favorite themes, which was the intrusion of the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> into day-to-day life, in one instance going so far as to recall <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> tomb reliefs with Her Name is Vairaumati and Ta Matete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther200053-258">[253]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_de_Paris" title="L'Écho de Paris">L'Écho de Paris</a> published on 15 March 1895, Gauguin explains that his developing tactical approach is reaching for <a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">synesthesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther200013-259">[254]</a> He states: <dl><dd>Every feature in my paintings is carefully considered and calculated in advance. Just as in a musical composition, if you like. My simple object, which I take from daily life or from nature, is merely a pretext, which helps me by the means of a definite arrangement of lines and colours to create symphonies and harmonies. They have no counterparts at all in reality, in the vulgar sense of that word; they do not give direct expression to any idea, their only purpose is to stimulate the imagination—just as music does without the aid of ideas or pictures—simply by that mysterious affinity which exists between certain arrangements of colours and lines and our minds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin1992170–171-260">[255]</a></dd></dl> In an 1888 letter to Schuffenecker, Gauguin explains the enormous step he had taken away from Impressionism and that he was now intent on capturing the soul of nature, the ancient truths and character of its scenery and inhabitants. Gauguin wrote: <dl><dd>Don't copy nature too literally. Art is an abstraction. Derive it from nature as you dream in nature's presence, and think more about the act of creation than the outcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199238-261">[256]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_media">Other media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:439px;max-width:439px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_-_Suite_Volpini_K01Aa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gauguin_-_Suite_Volpini_K01Aa.jpg/175px-Gauguin_-_Suite_Volpini_K01Aa.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gauguin_-_Suite_Volpini_K01Aa.jpg/263px-Gauguin_-_Suite_Volpini_K01Aa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gauguin_-_Suite_Volpini_K01Aa.jpg/350px-Gauguin_-_Suite_Volpini_K01Aa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Leda (Design for a China Plate), 1889, zincograph on yellow paper with watercolour and gouache, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_Aha_Oe_Feii_monotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gauguin_Aha_Oe_Feii_monotype.jpg/256px-Gauguin_Aha_Oe_Feii_monotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gauguin_Aha_Oe_Feii_monotype.jpg/384px-Gauguin_Aha_Oe_Feii_monotype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gauguin_Aha_Oe_Feii_monotype.jpg/512px-Gauguin_Aha_Oe_Feii_monotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="621" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aha oe feii, 1894, watercolour monotype with pen and red and black ink, <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a></div></div></div></div></div> Gauguin began making prints in 1889, highlighted by a series of <a href="/wiki/Zincography" title="Zincography">zincographs</a> commissioned by Theo van Gogh known as the Volpini Suite, which also appeared in the Cafe des Arts show of 1889. Gauguin was not hindered by his printing inexperience, and made a number of provocative and unorthodox choices, such as a zinc plate instead of limestone (<a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a>), wide margins and large sheets of yellow poster paper.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness197111-263">[258]</a> The result was vivid to the point of garish, but foreshadows his more elaborate experiments with <a href="/wiki/Colour_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour printing">colour printing</a> and intent to elevate monochromatic images. His first masterpieces of printing were from the Noa Noa Suite of 1893–94 where he was one of a number of artists reinventing the technique of the <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a>, bringing it into the modern era. He started the series shortly after returning from Tahiti, eager to reclaim a leadership position within the avant-garde and share pictures based on his French Polynesia excursion. These woodcuts were shown at his unsuccessful 1893 show at Paul Durand-Ruel's, and most were directly related to paintings of his in which he had revised the original composition. They were shown again at a small show in his studio in 1894, where he garnered rare critical praise for his exceptional painterly and sculptural effects. Gauguin's emerging preference for the woodcut was not only a natural extension of his wood <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> and sculpture, but may have also been provoked by its historical significance to medieval artisans and the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin,_Paul,_The_Universe_is_Created_(L%27Univers_est_cr%C3%A9%C3%A9),_from_the_Noa_Noa_suite,_1893%E2%80%9394.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gauguin%2C_Paul%2C_The_Universe_is_Created_%28L%27Univers_est_cr%C3%A9%C3%A9%29%2C_from_the_Noa_Noa_suite%2C_1893%E2%80%9394.jpg/220px-Gauguin%2C_Paul%2C_The_Universe_is_Created_%28L%27Univers_est_cr%C3%A9%C3%A9%29%2C_from_the_Noa_Noa_suite%2C_1893%E2%80%9394.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gauguin%2C_Paul%2C_The_Universe_is_Created_%28L%27Univers_est_cr%C3%A9%C3%A9%29%2C_from_the_Noa_Noa_suite%2C_1893%E2%80%9394.jpg/330px-Gauguin%2C_Paul%2C_The_Universe_is_Created_%28L%27Univers_est_cr%C3%A9%C3%A9%29%2C_from_the_Noa_Noa_suite%2C_1893%E2%80%9394.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gauguin%2C_Paul%2C_The_Universe_is_Created_%28L%27Univers_est_cr%C3%A9%C3%A9%29%2C_from_the_Noa_Noa_suite%2C_1893%E2%80%9394.jpg/440px-Gauguin%2C_Paul%2C_The_Universe_is_Created_%28L%27Univers_est_cr%C3%A9%C3%A9%29%2C_from_the_Noa_Noa_suite%2C_1893%E2%80%9394.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>The Universe is Created (L'Univers est créé), from the Noa Noa suite, 1893–94, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Change_of_Residence_(Changement_de_Residence)_-_Paul_Gauguin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Change_of_Residence_%28Changement_de_Residence%29_-_Paul_Gauguin.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Change_of_Residence_%28Changement_de_Residence%29_-_Paul_Gauguin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Change_of_Residence_%28Changement_de_Residence%29_-_Paul_Gauguin.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Change_of_Residence_%28Changement_de_Residence%29_-_Paul_Gauguin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Change_of_Residence_%28Changement_de_Residence%29_-_Paul_Gauguin.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Change_of_Residence_%28Changement_de_Residence%29_-_Paul_Gauguin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Change of Residence, 1899, woodcut, private collection</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maruru_Merci_An_Offering_of_Gratitude_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Maruru_Merci_An_Offering_of_Gratitude_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpeg/220px-Maruru_Merci_An_Offering_of_Gratitude_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Maruru_Merci_An_Offering_of_Gratitude_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpeg/330px-Maruru_Merci_An_Offering_of_Gratitude_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Maruru_Merci_An_Offering_of_Gratitude_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpeg/440px-Maruru_Merci_An_Offering_of_Gratitude_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Maruru (Offerings of Gratitude), 1894, woodcut sheet, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Yale University Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> Gauguin started making <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a> <a href="/wiki/Monotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotype">monotypes</a> in 1894, likely overlapping his Noa Noa woodcuts, perhaps even serving as a source of inspiration for them. His techniques remained innovative and it was an apt technique for him as it did not require elaborate equipment, such as a printing press. Despite often being a source of practice for related paintings, sculptures or woodcuts, his monotype innovation offers a distinctly ethereal aesthetic; ghostly afterimages that may express his desire to convey the immemorial truths of nature. His next major woodcut and monotype project was not until 1898–99, known as the Vollard Suite. He completed this enterprising series of 475 prints from some twenty different compositions and sent them to the dealer <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a>, despite not compromising to his request for salable, conformed work. Vollard was unsatisfied and made no effort to sell them. Gauguin's series is starkly unified with black and white aesthetic and may have intended the prints to be similar to a set of <a href="/wiki/Myriorama_(cards)" title="Myriorama (cards)">myriorama cards</a>, in which they may be laid out in any order to create multiple panoramic landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> This activity of arranging and rearranging was similar to his own process of repurposing his images and motifs, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a> tendency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin1992119-266">[261]</a> He printed the work on tissue-thin Japanese paper and the multiple proofs of gray and black could be arranged on top of one another, each transparency of colour showing through to produce a rich, <a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro" title="Chiaroscuro">chiaroscuro</a> effect.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> In 1899 he started his radical experiment: oil transfer drawings. Much like his watercolour monotype technique, it was a hybrid of drawing and printmaking. The transfers were the grand culmination of his quest for an aesthetic of primordial suggestion, which seems to be relayed in his results that echo ancient rubbings, worn frescos and cave paintings. Gauguin's technical progress from monotyping to the oil transfers is quite noticeable, advancing from small sketches to ambitiously large, highly finished sheets. With these transfers he created depth and texture by printing multiple layers onto the same sheet, beginning with graphite pencil and black ink for delineation, before moving to blue crayon to reinforce line and add shading. He would often complete the image with a wash of oiled-down olive or brown ink. The practice consumed Gauguin until his death, fueling his imagination and conception of new subjects and themes for his paintings. This collection was also sent to Vollard who remained unimpressed. Gauguin prized oil transfers for the way they transformed the quality of drawn line. His process, nearly alchemical in nature, had elements of chance by which unexpected marks and textures regularly arose, something that fascinated him. In metamorphosing a drawing into a print, Gauguin made a calculated decision of relinquishing legibility in order to gain mystery and abstraction.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> He worked in wood throughout his career, particularly during his most prolific periods, and is known for having achieved radical carving results before doing so with painting. Even in his earliest shows, Gauguin often included wood sculpture in his display, from which he built his reputation as a connoisseur of the so-called primitive. A number of his early carvings appear to be influenced by <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Egyptian art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> In correspondence, he also asserts a passion for <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Cambodian art</a> and the masterful colouring of <a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian carpet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Oriental rug</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin1992180–181-271">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_Nafea_Faa_Ipoipo%3F_1892,_oil_on_canvas,_101_x_77_cm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Nafea_Faa_Ipoipo%3F_1892%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_101_x_77_cm.jpg/220px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Nafea_Faa_Ipoipo%3F_1892%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_101_x_77_cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Nafea_Faa_Ipoipo%3F_1892%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_101_x_77_cm.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Nafea_Faa_Ipoipo%3F_1892%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_101_x_77_cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Nafea_Faa_Ipoipo%3F_1892%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_101_x_77_cm.jpg/440px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Nafea_Faa_Ipoipo%3F_1892%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_101_x_77_cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption>Paul Gauguin, <a href="/wiki/When_Will_You_Marry%3F" title="When Will You Marry?">Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry?)</a>, 1892, sold for a record US$210 million in 2014.</figcaption></figure> The vogue for Gauguin's work started soon after his death. Many of his later paintings were acquired by the Russian collector <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shchukin" title="Sergei Shchukin">Sergei Shchukin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> A substantial part of his collection is displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage</a>. Gauguin paintings are rarely offered for sale, their prices reaching tens of millions of US dollars in the saleroom when they are offered. His 1892 <a href="/wiki/When_Will_You_Marry%3F" title="When Will You Marry?">Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry?)</a> became <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">the world's third-most expensive artwork</a> when its owner, the family of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Staechelin" title="Rudolf Staechelin">Rudolf Staechelin</a>, sold it privately for US$210 million in September 2014. The buyer is believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Museums_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar Museums Authority">Qatar Museums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> <ul><li>Gauguin is a central and charismatic character in R.w. Meek’s award winning novels, The Dream Collector, Book I “Sabrine & Sigmund Freud”<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> and Book II “Sabrine & Vincent van Gogh.”<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Gauguin's life inspired <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence" title="The Moon and Sixpence">The Moon and Sixpence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> based his 2003 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Paradise" title="The Way to Paradise">The Way to Paradise</a> on Gauguin's life, and that of his grandmother <a href="/wiki/Flora_Tristan" title="Flora Tristan">Flora Tristan</a>.</li> <li>Actor <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a> portrayed Gauguin in the 1956 Van Gogh biopic <a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(1956_film)" title="Lust for Life (1956 film)">Lust for Life</a> and won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor</a> for his performance. <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Isaac" title="Oscar Isaac">Oscar Isaac</a> played Gauguin in the later Van Gogh biopic <a href="/wiki/At_Eternity%27s_Gate_(film)" title="At Eternity's Gate (film)">At Eternity's Gate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Yordanoff" title="Wladimir Yordanoff">Wladimir Yordanoff</a> played Gauguin in the 1990 film <a href="/wiki/Vincent_%26_Theo" title="Vincent & Theo">Vincent & Theo</a>.</li> <li>Gauguin is also the subject of at least two operas: <a href="/wiki/Federico_Elizalde" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Elizalde">Federico Elizalde</a>'s Paul Gauguin (1943); and Gauguin (a synthetic life) by Michael Smetanin and <a href="/wiki/Alison_Croggon" title="Alison Croggon">Alison Croggon</a>. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9odat_de_S%C3%A9verac" title="Déodat de Séverac">Déodat de Séverac</a> wrote his Elegy for piano in memory of Gauguin.</li> <li>The Danish-produced film <a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_at_the_Door" title="The Wolf at the Door">Oviri</a> (1986) is a biographical film. With Gauguin portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a>, the film follows the painter from the time he returns to Paris in 1893 after a two-year stay in Tahiti and must confront his wife, his children and his former lover. It ends when he returns to Tahiti two years later. Coincidentally, Sutherland's son <a href="/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland" title="Kiefer Sutherland">Kiefer Sutherland</a> portrayed a younger Gauguin in a less focused and much less historically accurate film <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Found_(film)" title="Paradise Found (film)">Paradise Found</a> (2003). Several other independent films have explored different aspects of Gauguin's eventful life.</li> <li>His biography is depicted in the 2017 French film <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gauguin:_Voyage_de_Tahiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauguin: Voyage de Tahiti (page does not exist)">Gauguin: Voyage de Tahiti</a>  [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauguin_:_Voyage_de_Tahiti" class="extiw" title="fr:Gauguin : Voyage de Tahiti">fr</a>] portraying his life during his years in Tahiti.</li></ul> The Japanese styled Gauguin Museum, opposite the Botanical Gardens of Papeari in Papeari, Tahiti, contains some exhibits, documents, photographs, reproductions and original sketches and block prints of Gauguin and Tahitians. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_Cultural_Center" title="Paul Gauguin Cultural Center">Paul Gauguin Cultural Center</a> opened in Atuona in the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>. In 2014 the painting <a href="/wiki/Fruits_on_a_Table" title="Fruits on a Table">Fruits on a Table</a> (1889), with an estimated value of between €10m and €30m (£8.3m to £24.8m), which had been stolen in London in 1970, was discovered in Italy. The painting, together with a work by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a>, had been bought by a Fiat employee in 1975, at a railway lost property sale, for 45,000 lira (about £32).<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gauguin_and_colonialism">Gauguin and colonialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gauguin and colonialism">edit</a>]</div> In the 21st century, Gauguin's <a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivist</a> representations of Tahiti and its people have been a subject of controversy and renewed scholarly attention.<a href="#cite_note-:1-277">[272]</a> His depictions of Polynesian women have been described as "racial fantasy forged from a position of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a>, colonialist power" with some critics pointing to Gauguin's sexual relationships with teenage Tahitian girls.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-279">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> For a comprehensive list of paintings by Gauguin, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Paul_Gauguin" title="List of paintings by Paul Gauguin">List of paintings by Paul Gauguin</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_Stillleben_mit_Fruchtschale_und_Zitronen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Still-Life with Fruit and Lemons (c. 1880)"><img alt="Still-Life with Fruit and Lemons (c. 1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gauguin_Stillleben_mit_Fruchtschale_und_Zitronen.jpg/150px-Gauguin_Stillleben_mit_Fruchtschale_und_Zitronen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gauguin_Stillleben_mit_Fruchtschale_und_Zitronen.jpg/225px-Gauguin_Stillleben_mit_Fruchtschale_und_Zitronen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gauguin_Stillleben_mit_Fruchtschale_und_Zitronen.jpg/300px-Gauguin_Stillleben_mit_Fruchtschale_und_Zitronen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="498" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Still-Life with Fruit and Lemons (c. 1880)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_018_(The_Swineherd).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Swineherd, Brittany (1888)"><img alt="The Swineherd, Brittany (1888)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Paul_Gauguin_018_%28The_Swineherd%29.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_018_%28The_Swineherd%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Paul_Gauguin_018_%28The_Swineherd%29.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_018_%28The_Swineherd%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Paul_Gauguin_018_%28The_Swineherd%29.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_018_%28The_Swineherd%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1593" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Swineherd, Brittany (1888)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_085.