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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>RTL-SDR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RTL-SDR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HPSDR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HPSDR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>HPSDR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HPSDR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WebSDR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WebSDR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>WebSDR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WebSDR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KiwiSDR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KiwiSDR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>KiwiSDR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KiwiSDR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Software-defined radio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="راديو معرف برمجيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راديو معرف برمجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Софтуерно дефинирано радио – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Софтуерно дефинирано радио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0dio_Definida_per_Software" title="Ràdio Definida per Software – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ràdio Definida per Software" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarov%C4%9B_definovan%C3%A9_r%C3%A1dio" title="Softwarově definované rádio – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Softwarově definované rádio" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwaredefineret_radio" title="Softwaredefineret radio – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Softwaredefineret radio" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Defined_Radio" title="Software Defined Radio – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Software Defined Radio" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkvaraline_raadio" title="Tarkvaraline raadio – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tarkvaraline raadio" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_definida_por_software" title="Radio definida por software – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radio definida por software" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="رادیو نرم‌افزاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادیو نرم‌افزاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_logicielle" title="Radio logicielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radio logicielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%98_%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4" title="소프트웨어 정의 라디오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소프트웨어 정의 라디오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="सॉफ़्टवेयर-परिभाषित रेडियो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सॉफ़्टवेयर-परिभाषित रेडियो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Software-defined radio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_defined_radio" title="Software defined radio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Software defined radio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDR_(Software-defined_radio)" title="SDR (Software-defined radio) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SDR (Software-defined radio)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Software-defined radio" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A" title="ソフトウェア無線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソフトウェア無線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvaredefinert_radio" title="Programvaredefinert radio – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Programvaredefinert radio" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvaredefinert_radio" title="Programvaredefinert radio – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Programvaredefinert radio" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_programowalne" title="Radio programowalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Radio programowalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_definido_por_software" title="Rádio definido por software – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rádio definido por software" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Программно определяемая радиосистема – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программно определяемая радиосистема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohjelmistoradio" title="Ohjelmistoradio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohjelmistoradio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjukvarudefinierad_radio" title="Mjukvarudefinierad radio – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mjukvarudefinierad radio" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m_tan%C4%B1ml%C4%B1_radyo" title="Yazılım tanımlı radyo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazılım tanımlı radyo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE" title="Програмно-кероване радіо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програмно-кероване радіо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Defined_Radio" title="Software Defined Radio – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Software Defined Radio" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5" title="软件无线电 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="软件无线电" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1331892#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Modulation_categorization.svg/450px-Modulation_categorization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Modulation_categorization.svg/600px-Modulation_categorization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc;"> <a href="/wiki/Modulation#Analog_modulation_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">Analog modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="color: black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_modulation" title="Space modulation">SM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc;"> <a href="/wiki/Modulation#Digital_modulation_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">Digital modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="color: black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying" title="Amplitude-shift keying">ASK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_and_phase-shift_keying" title="Amplitude and phase-shift keying">APSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_phase_modulation" title="Continuous phase modulation">CPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying" title="Frequency-shift keying">FSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_frequency-shift_keying" title="Multiple frequency-shift keying">MFSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum-shift_keying" title="Minimum-shift keying">MSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying" title="On–off keying">OOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-position_modulation" title="Pulse-position modulation">PPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">PSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMA" title="Single-carrier FDMA">SC-FDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_coded_modulation" title="Trellis coded