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class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-区域与方言划分" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#区域与方言划分"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 区域与方言划分 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-区域与方言划分-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 历史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关历史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自通俗拉丁语的演化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自通俗拉丁语的演化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 自通俗拉丁语的演化 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自通俗拉丁语的演化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非拉丁语影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非拉丁语影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 非拉丁语影响 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非拉丁语影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-高卢语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#高卢语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 高卢语 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-高卢语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法兰克语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法兰克语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 法兰克语 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法兰克语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-最早书面材料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#最早书面材料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 最早书面材料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-最早书面材料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-演化为中古法语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演化为中古法语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 演化为中古法语 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-演化为中古法语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 音系 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-音系-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关音系子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-音系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-辅音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#辅音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 辅音 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-辅音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 元音 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-單元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#單元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 單元音 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-單元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-双元音、三元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#双元音、三元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 双元音、三元音 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-双元音、三元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元音间隙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音间隙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 元音间隙 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音间隙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-例文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#例文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 例文 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-例文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 语法 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-语法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关语法子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-名词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 名词 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形容词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形容词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 形容词 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形容词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-动词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#动词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 动词 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-动词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-动词交替" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#动词交替"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 动词交替 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-动词交替-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-规则-er动词例：durer_（持续）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#规则-er动词例：durer_（持续）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 规则-er动词例：durer （持续） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-规则-er动词例：durer_（持续）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-规则-ir动词例：fenir_（结束）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#规则-ir动词例：fenir_（结束）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 规则-ir动词例：fenir （结束） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-规则-ir动词例：fenir_（结束）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-规则-re动词例：corre_（跑）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#规则-re动词例：corre_（跑）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 规则-re动词例：corre （跑） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-规则-re动词例：corre_（跑）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-助动词例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#助动词例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 助动词例 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-助动词例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-avoir_（有）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#avoir_（有）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5.1 avoir （有） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-avoir_（有）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-estre（是）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#estre（是）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5.2 estre（是） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-estre（是）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他词性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他词性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 其他词性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他词性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法語使用者所認可的觀點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法語使用者所認可的觀點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 法語使用者所認可的觀點 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法語使用者所認可的觀點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-另见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#另见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 另见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-另见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 注释 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 参考 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关参考子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-参考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-注释_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 注释 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 引用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 资料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 外部链接 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">古法語</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。56种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" > 56种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altfranz%C3%B6sische_Sprache" title="Altfranzösische Sprache – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Altfranzösische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_franc%C3%A9s_antigo" title="Idioma francés antigo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma francés antigo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="اللغة الفرنسية القديمة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الفرنسية القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s_antiguu" title="Francés antiguu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francés antiguu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A8s_antic" title="Francès antic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francès antic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="فەڕەنسیی کۆن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەڕەنسیی کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starofrancouz%C5%A1tina" title="Starofrancouzština – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starofrancouzština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_Ffrangeg" title="Hen Ffrangeg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hen Ffrangeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldfransk" title="Oldfransk – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oldfransk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altfranz%C3%B6sische_Sprache" title="Altfranzösische Sprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altfranzösische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Παλαιά γαλλική γλώσσα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλαιά γαλλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Old French" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnovfranca_lingvo" title="Malnovfranca lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malnovfranca lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s_antiguo" title="Francés antiguo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francés antiguo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaprantsuse_keel" title="Vanaprantsuse keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanaprantsuse keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_frantses" title="Antzinako frantses – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako frantses" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرانسوی باستان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسوی باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinaisranska" title="Muinaisranska – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinaisranska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Ancien français – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ancien français" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldfr%C3%A2nsk" title="Aldfrânsk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aldfrânsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starofrancuski_jezik" title="Starofrancuski jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starofrancuski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93francia_nyelv" title="Ófrancia nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ófrancia nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Prancis_Kuno" title="Bahasa Prancis Kuno – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Prancis Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daan_a_Pranses" title="Daan a Pranses – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Daan a Pranses" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anciena_Franciana" title="Anciena Franciana – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anciena