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Les Alyscamps (1888)"><img alt="Les Alyscamps (1888)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Paul_Gauguin_085.jpg/115px-Paul_Gauguin_085.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Paul_Gauguin_085.jpg/172px-Paul_Gauguin_085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Paul_Gauguin_085.jpg/230px-Paul_Gauguin_085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2639" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Les Alyscamps (1888)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:La_vision_apr%C3%A8s_le_sermon_(Paul_Gauguin).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vision After the Sermon (Jacob wrestling with the angel) (1888)"><img alt="Vision After the Sermon (Jacob wrestling with the angel) (1888)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/La_vision_apr%C3%A8s_le_sermon_%28Paul_Gauguin%29.jpg/150px-La_vision_apr%C3%A8s_le_sermon_%28Paul_Gauguin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/La_vision_apr%C3%A8s_le_sermon_%28Paul_Gauguin%29.jpg/225px-La_vision_apr%C3%A8s_le_sermon_%28Paul_Gauguin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/La_vision_apr%C3%A8s_le_sermon_%28Paul_Gauguin%29.jpg/300px-La_vision_apr%C3%A8s_le_sermon_%28Paul_Gauguin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="1564" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vision_After_the_Sermon" title="Vision After the Sermon">Vision After the Sermon</a> (Jacob wrestling with the angel) (1888)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_072.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Night Café at Arles, (Mme Ginoux) (1888)"><img alt="Night Café at Arles, (Mme Ginoux) (1888)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Paul_Gauguin_072.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_072.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Paul_Gauguin_072.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Paul_Gauguin_072.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_072.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2510" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Night Café at Arles, (Mme Ginoux) (1888)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Still Life with Japanese Woodcut (1889)"><img alt="Still Life with Japanese Woodcut (1889)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paul_Gauguin_121.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_121.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paul_Gauguin_121.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paul_Gauguin_121.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2506" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_Head-Shaped_Vase_and_Japanese_Woodcut" title="Still Life with Head-Shaped Vase and Japanese Woodcut">Still Life with Japanese Woodcut</a> (1889)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tahitian Women on the Beach (1891)"><img alt="Tahitian Women on the Beach (1891)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2369" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_Women_on_the_Beach" title="Tahitian Women on the Beach">Tahitian Women on the Beach</a> (1891)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eh_quoi!_Tu_es_jaloux%3F_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aha Oe Feii? (1892)"><img alt="Aha Oe Feii? (1892)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eh_quoi%21_Tu_es_jaloux%3F_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpg/150px-Eh_quoi%21_Tu_es_jaloux%3F_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eh_quoi%21_Tu_es_jaloux%3F_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpg/225px-Eh_quoi%21_Tu_es_jaloux%3F_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eh_quoi%21_Tu_es_jaloux%3F_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpg/300px-Eh_quoi%21_Tu_es_jaloux%3F_by_Paul_Gauguin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2335" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aha_Oe_Feii%3F" title="Aha Oe Feii?">Aha Oe Feii?</a> (1892)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Delightful_Land_(Te_Nave_Nave_Fenua)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delightful Land (Te Nave Nave Fenua) (1892)"><img alt="Delightful Land (Te Nave Nave Fenua) (1892)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Paul_Gauguin_-_Delightful_Land_%28Te_Nave_Nave_Fenua%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/118px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Delightful_Land_%28Te_Nave_Nave_Fenua%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Paul_Gauguin_-_Delightful_Land_%28Te_Nave_Nave_Fenua%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/177px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Delightful_Land_%28Te_Nave_Nave_Fenua%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Paul_Gauguin_-_Delightful_Land_%28Te_Nave_Nave_Fenua%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/236px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Delightful_Land_%28Te_Nave_Nave_Fenua%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="1457" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Delightful Land (Te Nave Nave Fenua) (1892)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_(French_-_Arii_Matamoe_(The_Royal_End)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arii Matamoe (The Royal End) (1892)"><img alt="Arii Matamoe (The Royal End) (1892)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paul_Gauguin_%28French_-_Arii_Matamoe_%28The_Royal_End%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_%28French_-_Arii_Matamoe_%28The_Royal_End%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paul_Gauguin_%28French_-_Arii_Matamoe_%28The_Royal_End%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_%28French_-_Arii_Matamoe_%28The_Royal_End%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paul_Gauguin_%28French_-_Arii_Matamoe_%28The_Royal_End%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_%28French_-_Arii_Matamoe_%28The_Royal_End%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4713" data-file-height="2875" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arii_Matamoe" title="Arii Matamoe">Arii Matamoe</a> (The Royal End) (1892)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_031.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Moon and the Earth (Hina tefatou) (1893)"><img alt="The Moon and the Earth (Hina tefatou) (1893)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Paul_Gauguin_031.jpg/80px-Paul_Gauguin_031.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Paul_Gauguin_031.jpg/120px-Paul_Gauguin_031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Paul_Gauguin_031.jpg/160px-Paul_Gauguin_031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="4208" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Moon and the Earth (Hina tefatou) (1893)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_039.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Watermill in Pont-Aven (1894)"><img alt="Watermill in Pont-Aven (1894)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Paul_Gauguin_039.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_039.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Paul_Gauguin_039.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Paul_Gauguin_039.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2074" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Watermill in Pont-Aven (1894)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_044.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Midday Nap (1894)"><img alt="The Midday Nap (1894)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Paul_Gauguin_044.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_044.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Paul_Gauguin_044.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_044.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Paul_Gauguin_044.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_044.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2412" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Midday Nap (1894)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_090.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maternity (1899)"><img alt="Maternity (1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Paul_Gauguin_090.jpg/114px-Paul_Gauguin_090.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Paul_Gauguin_090.jpg/171px-Paul_Gauguin_090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Paul_Gauguin_090.jpg/228px-Paul_Gauguin_090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3338" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maternity (1899)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Deux_Tahitiennes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two Tahitian Women (1899)"><img alt="Two Tahitian Women (1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Paul_Gauguin_-_Deux_Tahitiennes.jpg/116px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Deux_Tahitiennes.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Paul_Gauguin_-_Deux_Tahitiennes.jpg/174px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Deux_Tahitiennes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Paul_Gauguin_-_Deux_Tahitiennes.jpg/232px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Deux_Tahitiennes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4675" data-file-height="6044" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Two_Tahitian_Women" title="Two Tahitian Women">Two Tahitian Women</a> (1899)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_107.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wonderful Land. Gathering Fruit (1899)"><img alt="Wonderful Land. Gathering Fruit (1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paul_Gauguin_107.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_107.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paul_Gauguin_107.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paul_Gauguin_107.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="833" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wonderful Land. Gathering Fruit (1899)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Two_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two Women (1901 or 1902)"><img alt="Two Women (1901 or 1902)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Paul_Gauguin_-_Two_Women.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Two_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Paul_Gauguin_-_Two_Women.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Two_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Paul_Gauguin_-_Two_Women.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Two_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2516" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two Women (1901 or 1902) </div> </li> </ul> Self-portraits: <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait, 1875–1877, Fogg Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts"><img alt="Self-portrait, 1875–1877, Fogg Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Paul_Gauguin_200.jpg/122px-Paul_Gauguin_200.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Paul_Gauguin_200.jpg/183px-Paul_Gauguin_200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Paul_Gauguin_200.jpg/244px-Paul_Gauguin_200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait, 1875–1877, <a href="/wiki/Fogg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Museum">Fogg Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Self-Portrait_by_Paul_Gauguin,_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait, 1885, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas"><img alt="Self-portrait, 1885, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Self-Portrait_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1885.jpg/125px-Self-Portrait_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Self-Portrait_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1885.jpg/187px-Self-Portrait_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Self-Portrait_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1885.jpg/250px-Self-Portrait_by_Paul_Gauguin%2C_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="721" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait, 1885, <a href="/wiki/Kimbell_Art_Museum" title="Kimbell Art Museum">Kimbell Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_112.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait, 1888, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam"><img alt="Self-portrait, 1888, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paul_Gauguin_112.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_112.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paul_Gauguin_112.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paul_Gauguin_112.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3094" data-file-height="2480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait, 1888, <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>, Amsterdam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake, 1889, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC"><img alt="Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake, 1889, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paul_Gauguin_-_Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake.jpg/96px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paul_Gauguin_-_Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake.jpg/144px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paul_Gauguin_-_Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake.jpg/193px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2570" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake" title="Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake">Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake</a>, 1889, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, DC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Christ_and_the_Garden_of_Olives.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ in the Garden of Olives (Gauguin's self-portrait) 1889, Norton Museum of Art"><img alt="Christ in the Garden of Olives (Gauguin's self-portrait) 1889, Norton Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Paul_Gauguin_-_Christ_and_the_Garden_of_Olives.jpg/150px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Christ_and_the_Garden_of_Olives.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Paul_Gauguin_-_Christ_and_the_Garden_of_Olives.jpg/225px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Christ_and_the_Garden_of_Olives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Paul_Gauguin_-_Christ_and_the_Garden_of_Olives.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Christ_and_the_Garden_of_Olives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4593" data-file-height="3624" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christ_on_the_Mount_of_Olives_(Paul_Gauguin)" title="Christ on the Mount of Olives (Paul Gauguin)">Christ in the Garden of Olives</a> (Gauguin's self-portrait) 1889, <a href="/wiki/Norton_Museum_of_Art" title="Norton Museum of Art">Norton Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Jug_in_the_Form_of_a_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait, 1889. Kunstindustrimuseet, Copenhagen"><img alt="Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait, 1889. Kunstindustrimuseet, Copenhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paul_Gauguin_-_Jug_in_the_Form_of_a_Head.jpg/124px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Jug_in_the_Form_of_a_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paul_Gauguin_-_Jug_in_the_Form_of_a_Head.jpg/186px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Jug_in_the_Form_of_a_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paul_Gauguin_-_Jug_in_the_Form_of_a_Head.jpg/248px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Jug_in_the_Form_of_a_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="577" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jug_in_the_Form_of_a_Head,_Self-Portrait" title="Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait">Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait</a>, 1889. <a href="/wiki/Danish_Museum_of_Art_%26_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Museum of Art & Design">Kunstindustrimuseet</a>, Copenhagen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin_portrait_1889.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait, 1889–1890, Musée d'Orsay, Paris"><img alt="Self-portrait, 1889–1890, Musée d'Orsay, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gauguin_portrait_1889.JPG/150px-Gauguin_portrait_1889.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gauguin_portrait_1889.JPG/225px-Gauguin_portrait_1889.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gauguin_portrait_1889.JPG/300px-Gauguin_portrait_1889.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1049" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait, 1889–1890, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_111.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait, 1893, Musée d'Orsay"><img alt="Self-portrait, 1893, Musée d'Orsay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Gauguin_111.jpg/121px-Paul_Gauguin_111.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Gauguin_111.jpg/182px-Paul_Gauguin_111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Gauguin_111.jpg/242px-Paul_Gauguin_111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3142" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_in_a_Hat" title="Self-Portrait in a Hat">Self-portrait</a>, 1893, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_Self-portrait,_c.1893,_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait, c. 1893, Detroit Institute of Arts"><img alt="Self-portrait, c. 1893, Detroit Institute of Arts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Self-portrait%2C_c.1893%2C_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/122px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Self-portrait%2C_c.1893%2C_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Self-portrait%2C_c.1893%2C_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/183px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Self-portrait%2C_c.1893%2C_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Self-portrait%2C_c.1893%2C_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/244px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Self-portrait%2C_c.1893%2C_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="654" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait, c. 1893, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" title="Detroit Institute of Arts">Detroit Institute of Arts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_110.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait, 1896, São Paulo Museum of Art"><img alt="Self-portrait, 1896, São Paulo Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paul_Gauguin_110.jpg/124px-Paul_Gauguin_110.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paul_Gauguin_110.jpg/187px-Paul_Gauguin_110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paul_Gauguin_110.jpg/249px-Paul_Gauguin_110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3057" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait, 1896, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Museum_of_Art" title="São Paulo Museum of Art">São Paulo Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauguin-_Selbstbildnis_dem_Freund_Daniel_gewidmet_-1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait (for my friend Daniel), 1896, Musée d'Orsay"><img alt="Self-portrait (for my friend Daniel), 1896, Musée d'Orsay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gauguin-_Selbstbildnis_dem_Freund_Daniel_gewidmet_-1896.jpg/115px-Gauguin-_Selbstbildnis_dem_Freund_Daniel_gewidmet_-1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gauguin-_Selbstbildnis_dem_Freund_Daniel_gewidmet_-1896.jpg/173px-Gauguin-_Selbstbildnis_dem_Freund_Daniel_gewidmet_-1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gauguin-_Selbstbildnis_dem_Freund_Daniel_gewidmet_-1896.jpg/231px-Gauguin-_Selbstbildnis_dem_Freund_Daniel_gewidmet_-1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="1584" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait (for my friend Daniel), 1896, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Self_Portrait_1903_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait, 1903, Kunstmuseum Basel"><img alt="Self-portrait, 1903, Kunstmuseum Basel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Paul_Gauguin_-_Self_Portrait_1903_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_1943.jpg/86px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Self_Portrait_1903_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Paul_Gauguin_-_Self_Portrait_1903_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_1943.jpg/129px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Self_Portrait_1903_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Paul_Gauguin_-_Self_Portrait_1903_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_1943.jpg/172px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Self_Portrait_1903_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="1028" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait, 1903, <a href="/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Basel" title="Kunstmuseum Basel">Kunstmuseum Basel</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Frederick Delius</a> (client and friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin%27s_exhibit_at_Les_XX,_1889" title="Paul Gauguin's exhibit at Les XX, 1889">Paul Gauguin's exhibit at Les XX, 1889</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> He described his collection in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a> as "a whole little world of friends". They included Redon's lithograph La Mort as well as photographs of subjects such as a temple frieze at <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> and an Egyptian fresco from an XVIIIth dynasty tomb at <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987143,_145,_152-82">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> There is no direct evidence that Gauguin suffered from syphilis and none that he infected any of his lovers, as is sometimes asserted.