modulation">TCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-PAM" title="TC-PAM">TC-PAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_modulation" title="Wavelet modulation">WDM</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc;"> <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_modulation" title="Hierarchical modulation">Hierarchical modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="color: black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_modulation" title="Wavelet modulation">WDM</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc;"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="color: black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum" title="Chirp spread spectrum">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">FHSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-hopping" title="Time-hopping">THSS</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="color: black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capacity-approaching_codes" title="Category:Capacity-approaching codes">Capacity-approaching codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demodulation" title="Demodulation">Demodulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_code" title="Line code">Line coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">Modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_modulation" title="Angle modulation">AnM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_modulation" title="Polar modulation">PoM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-amplitude_modulation" title="Pulse-amplitude modulation">PAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation" title="Pulse-density modulation">PDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">PWM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation" title="Delta-sigma modulation">ΔΣM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">FDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modulation_techniques" title="Template:Modulation techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modulation_techniques" title="Template talk:Modulation techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modulation_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modulation techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Software-defined radio</b> (<b>SDR</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> communication system where components that conventionally have been implemented in <a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">analog</a> hardware (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">mixers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)" title="Filter (signal processing)">filters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulator">modulators</a>/<a href="/wiki/Demodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Demodulator">demodulators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detector_(radio)" title="Detector (radio)">detectors</a>, etc.) are instead implemented by means of software on a computer or <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the concept of SDR is not new, the rapidly evolving capabilities of digital electronics render practical many processes which were once only theoretically possible. </p><p>A basic SDR system may consist of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">computer</a> equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound card</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a>, preceded by some form of <a href="/wiki/RF_front_end" title="RF front end">RF front end</a>. Significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a> are handed over to the general-purpose processor, rather than being done in special-purpose hardware (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuits</a>). Such a design produces a radio which can receive and transmit widely different radio protocols (sometimes referred to as waveforms) based solely on the software used. </p><p>Software radios have significant utility for the military and <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phone</a> services, both of which must serve a wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time. In the long term, software-defined radios are expected by proponents like the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Innovation_Forum" title="Wireless Innovation Forum">Wireless Innovation Forum</a> to become the dominant technology in radio communications. SDRs, along with <a href="/wiki/Software_defined_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Software defined antenna">software defined antennas</a> are the enablers of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_radio" title="Cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_principles">Operating principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operating principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDR_et_WF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/SDR_et_WF.svg/500px-SDR_et_WF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/SDR_et_WF.svg/960px-SDR_et_WF.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Software defined radio concept</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Superheterodyne_receiver" title="Superheterodyne receiver">Superheterodyne receivers</a> use a VFO (<a href="/wiki/Variable-frequency_oscillator" title="Variable-frequency oscillator">variable-frequency oscillator</a>), <a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">mixer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)" title="Filter (signal processing)">filter</a> to tune the desired signal to a common IF (<a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">intermediate frequency</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a>. Typically in SDR, this signal is then sampled by the analog-to-digital converter. However, in some applications it is not necessary to tune the signal to an intermediate frequency and the radio frequency signal is directly sampled by the <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a> (after amplification). </p><p>Real analog-to-digital converters lack the dynamic range to pick up sub-microvolt, nanowatt-power radio signals produced by an antenna. Therefore, a <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_amplifier" title="Low-noise amplifier">low-noise amplifier</a> must precede the conversion step and this device introduces its own problems. For example, if <a href="/wiki/Spurious_emission" title="Spurious emission">spurious signals</a> are present (which is typical), these compete with the desired signals within the amplifier's <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a>. They may introduce distortion in the desired signals, or may block them completely. The standard solution is to put <a href="/wiki/Band-pass_filter" title="Band-pass filter">band-pass filters</a> between the antenna and the amplifier, but these reduce the radio's flexibility. Real software radios often have two or three analog channel filters with different bandwidths that are switched in and out. </p><p>The flexibility of SDR allows for dynamic spectrum usage, alleviating the need to statically assign the scarce spectral resources to a single fixed service.