Franciana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornfranska" title="Fornfranska – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornfranska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francese_antica" title="Lingua francese antica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua francese antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="古フランス語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古フランス語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="고대 프랑스어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 프랑스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Важ франсуз кыв – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Важ франсуз кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Francogallica_antiqua" title="Lingua Francogallica antiqua – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Francogallica antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aajdfrans" title="Aajdfrans – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aajdfrans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senfran%C4%8Du_valoda" title="Senfranču valoda – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senfranču valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старофранцуски јазик – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Старофранцуски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis_Lama" title="Perancis Lama – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perancis Lama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooltfranz%C3%B6%C3%B6sche_Spraak" title="Ooltfranzöösche Spraak – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ooltfranzöösche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudfrans" title="Oudfrans – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oudfrans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammelfransk" title="Gammelfransk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammelfransk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieur_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Vieur français – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Vieur français" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viu_francho%C3%A9s" title="Viu franchoés – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Viu franchoés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_starofrancuski" title="Język starofrancuski – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język starofrancuski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%AAs_antigo" title="Francês antigo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francês antigo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceza_veche" title="Franceza veche – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Franceza veche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Старофранцузский язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старофранцузский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starofrancuski_jezik" title="Starofrancuski jezik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Starofrancuski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Old French" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A1_franc%C3%BAz%C5%A1tina" title="Stará francúzština – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stará francúzština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangjishtja_e_vjet%C3%ABr_(Gjuh%C3%AB)" title="Frangjishtja e vjetër (Gjuhë) – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Frangjishtja e vjetër (Gjuhë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старофранцуски језик – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Старофранцуски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornfranska" title="Fornfranska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fornfranska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_Frans%C4%B1zca" title="Eski Fransızca – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Fransızca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Давньофранцузька мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньофранцузька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قدیم فرانسیسی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم فرانسیسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AE_lingaedje_d%27_oyi" title="Vî lingaedje d' oyi – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vî lingaedje d' oyi" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98_Hoat-g%C3%AD" title="Kó͘ Hoat-gí – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘ Hoat-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="古法文 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古法文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35222#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">古法语</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">Franceis、François、Romanz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">发音</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">[fɾãnˈtsɛjs]</a>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">[fɾãnˈtsɔjs]</a>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">[ruˈmãnts]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">区域</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">法国北部、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="瓦隆尼亚">瓦隆尼亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="苏格兰">苏格兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%A1%E5%85%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="安条克公国">安条克公国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="塞浦路斯王国">塞浦路斯王国</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">年代</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">14世纪演化为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="中古法語">中古法语</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="意大利语族">意大利语族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族">罗曼语族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9-%E8%A5%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="意大利-西罗曼语支">意大利-西罗曼语支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="西罗曼语支">西罗曼语支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="高卢-罗曼语支">高卢-罗曼语支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li>高卢-列托语<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="奥依语">奥依语</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li>古法语</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fro" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:fro">fro</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fro" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:fro">fro</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldf1239">oldf1239</a></code><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">本条目包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">国际音标</a>符号。部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>需要<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">特殊字母与符号支持</a>才能正確显示，否则可能显示为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</td></tr></tbody></table> 古法语（franceis、françois、romanz；现代<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>：ancien français），是8至14世纪曾在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>北部使用的语言。古法语并非一种口音单一的语言，而是一丛<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族">罗曼语族</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%80%A7" title="相互理解性">互通</a>但也<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%BF%9E%E7%BB%AD%E4%BD%93" title="方言连续体">多样</a>，分布在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克王国</a>北半部。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="区域与方言划分">区域与方言划分</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：区域与方言划分">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="奥依语">奥依语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="高卢-罗曼语支">高卢-罗曼语支</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_France_1180-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Map_France_1180-fr.svg/300px-Map_France_1180-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Map_France_1180-fr.svg/450px-Map_France_1180-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Map_France_1180-fr.svg/600px-Map_France_1180-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>1180年法国地图，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建制度</a>内的地位着色。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%9C%B0" title="官地">法国国王直属地</a>为亮蓝色，诸侯为绿色，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%8C%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="安茹帝国">安茹帝国</a>领地为红色。东侧白色为<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a>，其西部边缘<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="上勃艮第王国">上勃艮第王国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="洛林公国">洛林公国</a>等地也是古法语使用地区。</figcaption></figure> 古法语最初的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81" title="区域特征">分布地区</a>大概含<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克王国</a>及其诸侯的北半部（含部分<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%8C%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="安茹帝国">安茹帝国</a>，12世纪时仍在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盎格鲁-诺曼人（页面不存在）">盎格鲁-诺曼人</a>治下），以及东部<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="洛林公国">洛林公国</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%A1%94%E6%9E%97%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="下洛塔林吉亚公国">下洛塔林吉亚公国</a>（对应现代法国东北部与比利时<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="瓦隆尼亚">瓦隆尼亚</a>）。古法语的影响范围更广，被诺曼英国和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="十字军国家">十字军国家</a>的封建及商业精英当做通用语。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinoshita2006-2">[2]</a>:3 <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="高卢-罗曼语支">高卢-罗曼语支</a>方言连续体的两支，“奥依语”与“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="奥克语">奥克语</a>”（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="奥克-罗曼语支">奥克-罗曼语支</a>，当时也称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="普罗旺斯方言">普罗旺斯方言</a>）相对，后者位于古法语语区的西南方，东南方则是<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2-%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="高卢-意大利语支">高卢-意大利语支</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B-%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="法兰克-普罗旺斯语">法兰克-普罗旺斯语</a>产生于上勃艮第，与法语和普罗旺斯方言共享许多特征，可能早在9世纪就已经和奥依语有别，到12世纪人们已经认为它与其他高卢-罗曼语不是一种语言。 古法语方言主要有： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="勃艮第语">勃艮第语</a>，分布在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="勃艮第公国">勃艮第公国</a>，后来独立为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="公国">公国</a>，都<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%88%8E" title="第戎">第戎</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%8D%A1%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="皮卡第语">皮卡第语</a>，分布在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%8D%A1%E7%AC%AC" title="皮卡第">皮卡第</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD" title="佛兰德伯国">佛兰德伯国</a>法语区，主要城市有<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94" title="里尔">里尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%9C%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="亚眠">亚眠</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="阿拉斯">阿拉斯</a>。