<a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-137">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Danielsson (1965, p. 235) notes that the day before his boat had put in at <a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a> island, scene of <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s celebrated <a href="/wiki/Typee" title="Typee">Typee</a> some 60 years earlier, championing exactly the sort of primitive society for which Gauguin yearned. However, Gauguin was apparently unaware of Melville's book. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> In his 2008 book Revelation of Modernism: Responses to Cultural Crises in Fin-de-Siècle Painting, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Boime" title="Albert Boime">Albert Boime</a> argued that Gauguin was influenced by the French occult author <a href="/wiki/Eliphas_Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliphas Levi">Eliphas Levi</a> and develops the thesis that Gauguin's primitivism proved inseparable from his ethnic prejudices and actually contributed to the anti-modernist rejection of modernism, turning it into an ideological weapon again democracy.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Gloria Groom, in the 1988 National Gallery of Art exhibition catalogue (p. 387), asserts that at the end of April the court in Papeete fined Gauguin 500 francs and sentenced him to one month in prison, citing Charles Chassé, "Les Démêlés de Gauguin avec les gendarmes et l'évêque des îles Marquises", Mercure de France, 288 (15 November 1938), 62–75. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_sources">References and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References and sources">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/prints/bysubject/display00087.html">"Prints by Paul Gauguin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. ArtServe. Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+University&rft.atitle=Prints+by+Paul+Gauguin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frubens.anu.edu.au%2Fhtdocs%2Fsurveys%2Fprints%2Fbysubject%2Fdisplay00087.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/woodcut+and+wood+engraving">"Woodcut and Wood Engraving"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheFreeDictionary.com">TheFreeDictionary.com</a>. Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheFreeDictionary.com&rft.atitle=Woodcut+and+Wood+Engraving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolumbia.thefreedictionary.com%2Fwoodcut%2Band%2Bwood%2Bengraving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedworth2023" class="citation web cs1">Bedworth, Candy (18 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/controversial-artists/">"Controversial or Criminal? Problematic Artists and Cancel Culture"</a>. DailyArt Magazine. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyArt+Magazine&rft.atitle=Controversial+or+Criminal%3F+Problematic+Artists+and+Cancel+Culture&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft.aulast=Bedworth&rft.aufirst=Candy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyartmagazine.com%2Fcontroversial-artists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalon_d'Automne1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cataloguedesouvr1903salo#page/68">Catalogue de peinture, dessin, sculpture, gravure, architecture et arts décoratifs: exposés au Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées</a>. Evreux: Ch. Hérissey. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011228502">2011228502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+de+peinture%2C+dessin%2C+sculpture%2C+gravure%2C+architecture+et+arts+d%C3%A9coratifs%3A+expos%C3%A9s+au+Grand+Palais+des+Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es&rft.place=Evreux&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Ch.+H%C3%A9rissey&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011228502&rft.au=Salon+d%27Automne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcataloguedesouvr1903salo%23page%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalon_d'Automne1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cataloguedesouvr1906salo#page/190">Catalogue des ouvrages de peinture, sculpture, dessin gravure, architecture et art décoratif</a>. Paris: Société du Salon d'automne. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/43031163">43031163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+des+ouvrages+de+peinture%2C+sculpture%2C+dessin+gravure%2C+architecture+et+art+d%C3%A9coratif&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+du+Salon+d%27automne&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F43031163&rft.au=Salon+d%27Automne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcataloguedesouvr1906salo%23page%2F190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Clovis_came_from_Orléans,_and_there_is_nothing_in_the_Gauguin_family_history_of_market_gardeners_and_small_businessmen_to_suggest_an_artistic_temperament.-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Clovis_came_from_Orléans,_and_there_is_nothing_in_the_Gauguin_family_history_of_market_gardeners_and_small_businessmen_to_suggest_an_artistic_temperament._6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 3, Clovis came from Orléans, and there is nothing in the Gauguin family history of market gardeners and small businessmen to suggest an artistic temperament.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713His_father,_Clovis_Gauguin,_was_a_34-year-old_journalist,_who_worked_for_a_liberal_newspaper_that_was_soon_to_be_suppressed.-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713His_father,_Clovis_Gauguin,_was_a_34-year-old_journalist,_who_worked_for_a_liberal_newspaper_that_was_soon_to_be_suppressed._7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 3, His father, Clovis Gauguin, was a 34-year-old journalist, who worked for a liberal newspaper that was soon to be suppressed.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713-4Like_many_other_European_intellectuals,_Clovis_was_forced_by_the_failure_of_the_1848_revolutions_to_look_to_the_new_world_[Western_Hemisphere]._There_was_no_future_for_a_liberal_journalist_in_the_France_of_[[Louis_Napoleon|Napoleon_III]].-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713-4Like_many_other_European_intellectuals,_Clovis_was_forced_by_the_failure_of_the_1848_revolutions_to_look_to_the_new_world_[Western_Hemisphere]._There_was_no_future_for_a_liberal_journalist_in_the_France_of_[[Louis_Napoleon|Napoleon_III]]._8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 3-4, Like many other European intellectuals, Clovis was forced by the failure of the 1848 revolutions to look to the new world [Western Hemisphere]. There was no future for a liberal journalist in the France of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Napoleon">Napoleon III</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Flora_Tristan,_author_and_social_reformer…"_and_"Theirs_had_been_an_ill-matched,_short-lived_marriage;_it_culminated_in_Chazal_attempting_to_murder_his_wife_and_being_sentenced_to_twenty_years'_imprisonment.-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Flora_Tristan,_author_and_social_reformer…"_and_"Theirs_had_been_an_ill-matched,_short-lived_marriage;_it_culminated_in_Chazal_attempting_to_murder_his_wife_and_being_sentenced_to_twenty_years'_imprisonment._9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 3, Flora Tristan, author and social reformer…" and "Theirs had been an ill-matched, short-lived marriage; it culminated in Chazal attempting to murder his wife and being sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713…_Thérèse_Laisnay,_whose_background_nothing_whatever_is_known…whether_she_was_an_aristocrat_or_adventuress,_it_is_impossible_to_say.-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713…_Thérèse_Laisnay,_whose_background_nothing_whatever_is_known…whether_she_was_an_aristocrat_or_adventuress,_it_is_impossible_to_say._10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 3, … Thérèse Laisnay, whose background nothing whatever is known…whether she was an aristocrat or adventuress, it is impossible to say.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713The_Tristan_Moscoso_family_belonged_to_the_old_Aragonese_nobility,_and_was_among_the_early_Spanish_settlers_in_Peru,_where_they_had_become_powerful_and_extremely_wealthy.-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713The_Tristan_Moscoso_family_belonged_to_the_old_Aragonese_nobility,_and_was_among_the_early_Spanish_settlers_in_Peru,_where_they_had_become_powerful_and_extremely_wealthy._11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 3, The Tristan Moscoso family belonged to the old Aragonese nobility, and was among the early Spanish settlers in Peru, where they had become powerful and extremely wealthy.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713They_moved_to_Paris_where_Flora_was_born_in_1803:_the_liaison_was_a_stable_one,_but_Don_Mariano_died_suddenly_before_bringing_himself_to_marry_his_mistress._This_catapulted_[Thérèse]_from_luxury_to_penury,_and_the_rest_of_her_miserable_life_was_spent_pleading_the_claims_for_herself_and_her_daughter.-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713They_moved_to_Paris_where_Flora_was_born_in_1803:_the_liaison_was_a_stable_one,_but_Don_Mariano_died_suddenly_before_bringing_himself_to_marry_his_mistress._This_catapulted_[Thérèse]_from_luxury_to_penury,_and_the_rest_of_her_miserable_life_was_spent_pleading_the_claims_for_herself_and_her_daughter._12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 3, They moved to Paris where Flora was born in 1803: the liaison was a stable one, but Don Mariano died suddenly before bringing himself to marry his mistress. This catapulted [Thérèse] from luxury to penury, and the rest of her miserable life was spent pleading the claims for herself and her daughter.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Followed_by_police_spies,_she_travelled_France_addressing_meetings_of_the_urban_proletariat_whom_she_called_upon_to_unite._Physically_exhausted_by_such_activities,_she_collapsed_and_died_in_Bordeaux_in_November_1844,_less_than_four_years_before_the_revolution_of_1848_toward_which_she_had_made_such_a_signal_contribution.-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713Followed_by_police_spies,_she_travelled_France_addressing_meetings_of_the_urban_proletariat_whom_she_called_upon_to_unite._Physically_exhausted_by_such_activities,_she_collapsed_and_died_in_Bordeaux_in_November_1844,_less_than_four_years_before_the_revolution_of_1848_toward_which_she_had_made_such_a_signal_contribution._13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 3, Followed by police spies, she travelled France addressing meetings of the urban proletariat whom she called upon to unite. Physically exhausted by such activities, she collapsed and died in Bordeaux in November 1844, less than four years before the revolution of 1848 toward which she had made such a signal contribution.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19713-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19713_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…impressed_with_his_wife's_South_American_connections,_he_decided_to_emigrate_to_Peru_and_start_a_newspaper_there.-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…impressed_with_his_wife's_South_American_connections,_he_decided_to_emigrate_to_Peru_and_start_a_newspaper_there._15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 4, …impressed with his wife's South American connections, he decided to emigrate to Peru and start a newspaper there.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…Aline_was_well_received_by_her_Spanish_grandfather's_younger_brother,_Don_Pio_Tristan_Moscoso._His_position_in_Peruvian_society_is_indicated_by_the_fact_that,_only_a_few_months_after_Aline's_arrival,_Don_Pio's_son-in-law,_Echenique,_became_President_of_Peru.-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…Aline_was_well_received_by_her_Spanish_grandfather's_younger_brother,_Don_Pio_Tristan_Moscoso._His_position_in_Peruvian_society_is_indicated_by_the_fact_that,_only_a_few_months_after_Aline's_arrival,_Don_Pio's_son-in-law,_Echenique,_became_President_of_Peru._16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 4, …Aline was well received by her Spanish grandfather's younger brother, Don Pio Tristan Moscoso. His position in Peruvian society is indicated by the fact that, only a few months after Aline's arrival, Don Pio's son-in-law, Echenique, became President of Peru.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19714Aline_and_her_two_small_children_consequently_found_themselves_in_a_tropical_paradise_where_every_material_need_was_met_and_every_sense_was_indulged…Aline_and_her_two_children_were_looked_after_by_a_Negro_nursemaid_and_a_Chinese_manservant;_and_the_racial_diversity_of_Peru_was_matched_by_a_rich_extravagance_of_dress_and_by_the_brightly_painted_buildings_everywhere_in_the_city.-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19714Aline_and_her_two_small_children_consequently_found_themselves_in_a_tropical_paradise_where_every_material_need_was_met_and_every_sense_was_indulged…Aline_and_her_two_children_were_looked_after_by_a_Negro_nursemaid_and_a_Chinese_manservant;_and_the_racial_diversity_of_Peru_was_matched_by_a_rich_extravagance_of_dress_and_by_the_brightly_painted_buildings_everywhere_in_the_city._17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 4, Aline and her two small children consequently found themselves in a tropical paradise where every material need was met and every sense was indulged…Aline and her two children were looked after by a Negro nursemaid and a Chinese manservant; and the racial diversity of Peru was matched by a rich extravagance of dress and by the brightly painted buildings everywhere in the city.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19714I_have_a_remarkable_visual_memory,_and_I_remember_that_period,_our_house_and_a_whole_lot_of_events.-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19714I_have_a_remarkable_visual_memory,_and_I_remember_that_period,_our_house_and_a_whole_lot_of_events._18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 4, I have a remarkable visual memory, and I remember that period, our house and a whole lot of events.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…[C]ivil_war_in_Peru_resulted_in_Don_Pio's_family_losing_political_power."_And_"[Aline_returned]_to_France_anticipating_grandfather_Gauguin's_death,_life_with_Clovis's_bachelor_brother_in_Orleans,_a_small_legacy_from_the_Gauguins,_and_a_large_annuity_from_Don_Pio,_which_[the_Tristan_Moscoso_clan]_prevented_Aline_from_ever_receiving._Eventually_she_established_herself_as_a_dressmaker_in_Paris…-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19714…[C]ivil_war_in_Peru_resulted_in_Don_Pio's_family_losing_political_power."_And_"[Aline_returned]_to_France_anticipating_grandfather_Gauguin's_death,_life_with_Clovis's_bachelor_brother_in_Orleans,_a_small_legacy_from_the_Gauguins,_and_a_large_annuity_from_Don_Pio,_which_[the_Tristan_Moscoso_clan]_prevented_Aline_from_ever_receiving._Eventually_she_established_herself_as_a_dressmaker_in_Paris…_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 4, …[C]ivil war in Peru resulted in Don Pio's family losing political power." And "[Aline returned] to France anticipating grandfather Gauguin's death, life with Clovis's bachelor brother in Orleans, a small legacy from the Gauguins, and a large annuity from Don Pio, which [the Tristan Moscoso clan] prevented Aline from ever receiving. Eventually she established herself as a dressmaker in Paris…. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayford200699–100-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGayford200699–100_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGayford2006">Gayford 2006</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200114-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200114_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200118-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200118_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerruchot1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Perruchot, Henri (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxpAAAAAIAAJ">La Vie de Gauguin</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0014QL91I">B0014QL91I</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Vie+de+Gauguin&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0014QL91I%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Perruchot&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxpAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2010" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Don (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORHdSqeDPlsC&pg=PA49">The $12 Million Stuffed Shark: The Curious Economics of Contemporary Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62059-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62059-9"><bdi>978-0-230-62059-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%2412+Million+Stuffed+Shark%3A+The+Curious+Economics+of+Contemporary+Art&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62059-9&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DORHdSqeDPlsC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/business/">"The Business of Art: Evidence from the Art Market"</a>. getty.edu. <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=getty.edu&rft.atitle=The+Business+of+Art%3A+Evidence+from+the+Art+Market&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fart%2Fexhibitions%2Fbusiness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198727-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson198727_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200148–49-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200148–49_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200162-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200162_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198738-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson198738_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001194-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001194_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001210-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001210_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198729-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson198729_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987182-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987182_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987182_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain-Smith" class="citation web cs1">Bain-Smith, Priscilla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115057/http://www.bonjourparis.com/story/gauguin-where-he-lived-and-loved/">"Gauguin: Where he lived and loved"</a>. bonjourparis.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonjourparis.com/story/gauguin-where-he-lived-and-loved/">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bonjourparis.com&rft.atitle=Gauguin%3A+Where+he+lived+and+loved&rft.aulast=Bain-Smith&rft.aufirst=Priscilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonjourparis.com%2Fstory%2Fgauguin-where-he-lived-and-loved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris_locations-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paris_locations_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paris_locations_35-1">b</a> Jean-François Staszak <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=id_AUj-DycAC&pg=PA32">Géographies de Gauguin</a>, p. 32, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-met-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-met_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-met_36-1">b</a> Cindy Kang, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gaug/hd_gaug.htm">Gauguin Biography</a>, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198722-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson198722_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200138–40-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200138–40_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198727–29-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson198727–29_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, pp. 27–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200152–56-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200152–56_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 52–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200156-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200156_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200157–62-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200157–62_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 57–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Thompson p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200163–67-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200163–67_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 63–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGersh-Nesic" class="citation web cs1">Gersh-Nesic, Berth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906032942/http://arthistory.about.com/od/first_eight_exhibitions/a/eighth_Impressionism_exhibition.htm">"The Eighth Impressionist Exhibition – 1886"</a>. arthistory.about.com. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arthistory.about.com/od/first_eight_exhibitions/a/eighth_Impressionism_exhibition.htm">the original</a> on 6 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arthistory.about.com&rft.atitle=The+Eighth+Impressionist+Exhibition+%E2%80%93+1886&rft.aulast=Gersh-Nesic&rft.aufirst=Berth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farthistory.about.com%2Fod%2Ffirst_eight_exhibitions%2Fa%2Feighth_Impressionism_exhibition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198739–41-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson198739–41_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, pp. 39–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200167–68-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200167–68_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200170–73-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200170–73_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 70–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198742–49-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson198742–49_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson198742–49_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, pp. 42–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Blackburn (1880). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews200174–75-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews200174–75_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJun10b-52"><a href="#cite_ref-twsJun10b_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/g/paul_gauguin/index.html">"Gauguin, Paul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 2004. Retrieved 10 June 2010. <q>With the artist Emile Bernard, Gauguin invented a method of rendering pictoral space that uses large patches of flat color and thick line; these techniques influenced early 20th-century artists. Gauguin's works include Vision after the Sermon: Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (1888), Mahana no atua (Day of the God) (1814), and Savage Tales (1902).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gauguin%2C+Paul&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftopics%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Fg%2Fpaul_gauguin%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCullough_p174-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCullough_p174_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCullough_p174_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2004" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, David (1 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2372.The_Path_Between_the_Seas">The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914</a> (Paperback ed.). Simon Schuster. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-22563-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-22563-4"><bdi>0-671-22563-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+Between+the+Seas%3A+The+Creation+of+the+Panama+Canal%2C+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Simon+Schuster&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.isbn=0-671-22563-4&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F2372.The_Path_Between_the_Seas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlohn" class="citation web cs1">Plohn, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjt2006.org/GKP_Gauguin_Panama_4917.pdf">"Gauguin in Panama: A Forgotten Journey"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gauguin+in+Panama%3A+A+Forgotten+Journey&rft.aulast=Plohn&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjt2006.org%2FGKP_Gauguin_Panama_4917.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "Gauguin and Martinique," Karen Kristine Reichnitzer Pope, 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Philip Vickers, "Martinique in Gauguin's Footsteps", Contemporary Review, 1 June 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn1890" class="citation web cs1">Hearn, Lafcadio (25 February 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/twoyearsinfrench00hearrich">"Two years in the French West Indies"</a>. New York, Harper & brothers – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+years+in+the+French+West+Indies&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1890-02-25&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Lafcadio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwoyearsinfrench00hearrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Paul Gauguin, "Letters to his Wife and Friends", 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-vangoghmuseum-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vangoghmuseum_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vangoghmuseum_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/s0221V1962">"De mangobomen, Martinique"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+mangobomen%2C+Martinique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vangoghmuseum.nl%2Fnl%2Fcollectie%2Fs0221V1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Thomson 1987, pp. 52–54, 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Mathews 2001, pp. 113–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayford2006284-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGayford2006284_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGayford2006">Gayford 2006</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Pickvance, Ronald. Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers (exh. cat. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York), Abrams, New York 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87099-477-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87099-477-8">0-87099-477-8</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198776–77-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson198776–77_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-Avant_et_après-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avant_et_après_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avant_et_après_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avanteta00gaug">"Avant et après: avec les vingt-sept dessins du manuscrit original (1923)"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avant+et+apr%C3%A8s%3A+avec+les+vingt-sept+dessins+du+manuscrit+original+%281923%29&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Favanteta00gaug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199216,_19,_123-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin199216,_19,_123_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, pp. 16, 19, 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199217-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin199217_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199216-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin199216_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin199216_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Figura, Childs, Foster & Mosier (2014), 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199285,_95-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin199285,_95_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, pp. 85, 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Stuckey p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Ann Dumas (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZt2oj5S-wQC&pg=PA57">The Private Collection of Edgar Degas, Volume 1</a>, p. 57, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. At n. 252, the text says Degas said he purchased it later at Vollard's gallery. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumas-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumas_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumas_73-1">b</a> Ann Dumas (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZt2oj5S-wQC&pg=PA56">The Private Collection of Edgar Degas, Volume 1</a>, p. 56, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin1992123-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin1992123_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin1992123_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Stuckey p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987125-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987125_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987125Thomson_notes_that_Gauguin_was_alert_to_the_potential_for_self-publicity._Camille_Pissarro,_no_admirer_of_Gauguin,_later_scathingly_observed_that_Gauguin_had_set_out_to_"get_himself_elected_…_as_a_man_of_genius-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987125Thomson_notes_that_Gauguin_was_alert_to_the_potential_for_self-publicity._Camille_Pissarro,_no_admirer_of_Gauguin,_later_scathingly_observed_that_Gauguin_had_set_out_to_"get_himself_elected_…_as_a_man_of_genius_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 125, Thomson notes that Gauguin was alert to the potential for self-publicity. Camille Pissarro, no admirer of Gauguin, later scathingly observed that Gauguin had set out to "get himself elected … as a man of genius. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987127-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987127_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Mathhews pp.157–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Arifa Akbar, "The painter who invented his own brand of artistic license", The Independent, 20 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987143-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987143_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987143,_145,_152-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987143,_145,_152_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, pp. 143, 145, 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987133-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987133_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987182Thomson_notes_that_Gauguin_offered_''Ia_Orana_Maria''_to_the_[[Musée_du_Luxembourg]],_whose_officials_turned_it_down_unceremoniously,_"thus_confirming_and_reinforcing_Gauguin's_hatred_of_officialdom"-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987182Thomson_notes_that_Gauguin_offered_''Ia_Orana_Maria''_to_the_[[Musée_du_Luxembourg]],_whose_officials_turned_it_down_unceremoniously,_"thus_confirming_and_reinforcing_Gauguin's_hatred_of_officialdom"_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 182, Thomson notes that Gauguin offered Ia Orana Maria to the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Luxembourg" title="Musée du Luxembourg">Musée du Luxembourg</a>, whose officials turned it down unceremoniously, "thus confirming and reinforcing Gauguin's hatred of officialdom". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198792,_136–138-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson198792,_136–138_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, pp. 92, 136–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001187-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001187_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsson1967" class="citation journal cs1">Danielsson, Bengt (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.com/stable/875243">"Gauguin's Tahitian Titles"</a>. The Burlington Magazine. 109 (769): 228–233. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6287">0007-6287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=Gauguin%27s+Tahitian+Titles&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=769&rft.pages=228-233&rft.date=1967&rft.issn=0007-6287&rft.aulast=Danielsson&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.com%2Fstable%2F875243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196924-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196924_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1969">Danielsson 1969</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987156-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987156_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001174-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001174_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001193-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001193_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987166-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987166_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001188-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001188_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001188_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-www.nytimes.com-95"><a href="#cite_ref-www.nytimes.com_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter" class="citation news cs1">Cotter, Holland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/arts/design/25gaugin.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1">"The Self-Invented Artist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 9 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Self-Invented+Artist&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F25%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F25gaugin.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Solomon-Godeau pp. 326, 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001179–182-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001179–182_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 179–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-98"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_98-0">^</a> Gauguin (1903), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/noanoatranslated00gauguoft#page/62/mode/2up">Noa Noa</a> pp. 63–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smart-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Smart_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart" class="citation news cs1">Smart, Alastair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/8011066/Is-it-wrong-to-admire-Paul-Gauguins-art.html">"Is it wrong to admire Paul Gauguin's art?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207210412/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/8011066/Is-it-wrong-to-admire-Paul-Gauguins-art.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Is+it+wrong+to+admire+Paul+Gauguin%27s+art%3F&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fart%2F8011066%2FIs-it-wrong-to-admire-Paul-Gauguins-art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001180Mathews_notes_that_Gauguin_certainly_emphasised_the_youth_of_the_girl_for_dramatic_effect._Nevertheless_it_is_likely_Teha'amana_was_in_her_early_teens,_as_young_girls_at_the_time_were_commonly_offered_as_native_wives_to_Westerners._There_is_no_further_record_of_Teha'amana's_baby._Mathews_estimates_it_was_probably_adopted_in_keeping_with_Tahitian_custom-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001180Mathews_notes_that_Gauguin_certainly_emphasised_the_youth_of_the_girl_for_dramatic_effect._Nevertheless_it_is_likely_Teha'amana_was_in_her_early_teens,_as_young_girls_at_the_time_were_commonly_offered_as_native_wives_to_Westerners._There_is_no_further_record_of_Teha'amana's_baby._Mathews_estimates_it_was_probably_adopted_in_keeping_with_Tahitian_custom_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 180, Mathews notes that Gauguin certainly emphasised the youth of the girl for dramatic effect. Nevertheless it is likely Teha'amana was in her early teens, as young girls at the time were commonly offered as native wives to Westerners. There is no further record of Teha'amana's baby. Mathews estimates it was probably adopted in keeping with Tahitian custom. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-orsay.fr/fr/collections/catalogue-des-oeuvres/notice.html?nnumid=15289">"Tehura"</a>. musee-orsay.fr. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=musee-orsay.fr&rft.atitle=Tehura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-orsay.fr%2Ffr%2Fcollections%2Fcatalogue-des-oeuvres%2Fnotice.html%3Fnnumid%3D15289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987181-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987181_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987181_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/artworks/gauguin/search">"WPI Digital Archives & Catalogues Raisonnés"</a>. digitalprojects.wpi.art. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalprojects.wpi.art&rft.atitle=WPI+Digital+Archives+%26+Catalogues+Raisonn%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalprojects.wpi.art%2Fartworks%2Fgauguin%2Fsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orsay-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orsay_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orsay_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/sculpture/commentaire_id/oviri-11308.html?cHash=f88883513c">"Oviri"</a>. musee-orsay.fr. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=musee-orsay.fr&rft.atitle=Oviri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-orsay.fr%2Fen%2Fcollections%2Fworks-in-focus%2Fsculpture%2Fcommentaire_id%2Foviri-11308.html%3FcHash%3Df88883513c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Dario Gamboni, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7fgpBJM_nQC&pg=PA96">Potential Images: Ambiguity and Indeterminacy in Modern Art</a>, p. 96, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Examination-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Examination_106-0">^</a> The Art Institute of Chicago (2005). "Examination: Gauguin's Day of the God (Mahana No Atua)". Art Explorer. Retrieved 10 April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001197–199-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001197–199_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 197–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9U0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112">"Gauguin's Faithless Javanese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">LIFE</a>. 11 September 1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIFE&rft.atitle=Gauguin%27s+Faithless+Javanese&rft.date=1950-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9U0EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Mathews p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001208-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001208_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Frèches-Thory p. 372, n. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001208–209-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001208–209_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001194,_210-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001194,_210_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 194, 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Wright pp. 194-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8vxXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Dictionary of Artists' Models</a>, p. 47, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001230Mathews_records_an_anecdote_that_a_Catholic_priest_asked_him_to_remove_a_provocative_sculpture_of_a_nude_woman_from_his_grounds._Not_only_did_Gauguin_refuse,_but_he_threatened_to_sue_the_priest._In_a_note_(n._71)_Mathews_casts_doubt_on_the_source_of_the_story_because_she_can't_find_a_record_for_the_priest_named_as_Michel_Béchu,_but_the_priest_in_question_would_appear_to_be_Léonard_Pierre_Béchu,_originally_entered_as_"Michel"_in_cathedral_records-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001230Mathews_records_an_anecdote_that_a_Catholic_priest_asked_him_to_remove_a_provocative_sculpture_of_a_nude_woman_from_his_grounds._Not_only_did_Gauguin_refuse,_but_he_threatened_to_sue_the_priest._In_a_note_(n._71)_Mathews_casts_doubt_on_the_source_of_the_story_because_she_can't_find_a_record_for_the_priest_named_as_Michel_Béchu,_but_the_priest_in_question_would_appear_to_be_Léonard_Pierre_Béchu,_originally_entered_as_"Michel"_in_cathedral_records_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 230, Mathews records an anecdote that a Catholic priest asked him to remove a provocative sculpture of a nude woman from his grounds. Not only did Gauguin refuse, but he threatened to sue the priest. In a note (n. 71) Mathews casts doubt on the source of the story because she can't find a record for the priest named as Michel Béchu, but the priest in question would appear to be Léonard Pierre Béchu, originally entered as "Michel" in cathedral records. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1895" class="citation journal cs1">Bernard, Emile (June 1895). "Lettre ouverte à M. Camille Mauclair". Mercure de France: 332–339.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercure+de+France&rft.atitle=Lettre+ouverte+%C3%A0+M.+Camille+Mauclair&rft.pages=332-339&rft.date=1895-06&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauclair1895" class="citation journal cs1">Mauclair, Camille (June 1895). "Choses d'art". Mercure de France: 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercure+de+France&rft.atitle=Choses+d%27art&rft.pages=359&rft.date=1895-06&rft.aulast=Mauclair&rft.aufirst=Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987185–186-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987185–186_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001209–210-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001209–210_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 209–210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001215-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001215_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109225701/http://histoire.assemblee.pf/articles.php?id=332">"Jules Agostini, fonctionnaire et photographe"</a>. histoire.assemblee.pf (in French). Histoire de l'Assemblée de la Polynésie française. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histoire.assemblee.pf/articles.php?id=332">the original</a> on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=histoire.assemblee.pf&rft.atitle=Jules+Agostini%2C+fonctionnaire+et+photographe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoire.assemblee.pf%2Farticles.php%3Fid%3D332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=geyMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT6">Antimodernism and Artistic Experience: Policing the Boundaries of Modernity</a>, p. PT6, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987188-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987188_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001212–213-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001212–213_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 212–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001214–215-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001214–215_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 214–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001232–235-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001232–235_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 232–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/66094">"Head Piece for "Le Sourire" (Monkey—Caricature of Governor Gallet)"</a>. artic.edu. <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artic.edu&rft.atitle=Head+Piece+for+%22Le+Sourire%22+%28Monkey%E2%80%94Caricature+of+Governor+Gallet%29&rft.date=1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Faic%2Fcollections%2Fartwork%2F66094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001233-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001233_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965223–226-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965223–226_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, pp. 223–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987188–190-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987188–190_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, pp. 188–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987190-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987190_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001217–219-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001217–219_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 217–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikkah2010" class="citation web cs1">Nikkah, Roya (14 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/7231391/Gauguins-Nevermore-voted-Britains-most-romantic-painting.html">"Gauguin's Nevermore voted Britain's most romantic painting"</a>. telegraph.co.uk. Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223042551/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/7231391/Gauguins-Nevermore-voted-Britains-most-romantic-painting.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Gauguin%27s+Nevermore+voted+Britain%27s+most+romantic+painting&rft.date=2010-02-14&rft.aulast=Nikkah&rft.aufirst=Roya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2F7231391%2FGauguins-Nevermore-voted-Britains-most-romantic-painting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965163-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965163_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987222–223-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987222–223_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, pp. 222–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodgers-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2011" class="citation news cs1">Rodgers, Paul (23 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/gauguins-british-relative-disputes-artists-notoriety-2191988.html">"Gauguin's British relative disputes artist's notoriety"</a>. independent.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323221414/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/gauguins-british-relative-disputes-artists-notoriety-2191988.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Gauguin%27s+British+relative+disputes+artist%27s+notoriety&rft.date=2011-01-23&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fart%2Fnews%2Fgauguins-british-relative-disputes-artists-notoriety-2191988.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965193–195-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965193–195_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, pp. 193–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987194–200-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987194–200_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, pp. 194–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001225–229-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001225–229_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 225–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/letterspaulgaug00gauggoog#page/n103/mode/2up">"The Letters of Paul Gauguin to Georges Daniel de Monfreid – Letter XXXI"</a>. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Paul+Gauguin+to+Georges+Daniel+de+Monfreid+%E2%80%93+Letter+XXXI&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fletterspaulgaug00gauggoog%23page%2Fn103%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/archives/exhibitions-archives/browse/16/article/gauguin-tahiti-latelier-des-tropiques-4206.html?S=&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=252&cHash=f5ab50f1b9&print=1&no_cache=1&">"Gauguin – Tahiti, The Workshop of the Tropics"</a>. musee-orsay.fr. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=musee-orsay.fr&rft.atitle=Gauguin+%E2%80%93+Tahiti%2C+The+Workshop+of+the+Tropics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-orsay.fr%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fexhibitions%2Farchives%2Fexhibitions-archives%2Fbrowse%2F16%2Farticle%2Fgauguin-tahiti-latelier-des-tropiques-4206.html%3FS%3D%26tx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D%3D252%26cHash%3Df5ab50f1b9%26print%3D1%26no_cache%3D1%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Mowll_Mathews" title="Nancy Mowll Mathews">Mathews, Nancy Mowll</a> (2001) Paul Gauguin, an Erotic Life. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, pp. 225–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987194-200-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987194-200_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 194-200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965227–228-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965227–228_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, pp. 227–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001234-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001234_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn1959" class="citation journal cs1">John, Rewald (May 1959). "The genius and the dealer". <a href="/wiki/Art_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Art News">Art News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+News&rft.atitle=The+genius+and+the+dealer&rft.date=1959-05&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Rewald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196918-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196918_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1969">Danielsson 1969</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965209-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965209_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-Metamorphoses-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Metamorphoses_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150227064259/http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2014/gauguin/home">"Gauguin: Metamorphoses"</a>. moma.org. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2014/gauguin/home">the original</a> on 27 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moma.org&rft.atitle=Gauguin%3A+Metamorphoses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Finteractives%2Fexhibitions%2F2014%2Fgauguin%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruong2011" class="citation web cs1">Truong, Alain R. (31 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaintruong.com/archives/2011/03/31/20773802.html">"Record for Any Paul Gauguin Print Sold at Auction Established Today at Sotheby's"</a>. alaintruong.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223160006/http://www.alaintruong.com/archives/2011/03/31/20773802.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alaintruong.com&rft.atitle=Record+for+Any+Paul+Gauguin+Print+Sold+at+Auction+Established+Today+at+Sotheby%27s&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft.aulast=Truong&rft.aufirst=Alain+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaintruong.com%2Farchives%2F2011%2F03%2F31%2F20773802.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965182-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965182_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965228-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965228_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001213–214-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001213–214_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 213–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196925-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196925_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1969">Danielsson 1969</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-newadvent-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_157-1">b</a> web Catholic encyclopaedia </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965232-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965232_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196926-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson196926_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1969">Danielsson 1969</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965234-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965234_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965249-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965249_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965249_162-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001235–236-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001235–236_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001235–236_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965236,_250-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965236,_250_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, pp. 236, 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001239-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001239_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001239_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965238-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965238_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965240-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965240_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965256-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965256_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Eisenman p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christies.com/features/modigliani-nu-couche-reclining-nude-leads-a-night-of-records-in-new-york-6782-3.aspx">Modigliani’s Nu couché (Reclining Nude) leads a night of records in New York</a>, Christie's New York, 10 November 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/sculptures-statues-figures/paul-gauguin-therese-5946111-details.aspx?from=salesummary&intObjectID=5946111&sid=5d33e98a-1288-4c63-8fef-f82544cbfbe3">Paul Gauguin, Thérèse</a>, Christie's New York, 9 November 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/sculptures-statues-figures/paul-gauguin-therese-5946111-details.aspx?pos=4&intObjectID=5946111&sid=&page=1&lid=1">"Therese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Therese&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Fsculptures-statues-figures%2Fpaul-gauguin-therese-5946111-details.aspx%3Fpos%3D4%26intObjectID%3D5946111%26sid%3D%26page%3D1%26lid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Moore, Susan (January 2016). "Art Market". <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(magazine)" title="Apollo (magazine)">Apollo</a>. Vol. 158, no. 638. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apollo&rft.atitle=Art+Market&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=638&rft.pages=72&rft.date=2016-01&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09688a.htm">"Vicariate Apostolic of Marquesas Islands"</a>. newadvent.org. <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Vicariate+Apostolic+of+Marquesas+Islands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09688a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965240–241-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965240–241_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, pp. 240–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965241-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965241_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965255-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965255_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965241–255-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965241–255_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, pp. 241–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-S243-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S243_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S243_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S243_179-2">c</a> Szech p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/letterspaulgaug00gauggoog">"The Letters of Paul Gauguin to Georges Daniel de Monfreid"</a>. Dodd, Mead and Company. 25 February 1922 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Paul+Gauguin+to+Georges+Daniel+de+Monfreid&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1922-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletterspaulgaug00gauggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001243-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001243_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001243_181-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/438001">"Two Women"</a>. metmuseum.org. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Two+Women&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fthe-collection-online%2Fsearch%2F438001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C312-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C312_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C312_183-1">b</a> Childs p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965244-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965244_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Eisenman pp. 140–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas_Llosa" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Vargas Llosa, Mario</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific">"The men-women of the Pacific"</a>. tate.org.uk. <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100743/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tate.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+men-women+of+the+Pacific&rft.aulast=Vargas+Llosa&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fcontext-comment%2Farticles%2Fmen-women-pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001246-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001246_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965179-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965179_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965211-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965211_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965212-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965212_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965213-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965213_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965248-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965248_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965258-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965258_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/8008607/Paul-Gauguin-Self-Portraits-at-the-Tate-Modern.html?image=6">"Self-portrait with glasses, 1903 – Paul Gauguin: Self-Portraits at the Tate Modern"</a>. telegraph.co.uk. The Daily Telegraph. 17 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Self-portrait+with+glasses%2C+1903+%E2%80%93+Paul+Gauguin%3A+Self-Portraits+at+the+Tate+Modern&rft.date=2010-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fculturepicturegalleries%2F8008607%2FPaul-Gauguin-Self-Portraits-at-the-Tate-Modern.html%3Fimage%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965258–259-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965258–259_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, pp. 258–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/letterspaulgaug00gauggoog#page/n179/mode/2up">"The Letters of Paul Gauguin to Georges Daniel de Monfreid – O'Brien (letters to Monfreid)"</a>. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1922. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Paul+Gauguin+to+Georges+Daniel+de+Monfreid+%E2%80%93+O%27Brien+%28letters+to+Monfreid%29&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fletterspaulgaug00gauggoog%23page%2Fn179%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965255–258-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965255–258_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, pp. 255–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987202-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987202_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965259-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965259_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/12079829/paul_gauguin_noa_noa/">"Noa Noa"</a>. bnf.fr. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>. 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bnf.fr&rft.atitle=Noa+Noa&rft.date=1897&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2F12079829%2Fpaul_gauguin_noa_noa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Goddard p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001247-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001247_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001247_202-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965259–262-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965259–262_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, pp. 259–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Gauguin (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQsLza-zO10C&pg=PA87">Intimate Journals</a>, p. 87, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965262-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965262_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965262_205-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Gauguin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/letterspaulgaug00gauggoog#page/n183/mode/2up">Letter LXI to Monfreid.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/13021324/paul_gauguin_racontars_de_rapin/">"Racontars de Rapindata"</a>. bnf.fr. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>. 1951.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bnf.fr&rft.atitle=Racontars+de+Rapindata&rft.date=1951&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2F13021324%2Fpaul_gauguin_racontars_de_rapin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertrand" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bertrand, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/livres/1995/02/02/gauguin-le-rapin-racontars-de-rapin-suivi-de-art-de-papou-chant-de-rossignoou-et-la-lutte-pour-les-p_124875">"Gauguin le rapin : ""Racontars de rapin, suivi de Art de Papou & chant de Rossignoou"" et ""La lutte pour les peintres"""</a>. liberation.fr (in French). <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liberation.fr&rft.atitle=Gauguin+le+rapin+%3A+%22%22Racontars+de+rapin%2C+suivi+de+Art+de+Papou+%26+chant+de+Rossignoou%22%22+et+%22%22La+lutte+pour+les+peintres%22%22&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Flivres%2F1995%2F02%2F02%2Fgauguin-le-rapin-racontars-de-rapin-suivi-de-art-de-papou-chant-de-rossignoou-et-la-lutte-pour-les-p_124875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965252-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965252_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/unionnz.shtml">"Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand"</a>. theshipslist.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theshipslist.com&rft.atitle=Union+Steam+Ship+Company+of+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theshipslist.com%2Fships%2Flines%2Funionnz.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965264-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965264_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001247-252-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001247-252_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 247-252. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJRAI0pLBEYC&pg=PA160">Revelation of Modernism: Responses to Cultural Crises in Fin-de-sie`cle Painting</a>, p. 160, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mansfield, Elizabeth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/spring09/56-spring09/spring09review/70-art-in-an-age-of-civil-struggle-1848-1871-and-revelation-of-modernism-responses-to-cultural-crises-in-fin-de-siecle-painting-both-by-albert-boime">"Albert Boime"</a>. Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide. 8 (1). <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Historians_of_Nineteenth-Century_Art" title="Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art">Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nineteenth-Century+Art+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Albert+Boime&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.19thc-artworldwide.org%2Fspring09%2F56-spring09%2Fspring09review%2F70-art-in-an-age-of-civil-struggle-1848-1871-and-revelation-of-modernism-responses-to-cultural-crises-in-fin-de-siecle-painting-both-by-albert-boime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEs3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA178">Intimate Journals</a>, p. 178, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://julienmannoni.blogspot.com/2012/02/paul-gauguin-avant-et-apres-edition.html">"Paul Gauguin : Avant et après. Edition originale. Fac-similé du manuscrit. Leipzig, Kurt Wolff, 1918"</a>. julienmannoni.blogspot.com (in French). Julien Mannoni livres anciens. 6 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=julienmannoni.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Paul+Gauguin+%3A+Avant+et+apr%C3%A8s.+Edition+originale.+Fac-simil%C3%A9+du+manuscrit.+Leipzig%2C+Kurt+Wolff%2C+1918.&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjulienmannoni.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fpaul-gauguin-avant-et-apres-edition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Paul Gauguin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvLDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Intimate Journals</a>, p. 68, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965271–274-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965271–274_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, pp. 271–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Daniellson (1965), pp. 265–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001252–254-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001252–254_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, pp. 252–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965274-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965274_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965275-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsson1965275_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanielsson1965">Danielsson 1965</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001257-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001257_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/letterspaulgaug00gauggoog#page/n145/mode/2up">"The Letters of Paul Gauguin to Georges Daniel de Monfreid – Monfreid XLVIII"</a>. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Paul+Gauguin+to+Georges+Daniel+de+Monfreid+%E2%80%93+Monfreid+XLVIII&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fletterspaulgaug00gauggoog%23page%2Fn145%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/letterspaulgaug00gauggoog#page/n193/mode/2up">"The Letters of Paul Gauguin to Georges Daniel de Monfreid"</a>. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1922. pp. 172–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Paul+Gauguin+to+Georges+Daniel+de+Monfreid&rft.pages=172-6&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fletterspaulgaug00gauggoog%23page%2Fn193%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1987204-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1987204_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1987">Thomson 1987</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001255-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001255_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114407/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.pdf.N08022.html/f/15/N08022-15.pdf">"Sotheby's Impressionist & Modern Art, Part One New York 04 Nov 2004"</a> (PDF). sothebys.com. <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.pdf.N08022.html/f/15/N08022-15.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sothebys.com&rft.atitle=Sotheby%27s+Impressionist+%26+Modern+Art%2C+Part+One+New+York+04+Nov+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fauctions%2Fecatalogue%2Flot.pdf.N08022.html%2Ff%2F15%2FN08022-15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041757/https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/search/commentaire/commentaire_id/bois-de-la-maison-du-jouir-7099.html?no_cache=1">"Bois de la Maison du Jouir [Sculpted wood from the Maison du Jouir]"</a>. musee-orsay.fr. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_D%27Orsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée D'Orsay">Musée D'Orsay</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/search/commentaire/commentaire_id/bois-de-la-maison-du-jouir-7099.html?no_cache=1">the original</a> on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=musee-orsay.fr&rft.atitle=Bois+de+la+Maison+du+Jouir+%5BSculpted+wood+from+the+Maison+du+Jouir%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-orsay.fr%2Fen%2Fcollections%2Fworks-in-focus%2Fsearch%2Fcommentaire%2Fcommentaire_id%2Fbois-de-la-maison-du-jouir-7099.html%3Fno_cache%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey" class="citation news cs1">Bailey, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Gauguin-could-be-cleared-of-syphilisby-the-skin-of-his-teeth/31842">"Gauguin could be cleared of syphilis—by the skin of his teeth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper" title="The Art Newspaper">The Art Newspaper</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Gauguin+could+be+cleared+of+syphilis%E2%80%94by+the+skin+of+his+teeth&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Farticles%2FGauguin-could-be-cleared-of-syphilisby-the-skin-of-his-teeth%2F31842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meier-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Meier_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2014" class="citation web cs1">Meier, Allison (27 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperallergic.com/111730/posthumous-prognosis-for-supposedly-syphilitic-gauguin-via-his-teeth/">"Posthumous Prognosis for Supposedly Syphilitic Gauguin, via His Teeth"</a>. hyperallergic.com. <a href="/wiki/Hyperallergic" title="Hyperallergic">Hyperallergic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209155917/http://hyperallergic.com/111730/posthumous-prognosis-for-supposedly-syphilitic-gauguin-via-his-teeth/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hyperallergic.com&rft.atitle=Posthumous+Prognosis+for+Supposedly+Syphilitic+Gauguin%2C+via+His+Teeth&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperallergic.com%2F111730%2Fposthumous-prognosis-for-supposedly-syphilitic-gauguin-via-his-teeth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/gauguin-s-teeth-found-down-well-761713.html">"'Gauguin's teeth' found down well"</a>. The Independent. 23 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/gauguin-s-teeth-found-down-well-761713.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%27Gauguin%27s+teeth%27+found+down+well&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fgauguin-s-teeth-found-down-well-761713.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-swain1965-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swain1965_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swain1965_235-1">b</a> Harrison Swain "Emile Gauguin Honor Guest at Artists' Ball" in <a href="/wiki/The_Evening_Independent" class="mw-redirect" title="The Evening Independent">The Evening Independent</a>, 26 January 1965, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-1896birth-236"><a href="#cite_ref-1896birth_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BVL57644" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ffh.films.com/ecTitleDetail.aspx?TitleID=33301">God's Child: Private Life of a Masterpiece</a> (FLV). <a href="/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_a_Masterpiece" title="The Private Life of a Masterpiece">The Private Life of a Masterpiece</a>. BBC. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-9539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-9539-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-9539-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God%27s+Child%3A+Private+Life+of+a+Masterpiece&rft.series=The+Private+Life+of+a+Masterpiece&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-9539-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fffh.films.com%2FecTitleDetail.aspx%3FTitleID%3D33301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews2001213-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews2001213_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathews2001">Mathews 2001</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Artspoke, Robert Atkins, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-388-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-388-6">978-1-55859-388-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Douglas Cooper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cubistepoch00coop#page/n0/mode/2up">"The Cubist Epoch"</a>, pp. 11–221, Phaidon Press Limited 1970 in association with the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87587-041-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87587-041-4">0-87587-041-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> John Rewald, (1986). Studies in Post-Impressionism, Paul Gauguin–Letters to <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a> and Andre Fontainas, pp. 168–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJun10a-241"><a href="#cite_ref-twsJun10a_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_I._Miller" title="Arthur I. Miller">Miller, Arthur I.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/miller-01einstein.html">"Einstein, Picasso: Space, Time, and the Beauty That Causes Havoc"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 10 June 2010. <q>Les Demoiselles contains vestiges of Cézanne, El Greco, Gauguin and Ingres, among others, with the addition of conceptual aspects of primitive art properly represented with geometry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Einstein%2C+Picasso%3A+Space%2C+Time%2C+and+the+Beauty+That+Causes+Havoc&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Arthur+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fm%2Fmiller-01einstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Sweetman, 563. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Richardson 1991, 461. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Sweetman, 562–563. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Richardson 1991, 459. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther20007-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalther20007_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalther2000">Walther 2000</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness19715-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness19715_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness197115-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness197115_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness197115_248-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness197110-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness197110_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Figura, Childs, Foster & Mosier (2014), 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Figura, Childs, Foster & Mosier (2014), pp. 23–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199233-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin199233_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin199233_252-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199252-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin199252_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199245-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin199245_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther200013,_17-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalther200013,_17_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalther2000">Walther 2000</a>, pp. 13, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther200050-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalther200050_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalther2000">Walther 2000</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther200075-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalther200075_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalther2000">Walther 2000</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther200053-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalther200053_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalther2000">Walther 2000</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalther200013-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalther200013_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalther2000">Walther 2000</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin1992170–171-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin1992170–171_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, pp. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin199238-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin199238_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Figura, Childs, Foster & Mosier (2014), 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowness197111-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowness197111_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowness1971">Bowness 1971</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Figura, Childs, Foster & Mosier (2014), 19–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Figura, Childs, Foster & Mosier (2014), 26–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin1992119-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin1992119_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Figura, Childs, Foster & Mosier (2014), 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Figura, Childs, Foster & Mosier (2014), 30–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Field, pp. 20–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Figura, Childs, Foster & Mosier (2014), 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECachin1992180–181-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECachin1992180–181_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCachin1992">Cachin 1992</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909011518/http://www.morozov-shchukin.com/html/Agau.html">"Shchukin Gauguin"</a>. Morozov-shchukin.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morozov-shchukin.com/html/Agau.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shchukin+Gauguin&rft.pub=Morozov-shchukin.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morozov-shchukin.com%2Fhtml%2FAgau.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyburnCarvajal2015" class="citation news cs1">Reyburn, Scott; Carvajal, Doreen (5 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/06/arts/design/gauguin-painting-is-said-to-fetch-nearly-300-million.html">"Gauguin Painting Is Said to Fetch $300 Million"</a>. The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gauguin+Painting+Is+Said+to+Fetch+%24300+Million&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft.aulast=Reyburn&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Carvajal%2C+Doreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F02%2F06%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fgauguin-painting-is-said-to-fetch-nearly-300-million.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeek2023" class="citation book cs1">Meek, R.w. (2023). The Dream Collector, Book I Sabrine & Sigmund Freud. New York: Historium Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-962465-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-962465-13-7"><bdi>978-1-962465-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Collector%2C+Book+I+Sabrine+%26+Sigmund+Freud&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Historium+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-962465-13-7&rft.aulast=Meek&rft.aufirst=R.w.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeek2024" class="citation book cs1">Meek, R.w. (2024). The Dream Collector, Book II Sabrine & Vincent van Gogh. New York, NY: Historium Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-962465-34-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-962465-34-2"><bdi>978-1-962465-34-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Collector%2C+Book+II+Sabrine+%26+Vincent+van+Gogh&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Historium+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-962465-34-2&rft.aulast=Meek&rft.aufirst=R.w.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2014" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Lizzy (2 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/apr/02/stolen-paintings-italian-works-wall-40-years-gaugain-bonnard">"Stolen paintings hung on Italian factory worker's wall for almost 40 years | Art and design"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Stolen+paintings+hung+on+Italian+factory+worker%27s+wall+for+almost+40+years+%26%23124%3B+Art+and+design&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Lizzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2014%2Fapr%2F02%2Fstolen-paintings-italian-works-wall-40-years-gaugain-bonnard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-277"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaleuvre2018" class="citation journal cs1">Maleuvre, Didier (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/90021833">"The Trial of Paul Gauguin"</a>. Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal. 51 (1): 197–213. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-1276">0027-1276</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/90021833">90021833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mosaic%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Critical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Trial+of+Paul+Gauguin&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=197-213&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90021833%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0027-1276&rft.aulast=Maleuvre&rft.aufirst=Didier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90021833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn2017" class="citation web cs1">Mendelsohn, Meredith (3 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-art-divided-gauguins-legacy">"Why Is the Art World Divided over Gauguin's Legacy?"</a>. Artsy. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artsy&rft.atitle=Why+Is+the+Art+World+Divided+over+Gauguin%27s+Legacy%3F&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.aulast=Mendelsohn&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsy.net%2Farticle%2Fartsy-editorial-art-divided-gauguins-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-279"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayeri2019" class="citation news cs1">Nayeri, Farah (18 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/18/arts/design/gauguin-national-gallery-london.html">"Is It Time Gauguin Got Canceled?"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+It+Time+Gauguin+Got+Canceled%3F&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Nayeri&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F11%2F18%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fgauguin-national-gallery-london.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowness1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bowness" title="Alan Bowness">Bowness, Alan</a> (5 August 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gauguin00gaug">Gauguin</a>. Phaidon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gauguin00gaug/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-1481-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-1481-4"><bdi>0-7148-1481-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauguin&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1971-08-05&rft.isbn=0-7148-1481-4&rft.aulast=Bowness&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgauguin00gaug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn1880" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Henry (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bretonfolkartist01blac#page/n9/mode/2up">Breton Folk: An Artistic Tour in Brittany</a>. Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Caldecott" title="Randolph Caldecott">Randolph Caldecott</a>. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breton+Folk%3A+An+Artistic+Tour+in+Brittany&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Searle+%26+Rivington&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbretonfolkartist01blac%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCachin1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Cachin" title="Françoise Cachin">Cachin, Françoise</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-X8tAEACAAJ">Gauguin: The Quest for Paradise</a>. '<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">New Horizons</a>' series. Translated by Paris, I. Mark. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-30007-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-30007-0"><bdi>0-500-30007-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauguin%3A+The+Quest+for+Paradise&rft.place=London&rft.series=%27New+Horizons%27+series&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-500-30007-0&rft.aulast=Cachin&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-X8tAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>C. Childs, Elizabeth; Figura, Starr; Foster, Hal; Mosier, Erika (2014). Gauguin: Metamorphosis. Museum of Modern Art. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B87070%2B905%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+87070+905+0">978 0 87070 905 0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2011" class="citation book cs1">Childs, Elizabeth C. (6 October 2011). "Chapter 6: Remixing Paradise – Gauguin and the Marquesas Islands". In Greub, Suzanne (ed.). Gauguin and Polynesia. Hirmer Verlag. pp. 306–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-4261-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-4261-7"><bdi>978-3-7774-4261-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Remixing+Paradise+%E2%80%93+Gauguin+and+the+Marquesas+Islands&rft.btitle=Gauguin+and+Polynesia&rft.pages=306-321&rft.pub=Hirmer+Verlag&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.isbn=978-3-7774-4261-7&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsson1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bengt_Danielsson" title="Bengt Danielsson">Danielsson, Bengt</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u41CAAAAIAAJ">Gauguin in the South Seas</a>. New York: Doubleday. p. 336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauguin+in+the+South+Seas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Danielsson&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du41CAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsson1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bengt_Danielsson" title="Bengt Danielsson">Danielsson, Bengt</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYy-tAEACAAJ">The Exotic Sources of Gauguin's Art</a>. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exotic+Sources+of+Gauguin%27s+Art&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Danielsson&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYy-tAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Eisenman, Stephen F., (1999). Gauguin's Skirt. London: Thames and Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28038-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28038-6">978-0-500-28038-6</a>.</li> <li>Eisenman, Stephen F., (2008). Paul Gauguin: Artist of Myth and Dream. Milan: Skira. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8861304583" title="Special:BookSources/8861304583">8861304583</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1973" class="citation book cs1">Field, Richard S. (1973). Paul Gauguin: Monotypes. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a> (Lebanon Valley). <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73077306">73077306</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5430689M">5430689M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Gauguin%3A+Monotypes&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Museum+of+Art+%28Lebanon+Valley%29&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5430689M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73077306&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrèches-Thory1988" class="citation book cs1">Frèches-Thory, Claire (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_d8s2/page/369">"The Return to France"</a>. The Art of Paul Gauguin. with Peter Zegers. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_d8s2/page/369">369–73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-1723-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-1723-2"><bdi>0-8212-1723-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/88-81005">88-81005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Return+to+France&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Paul+Gauguin&rft.pages=369-73&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F88-81005&rft.isbn=0-8212-1723-2&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A8ches-Thory&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_d8s2%2Fpage%2F369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2008" class="citation journal cs1">Goddard, Linda (2008). "'The Writings of a Savage?' Literary Strategies in Paul Gauguin's "Noa Noa"". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 71. Warburg Institute: 277–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FJWCI20462786">10.1086/JWCI20462786</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20462786">20462786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193429511">193429511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Warburg+and+Courtauld+Institutes&rft.atitle=%27The+Writings+of+a+Savage%3F%27+Literary+Strategies+in+Paul+Gauguin%27s+%22Noa+Noa%22&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=277-293&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193429511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20462786%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FJWCI20462786&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gauguin, Paul; Morice, Charles (1901). Noa Noa: The Tahiti Journal of Paul Gauguin.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauguin2011" class="citation book cs1">Gauguin, Paul (2011) [1921]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEs3AQAAMAAJ">Paul Gauguin's Intimate Journals</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Van_Wyck_Brooks" title="Van Wyck Brooks">Van Wyck Brooks</a>. Mineola, New York: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-29441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-29441-4"><bdi>978-0-486-29441-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Gauguin%27s+Intimate+Journals&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-486-29441-4&rft.aulast=Gauguin&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvEs3AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gauguin, Paul. The letters of Paul Gauguin to Georges Daniel de Monfreid, translated by Ruth Pielkovo; foreword by Frederick O'Brien. archive.org</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayford2006" class="citation book cs1">Gayford, Martin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PKWbqELx0IkC">The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles</a>. London: Penguin UK. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-91497-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-91497-5"><bdi>0-670-91497-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yellow+House%3A+Van+Gogh%2C+Gauguin%2C+and+Nine+Turbulent+Weeks+in+Arles&rft.place=London&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-670-91497-5&rft.aulast=Gayford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPKWbqELx0IkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Huntington Wright, Willard (1915). Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning New York: John Lane Company.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Mowll_Mathews" title="Nancy Mowll Mathews">Mathews, Nancy Mowll</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_TxQzDBfHNgC">Paul Gauguin, an Erotic Life</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09109-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09109-5"><bdi>0-300-09109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Gauguin%2C+an+Erotic+Life&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-300-09109-5&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Mowll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_TxQzDBfHNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rewald" title="John Rewald">Rewald, John</a> (1986). Studies in Post-Impressionism. Harry N. Abrams Inc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(art_historian)" title="John Richardson (art historian)">Richardson, John</a> (1991). A Life of Picasso: The Cubist Rebel: 1907–1916. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26665-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26665-1">978-0-307-26665-1</a>.</li> <li>Solomon-Godeau, Abigail. "Going Native: Paul Gauguin and the Invention of Primitivist Modernist," in The Expanding Discourse: Feminism and Art History. 1st ed. Boulder, CO: WestView, 1992. 313–329</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuckey1988" class="citation book cs1">Stuckey, Charles F. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_d8s2/page/210">"The First Tahitian Years"</a>. The Art of Paul Gauguin. with Peter Zegers. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_d8s2/page/210">210–95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-1723-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-1723-2"><bdi>0-8212-1723-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/88-81005">88-81005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Tahitian+Years&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Paul+Gauguin&rft.pages=210-95&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F88-81005&rft.isbn=0-8212-1723-2&rft.aulast=Stuckey&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_d8s2%2Fpage%2F210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sweetman" title="David Sweetman">Sweetman, David</a> (1995). Paul Gauguin: A Life. New York City: Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80941-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80941-9">0-684-80941-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzech2015" class="citation book cs1">Szech, Anna (15 February 2015). "Marquesas 1901–1903". In Bouvier, Raphaël; Schwander, Martin (eds.). Paul Gauguin. <a href="/wiki/Fondation_Beyeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fondation Beyeler">Fondation Beyeler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hatje_Cantz_Verlag" title="Hatje Cantz Verlag">Hatje Cantz</a>). pp. 148–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3959-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3959-7"><bdi>978-3-7757-3959-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marquesas+1901%E2%80%931903&rft.btitle=Paul+Gauguin&rft.pages=148-9&rft.pub=Fondation+Beyeler+%28Hatje+Cantz%29&rft.date=2015-02-15&rft.isbn=978-3-7757-3959-7&rft.aulast=Szech&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1987" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Belinda (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gauguin00thom">Gauguin</a>. London: Thames and Hudson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gauguin00thom/page/215">215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20220-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20220-6"><bdi>0-500-20220-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauguin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-500-20220-6&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Belinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgauguin00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalther2000" class="citation book cs1">Walther, Ingo F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2jC7gH_4xAC">Gauguin</a>. Taschen. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5986-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5986-5"><bdi>978-3-8228-5986-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauguin&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-5986-5&rft.aulast=Walther&rft.aufirst=Ingo+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2jC7gH_4xAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildenstein1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Wildenstein" title="Georges Wildenstein">Wildenstein, Georges</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://view.publitas.com/wildenstein-plattner-institute-ol46yv9z6qv6/c-r_paul_gauguin_wildenstein_institute/page/1">Gauguin</a> (in French). Vol. I. Paris: Les Beaux-arts, éditions d'études et de documents.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauguin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Beaux-arts%2C+%C3%A9ditions+d%27%C3%A9tudes+et+de+documents&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Wildenstein&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.publitas.com%2Fwildenstein-plattner-institute-ol46yv9z6qv6%2Fc-r_paul_gauguin_wildenstein_institute%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildenstein2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wildenstein" title="Daniel Wildenstein">Wildenstein, Daniel</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://view.publitas.com/wildenstein-plattner-institute-ol46yv9z6qv6/c-r_paul_gauguin_volume_i_wildenstein_institute/page/1">Gauguin Catalogue Raisonné of the Paintings (1873-1888)</a> (in French). Vol. I. Paris: Wildenstein Institute and Skira/Seuil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauguin+Catalogue+Raisonn%C3%A9+of+the+Paintings+%281873-1888%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Wildenstein+Institute+and+Skira%2FSeuil&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wildenstein&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.publitas.com%2Fwildenstein-plattner-institute-ol46yv9z6qv6%2Fc-r_paul_gauguin_volume_i_wildenstein_institute%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildenstein2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wildenstein" title="Daniel Wildenstein">Wildenstein, Daniel</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://view.publitas.com/wildenstein-plattner-institute-ol46yv9z6qv6/c-r_paul_gauguin_volume_ii_wildenstein_institute/page/1">Gauguin Catalogue Raisonné of the Paintings (1873-1888)</a> (in French). Vol. II. Paris: Wildenstein Institute and Skira/Seuil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauguin+Catalogue+Raisonn%C3%A9+of+the+Paintings+%281873-1888%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Wildenstein+Institute+and+Skira%2FSeuil&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wildenstein&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.publitas.com%2Fwildenstein-plattner-institute-ol46yv9z6qv6%2Fc-r_paul_gauguin_volume_ii_wildenstein_institute%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gauguin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/38848">Paul Gauguin, His Life and Art by John Gould Fletcher</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yorkpaulgau00moriuoftGauguin,">Morice, Charles (1901). Noa Noa: The Tahiti Journal of Paul Gauguin, Paris: H. Floury</a>.</li> <li>Gauguin, Paul (<a href="/wiki/Van_Wyck_Brooks" title="Van Wyck Brooks">Brooks, Van Wyck</a>, translator; 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulgaug00gaug">Gauguin's Intimate Journals. Preface by Emil Gauguin, New York, Crown Publishers, 1936.</a></li> <li>Pichon, Yann le; translated by I. Mark Paris (1987). Gauguin: Life, Art, Inspiration. New York: Harry N Abrams. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0993-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0993-9">978-0-8109-0993-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rewald" title="John Rewald">Rewald, John</a> (1956; revised 1978). History of Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin, London: Secker & Warburg.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Gauguin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paul_Gauguin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/2098">Paul Gauguin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum-of-art.net/rooms/walk/20029">Online exhibition of Paul Gauguin at the museum of art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/09/arts/design/gauguin-its-not-just-genius-vs-monster.html">Gauguin it's not just Genius or Monster, NY Times exhibition review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.artic.edu/gauguin/reader/gauguinart/section/139805">Gauguin Paintings, Sculpture, and Graphic Works at the Art Institute of Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/4057">Works by Paul Gauguin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Gauguin%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Paul%20Gauguin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gauguin%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Paul%20Gauguin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gauguin%2C%20P%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Paul%20Gauguin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gauguin%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Paul%20Gauguin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221848-1903%22%20AND%20Gauguin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Paul Gauguin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreatcat.org/the-cat-in-art-and-photos-2/cats-in-19th-century-art/paul-gauguin-1848-1903-french/">Gauguin's Cats in Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/67210">The Private Collection of Edgar Degas</a>, fully digitized text from the Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries (see essay: Degas and Gauguin pp. 221–234)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117002212/http://frenchsculpture.org/en/artist/gauguin-paul">Paul Gauguin</a> in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37693#P2380" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulgaug00gaug">Gauguin's Intimate Journals, 1936 – on Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000bynv">Gauguin – A Dangerous Life</a> – documentary broadcast by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a> in December 2019</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gauguin.org">www.Gauguin.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalprojects.wpi.art/gauguin/introduction">Gauguin: Catalogue Raisonné of the Paintings, 1889–1903</a>, the digital catalogue raisonné at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wpi.art/">Wildenstein Plattner Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paul_Gauguin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFCC66"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paul_Gauguin" title="Template:Paul Gauguin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paul_Gauguin" title="Template talk:Paul Gauguin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paul_Gauguin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paul Gauguin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paul_Gauguin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Gauguin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC66">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Paul_Gauguin" title="List of paintings by Paul Gauguin">List of paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_a_Nude" title="Study of a Nude">Study of a Nude</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_Profile_of_Laval" title="Still Life with Profile of Laval">Still Life with Profile of Laval</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_a_Sketch_after_Delacroix" title="Still Life with a Sketch after Delacroix">Still Life with a Sketch after Delacroix</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_After_the_Sermon" title="Vision After the Sermon">Vision after the Sermon</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Painter_of_Sunflowers" title="The Painter of Sunflowers">The Painter of Sunflowers</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_near_Arles" title="Landscape near Arles">Landscape near Arles</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wave_(Paul_Gauguin)" title="The Wave (Paul Gauguin)">The Wave</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_Roulin" title="Portrait of Madame Roulin">Portrait of Madame Roulin</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields_by_the_Sea" title="Fields by the Sea">Fields by the Sea</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beautiful_Angel" title="The Beautiful Angel">The Beautiful Angel</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_on_a_Table" title="Fruits on a Table">Fruits on a Table</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Schuffenecker_Family" title="The Schuffenecker Family">The Schuffenecker Family</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flageolet_Player_on_the_Cliff" title="The Flageolet Player on the Cliff">The Flageolet Player on the Cliff</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Christ" title="The Yellow Christ">The Yellow Christ</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Christ" title="The Green Christ">The Green Christ</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_on_the_Mount_of_Olives_(Paul_Gauguin)" title="Christ on the Mount of Olives (Paul Gauguin)">Christ on the Mount of Olives</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake" title="Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake">Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_Head-Shaped_Vase_and_Japanese_Woodcut" title="Still Life with Head-Shaped Vase and Japanese Woodcut">Still Life with Head-Shaped Vase and Japanese Woodcut</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_the_Yellow_Christ" title="Self-Portrait with the Yellow Christ">Self-Portrait with the Yellow Christ</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_Women_on_the_Beach" title="Tahitian Women on the Beach">Tahitian Women on the Beach</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_Woman_with_a_Flower" title="Tahitian Woman with a Flower">Tahitian Woman with a Flower</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Man_with_an_Axe" title="A Man with an Axe">A Man with an Axe</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia_Orana_Maria" title="Ia Orana Maria">Ia Orana Maria</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bunch_of_Flowers_(Gauguin)" title="The Bunch of Flowers (Gauguin)">The Bunch of Flowers</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation_(painting)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversation (painting) (page does not exist)">Conversation</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Evening_(painting)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Evening (painting) (page does not exist)">Early Evening</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Peacocks_(Death)" title="Landscape with Peacocks (Death)">Landscape with Peacocks (Death)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parau_na_te_varua_ino" title="Parau na te varua ino">Parau na te varua ino</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahine_no_te_vi" title="Vahine no te vi">Vahine no te vi</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairumati_tei_Oa" title="Vairumati tei Oa">Vairumati tei Oa</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatata_te_Miti_(By_the_Sea)" title="Fatata te Miti (By the Sea)">Fatata te Miti (By the Sea)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arearea" title="Arearea">Arearea</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Dead_Watching" title="Spirit of the Dead Watching">Spirit of the Dead Watching</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Fare" title="Te Fare">Te Fare</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Will_You_Marry%3F" title="When Will You Marry?">When Will You Marry?