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, a researcher<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> at a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> laboratory coined the term "digital receiver". A laboratory called the Gold Room at <a href="/wiki/TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">TRW</a> in California created a software baseband analysis tool called Midas, which had its operation defined in software.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1982, while working under a US Department of Defense contract at <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_L._Rohde" title="Ulrich L. Rohde">Ulrich L. Rohde</a>'s department developed the first SDR, which used the <a href="/wiki/RCA_1802" title="RCA 1802">COSMAC</a> (Complementary Symmetry Monolithic Array Computer) chip. Rohde was the first to present on this topic with his February 1984 talk, "Digital HF Radio: A Sampling of Techniques" at the Third International Conference on HF Communication Systems and Techniques in London.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, a team at the <a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland, Texas</a>, Division of <a href="/wiki/E-Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Systems">E-Systems</a> Inc. (now <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a>) coined the term "software radio" to refer to a digital baseband receiver, as published in their E-Team company newsletter. A 'Software Radio Proof-of-Concept' laboratory was developed by the E-Systems team that popularized Software Radio within various government agencies. This 1984 Software Radio was a digital <a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a> receiver that provided programmable interference cancellation and demodulation for broadband signals, typically with thousands of <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_filter" title="Adaptive filter">adaptive filter</a> taps, using multiple <a href="/wiki/Array_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Array processor">array processors</a> accessing shared memory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Joe Mitola independently reinvented the term software radio for a plan to build a <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> base station that would combine Ferdensi's digital receiver with E-Systems Melpar's digitally controlled communications jammers for a true software-based transceiver. E-Systems Melpar sold the software radio idea to the US Air Force. Melpar built a prototype commanders' tactical terminal in 1990–1991 that employed <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_TMS320" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Instruments TMS320">TMS320C30</a> processors and <a href="/wiki/Harris_Corporation" title="Harris Corporation">Harris Corporation</a> digital receiver chip sets with digitally synthesized transmission. The Melpar prototype didn't last long because when E-Systems ECI Division manufactured the first limited production units, they decided to "throw out those useless C30 boards", replacing them with conventional RF filtering on transmit and receive and reverting to a digital baseband radio instead of the SpeakEasy like IF ADC/DACs of Mitola's prototype. The Air Force would not let Mitola publish the technical details of that prototype, nor would they let Diane Wasserman publish related software life cycle lessons learned because they regarded it as a "USAF competitive advantage".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> So instead, with USAF permission, in 1991, Mitola described the architecture principles without implementation details in a paper, "Software Radio: Survey, Critical Analysis and Future Directions" which became the first <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> publication to employ the term in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mitola presented the paper at the conference, Bob Prill of <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Electronic_Systems" title="Marconi Electronic Systems">GEC Marconi</a> began his presentation following Mitola with: "Joe is absolutely right about the theory of a software radio and we are building one."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prill gave a GEC Marconi paper on PAVE PILLAR, a SpeakEasy precursor. SpeakEasy, the military software radio was formulated by Wayne Bonser, then of <a href="/wiki/Rome_Air_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Air Development Center">Rome Air Development Center</a> (RADC), now Rome Labs; by Alan Margulies of <a href="/wiki/Mitre_Corporation" title="Mitre Corporation">MITRE</a> Rome, NY; and then Lt Beth Kaspar, the original DARPA SpeakEasy project manager and by others at Rome including Don Upmal. Although Mitola's IEEE publications resulted in the largest global footprint for software radio, Mitola privately credits that DoD lab of the 1970s with its leaders Carl, Dave, and John with inventing the digital receiver technology on which he based software radio once it was possible to transmit via software.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A few months after the National Telesystems Conference 1992, in an E-Systems corporate program review, a vice-president of E-Systems Garland Division objected to Melpar's (Mitola's) use of the term "software radio" without credit to Garland. Alan Jackson, Melpar VP of marketing at that time, asked the Garland VP if their laboratory or devices included transmitters. The Garland VP said: "No, of course not — ours is a software radio receiver." Al replied: "Then it's a digital receiver but without a transmitter, it's not a software radio." Corporate leadership agreed with Al, so the publication stood. Many amateur radio operators and HF radio engineers had realized the value of digitizing HF at RF and of processing it with Texas Instruments TI C30 <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processors</a> (DSPs) and their precursors during the 1980s and early 1990s. Radio engineers at <a href="/wiki/Roke_Manor_Research" title="Roke Manor Research">Roke Manor</a> in the UK and at an organization in Germany had recognized the benefits of ADC at the RF in parallel. Mitola's publication of software radio in the IEEE opened the concept to the broad community of radio engineers. His May 1995 special issue of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Communications_Magazine" title="IEEE Communications Magazine">IEEE Communications Magazine</a> with the cover "Software Radio" was regarded as a watershed event with thousands of academic citations. Mitola was introduced by Joao da Silva in 1997 at the First International Conference on Software Radio as "godfather" of software radio in no small part for his willingness to share such a valuable technology "in the public interest".