据说皮卡第语的影响远及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="巴黎圣母院">巴黎圣母院</a>的东门名称，向北则延伸到<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A8%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E6%B6%85" title="滨海布洛涅">滨海布洛涅</a>，强烈影响了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古荷兰语">古荷兰语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="中古荷兰语">中古荷兰语</a>；<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="古诺曼语">古诺曼语</a>，分布在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95" title="诺曼底">诺曼底</a>，主要城市有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%98%82" title="卡昂">卡昂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%98%82" title="鲁昂">鲁昂</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="诺曼征服英格兰">诺曼征服英格兰</a>给不列颠群岛带去了许多诺曼语贵族。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>中的古诺曼语词绝大多数都对应这一时期，成为古法语词汇大量进入英语的渠道。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="盎格鲁-诺曼语">盎格鲁-诺曼语</a>反映了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="英吉利海峡">英吉利海峡</a>两岸共享的文化。<a href="#cite_note-Lusignan-4">[4]</a>最终盎格鲁-诺曼语衰落并退化为英国法律界作为行话而存在的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="法律法語">法律法语</a>，一直使用到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="查理二世 (英格兰)">查理二世</a>（17世纪中叶）；而<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="诺曼语">诺曼语</a>仍作为一种区域性语言分布在诺曼底<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="海峡群岛">海峡群岛</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E8%AF%AD" title="瓦隆语">瓦隆语</a>，分布在比利时<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="瓦隆尼亚">瓦隆尼亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E6%85%95%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="那慕尔">那慕尔</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="加洛语">加洛语</a>，为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="布列塔尼公国">布列塔尼公国</a>使用；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%AD" title="洛林语">洛林语</a>，为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="洛林公国">洛林公国</a>使用。</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenguas_galorromance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lenguas_galorromance.png/220px-Lenguas_galorromance.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lenguas_galorromance.png/330px-Lenguas_galorromance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lenguas_galorromance.png/440px-Lenguas_galorromance.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>现代<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="奥依语">奥依语</a>（绿色阴影）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B-%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="法兰克-普罗旺斯语">法兰克-普罗旺斯语</a>方言（蓝色阴影）的分布</figcaption></figure> 古典法语是基于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰西岛">法兰西岛</a>方言的。一些现代语言分化自古法语，如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E8%8C%B9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安茹语（页面不存在）">安茹语</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%8C%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝里方言（页面不存在）">贝里方言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="勃艮第语">勃艮第语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%A7%9F%E8%AF%AD" title="香槟语">香槟语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E4%BB%80-%E5%AD%94%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="弗朗什-孔泰语">弗朗什-孔泰语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="加洛语">加洛语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%AD" title="洛林语">洛林语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="诺曼语">诺曼语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%8D%A1%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="皮卡第语">皮卡第语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%93%A6%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="普瓦图方言">普瓦图方言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E9%80%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="桑通日方言">桑通日方言</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E8%AF%AD" title="瓦隆语">瓦隆语</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自通俗拉丁语的演化">自通俗拉丁语的演化</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：自通俗拉丁语的演化">编辑</a>]</div> 公元前120年，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">羅馬共和国</a>统治下，拉丁字母引進了法國南部。古法語的是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="凯撒大帝">凱撒大帝</a>在公元前51年帶領羅馬帝國征服高盧的時期。<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%8A%B3%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF" title="普劳图斯">普勞圖斯</a>時代（公元前254-184年）開始，傳統<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>的音韻結構不斷變化，最終產生通俗拉丁語，即西羅馬帝國常見的口語，這種口語和傳統拉丁語的音韻顯著不同，這是各羅曼語言的始祖，包括古法語。 自<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%8A%B3%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF" title="普劳图斯">普劳图斯</a>时代（254–184 BC）开始，人们就已经注意到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="古典拉丁語">古典拉丁语</a>和所谓<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%97%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="通俗拉丁语">通俗拉丁语</a>间的言文分离现象，后者是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="西罗马帝国">西罗马帝国</a>的通用语言。通俗拉丁语和古典拉丁语在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="音系">音系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="词法">词法</a>和词汇上都有区别；不过它们直到7世纪古典拉丁语不再有母语者时，一直维持着相当的互通度。<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>:109-115通俗拉丁语也是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族">罗曼语族</a>，包括古法语在内的共同祖先。<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> 到8世纪末，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="卡洛林文艺复兴">卡洛林文艺复兴</a>开始时，各罗曼方言的母语者们仍在读写拉丁语时沿袭罗马时代的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正音学（页面不存在）">正音学</a>规则。当时西欧最著名的学者<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%90%B4" title="阿尔琴">阿尔琴</a>正受<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%9B%BC" title="查理曼">查理曼</a>大帝之托，完善法国的拉丁语书写标准。他来自英格兰，不说罗曼语，制定的读音标准完全基于拉丁语拼写的发音。例如，写作⟨viridiarium⟩“果园”的词在当时可能读作*/verdʒjær/（古法语vergier），阿尔琴制定的读音标准则为/virdiarium/。<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> 如此激进的变化使得广大罗曼语大众完全不能理解拉丁语<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%81%93" title="布道">布道</a>，于是在几年后的第三届<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图尔会议（页面不存在）">图尔会议</a>上，人们最后还是决定，布道时仍用传统的罗曼语读法，即rusticam romanam linguam。<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> 因为没有能明确判断一段文本该用拉丁读法还是该用罗曼读法的方法，法国出现了许多将罗曼读法标准化、设计正字法的尝试，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E8%AA%93%E8%A8%80" title="斯特拉斯堡誓言">斯特拉斯堡誓言</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E5%B0%A4%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%A2%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣尤拉利亚颂（页面不存在）">圣尤拉利亚颂</a>（下详）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非拉丁语影响">非拉丁语影响</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：非拉丁语影响">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="高卢语">高卢语</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：高卢语">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法语中的高卢语词汇（页面不存在）">法语中的高卢语词汇</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="现代法语">現代法語</a>只有幾十個字來自<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7%E8%AA%9E" title="高盧語">高盧語</a>，如果添加高盧詞源，則大約有200個。例如chêne和charrue（Delamarre，2003年，第389-90頁）。 一些<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="高卢语">高卢语</a>词汇影响到了通俗拉丁语。例如古典拉丁语equus在通俗拉丁语中被整齐地替换成caballus“老马”，即来自高卢语caballos（参<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E8%AF%AD" title="威尔士语">威尔士语</a>ceffyl、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="布列塔尼语">布列塔尼语</a>kefel），<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>:96产生现代法语cheval、欧西坦语caval（chaval）、加泰罗尼亚语cavall、西班牙语caballo、葡萄牙语cavalo、意大利语cavallo、罗马尼亚语cal、英语cavalry和chivalry（均经<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="古诺曼语">古诺曼语</a>）。约有200个高卢语词汇存活在现代法语中，如chêne“橡树”和charrue“犁”。<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> 随着历史音系学和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="语言接触">语言接触</a>研究的深入，许多音韵变化都被认为是受高卢语底层的影响发生的，不过这显然存在争议。其中一个受高卢语陶文支持的确凿变化发生于公元1世纪，希腊词paropsid-es（拉丁字母）呈现为paraxsid-i。<a href="#cite_note-Lambert-15">[15]</a>复辅音/ps/和/pt/分别变为/xs/和/xt/，如拉丁语capsa>*kaxsa>caisse（≠意大利语cassa）或captīvus>*kaxtivus>古法语chaiti<a href="#cite_note-Lambert-15">[15]</a>（应为chétif，参爱尔兰语cacht“仆人”≠意大利语cattiv-ità、葡萄牙语cativo、西班牙语cautivo）。这一音变与拉丁语复辅音/kt/在古法语中的演化相同（拉丁语factum>fait，≠意大利语fatto、葡萄牙语feito、西班牙语hecho；或lactem*>lait，≠意大利语latte、葡萄牙语leite、西班牙语leche）。这意味着古法语中/pt/和/kt/一定合流成了/kt/>/xt/。/ps/和/ks/也平行地合流为/ks/>/xs/，显然也是高卢语的影响。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="凯尔特语族">凯尔特语族</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="高卢语">高卢语</a>在法国可能一直延续到6世纪，不过文化上可能很早就罗马化了。<a href="#cite_note-Helix-16">[16]</a>在这一与拉丁语共存的时代，高卢语通过借词、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BF%E8%AF%91" title="仿译">仿译</a>和音变影响了法国地区的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%97%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="通俗拉丁语">通俗拉丁语</a>，促使其演化为法语。（例如现代法语oui“是的”<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Savignac-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>词形变化和语序上，通俗拉丁语也受到了高卢语的影响。<a href="#cite_note-Savignac-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matas-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adams-22">[22]</a>最近的计算机研究发现，古法语早期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性</a>变化可能就是高卢语对应词汇的性推动的。<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="法兰克语">法兰克语</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：法兰克语">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="古典时代晚期">古典时代晚期</a>罗马治下高卢的通俗拉丁语的发音、词汇、句法受530年代征服了古法语语区的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰克人">法兰克人</a>说的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="古法兰克语">古法兰克语</a>影响。“français”这个名字本身就来自法兰克人的名字。 古法兰克语对古法语的演变有决定性的影响，部分解释了古法语最早的书面记载先于其他罗曼语（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E8%AA%93%E8%A8%80" title="斯特拉斯堡誓言">斯特拉斯堡誓言</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E5%B0%A4%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%A2%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣尤拉利亚颂（页面不存在）">圣尤拉利亚颂</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>这是古典拉丁语和自然演化口语间差别的反映，这种“言文分离”最终断绝了两者间的相互理解性。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古荷兰语">古低地法兰克语</a>也是造成奥依语和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="奥克语">奥克语</a>间差异的因素之一，当时法国北部可能有不少地方是拉丁-日耳曼双语并行，<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>这些地区恰好对应古法语最早文献记载出现的地区。 日耳曼语深刻影响了分布在此处的通俗拉丁语，并使它有了比起其他罗曼语非常独特的特征。