</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aha_Oe_Feii%3F" title="Aha Oe Feii?">Aha Oe Feii?</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arii_Matamoe" title="Arii Matamoe">Arii Matamoe</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siesta_(Paul_Gauguin)" title="The Siesta (Paul Gauguin)">The Siesta</a> (1892–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merahi_metua_no_Tehamana" title="Merahi metua no Tehamana">Merahi metua no Tehamana</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otahi" title="Otahi">Otahi</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_in_a_Hat" title="Self-Portrait in a Hat">Self-Portrait in a Hat</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahana_no_atua" title="Mahana no atua">Mahana no atua</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nave_nave_moe" title="Nave nave moe">Nave nave moe</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arearea_no_varua_ino" title="Arearea no varua ino">Arearea no varua ino</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_violoncelliste" title="Le violoncelliste">Le violoncelliste</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Peasant_Women" title="Breton Peasant Women">Breton Peasant Women</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiaha_Ohipa" title="Eiaha Ohipa">Eiaha Ohipa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nave_Nave_Mahana" title="Nave Nave Mahana">Nave Nave Mahana</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_tamari_no_atua" title="Te tamari no atua">Te tamari no atua</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(painting)" title="The Queen (painting)">The Queen</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairumati" title="Vairumati">Vairumati</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_Do_We_Come_From%3F_What_Are_We%3F_Where_Are_We_Going%3F" title="Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?">Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?</a> (1897/1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevermore_(Gauguin)" title="Nevermore (Gauguin)">Nevermore</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Tahitian_Women" title="Two Tahitian Women">Two Tahitian Women</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Buddha_(painting)" title="The Great Buddha (painting)">The Great Buddha</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_Woman_and_Boy" title="Tahitian Woman and Boy">Tahitian Woman and Boy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape,_Horse_on_the_Road" title="Landscape, Horse on the Road">Landscape, Horse on the Road</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Call_(painting)" title="The Call (painting)">The Call</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_Exotic_Birds" title="Still Life with Exotic Birds">Still Life with Exotic Birds</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_a_Pig_and_a_Horse" title="Landscape with a Pig and a Horse">Landscape with a Pig and a Horse</a> (1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC66">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jug_in_the_Form_of_a_Head,_Self-Portrait" title="Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait">Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyez_amoureuses_vous_serez_heureuses" title="Soyez amoureuses vous serez heureuses">Soyez amoureuses vous serez heureuses</a> (wood panel, 1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objet_d%C3%A9coratif_carr%C3%A9_avec_dieux_tahitiens" title="Objet décoratif carré avec dieux tahitiens">Objet décoratif carré avec dieux tahitiens</a> (sculpture, 1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oviri" title="Oviri">Oviri</a> (ceramic sculpture, 1895)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC66">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Sourire" title="Le Sourire">Le Sourire</a> (1899–1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC66">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin%27s_exhibit_at_Les_XX,_1889" title="Paul Gauguin's exhibit at Les XX, 1889">Les XX, 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Volpini_Exhibition,_1889" title="The Volpini Exhibition, 1889">The Volpini Exhibition, 1889</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC66">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_Museum_(Tahiti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Gauguin Museum (Tahiti)">Paul Gauguin Museum</a> (Tahiti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_Cultural_Center" title="Paul Gauguin Cultural Center">Paul Gauguin Cultural Center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hiva_Oa" title="Hiva Oa">Hiva Oa</a>, Marquesas Islands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_Interpretation_Centre" title="Paul Gauguin Interpretation Centre">Paul Gauguin Interpretation Centre</a> (Martinique)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC66">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Gauguin" title="Jean René Gauguin">Jean René Gauguin</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pola_Gauguin" title="Pola Gauguin">Pola Gauguin</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ren%C3%A9_Gauguin" title="Paul René Gauguin">Paul René Gauguin</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Tristan" title="Flora Tristan">Flora Tristan</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard" title="Émile Bernard">Émile Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meijer_de_Haan" title="Meijer de Haan">Meijer de Haan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Laval" title="Charles Laval">Charles Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Daniel_de_Monfreid" title="George-Daniel de Monfreid">George-Daniel de Monfreid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Schuffenecker" title="Émile Schuffenecker">Émile Schuffenecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(art_dealer)" title="Theo van Gogh (art dealer)">Theo van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC66">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence_(1942_film)" title="The Moon and Sixpence (1942 film)">The Moon and Sixpence</a> (1942 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(1956_film)" title="Lust for Life (1956 film)">Lust for Life</a> (1956 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_in_Paradise_(film)" title="Rebel in Paradise (film)">Rebel in Paradise</a> (1960 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_at_the_Door" title="The Wolf at the Door">The Wolf at the Door</a> (1986 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Found_(film)" title="Paradise Found (film)">Paradise Found</a> (2003 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauguin:_Off_the_Beaten_Track" title="Gauguin: Off the Beaten Track">Gauguin: Off the Beaten Track</a> (2013 comic book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Eternity%27s_Gate_(film)" title="At Eternity's Gate (film)">At Eternity's Gate</a> (2018 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauguin_(crater)" title="Gauguin (crater)">Gauguin (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_Cruises" title="Paul Gauguin Cruises">Paul Gauguin Cruises</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_(ship)" title="Paul Gauguin (ship)">ship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-Impressionism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:brown; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Impressionism" title="Template:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Impressionism" title="Template talk:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Impressionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-Impressionism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">19th-century movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuno_Amiet" title="Cuno Amiet">Cuno Amiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Angrand" title="Charles Angrand">Charles Angrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard" title="Émile Bernard">Émile Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Borgeaud" title="Marius Borgeaud">Marius Borgeaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross" title="Henri-Edmond Cross">Henri-Edmond Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denis" title="Maurice Denis">Maurice Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dufr%C3%A9noy" title="Georges Dufrénoy">Georges Dufrénoy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Petitjean" title="Hippolyte Petitjean">Hippolyte Petitjean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ranson" title="Paul Ranson">Paul Ranson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Henri Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Sch%C3%BCtzenberger" title="René Schützenberger">René Schützenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rusier" title="Paul Sérusier">Paul Sérusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Laval" title="Charles Laval">Charles Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lemmen" title="Georges Lemmen">Georges Lemmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Luce" title="Maximilien Luce">Maximilien Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe" title="Théo van Rysselberghe">Théo van Rysselberghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Vallotton" title="Félix Vallotton">Félix Vallotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Édouard Vuillard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">20th-century movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Camoin" title="Charles Camoin">Charles Camoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain" title="André Derain">André Derain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleizes" title="Albert Gleizes">Albert Gleizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schmidt-Rottluff" title="Karl Schmidt-Rottluff">Karl Schmidt-Rottluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Lewitska" title="Sonia Lewitska">Sonia Lewitska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Ottmann" title="Henri Ottmann">Henry Ottmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon" title="Robert Antoine Pinchon">Robert Antoine Pinchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Tirman" title="Henriette Tirman">Henriette Tirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand_(painter)" title="Jean Marchand (painter)">Jean Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othon_Friesz" title="Othon Friesz">Othon Friesz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants">Artistes Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_XX" title="Les XX">Les XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Volpini_Exhibition,_1889" title="The Volpini Exhibition, 1889">Volpini Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Barc_de_Boutteville" title="Le Barc de Boutteville">Le Barc de Boutteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Esth%C3%A9tique" title="La Libre Esthétique">La Libre Esthétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Ind%C3%A9pendants" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon des Indépendants">Salon des Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Cent" title="Salon des Cent">Salon des Cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Tuileries" title="Salon des Tuileries">Salon des Tuileries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on" title="Félix Fénéon">Félix Fénéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Aurier" title="Albert Aurier">Albert Aurier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37693#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37693#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37693#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27064953">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118537822">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055546">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11904339p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11904339p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35115434">Australia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500011421">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/30451">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0aad7b1b-de3b-4590-af54-de43a1a20c42">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/5564/">Victoria</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/280/">Auckland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/3243/">South Australia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/831012">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118537822.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61n8712">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/5492">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&oldid=1259944928">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&oldid=1259944928</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1848_births" title="Category:1848 births">1848 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_deaths" title="Category:1903 deaths">1903 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_painters" title="Category:19th-century French painters">19th-century French painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_sculptors" title="Category:19th-century French sculptors">19th-century French sculptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_writers" title="Category:19th-century French writers">19th-century French writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_ceramists" title="Category:20th-century ceramists">20th-century ceramists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_painters" title="Category:20th-century French painters">20th-century French painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_sculptors" title="Category:20th-century French sculptors">20th-century French sculptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_writers" title="Category:20th-century French writers">20th-century French writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_male_artists" title="Category:20th-century French male artists">20th-century French male artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Paris" title="Category:Artists from Paris">Artists from Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_syphilis" title="Category:Deaths from syphilis">Deaths from syphilis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauvism" title="Category:Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_ceramists" title="Category:French ceramists">French ceramists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_painters" title="Category:French male painters">French male painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_sculptors" title="Category:French male sculptors">French male sculptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_of_Peruvian_descent" title="Category:French people of Peruvian descent">French people of Peruvian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_printmakers" title="Category:French printmakers">French printmakers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_sailors" title="Category:French sailors">French sailors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_stockbrokers" title="Category:French stockbrokers">French stockbrokers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paul_Gauguin" title="Category:Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pont-Aven_painters" title="Category:Pont-Aven painters">Pont-Aven painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Post-impressionist_painters" title="Category:French Post-impressionist painters">French Post-impressionist painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Polynesian_artists" title="Category:French Polynesian artists">French Polynesian artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Polynesian_painters" title="Category:French Polynesian painters">French Polynesian painters</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2022">Use dmy dates from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 23:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gauguin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-vs62s","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.549","walltime":"2.944","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23892,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":272697,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26813,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":510675,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2553.924 1 -total"," 20.98% 535.926 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.70% 503.149 165 Template:Sfn"," 17.28% 441.294 1 Template:Infobox_artist"," 10.91% 278.522 40 Template:Cite_web"," 5.31% 135.524 1 Template:IPA"," 5.24% 133.755 1 Template:Ubl"," 4.94% 126.173 1 Template:Birth_date"," 4.67% 119.251 2 Template:Marriage"," 4.57% 116.725 25 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.486","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":29155863,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"BVL57644\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBain-Smith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBedworth2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertrand\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackburn1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowness1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCachin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilds2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielsson1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielsson1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielsson1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrèches-Thory1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGauguin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayford2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGersh-Nesic\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoddard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHearn1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaleuvre2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathews2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauclair1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeek2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeek2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendelsohn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayeri2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikkah2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerruchot1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlohn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyburnCarvajal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodgers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalon_d\u0026#039;Automne1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalon_d\u0026#039;Automne1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuckey1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzech2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruong2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVargas_Llosa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalther2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildenstein1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildenstein2002\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control (arts)\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 40,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Cslist\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Gauguin, Paul\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 2,\n [\"FrenchSculptureCensus\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 13,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox artist\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 9,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 1,\n [\"MoMA artist\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Paul Gauguin\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-Impressionism\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 165,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","24.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","17.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","12.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","9.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","60","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::frameExists","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","20","1.3"],["[others]","180","12.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-bgk4v","timestamp":"20241130110100","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Paul Gauguin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_Gauguin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37693","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37693","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-17T17:03:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T23:08:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/Paul_Gauguin_1891.png","headline":"French painter and printmaker (1848\u20131903)"}</script> </body> </html>