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Perhaps the first software-based radio <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a> was designed and implemented by Peter Hoeher and Helmuth Lang at the German Aerospace Research Establishment (<a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/DFVLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DFVLR">DFVLR</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a>, Germany, in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both transmitter and receiver of an adaptive digital satellite modem were implemented according to the principles of a software radio, and a flexible hardware periphery was proposed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1995, Stephen Blust coined the term "software defined radio", publishing a request for information from Bell South Wireless at the first meeting of the Modular Multifunction Information Transfer Systems (MMITS) forum in 1996 (in 1998 the name was changed to the Software Defined Radio Forum), organized by the USAF and DARPA around the commercialization of their SpeakEasy II program. Mitola objected to Blust's term, but finally accepted it as a pragmatic pathway towards the ideal software radio. Although the concept was first implemented with an IF ADC in the early 1990s, software-defined radios have their origins in the U.S. and European defense sectors of the late 1970s (for example, Walter Tuttlebee described a <a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF radio</a> that used an ADC and an <a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085 microprocessor</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about a year after the First International Conference in Brussels. One of the first public software radio initiatives was the U.S. DARPA-Air Force <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> project named <a href="/wiki/SpeakEasy" title="SpeakEasy">SpeakEasy</a>. The primary goal of the SpeakEasy project was to use programmable processing to emulate more than 10 existing military radios, operating in <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Band_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Band (radio)">bands</a> between 2 and 2000 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another SpeakEasy design goal was to be able to easily incorporate new <a href="/wiki/Channel_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel coding">coding</a> and modulation standards in the future, so that military communications can keep pace with advances in coding and modulation techniques.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Digiceiver"></span>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Blaupunkt" title="Blaupunkt">Blaupunkt</a> introduced the term "DigiCeiver" for their new range of DSP-based tuners with <a href="/wiki/Sharx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharx">Sharx</a> in <a href="/wiki/Car_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Car radio">car radios</a> such as the Modena & Lausanne RD 148. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SpeakEasy_phase_I">SpeakEasy phase I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: SpeakEasy phase I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1990 to 1995, the goal of the <a href="/wiki/SpeakEasy" title="SpeakEasy">SpeakEasy</a> program was to demonstrate a radio for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> tactical ground air control party that could operate from 2 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a> to 2 <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">GHz</a>, and thus could interoperate with ground force radios (frequency-agile <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SINCGARS" title="SINCGARS">SINCGARS</a>), Air Force radios (VHF <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a>), Naval Radios (VHF <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a> <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinters</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">satellites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a>). Some particular goals were to provide a new signal format in two weeks from a standing start, and demonstrate a radio into which multiple contractors could plug parts and software.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The project was demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_United_States_Army#Force_XXI" title="Transformation of the United States Army">TF-XXI Advanced Warfighting Exercise</a>, and demonstrated all of these goals in a non-production radio. There was some discontent with failure of these early software radios to adequately filter out of band emissions, to employ more than the simplest of interoperable modes of the existing radios, and to lose connectivity or crash unexpectedly. Its <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptographic</a> processor could not change context fast enough to keep several radio conversations on the air at once. Its software architecture, though practical enough, bore no resemblance to any other. The SpeakEasy architecture was refined at the MMITS Forum between 1996 and 1999 and inspired the DoD integrated process team (IPT) for programmable modular communications systems (PMCS) to proceed with what became the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The basic arrangement of the radio <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">receiver</a> used an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (electronics)">antenna</a> feeding an <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> and down-converter (see <a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a>) feeding an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_gain_control" title="Automatic gain control">automatic gain control</a>, which fed an <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a> that was on a computer <a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VMEbus</a> with a lot of <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> C40s). The transmitter had <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converters</a> on the <a href="/wiki/PCI_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI bus">PCI bus</a> feeding an up converter (mixer) that led to a power amplifier and antenna. The very wide frequency range was divided into a few sub-bands with different analog radio technologies feeding the same analog to digital converters. This has since become a standard design scheme for wideband software radios.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SpeakEasy_phase_II">SpeakEasy phase II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: SpeakEasy phase II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal was to get a more quickly reconfigurable architecture, <i>i.e.</i>, several conversations at once, in an <i>open</i> software architecture, with cross-channel connectivity (the radio can "bridge" different radio protocols). The secondary goals were to make it smaller, cheaper, and weigh less.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The project produced a demonstration radio only fifteen months into a three-year research project. This demonstration was so successful that further development was halted, and the radio went into production with only a 4 MHz to 400 MHz range.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The software architecture identified standard interfaces for different modules of the radio: "radio frequency control" to manage the analog parts of the radio, "modem control" managed resources for <a href="/wiki/Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">modulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demodulation" title="Demodulation">demodulation</a> schemes (FM, AM, SSB, QAM, etc.), "waveform processing" modules actually performed the <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> functions, "key processing" and "cryptographic processing" managed the cryptographic functions, a "multimedia" module did voice processing, a "human interface" provided local or remote controls, there was a "routing" module for network services, and a "control" module to keep it all straight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The modules are said to communicate without a central operating system. Instead, they send messages over the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bus">computer bus</a> to each other with a layered protocol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a military project, the radio strongly distinguished "red" (unsecured secret data) and "black" (cryptographically-secured data).