最引人注目的是拉丁语的韵律被日耳曼语的重音所取代，<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>并导致<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%82%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="裂化">裂化</a>，使得长短元音发生分化、非重读音节逐渐消亡、尾元音发生变化： <ul><li>拉丁语decimus，-a“第十”>古法语disme>法语dîme“什一税”（>英语dime“十分硬币”、意大利语decimo、西班牙语diezmo）</li> <li>通俗拉丁语dignitate“尊严”>古法语deintié（>英语dainty、意大利语dignità、罗马尼亚语demnitate）</li> <li>通俗拉丁语catena>古法语chaeine“锁链”（>英语chain、意大利语catena、加泰罗尼亚/奥克语cadena、葡萄牙语cadeia）</li></ul> 另外，两个通俗拉丁语早已消失的音素被重新引入：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[h]、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[w]（>古法语g（u）-、ONF w-，参<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%8D%A1%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="皮卡第语">皮卡第语</a>w-）： <ul><li>通俗拉丁语altu>古法语halt“高”（受古低地法兰克语影响[古低地法兰克语*hōh≠意大利、葡萄牙语alto、加泰罗尼亚语alt、古奥克语aut）</li> <li>拉丁语vespa>法语guêpe、皮卡第语wèpe、瓦隆语wèsse“黄蜂”（受古低地法兰克语*wapsa影响；≠奥克语vèspa、意大利语vespa、西班牙语avispa）</li> <li>拉丁语viscus>法语gui“槲寄生”（受古低地法兰克语*wīhsila“黑樱桃”影响，两者果实未熟时相似；≠奥克语vesc、意大利语vischio）</li> <li>晚期拉丁语vulpiculu“沙狐”（拉丁语vulpes“狐狸”）>古低地法兰克语golpilz、皮卡第语woupil“狐狸”（受古低地法兰克语*wulf“狼”影响≠“奥克语”volpìlh、古意大利语volpiglio、西班牙语vulpeja“雌狐”）</li></ul> 相对地，意大利语、葡萄牙语和西班牙语中，从法语借来或直接从日耳曼语借来的日耳曼词常保留<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/gw/~<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/g/，如意大利、西班牙语guerra“战争”与法语guerre）。这些例子明确反映了双语制的曾经流行，有时甚至使拉丁词的第一个音节变成别的音节。如古低地法兰克语借词framboise“覆盆子”，来自古法语frambeise，来自古低地法兰克语*brāmbesi“黑莓”（参荷兰语braambes、braambezie；比较德语Brombeere、英语方言bramberry），与晚期拉丁语fraga或古法语fraie“草莓”混合，产生<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[b] > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[f]，并将“framboise”的-se加到古法语fraie上产生freise、现代法语fraise（≠瓦隆语frève、奥克语fraga、罗马尼亚语fragă、意大利语fragola、fravola“草莓”）。<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[i]</a> Mildred Pope（1934）估计，现代法语可能有约15%的词汇有日耳曼来源（古法语的占比更大，中古法语又从拉丁语和意大利语借了许多词）。不过haïr“恨”（≠拉丁语odiare>意大利语odiare/奥克语asirar）或honte“耻辱”（≠拉丁语verēcundia>奥克语、葡萄牙语vergonha、意大利语vergogna、西班牙语vergüenza）这样的词仍很普遍。--> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="最早书面材料">最早书面材料</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：最早书面材料">编辑</a>]</div> 高卢-罗曼语支最早的文本–早于《赖歇瑙集注》和《卡塞尔集注》（8、9世纪）–是842年的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E8%AA%93%E8%A8%80" title="斯特拉斯堡誓言">斯特拉斯堡誓言</a>》： <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote">Pro Deo amur et pro Christian poblo et nostro commun salvament, d'ist di en avant, in quant Deus savir et podir me dunat, si salvarai eo cist meon fradre Karlo, et in aiudha et in cadhuna cosa ... （为了上帝与基督之爱和我们共同的拯救，今日以降，迨上帝赐予我智慧与力量，我将竭力保护我的兄弟查理...）</blockquote> 第二老的文献是《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E5%B0%A4%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%A2%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣尤拉利亚颂（页面不存在）">圣尤拉利亚颂</a>》, 它的拼写十分连贯而完备，是构拟古法语读音的重要材料。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="卡佩王朝">卡佩王朝</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%A9" title="于格·卡佩">于格·卡佩</a>于987年建立，这一时期<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰西岛">法兰西岛</a>和周边地区的文化得以弘扬，形成了对南部<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9D%A6" title="阿基坦">阿基坦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%A2%E5%85%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="图卢兹">图卢兹</a>的优势；但<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="奥依语">奥依语</a>直到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a>之后才成为了全国的通用语言。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="演化为中古法语">演化为中古法语</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：演化为中古法语">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="中古法語">中古法语</a></div> 14世纪，这些方言开始被总称为所谓<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="奥依语">奥依语</a>，与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="奧克西塔尼亞">奥克西塔尼亚</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="奥克语">奥克语</a>相对。14世纪中叶，使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="中古法語">中古法语</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰西岛">法兰西岛</a>发生了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="法国文艺复兴">法国文艺复兴</a>，这种方言取得主导地位并成为了现代<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>的直系祖先。古法语的其他方言也演化为各自的现代形式（<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%93%A6%E5%9B%BE-%E6%A1%91%E9%80%9A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="普瓦图-桑通日语">普瓦图-桑通日语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="加洛语">加洛语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="诺曼语">诺曼语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%8D%A1%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="皮卡第语">皮卡第语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E8%AF%AD" title="瓦隆语">瓦隆语</a>等），每种都有其独特的特征与历史。法语在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="近世">近世</a>成为整个法国的官方语言，但南方仍分布着大片奥克语语区。直到17、18世纪以《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%93%9D%E8%89%B2%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蓝色图书馆（页面不存在）">蓝色图书馆</a>》为首的通俗文学的发展，一种经过标准化的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古典法语（页面不存在）">古典法语</a>才基本成为国家通用语言。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音系">音系</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：音系">编辑</a>]</div> 古法语一直都在演化，而中世纪大量诗歌均以12世纪末的形式为蓝本，这一时期的法语可视作一般意义上的“标准古法语”。书写系统也是最能反映发音的一段时期，特别是所有辅音（包括韵尾的）都发音（s在非<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>前和ets中的情况除外）、连韵尾中的e都读作[<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中央元音">ə</a>]，可以说现代法语正字法主要基于12世纪末的法语实际语音。<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="辅音">辅音</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：辅音">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>古法语辅音 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齿音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬顎音">硬颚音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">软腭音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="声门音">声门音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭鼻音">ɲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞擦音">ts</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞擦音">dz</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清腭齦塞擦音">tʃ</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁腭齦塞擦音">dʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齒擦音">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁唇齒擦音">v</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="边音">边音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭边音">ʎ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6)" title="颤音 (语音学)">颤音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> 注释： <ul><li>所有<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E7%A4%99%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="阻礙音">阻碍音</a>（塞音、擦音、塞擦音）都发生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B5%E5%B0%BE%E6%B8%85%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韵尾清化（页面不存在）">韵尾清化</a>，这常反映于书面。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ts/、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/dz/、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/tʃ/、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/dʒ/变为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="中古法語">中古法语</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[s]、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[z]、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ʃ]、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ʒ]。 <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ts/有三种拼写：e和i前为c，其他元音前为ç，词尾为z。如cent、chançon、priz（“百”“歌”“价格”）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/dz/只出现在词中，写作z，如doze“十二”。</li></ul></li> <li>conseil、travaillier（“建议”“工作”）中的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ʎ/变为现代法语<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/j/。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɲ/可出现在词中也可做词尾，如poing“拳头”。词尾的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɲ/后来消失，变为元音的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="鼻化">鼻化</a>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/h/只出现在日耳曼语借词或受日耳曼语影响的词中（如haut、hurler），后来发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%AB%8B%E6%BC%82%E7%A7%BB" title="对立漂移">对立漂移</a>（Transphonologization），变为阻碍<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E8%AF%B5" title="联诵">联诵</a>的所谓“送气h”，并消失。本土拉丁语词汇中，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/h/很早就消失了，如om、uem来自拉丁语homō。</li> <li>元音间的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/d/来自拉丁语<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/t/和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/d/的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="辅音弱化">辅音弱化</a>，早期先变为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[ð]（参同时西班牙语amado<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[aˈmaðo]），词尾清化为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[θ]。有些文献写作dh或th（aiudha、cadhuna、Ludher、vithe）。到1100年全部消失。<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元音">元音</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：元音">编辑</a>]</div> 古法语的鼻化元音只是普通元音在鼻音前的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E5%BC%82%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="同位异音">同位异音</a>，且鼻音辅音没有任何省略，如bon读作<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[bõn]（现代法语<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[bɔ̃]）。后接鼻音的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="開音節">开音节</a>也要发作鼻化元音，如bone<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[bõnə] （现代法语bonne<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">[bɔn]）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="單元音">單元音</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：單元音">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>古法語元音 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中元音">中</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="後元音">後</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉元音">閉</a> </th> <th>不帶鼻音 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">y</a></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>帶鼻音 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">ĩ ỹ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉元音">半閉</a> </th> <th>不帶鼻音 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">e</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中央元音">ə</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>帶鼻音 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">ẽ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">õ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開元音">半開</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">ɛ</a></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開後圓唇元音">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開元音">開</a> </th> <th>不帶鼻音 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>帶鼻音 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">ã </td></tr></tbody></table> 注释： <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/o/后来高化为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/u/；西罗曼语原本的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/u/在今日法国和意大利北部前移至<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/y/。 <ul><li>后来<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/aw/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单化（页面不存在）">单化</a>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɔ/在特定位置（如后跟<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/s/或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/z/时）高化，重新演变出<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/o/音位。