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The project was the first known to use <a href="/wiki/FPGA" class="mw-redirect" title="FPGA">FPGAs</a> (field programmable gate arrays) for digital processing of radio data. The time to reprogram these was an issue limiting application of the radio. Today, the time to write a program for an FPGA is still significant, but the time to download a stored FPGA program is around 20 milliseconds. This means an SDR could change transmission protocols and frequencies in one fiftieth of a second, probably not an intolerable interruption for that task.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SpeakEasy SDR system in the 1994 uses a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_TMS320" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Instruments TMS320">Texas Instruments TMS320C30</a> <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a> (DSP), along with several hundred <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chips, with the radio filling the back of a truck. By the late 2000s, the emergence of <a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a> technology made it practical to scale down an entire SDR system onto a single <a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-signal">mixed-signal</a> <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">system-on-a-chip</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a> demonstrated with the BCM21551 processor in 2007. The Broadcom BCM21551 has practical commercial applications, for use in <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phones">mobile phones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_usage">Military usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Tactical_Radio_System" title="Joint Tactical Radio System">Joint Tactical Radio System</a> (JTRS) was a program of the US military to produce radios that provide flexible and interoperable communications. Examples of radio terminals that require support include hand-held, vehicular, airborne and dismounted radios, as well as base-stations (fixed and maritime). </p><p>This goal is achieved through the use of SDR systems based on an internationally endorsed open <a href="/wiki/Software_Communications_Architecture" title="Software Communications Architecture">Software Communications Architecture</a> (SCA). This standard uses <a href="/wiki/CORBA" class="mw-redirect" title="CORBA">CORBA</a> on <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> operating systems to coordinate various software modules. </p><p>The program is providing a flexible new approach to meet diverse soldier communications needs through software programmable radio technology. All functionality and expandability is built upon the SCA. </p><p>The SCA, despite its military origin, is under evaluation by commercial radio vendors for applicability in their domains. The adoption of general-purpose SDR frameworks outside of military, intelligence, experimental and amateur uses, however, is inherently hampered by the fact that civilian users can more easily settle with a fixed architecture, optimized for a specific function, and as such more economical in mass market applications. Still, software defined radio's inherent flexibility can yield substantial benefits in the longer run, once the fixed costs of implementing it have gone down enough to overtake the cost of iterated redesign of purpose built systems. This then explains the increasing commercial interest in the technology. </p><p>SCA-based infrastructure software and rapid development tools for SDR education and research are provided by the Open Source SCA Implementation –  Embedded (OSSIE<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) project. The Wireless Innovation Forum funded the SCA Reference Implementation project, an open source implementation of the SCA specification. (<a href="/wiki/Software_Communications_Architecture_Reference_Implementation" title="Software Communications Architecture Reference Implementation">SCARI</a>) can be downloaded for free. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amateur_and_home_use">Amateur and home use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Amateur and home use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perseus_SDR_receiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Perseus_SDR_receiver.jpg/220px-Perseus_SDR_receiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Perseus_SDR_receiver.jpg/330px-Perseus_SDR_receiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Perseus_SDR_receiver.jpg/440px-Perseus_SDR_receiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Microtelecom Perseus – an HF SDR for the amateur radio market</figcaption></figure> <p>A typical <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur</a> software radio uses a <a href="/wiki/Direct_conversion_receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct conversion receiver">direct conversion receiver</a>. Unlike direct conversion receivers of the more distant past, the mixer technologies used are based on the quadrature sampling detector and the quadrature sampling exciter.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The receiver performance of this line of SDRs is directly related to the dynamic range of the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) utilized.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio frequency signals are down converted to the audio frequency band, which is sampled by a high performance audio frequency ADC. First generation SDRs used a 44 kHz PC sound card to provide <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">ADC</a> functionality. The newer software defined radios use embedded high performance ADCs that provide higher <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> and are more resistant to noise and RF interference. </p><p>A fast PC performs the <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> (DSP) operations using software specific for the radio hardware. Several software radio implementations use the open source SDR library DttSP.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SDR software performs all of the demodulation, filtering (both radio frequency and audio frequency), and signal enhancement (equalization and binaural presentation). Uses include every common amateur modulation: <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">morse code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">single-sideband modulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a>, and a variety of digital modes such as <a href="/wiki/Radioteletype" title="Radioteletype">radioteletype</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">slow-scan television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">packet radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amateurs also experiment with new modulation methods: for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale#DRM_software" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">DREAM</a> <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> project decodes the <a href="/wiki/COFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="COFDM">COFDM</a> technique used by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a>. </p><p>There is a broad range of hardware solutions for radio amateurs and home use. There are professional-grade transceiver solutions, e.g. the Zeus ZS-1<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or FlexRadio,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> home-brew solutions, e.g. PicAStar transceiver, the SoftRock SDR kit,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and starter or professional receiver solutions, e.g. the FiFi SDR<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for shortwave, or the Quadrus coherent multi-channel SDR receiver<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for short wave or VHF/UHF in direct digital mode of operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RTL-SDR">RTL-SDR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: RTL-SDR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DVB-T_USB_dongle_with_RTL2832U_and_R820T.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DVB-T_USB_dongle_with_RTL2832U_and_R820T.jpg/250px-DVB-T_USB_dongle_with_RTL2832U_and_R820T.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DVB-T_USB_dongle_with_RTL2832U_and_R820T.jpg/330px-DVB-T_USB_dongle_with_RTL2832U_and_R820T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DVB-T_USB_dongle_with_RTL2832U_and_R820T.jpg/500px-DVB-T_USB_dongle_with_RTL2832U_and_R820T.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Internals of a low-cost <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> USB dongle that uses Realtek RTL2832U (square IC on the right) as the controller and Rafael Micro R820T (square IC on the left) as the tuner</figcaption></figure> <p>Eric Fry discovered that some common low-cost <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> USB dongles with the Realtek RTL2832U<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> controller and tuner, e.g. the Elonics E4000 or the Rafael Micro R820T,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be used as a wide-band (3 MHz) SDR receiver. Experiments proved the capability of this setup to analyze <a href="/wiki/Perseids" title="Perseids">Perseids meteor shower</a> using <a href="/wiki/Graves_(system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graves (system)">Graves radar</a> signals.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project is being maintained at <a href="/wiki/Osmocom" title="Osmocom">Osmocom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HPSDR">HPSDR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: HPSDR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/HPSDR" class="mw-redirect" title="HPSDR">HPSDR</a> (High Performance Software Defined Radio) project uses a 16-bit <span class="nowrap">135 MSPS</span> analog-to-digital converter that provides performance over the range 0 to <span class="nowrap">55 MHz</span> comparable to that of a conventional analogue HF radio. The receiver will also operate in the VHF and UHF range using either mixer image or alias responses. Interface to a PC is provided by a <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> 2.0 interface, although <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> could be used as well. The project is modular and comprises a <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a> onto which other boards plug in. This allows experimentation with new techniques and devices without the need to replace the entire set of boards. An <a href="/wiki/Transmitter#Power_output" title="Transmitter">exciter</a> provides <span class="nowrap">1/2 W</span> of RF over the same range or into the VHF and UHF range using image or alias outputs.<sup id="cite_ref-hpsdrhomepage_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpsdrhomepage-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WebSDR">WebSDR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: WebSDR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WebSDR<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a project initiated by Pieter-Tjerk de Boer providing access via browser to multiple SDR receivers worldwide covering the complete shortwave spectrum. De Boer has analyzed <a href="/wiki/Chirp_Transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Chirp Transmitter">Chirp Transmitter</a> signals using the coupled system of receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KiwiSDR">KiwiSDR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: KiwiSDR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>KiwiSDR<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also a via-browser SDR like WebSDR. Unlike WebSDR, the frequency is limited to 3 Hz to 30 MHz (<a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a> to <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On account of its increasing accessibility, with lower cost hardware, more software tools and documentation, the applications of SDR have expanded past their primary and historic use cases. SDR is now being used in areas such as wildlife tracking, radio astronomy, medical imaging research, and art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software-defined_radios" title="List of software-defined radios">List of software-defined radios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_radio_software" title="List of amateur radio software">List of amateur radio software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Interface_Layer" title="Radio Interface Layer">Radio Interface Layer</a> (RIL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softmodem" title="Softmodem">Softmodem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_defined_mobile_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Software defined mobile network">Software defined mobile network</a> (SDMN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_GNSS_Receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Software GNSS Receiver">Software GNSS Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_space_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="White space (radio)">White space (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_White_Space_Database" title="TV White Space Database">White space (database)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_banging" title="Bit banging">Bit banging</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarkus_DillingerKambiz_MadaniNancy_Alonistioti2003" class="citation book cs1">Markus Dillinger; Kambiz Madani; Nancy Alonistioti (2003). <i>Software Defined Radio: Architectures, Systems and Functions</i>. Wiley & Sons. p. xxxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-85164-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-85164-3"><bdi>0-470-85164-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Defined+Radio%3A+Architectures%2C+Systems+and+Functions&rft.pages=xxxiii&rft.pub=Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-470-85164-3&rft.au=Markus+Dillinger&rft.au=Kambiz+Madani&rft.au=Nancy+Alonistioti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware-defined+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmaral2021" class="citation book cs1">Amaral, Cristiano (2021). <i>Guia Moderno do Radioescuta</i>. 