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/õ/至少在部分方言中也高化为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ũ/，借到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="中古英语">中古英语</a>中的形式为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uːn/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/aʊn/（拉丁语computāre>古法语conter>英语count；拉丁语rotundum>古法语ront>英语round；拉丁语bonitātem>古法语bonté>英语bounty）。该音变在法语中的痕迹消失了，闭鼻化元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ĩ ỹ õ~ũ/低化为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɛ̃ œ̃ ɔ̃/。</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ə̃/可能留存在非重读第三人称复数动词后缀-ent中，也可能已经脱鼻为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ə/。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="双元音、三元音">双元音、三元音</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：双元音、三元音">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>晚期古法语<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="双元音">双元音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="三元音">三元音</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>IPA</th> <th>词例</th> <th>词义 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">前响 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">普通元音 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/aw/</td> <td>chevaus</td> <td>马 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɔj/</td> <td>toit</td> <td>屋檐 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɔw/</td> <td>coup</td> <td>吹；打 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ew/ ~ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/øw/</td> <td>cieus</td> <td>天堂 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/iw/ ~ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/iɥ/</td> <td>tiule</td> <td>瓦 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="鼻化元音">鼻化元音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ẽj/</td> <td>plein</td> <td>满 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/õj/</td> <td>loing</td> <td>远 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">后响 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">普通元音 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/je/</td> <td>pié</td> <td>脚 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɥi/</td> <td>fruit</td> <td>水果 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/we/ ~ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/wø/</td> <td>cuer</td> <td>心 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="鼻化元音">鼻化元音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/jẽ/</td> <td>bien</td> <td>好 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɥĩ/</td> <td>juignet</td> <td>七月 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/wẽ/</td> <td>cuens</td> <td>count（主格复数） </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">三元音 重音落在中间的元音上 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">普通元音 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e̯aw/</td> <td>beaus</td> <td>美 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/jew/</td> <td>Dieu</td> <td>神 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/wew/~<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/wøw/</td> <td>jueu</td> <td>珠宝 </td></tr></tbody></table> 注释： <ul><li>早期古法语中（约到12世纪中叶），⟨ai⟩都表示双元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/aj/而不是后来<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单化（页面不存在）">单化</a>的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɛ/；<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a>⟨ei⟩表示<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ej/，晚期古法语中与<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/oj/合流（鼻化的不发生合流）。</li> <li>早期古法语中，上述“低-高”双元音可能反而是“高-低”（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ie̯/、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/yj/、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ue̯/）。早期元音<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E9%9F%B5" title="类韵">类韵</a>诗歌中，写作⟨ie⟩的双元音不与任何纯元音相押，说明它应该不是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/je/。</li> <li>写作⟨ue⟩和⟨eu⟩的元音音值有争议。早期古法语材料中，分别写作<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uo/、/ou/，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="中古法語">中古法语</a>中合流为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ø ~ œ/。</li> <li>早期古法语还有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/iej/和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uoj/两种三元音（等于后接<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/j/的双元音）；后来很快分别与<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/i/和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɥi/合流。</li> <li>双元音⟨iu⟩比较罕见，中古法语与⟨ui⟩合流（古法语tiule>现代法语tuile“瓦”；古法语siure>晚期古法语suire>现代法语suivre“跟随”）。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元音间隙">元音间隙</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：元音间隙">编辑</a>]</div> 双元音之外，古法语有许多因辅音失落而产生的相邻元音间的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%99" title="元音间隙">元音间隙</a>。手稿中，这些元音和对应的双元音无别，现代转写以<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" title="分音符">分音符</a>表记： <ul><li>拉丁语audīre>古法语oïr<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uˈir/“听”（现代法语ouïr）</li> <li>通俗拉丁语*vidūta>古法语veüe<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/vəˈy.ə/“看见（过去分词）”（现代法语vue）</li> <li>拉丁语rēgīnam>古法语reïne<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/rəˈinə/“皇后”（现代法语reine）</li> <li>拉丁语pāgēnsem>古法语païs<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/paˈis/“国家”（现代法语pays）</li> <li>拉丁语augustum>古法语aoust<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/aˈu（s）t/“八月”（现代法语août）</li> <li>拉丁语patellam>古法语paelle<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/paˈɛlə/“锅”（现代法语poêle）</li> <li>晚期拉丁语quaternum>古法语quaïer<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/kwaˈjer/“小册子”（现代法语cahier）</li> <li>晚期拉丁语aetāticum>古法语aage、eage<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/aˈad͡ʒə/~/əˈad͡ʒə/“年龄”（现代法语âge）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="例文">例文</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：例文">编辑</a>]</div> 下面是《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" title="罗兰之歌">罗兰之歌</a>》的第一节，以及1050年的大致读音：<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>文本 </th> <th>转写 </th> <th>翻译 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Carles li reis, nostre emperere magnes, Set anz tuz pleins ad estet en Espaigne. Trequ'en la mer cunquist la tere altaigne, N'i ad castel ki devant lui remaigne. Mur ne citet n'i est remes a fraindre, Fors Sarraguce, ki est en une muntaigne. Li reis Marsilie la tient, ki Deu nen aimet, Mahument sert e Apollin recleimet: Nes poet guarder que mals ne l'i ateignet. </td> <td>tʃárləs li réis, nɔ́str empərǽðrə máɲəs, sɛ́t ánts tóts pléins áð estǽθ en espáɲə, trǽs k en la mǽr konkíst la tɛ́r altáiɲə. n i áθ tʃastɛ́l ki dəvánt luí rəmáiɲəθ, múrs nə tsitǽθ n i ɛ́st rəmǽs a fráindrə fɔ́rs saragótsə k ɛ́st en únə montáɲə. li réis marsíʎəs la tiɛ́nt, ki dɛ́u nən áiməθ, mahomɛ́t sɛ́rt eð apolín rəkláiməθ, nə s puɛ́t guardǽr kə máls nə l i atáiɲəθ. </td> <td>查理国王，我们伟大的皇帝， 驻扎西班牙整整七年， 从高地到海边所向披靡； 没有一座城堡能够阻挡， 没有一座城镇不思投降， 除了在山头上的萨拉戈萨。 马西勒国王盘踞城里，他不信什么上帝； 他供奉穆罕默德，祷告阿卜林， 却不能为自己求得太平。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语法">语法</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：语法">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="名词">名词</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：名词">编辑</a>]</div> 古法语名词分<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="間接格">间接格</a>两种格，这与<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a>等罗曼语相同。至少在阳性词中，格体现在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="定冠詞">定冠词</a>的形式和词本身的形式上。因此阳性名词li veisins“邻居”<a href="#cite_note-34">[ii]</a>的变形如下： <table class="wikitable"> <caption>古典拉丁语阳性主格到古法语的演变 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th>拉丁语</th> <th>早期原始<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="高卢-罗曼语支">高卢-罗曼语支</a></th> <th>古法语 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">单</th> <th>主格 </th> <td>ille vīcīnus</td> <td>*[li βeˈdzʲinos]</td> <td>li veisins </td></tr> <tr> <th>间接格 （拉丁语宾格） </th> <td>illum vīcīnum</td> <td>*[lo βeˈdzʲino]</td> <td>le veisin </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">复</th> <th>主格 </th> <td>illī vīcīnī</td> <td>*[li βeˈdzʲini]</td> <td>li veisin </td></tr> <tr> <th>间接格 （拉丁语宾格） </th> <td>illōs vīcīnōs</td> <td>*[los βeˈdzʲinos]</td> <td>les veisins </td></tr></tbody></table> 晚期古法语中，该差别基本消失了。与大多数其他罗曼语相似，最后留下来的往往是<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="間接格">间接格</a>形式：l'enfant“孩子”来自古间接格（拉丁语宾格īnf'ā'ntem）；古法语主格形式为li enfes（拉丁语'ī'nfāns）。主格和间接格间偶尔会有很巨大的差别（来自主格与其他格形式间发生过重音漂移的拉丁语名词），这时两种形式会被分配不同的词义并双双保留： <ul><li>古法语li sire、le sieur （拉丁语s'e'iior、seii'ō'rem）和le seignor（主格†sendre；<a href="#cite_note-35">[iii]</a>拉丁语s'e'nior、seni'ō'rem）在后来的法语中保留了下来（sire、sieur、seigneur）。</li> <li>现代法语sœur“姐妹”为主格形式（古法语suer<拉丁语主格s'o'ror）；古法语间接格形式seror（<拉丁语宾格sor'ō'rem）消失。</li> <li>现代法语prêtre“牧师”为主格形式（古法语prestre<pr'e'sbyter）；古法语间接格形式prevoire，后来provoire（<presb'y'terem）只留存在巴黎街道名Rue des Prouvaires中。</li> <li>现代法语不定代词on“（某）一个”继承了古法语主格hom“人”（<h'o'mō）；homme“人”仍是间接格形式（古法语home<h'o'minem）。</li></ul> 若两者间的差别在于主格有-s后缀，则-s保留。如fils“儿子”（<拉丁语主格f'ī'lius）。今日这些词中的-s仍发音的现象不规则，与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="中古法語">中古法语</a>和早期现代法语的pausal读音有关。 与西班牙语、意大利语相似，大部分古中性名词变为阳性。部分拉丁语中性复数词（以-a结尾）被重新分析为阴性复数：拉丁语gaudium更常见复数形式gaudia，源自通俗拉丁语单数，产生现代法语la joie“快乐”（阴性单数）。 名词变形如下： <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">甲（阴） </th> <th colspan="3">乙（阳） </th></tr> <tr> <th>甲 </th> <th colspan="2">甲a </th> <th colspan="2">乙 </th> <th>乙a </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">词义 </th> <th>女人</th> <th>东西</th> <th>城</th> <th>邻居</th> <th>仆人</th> <th>父亲 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">单 </th> <th>主 </th> <td rowspan="2">la fame</td> <td>la riens</td> <td>la citez</td> <td>li veisins</td> <td>li sergenz</td> <td>li pere </td></tr> <tr> <th>间接 </th> <td>la rien</td> <td>la cité</td> <td>le veisin</td> <td>le sergent</td> <td>le pere </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">复数 </th> <th>主 </th> <td rowspan="2">les fames</td> <td rowspan="2">les riens</td> <td rowspan="2">les citez</td> <td>li veisin</td> <td>li sergent</td> <td>li pere </td></tr> <tr> <th>间接 </th> <td>les veisins</td> <td>les sergenz</td> <td>les peres </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="8">丙（全） </th></tr> <tr> <th>丙a </th> <th>丙b </th> <th>丙c </th> <th colspan="5">丙d </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">词义 </th> <th>歌手</th> <th>男爵</th> <th>修女</th> <th>姐妹</th> <th>孩子</th> <th>牧师</th> <th>领主</th> <th>伯爵 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">单 </th> <th>主 </th> <td>li chantere</td> <td>li ber</td> <td>la none</td> <td>la suer</td> <td>li enfes</td> <td>li prestre</td> <td>li sire</td> <td>li cuens </td></tr> <tr> <th>间接 </th> <td>le chanteor</td> <td>le baron</td> <td>la nonain</td> <td>la seror</td> <td>l'enfant</td> <td>le prevoire</td> <td>le sieur</td> <td>le conte </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">复 </th> <th>主 </th> <td>li chanteor</td> <td>li baron</td> <td>les nones</td> <td rowspan="2">les serors</td> <td>li enfant</td> <td>li prevoire</td> <td>li sieur</td> <td>li conte </td></tr> <tr> <th>间接 </th> <td>les chanteors</td> <td>les barons</td> <td>les nonains</td> <td>les enfanz</td> <td>les prevoires</td> <td>les sieurs</td> <td>les contes </td></tr></tbody></table> 甲类来自拉丁语第一类变格，甲a类主要来自拉丁语第三类变格的阴性词。乙类来自拉丁语第二类变格，乙a类主要来自以-er结尾的第二类变格名词和第三类变格的阳性词；拉丁语主格单数在两者中都不以-s，而这在古法语中保留。 该类发生多种类推变化：甲类主格复数（拉丁语-ae，但实际上有支持此种变化已在通俗拉丁语中出现的证据）-es来自宾格而不是-∅（复辅音后为-e），如拉丁语illi patres>乙a主格复数li pere而不是*li peres等等。 丙类名词主格单数有一种独特的词根形式： <ul><li>丙a是拉丁语以-ātor, -ātōrem结尾的施事名词，并保存了重音转移。</li> <li>丙b还发生-ō至-ōnem的重音漂移（不过少数丙b词实际上遵<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="法兰克语">法兰克语</a>“弱名词”变格规律，如法兰克语*barō ~ *baran变为古法语ber ~ baron）。</li> <li>丙c为古法语创新，无系统拉丁语来源。</li> <li>丙d反映多种拉丁语第三类变格名词，重音或辅音发生漂移（soror、sorōrem；īnfāns、īnfāntem；presbyter、presbyterem；s'e'iior、seii'ō'rem；c'o'mes、c'o'mitem）。</li></ul> 阳性名词的规则阴性形式通过向阳性词根上加-e形成（除非阳性词根以-e结尾）。例如bergier（牧羊犬）>bergiere（现代法语berger、bergère）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="形容词">形容词</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：形容词">编辑</a>]</div> 形容词需要依所修饰名词的数、性、格变形，因此阴性复数主格名词需要用阴性复数主格变形的形容词修饰。例如“femes riches”中，riche就是阴性复数形式。 形容词可分为3类：<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <ul><li>甲类大致对应拉丁语第一、第二类变格形容词</li> <li>乙类大致对应拉丁语第三类变格形容词</li> <li>丙类主要包含拉丁语-ior、-iōrem结尾的合成比较级形式。</li></ul> 甲类形容词有阴性单数形式（主格间接格皆有），以-e结尾。依阳性主格单数形式可以进一步划为两类，甲a类形容词的阳性主格单数以-s结尾： <dl><dd>bon“好”（<拉丁语bonus>现代法语bon）</dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">阳 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">阴 </th> <th>中 </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>单</th> <th>复</th> <th>单</th> <th>复</th> <th>单 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>bons</td> <td>bon </td> <td rowspan="2">bone</td> <td rowspan="2">bones </td> <td>bon </td></tr> <tr> <th>间接格 </th> <td>bon</td> <td>bons</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> 甲b类形容词阳性主格单数与阴性相似，以-e结尾。少数以-er结尾的拉丁语第二类、第三类变格形容词于主格单数中可见： <dl><dd>aspre“严厉”（<拉丁语asper>现代法语âpre）</dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">阳 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">阴 </th> <th>中 </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>单</th> <th>复</th> <th>单</th> <th>复</th> <th>单 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td rowspan="2">aspre </td> <td>aspre </td> <td rowspan="2">aspre</td> <td rowspan="2">aspres </td> <td>aspre </td></tr> <tr> <th>间接格 </th> <td>aspres</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> 乙类形容词的阴性单数不以-e为标记： <dl><dd>古法语granz“大”（<拉丁语grandis>现代法语grand）</dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">阳 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">阴 </th> <th>中 </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>单</th> <th>复</th> <th>单</th> <th>复</th> <th>单 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>granz</td> <td>grant </td> <td>granz/grant</td> <td rowspan="2">granz </td> <td>grant </td></tr> <tr> <th>间接格 </th> <td>grant</td> <td>granz</td> <td>grant</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> 乙类形容词的重要亚类是以-ant结尾的现在分词形式。 丙类形容词有词干交替现象，这来自拉丁语第三类变格形容词的重音漂移和中性形式的合流： <dl><dd>mieudre“更好”（<拉丁语melior>现代法语meilleur）</dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">阳 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">阴 </th> <th>中 </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>单</th> <th>复</th> <th>单</th> <th>复</th> <th>单 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>mieudre（s）</td> <td>meillor </td> <td>mieudre</td> <td rowspan="2">meillors </td> <td>mieuz </td></tr> <tr> <th>间接格 </th> <td>meillor</td> <td>meillors</td> <td>meillor</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> 晚期古法语中，乙类和丙类倾向于与甲类合并，这到中古法语完成。因此现代法语只有形容词单数的变形，这与其他罗曼语一般有两种及以上不同。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="动词">动词</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：动词">编辑</a>]</div> 动词也和其他词一样展现极端的音系变化，不过形态上，动词却尤为保守地完好保存了进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="原始罗曼语">原始罗曼语</a>的拉丁语绝大多数交替和不规则变形。古法语的类推变化比现代法语少得多，也比同时代其他古语言（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-disambig" title="古西班牙語">古西班牙语</a>）少得多。但这之外，高卢-罗曼语和原始法语的音韵变化又导致大多数常用动词的复杂交替。 例如，古法语laver“洗”（拉丁语lav'ā're）与连词相结合变为现在时陈述语气je lef、tu leves、il leve、现在时虚拟语气je lef、tu les、il let，两种情况都从拉丁语陈述语气l'a'vō、l'a'vās、l'a'vat、虚拟语气l'a'vem、l'a'vēs、l'a'vet规则变化而来。下列变形是典型的音韵规则变化、形态不规则变化： <ul><li>交替je lef ~ tu leves是结尾/o/消失后，尾辅音清化的规则变化。</li> <li>交替laver ~ tu leves是重读<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="開音節">开音节</a>/a/>/ae/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/æ/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/裂化的规则变化。</li> <li>虚拟语气交替je lef ~ tu les ~ il let是末音节中/e/消失后，尾辅音/fs/、/ft/简化的规则变化。</li></ul> 另一方面，现代法语的je lave、tu laves、il lave没有语气的区分，反映剧烈的类推变化：非重读元音/a/、第一单数中-e的类推（来自规则带-e的j'entre），以及-ir/-oir/-re动词对虚拟语气的大规模替换。所有类推实际上都削弱了古法语动词变形的不规则程度，甚至现代的“不规则”动词也没能免于类推：例如古法语je vif、tu vis、il vit（vivre“活”）演化为现代je vis、tu vis、il vit，第一人称单数的-f被取代。 现代法语的简单过去时与古法语相比也发生了剧烈的类推和简化。 拉丁语<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%8E%BB%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%97%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="过去完成时">过去完成时</a>在非常早的古法语中保留为过去时或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%99%82" title="未完成時">未完成时</a>。例如，《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E5%B0%A4%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%89%E4%BA%9A%E9%A2%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣尤拉莉亚颂（页面不存在）">圣尤拉莉亚颂</a>》（878）中的过去时有avret（<拉丁语habuerat）、voldret（<拉丁语voluerat），与从拉丁语完成时演化来的过去时交替（即现代“简单过去时”）。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%27%27%27%E5%8F%A4%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD%27%27%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'''古奥克语'''（页面不存在）">'''古奥克语'''</a>也保留了这一时态，但带<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="條件語氣">条件语气</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>（即-ra未完成时虚拟语气）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙语">葡萄牙语</a>（过去完成时陈述语气）也保留这一时态。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="动词交替">动词交替</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：动词交替">编辑</a>]</div> 拉丁语中，重音由词的音节数和元音长度自动决定。这反映为特定相关词形之间的重音漂移，取决于所加的后缀。例如pensō“我想”，第一个音节带重音，但pensāmus“我们想”则是第二个音节带重音。许多罗曼语中，特定环境下重音元音发生裂化，反映为动词变形的交替：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>pienso“我想”vs. pensamos“我们想”（pensar“想”），或cuento“我告诉”vs. contamos“我们告诉”（contar“告诉”）。 在法语发展史中，至少有5个元音在重读开音节中裂化。再与其他重音演化相结合，古法语所谓“强动词”至少有约15类交替。例如重读的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/a/在开音节的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a>前裂化为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ai/，但非重读则不变，这就产生了aim“我爱”（拉丁语amō）和amons“我们爱”（拉丁语amāmus）的差别。 不同类别如下： <table class="wikitable"> <caption>古法语动词元音交替 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">元音交替</th> <th rowspan="2">环境</th> <th colspan="4">-er类例</th> <th colspan="4">其他类例 </th></tr> <tr> <th>重读</th> <th>非重读</th> <th>拉丁词源</th> <th>3单 pres. ind.</th> <th>不定式</th> <th>词义</th> <th>拉丁词源</th> <th>3单 pres. ind.</th> <th>不定式 /其他形式</th> <th>词义 </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/a/</td> <td>自由<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/a/</td> <td>lavāre</td> <td>leve</td> <td>laver</td> <td>洗</td> <td>parere > *parīre</td> <td>pert</td> <td>parir</td> <td>出生 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ãj̃/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ã/</td> <td>自由<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/a/+鼻音</td> <td>amāre</td> <td>aime</td> <td>amer</td> <td>爱</td> <td>manēre</td> <td>maint</td> <td>maneir, manoir</td> <td>保留 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/je/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td>硬颚音+自由<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/a/</td> <td>*accapāre</td> <td>achieve</td> <td>achever</td> <td>得到</td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/i/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td>硬颚音+ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/a/+硬颚音</td> <td>*concacāre</td> <td>conchie</td> <td>concheer</td> <td>驱逐</td> <td>iacēre</td> <td>gist</td> <td>gesir</td> <td>躺 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/a/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td>硬颚音+阻碍<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/a/</td> <td>*accapitāre</td> <td>achate</td> <td>acheter</td> <td>买</td> <td>cadere > *cadēre</td> <td>chiet</td> <td>cheoir</td> <td>落 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/a/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td>中间音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/a/+ 硬颚音？</td> <td>*tripaliāre</td> <td>travaille</td> <td>traveillier</td> <td>折磨</td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/je/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td>自由<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɛ/</td> <td>levāre</td> <td>lieve</td> <td>lever</td> <td>举</td> <td>sedēre</td> <td>siet</td> <td>seeir, seoir</td> <td>放置；合适 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/jẽ/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ẽ/</td> <td>自由<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɛ/+鼻音</td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td>tremere > *cremere</td> <td>crient</td> <td>creindre （var. cremir, -oir）</td> <td>怕 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/i/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ej/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɛ/+硬颚音</td> <td>pretiāre</td> <td>prise</td> <td>preiser</td> <td>估价</td> <td>exīre</td> <td>ist</td> <td>eissir</td> <td>出 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɛ/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td>中间音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɛ, e/+复辅音</td> <td>appellāre</td> <td>apele</td> <td>apeler</td> <td>叫</td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/oj/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td>自由<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td>adhaerāre > *adēsāre</td> <td>adoise</td> <td>adeser</td> <td>摸</td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ẽj̃/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ẽ/</td> <td>自由<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/+鼻音</td> <td>mināre</td> <td>meine</td> <td>mener</td> <td>引导</td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/i/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td>硬颚音+自由<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/oj/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/i/</td> <td>中间音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/+硬颚音</td> <td>-</td> <td>charroie</td> <td>charrier</td> <td>兜圈子</td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/we/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/u/</td> <td>自由<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɔ/</td> <td>*tropāre</td> <td>trueve</td> <td>truver</td> <td>发明</td> <td>morī > *morīre</td> <td>muert</td> <td>mourir</td> <td>死 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uj/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/oj/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɔ/+硬颚音</td> <td>*appodiāre</td> <td>apuie</td> <td>apoiier</td> <td>倚靠</td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ew/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/u/</td> <td>自由<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/o/</td> <td>dēmōrārī</td> <td>demeure</td> <td>demo（u）rer</td> <td>待</td> <td>cōnsuere > *cōsere</td> <td>queust</td> <td>co（u）sdre</td> <td>锯 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/u/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/</td> <td>中间音阻碍<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/o/</td> <td>*corruptiāre</td> <td>courouce</td> <td>courecier</td> <td>发怒</td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ũ/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ã/</td> <td>中间音阻碍<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/o/+鼻音</td> <td>calumniārī</td> <td>chalonge</td> <td>chalengier</td> <td>挑战</td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr></tbody></table> 现代法语中，-er类动词总体而言，“弱”（非重读）形式占主导，也有些例外（如现代aimer/nous aimons）。