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href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QEX&rft.atitle=A+Software+Defined+Radio+for+the+Masses%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2002-07&rft.aulast=Youngblood&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2FTechnology%2Ftis%2Finfo%2Fpdf%2F020708qex013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware-defined+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungblood2002" class="citation cs2">Youngblood, Gerald (Sep–Oct 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/tis/info/pdf/020910qex010.pdf">"A Software Defined Radio for the Masses, Part 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/QEX" title="QEX">QEX</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>: <span class="nowrap">10–</span>18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QEX&rft.atitle=A+Software+Defined+Radio+for+the+Masses%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2002-09%2F2002-10&rft.aulast=Youngblood&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2FTechnology%2Ftis%2Finfo%2Fpdf%2F020910qex010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware-defined+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungblood2002" class="citation cs2">Youngblood, Gerald (Nov–Dec 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/tis/info/pdf/021112qex027.pdf">"A Software Defined Radio for the Masses, Part 3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/QEX" title="QEX">QEX</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QEX&rft.atitle=A+Software+Defined+Radio+for+the+Masses%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2002-11%2F2002-12&rft.aulast=Youngblood&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2FTechnology%2Ftis%2Finfo%2Fpdf%2F021112qex027.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware-defined+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungblood2003" class="citation cs2">Youngblood, Gerald (Mar–Apr 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/tis/info/pdf/030304qex020.pdf">"A Software Defined Radio for the Masses, Part 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/QEX" title="QEX">QEX</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>: <span class="nowrap">20–</span>31</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QEX&rft.atitle=A+Software+Defined+Radio+for+the+Masses%2C+Part+4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2003-03%2F2003-04&rft.aulast=Youngblood&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2FTechnology%2Ftis%2Finfo%2Fpdf%2F030304qex020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware-defined+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRick_LindquistJoel_R._Hailas2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Rick Lindquist; Joel R. Hailas (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/258812/flexradio_systems_sdr1000_hfvhf_software_defined_radio_redux/index.html">"FlexRadio Systems; SDR-1000 HF+VHF Software Defined Radio Redux"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/QST" title="QST">QST</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QST&rft.atitle=FlexRadio+Systems%3B+SDR-1000+HF%2BVHF+Software+Defined+Radio+Redux&rft.date=2005-10&rft.au=Rick+Lindquist&rft.au=Joel+R.+Hailas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redorbit.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2F258812%2Fflexradio_systems_sdr1000_hfvhf_software_defined_radio_redux%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware-defined+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dttsp.sourceforge.net/">DttSP on Source Forge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdr">http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdr</a> Open source SDR transceiver project using USRP and GNU Radio</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zs-1.ru">ZS-1 Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioaficion.com/HamNews/articles/9483-zeus-zs-1-sdr-transceiver.html">ZS-1 Zeus Transceiver</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flex Radio SDR Transceivers <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.flex-radio.com/">http://www.flex-radio.com/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SoftRock SDR Kits <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://wb5rvz.com/sdr/">http://wb5rvz.com/sdr/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FiFi SDR Receiver <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://o28.sischa.net/fifisdr/trac">http://o28.sischa.net/fifisdr/trac</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrafold.com/quadrus">Quadrus coherenet multi-channel SDR receiver</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Using DVB USB Stick as SDR Receiver <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sdr.osmocom.org/trac/wiki/rtl-sdr">http://sdr.osmocom.org/trac/wiki/rtl-sdr</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RTL-SDR Blog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rtl-sdr.com">http://www.rtl-sdr.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Support for the Rafael Micro R820T tuner in Cocoa Radio <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://housedillon.com/blog/support-for-the-rafael-micro-r820t-tuner-o-cocoa-radio/">https://housedillon.com/blog/support-for-the-rafael-micro-r820t-tuner-o-cocoa-radio/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eb3frn.net/?p=141">"Perseids shower using graves radar"</a>. <i>EB3FRN</i>. 7 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EB3FRN&rft.atitle=Perseids+shower+using+graves+radar&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eb3frn.net%2F%3Fp%3D141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware-defined+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hpsdrhomepage-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hpsdrhomepage_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openhpsdr.org/">"HPSDR Web Site"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HPSDR+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenhpsdr.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware-defined+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WebSDR <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://websdr.org">http://websdr.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chirp Signals analyzed using SDR <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8901/chirps/">http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8901/chirps/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiwisdr.com">"KiwiSDR"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KiwiSDR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiwisdr.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware-defined+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRohde1985" class="citation journal cs1">Rohde, Ulrich L (February 26–28, 1985). "Digital HF Radio: A Sampling of Techniques". <i>Third International Conference on HF Communication Systems and Techniques</i>. London, England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+International+Conference+on+HF+Communication+Systems+and+Techniques&rft.atitle=Digital+HF+Radio%3A+A+Sampling+of+Techniques&rft.date=1985-02-26%2F1985-02-28&rft.aulast=Rohde&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware-defined+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Software defined radio : architectures, systems, and functions.</i> Dillinger, Madani, Alonistioti. Wiley, 2003. 