残留的交替见于acheter/j'achète、jeter/je jette等动词，非重读的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ə/与重读的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɛ/交替；或adhérer/j'adhère等词，非重读的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/e/与重读的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɛ/交替。许多非er动词被淘汰，许多留下来的动词发生类推；少数交替作为不规则动词变形残留下来，如je tiens、nous tenons；je dois、nous devons；je meurs、nous mourons。 部分动词的交替更不规则，词干的长度不一样长，较长、带重音的词干与较短、不带重音的词干相交替。这来自非重读中间音元音的规则脱落： <ul><li>jaiu/aidier“帮忙”<adiūtō, adiūtāre</li> <li>jaraison/araisnier“跟...说话”<adratiōnō、adratiōnāre</li> <li>je deraison/deraisnier“议论”<dēratiōnō、dēratiōnāre</li> <li>je desjun/disner“吃饭”< disiēiūnō、disiēiūnāre</li> <li>je manju/mangier“吃”<mandūcō、mandūcāre</li> <li>je parol/parler“说”<*paraulō、*paraulāre < parabolō、parabolāre</li></ul> je desjun、disner的交替相当复杂，列表如下： <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58909830">.mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output .nocaps{text-transform:lowercase}</style>inf </th> <th colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830">1sg.ind.pres </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">拉丁语 </th> <td style="border-right:0">disiēiūnāre </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/disjeːjuːˈnaːre/ </td> <td style="border-right:0">disiēiūnō </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/disjeːˈjuːnoː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">西罗曼语 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="三元音">三元音</a>弱化 </th> <td style="border-right:0">disīūnāre </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/disiːuːˈnaːre/ </td> <td style="border-right:0">disīūnō </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/disiːˈuːnoː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>长度对立消失 </th> <td style="border-right:0">disjunare </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/disjuˈnare/ </td> <td style="border-right:0">disjuno </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/disˈjuno/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>切分 </th> <td style="border-right:0">disinare </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/disiˈnaːre/ </td> <td colspan="2">– </td></tr> <tr> <th>音值变化和元音变化 </th> <td style="border-right:0">disinare </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/disiˈnarɛ/ </td> <td style="border-right:0">desjuno </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/desˈjuno/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">高卢-罗曼语 </th> <th>弱化 </th> <td style="border-right:0">dizinare </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/diziˈnarɛ/ </td> <td colspan="2">– </td></tr> <tr> <th>进一步切分 </th> <td style="border-right:0">diznare </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/dizˈnarɛ/ </td> <td colspan="2">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">古法语 </th> <th>进一步切分 </th> <td style="border-right:0">disnar </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/dizˈnar/ </td> <td style="border-right:0">desjun </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/desˈjun/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>裂化 </th> <td style="border-right:0">disner </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/disˈnɛr/ </td> <td colspan="2">– </td></tr> <tr> <th>强化 </th> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td style="border-right:0">desjun </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/desˈdʒun/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>清化 </th> <td style="border-right:0">disner </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/disˈnɛr/ </td> <td colspan="2">– </td></tr> <tr> <th>同位异音式鼻化 </th> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td style="border-right:0">desjun </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/desˈdʒũn/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>前移 </th> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td style="border-right:0">desjun </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/desˈdʒỹn/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>补偿延长 </th> <td style="border-right:0">disner </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/diːˈnɛr/ </td> <td style="border-right:0">desjun </td> <td style="border-left:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/deːˈdʒỹn/ </td></tr></tbody></table> 两个词根都在现代法语中有反映：déjeuner“吃午饭”和dîner“吃饭”。另外déjeuner并不直接来自je desjun（<*disi（ēi）ūnō，非重读的-ēi-消失），而是来自古法语desjeüner的交替形式je desjeün（<*disiē（i）ūnō，只有-i-消失，可能受jeûner“斋戒”影响<古法语jeüner<je jeün<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/d͡ʒe.ˈyn/“我斋戒”<iē（i）ūnō：iē-是音节首，因此-ē-没有消失）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="规则-er动词例：durer_（持续）">规则-er动词例：durer （持续）</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：规则-er动词例：durer （持续）">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">陈述 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">虚拟 </th> <th style="text-align: center;">条件 </th> <th style="text-align: center;">祈使 </th></tr> <tr> <td>现在时</td> <td>简单过去时</td> <td>未完成时</td> <td>将来时</td> <td>现在时</td> <td>未完成时</td> <td>现在时</td> <td>现在时 </td></tr> <tr> <td>我</td> <td>dur</td> <td>durai</td> <td>duroie</td> <td>durerai</td> <td>dur</td> <td>durasse</td> <td>dureroie</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>你</td> <td>dures</td> <td>duras</td> <td>durois</td> <td>dureras</td> <td>durs</td> <td>durasses</td> <td>durerois</td> <td>dure </td></tr> <tr> <td>他</td> <td>dure</td> <td>dura</td> <td>duroit</td> <td>durera</td> <td>durt</td> <td>durast</td> <td>dureroit</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>我们</td> <td>durons</td> <td>durames</td> <td>duriiens/-ïons</td> <td>durerons</td> <td>durons</td> <td>durissons/-issiens</td> <td>dureriions/-ïons</td> <td>durons </td></tr> <tr> <td>你们</td> <td>durez</td> <td>durastes</td> <td>duriiez</td> <td>dureroiz/-ez</td> <td>durez</td> <td>durissoiz/-issez/-issiez</td> <td>dureriiez/-ïez</td> <td>durez </td></tr> <tr> <td>他们</td> <td>durent</td> <td>durerent</td> <td>duroient</td> <td>dureront</td> <td>durent</td> <td>durassent</td> <td>dureroient</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> 非限定性形式： <ul><li>非限定性形式：durer</li> <li>现在分词：durant</li> <li>过去分词：duré</li></ul> 助动词：avoir <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="规则-ir动词例：fenir_（结束）">规则-ir动词例：fenir （结束）</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：规则-ir动词例：fenir （结束）">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">陈述 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">虚拟 </th> <th style="text-align: center;">条件 </th> <th style="text-align: center;">祈使 </th></tr> <tr> <td>现在时</td> <td>简单过去时</td> <td>未完成时</td> <td>将来时</td> <td>现在时</td> <td>未完成时</td> <td>现在时</td> <td>现在时 </td></tr> <tr> <td>我</td> <td>fenis</td> <td>feni</td> <td>fenissoie</td> <td>fenirai</td> <td>fenisse</td> <td>fenisse</td> <td>feniroie</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>你</td> <td>fenis</td> <td>fenis</td> <td>fenissoies</td> <td>feniras</td> <td>fenisses</td> <td>fenisses</td> <td>fenirois</td> <td>fenis </td></tr> <tr> <td>他们</td> <td>fenist</td> <td>feni（t）</td> <td>fenissoit</td> <td>fenira</td> <td>fenisse（t）</td> <td>fenist</td> <td>feniroit</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>我们</td> <td>fenissons</td> <td>fenimes</td> <td>fenissiiens</td> <td>fenirons</td> <td>fenissons</td> <td>fenissons/-iens</td> <td>feniriiens</td> <td>fenissons </td></tr> <tr> <td>你们</td> <td>fenissez</td> <td>fenistes</td> <td>fenissiiez</td> <td>feniroiz/-ez</td> <td>fenissez</td> <td>fenissoiz/-ez/-iez</td> <td>feniriiez</td> <td>fenissez </td></tr> <tr> <td>他们</td> <td>fenissent</td> <td>fenirent</td> <td>fenissoient</td> <td>feniront</td> <td>fenissent</td> <td>fenissent</td> <td>feniroient</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> 非限定性形式： <ul><li>非限定性形式：fenir</li> <li>现在分词：fenissant</li> <li>过去分词：feni（t）</li></ul> 助动词：avoir <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="规则-re动词例：corre_（跑）">规则-re动词例：corre （跑）</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：规则-re动词例：corre （跑）">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">陈述 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">虚拟 </th> <th style="text-align: center;">条件 </th> <th style="text-align: center;">祈使 </th></tr> <tr> <td>现在时</td> <td>简单过去时</td> <td>未完成时</td> <td>将来时</td> <td>现在时</td> <td>未完成时</td> <td>现在时</td> <td>现在时 </td></tr> <tr> <td>我</td> <td>cor</td> <td>corui</td> <td>coroie</td> <td>corrai</td> <td>core</td> <td>corusse</td> <td>corroie</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>你</td> <td>cors</td> <td>corus</td> <td>coroies</td> <td>corras</td> <td>cores</td> <td>corusses</td> <td>corroies</td> <td>cor </td></tr> <tr> <td>他</td> <td>cort</td> <td>coru（t）</td> <td>coroit</td> <td>corra</td> <td>core（t）</td> <td>corust</td> <td>corroit</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>我们</td> <td>corons</td> <td>corumes</td> <td>coriiens</td> <td>corrons</td> <td>corons</td> <td>corussons/-iens</td> <td>corriiens</td> <td>corons </td></tr> <tr> <td>你们</td> <td>corez</td> <td>corustes</td> <td>coriiez</td> <td>corroiz/-ez</td> <td>corez</td> <td>corussoiz/-ez/-iez</td> <td>corriiez</td> <td>corez </td></tr> <tr> <td>他们</td> <td>corent</td> <td>corurent</td> <td>coroient</td> <td>corront</td> <td>corent</td> <td>corussent</td> <td>corroient</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> 