454 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-85164-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-85164-3">0-470-85164-3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470851647" title="Special:BookSources/9780470851647">9780470851647</a></li> <li><i>Cognitive Radio Technology.</i> Bruce Fette. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2006. 656 pags. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-7952-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-7952-2">0-7506-7952-2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750679527" title="Special:BookSources/9780750679527">9780750679527</a></li> <li><i>Software Defined Radio for 3G,</i> Burns. Artech House, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58053-347-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58053-347-7">1-58053-347-7</a></li> <li><i>Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering,</i> Jeffrey H. Reed. Prentice Hall PTR, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-081158-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-081158-0">0-13-081158-0</a></li> <li><i>Signal Processing Techniques for Software Radio,</i> Behrouz Farhang-Beroujeny. LuLu Press.</li> <li><i>RF and Baseband Techniques for Software Defined Radio,</i> Peter B. Kenington. Artech House, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58053-793-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58053-793-6">1-58053-793-6</a></li> <li><i>The ABC's of Software Defined Radio,</i> Martin Ewing, AA6E. The American Radio Relay League, Inc., 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87259-632-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87259-632-0">978-0-87259-632-0</a></li> <li><i>Software Defined Radio using MATLAB & Simulink and the RTL-SDR,</i> R Stewart, K Barlee, D Atkinson, L Crockett, Strathclyde Academic Media, September 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9929787-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9929787-2-3">978-0-9929787-2-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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/ VHF / UHF receivers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desktopSDR.com">Free SDR textbook: Software Defined Radio using MATLAB & Simulink and the RTL-SDR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223175232/https://www.robertputt.co.uk/welcome-to-the-world-of-software-defined-radio/">Welcome to the World of Software Defined Radio</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2023-02-23)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techxplore.com/news/2023-11-low-cost-testbed-terahertz-technology.html">Software Defined Terahertz Radio</a> at Polytechnique Montreal, Canada</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radio_spectrum_(ITU)149" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radio_spectrum" title="Template:Radio spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radio_spectrum" title="Template talk:Radio spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radio_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radio spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radio_spectrum_(ITU)149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum</a> (ITU)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></b> <br /> 3 Hz/100 Mm <br /> 30 Hz/10 Mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></b> <br /> 30 Hz/10 Mm <br /> 300 Hz/1 Mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></b> <br /> 300 Hz/1 Mm <br /> 3 kHz/100 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></b> <br /> 3 kHz/100 km <br /> 30 kHz/10 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></b> <br /> 30 kHz/10 km <br /> 300 kHz/1 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></b> <br /> 300 kHz/1 km <br /> 3 MHz/100 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></b> <br /> 3 MHz/100 m <br /> 30 MHz/10 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></b> <br /> 30 MHz/10 m <br /> 300 MHz/1 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></b> <br /> 300 MHz/1 m <br /> 3 GHz/100 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></b> <br /> 3 GHz/100 mm <br /> 30 GHz/10 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></b> <br /> 30 GHz/10 mm <br /> 300 GHz/1 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tremendously_high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremendously high frequency">THF</a></b> <br /> 300 GHz/1 mm <br /> 3 THz/0.1 mm </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/21px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electromagnetic_spectrum748" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template talk:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electromagnetic_spectrum748" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/750px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/1000px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="nobold"><i><span style="font-size:120%">←</span> higher <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a>, higher energy, shorter <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a><span class="nowrap">       </span>longer <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a>, lower frequencies, lower energy <span style="font-size:120%">→</span></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Very-high-energy gamma ray">Very-high-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy gamma ray">Ultra-high-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft X-ray">Soft X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard X-ray">Hard X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-energy_X-rays" title="High-energy X-rays">High-energy X-rays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">Extreme ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum ultraviolet">Vacuum ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha" title="Lyman-alpha">Lyman-alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far ultraviolet">FUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ultraviolet">MUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">NUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">UVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet B">UVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible (optical)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">NIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/J_band_(infrared)" title="J band (infrared)">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_band_(infrared)" title="K band (infrared)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/H_band_(infrared)" title="H band (infrared)">H</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">SWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">MWIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/L_band_(infrared)" title="L band (infrared)">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_band_(infrared)" title="M band (infrared)">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N_band" title="N band">N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">LWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">FIR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_band" title="Q band">Q band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">THF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Medium wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1016" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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