非限定性形式： <ul><li>非限定性形式：corre</li> <li>现在分词：corant</li> <li>过去分词：coru（t）</li></ul> 助动词：estre <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="助动词例">助动词例</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：助动词例">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="avoir_（有）">avoir （有）</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：avoir （有）">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">陈述 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">虚拟 </th> <th style="text-align: center;">条件 </th> <th style="text-align: center;">祈使 </th></tr> <tr> <td>现在时</td> <td>简单过去时</td> <td>未完成时</td> <td>将来时</td> <td>现在时</td> <td>未完成时</td> <td>现在时</td> <td>现在时 </td></tr> <tr> <td>我</td> <td>ai</td> <td>eüi, oi</td> <td>avoie</td> <td>aurai</td> <td>ai</td> <td>eüsse</td> <td>auroie</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>你</td> <td>ais （later as）</td> <td>eüs</td> <td>avois</td> <td>auras</td> <td>ais</td> <td>eüsses</td> <td>aurois</td> <td>ave </td></tr> <tr> <td>他</td> <td>ai （later a）</td> <td>eü（t）, ot</td> <td>avoit</td> <td>aura</td> <td>ai</td> <td>eüst</td> <td>auroit</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>我们</td> <td>avons</td> <td>eümes</td> <td>aviiens/-ïons</td> <td>aurons</td> <td>aions</td> <td>eüssons/-issiens</td> <td>auravons/-ïons</td> <td>avons </td></tr> <tr> <td>你们</td> <td>avez</td> <td>eüstes</td> <td>aviiez</td> <td>auroiz/-ez</td> <td>aiez</td> <td>eüssoiz/-issez/-issiez</td> <td>auravez/-ïez</td> <td>avez </td></tr> <tr> <td>他们</td> <td>ont</td> <td>eürent</td> <td>avoient</td> <td>auront</td> <td>ont</td> <td>eüssent</td> <td>auroient</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> 非限定性形式： <ul><li>非限定性形式：avoir（早期aveir）</li></ul> <ul><li>现在分词：aiant</li> <li>过去分词：eü（t）</li></ul> 助动词：avoir <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="estre（是）">estre（是）</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：estre（是）">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">陈述 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">虚拟 </th> <th style="text-align: center;">条件 </th> <th style="text-align: center;">祈使 </th></tr> <tr> <td>现在时</td> <td>简单过去时</td> <td>未完成时</td> <td>将来时</td> <td>现在时</td> <td>未完成时</td> <td>现在时</td> <td>现在时 </td></tr> <tr> <td>我</td> <td>suis</td> <td>fui</td> <td>（i）ere esteie > estoie</td> <td>（i）er serai estrai</td> <td>seie > soie</td> <td>fusse</td> <td>sereie > seroie estreie > estroie</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>你</td> <td>（i）es</td> <td>fus</td> <td>（i）eres esteies > estoies</td> <td>（i）ers seras estras</td> <td>seies > soies</td> <td>fusses</td> <td>sereies > seroies estreies > estroies</td> <td>seies > soies </td></tr> <tr> <td>他</td> <td>est</td> <td>fu（t）</td> <td>（i）ere（t）, （i）ert esteit > estoit</td> <td>（i）ert sera（t） estra（t）</td> <td>seit > soit</td> <td>fust</td> <td>sereit > seroit estreit > estroit</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>我们</td> <td>somes, esmes</td> <td>fumes</td> <td>eriiens, erions estiiens, estions</td> <td>（i）ermes serons estrons</td> <td>seiiens, seions > soiiens, soions</td> <td>fussons/-iens</td> <td>seriiens, serions estriiens, estrions</td> <td>seiiens > soiiens, seions > soions </td></tr> <tr> <td>你们</td> <td>estes</td> <td>fustes</td> <td>eriiez estiiez</td> <td>— sere（i）z estre（i）z</td> <td>seiiez > soiiez</td> <td>fusseiz/-ez/-iez</td> <td>seriiez estriiez</td> <td>seiiez > soiiez </td></tr> <tr> <td>他们</td> <td>sont</td> <td>furent</td> <td>（i）erent esteient > estoient</td> <td>（i）erent seront estront</td> <td>seient > soient</td> <td>fussent</td> <td>sereient > seroient estreient > estroient</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> 非限定性形式： <ul><li>非限定：estre</li> <li>现在分词：estant</li> <li>过去分词：esté（t）</li></ul> 助动词：avoir <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他词性">其他词性</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：其他词性">编辑</a>]</div> 副词、前置介词、连词和叹词一般无变化。代词一般有变化。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="法語使用者所認可的觀點">法語使用者所認可的觀點</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：法語使用者所認可的觀點">编辑</a>]</div> 一般我們所聽到的出現在流行電影，法語使用者普遍認爲是“古法語”的，例如《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A2%E8%A8%AA%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="探訪者（页面不存在）">探訪者</a>》、《庸俗化》裏的，其實並不是古法語。那些講話者能夠一聽就懂的“古法語”的主要是用了些較爲老舊的拼法拼寫的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古典法語（页面不存在）">古典法語</a>甚至現代法語。 而未經專門學習的法語使用者是不能理解古法語的。因此，這個句子：Sçavoir faisons, à tous presens et advenir, que pour aucunement pourveoir au bien de nostre justice, abbreviation des proces, et soulaigement de noz subiectz, avons, par edict perpetuel et irrevocable, statué et ordonné, statuons et ordonnons les choses qui s'ensuyvent （節選自<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E8%8E%B1%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="维莱科特雷法令">维莱科特雷法令</a>（Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts），佛朗索瓦 1539年）並不是古法語，而是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前古典法語（页面不存在）">前古典法語</a>或者說是十六世紀的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀法語（页面不存在）">中世紀法語</a>。像下面這首來自《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%98%AD%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="羅蘭之歌">羅蘭之歌</a>》的詩文才是古法語： En ceste tere ad asez osteiet / En France, ad Ais, s'en deit ben repairer / Vos le sivrez a la feste seint Michel / Si recevrez la lei de chrestiens / Serez ses hom par honur e par ben <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="另见">另见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：另见">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="英语历史">英语历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="法國語言">法国语言</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释">注释</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：注释">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-roman;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Portuguese framboesa 'raspberry' and Spanish frambuesa are French loans. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> 音变轨迹大致如下：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="古典拉丁語">古典拉丁语</a>⟨vicinus⟩[wiːˈkiːnus]><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%97%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="通俗拉丁语">通俗拉丁语</a>[βeˈcinʊs]<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a>>早期原始<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="高卢-罗曼语支">高卢-罗曼语</a>*[βeˈdzʲinos]>古法语⟨veisins⟩[vejˈzĩns]>现代法语⟨voisin⟩[vwaˈzɛ̃]。 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> 古法语主格sendre来自拉丁语senior，只在《斯特拉斯堡誓言》为sendra。 </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考">参考</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：参考">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="注释_2">注释</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：注释">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用">引用</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：引用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldf1239">古法语（842-ca. 1400）</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a>. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88842-ca.+1400%EF%BC%89&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Foldf1239&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinoshita2006-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinoshita2006_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinoshita2006">Kinoshita 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Milis （1978） </li> <li id="cite_note-Lusignan-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Lusignan_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lusignan, Serge. La langue des rois au Moyen Âge: Le français en France et en Angleterre [The language of kings in the Middle Ages: French in France and England]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 2004 （法语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft.aulast=Lusignan&rft.btitle=La+langue+des+rois+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge%3A+Le+fran%C3%A7ais+en+France+et+en+Angleterre&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Jozsef, Herman. The end of the history of Latin. 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[2013-06-16]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iedo.brillonline.nl/dictionaries/content/latin/index.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-06-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Brill+Online+Dictionaries&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Iedo.brillonline.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiedo.brillonline.nl%2Fdictionaries%2Fcontent%2Flatin%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430021938/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508379/Romance-languages">Romance languages - Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Britannica.com. [2013-06-16]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508379/Romance-languages">原始内容</a>存档于2015-04-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Romance+languages+-+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F508379%2FRomance-languages&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605072444/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&q=%22The+predominance+of+the+Latin+language%22">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture - Google Boeken</a>. 1997 [2013-06-16]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781884964985" title="Special:网络书源/9781884964985">ISBN 9781884964985</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&q=%22The+predominance+of+the+Latin+language%22">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture+-+Google+Boeken&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781884964985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC%26q%3D%2522The%2Bpredominance%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLatin%2Blanguage%2522&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504003526/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/italic">Definition of Italic in Oxford Dictionaries （British & World English）</a>. Oxforddictionaries.com. [2013-06-16]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Italic">原始内容</a>存档于2012-05-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Italic+in+Oxford+Dictionaries+%EF%BC%88British+%26+World+English%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Oxforddictionaries.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2FItalic&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720212157/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Romance">Definition of Romance in Oxford Dictionaries （British & World English）</a>. Oxforddictionaries.com. [2013-06-16]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Romance">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Romance+in+Oxford+Dictionaries+%EF%BC%88British+%26+World+English%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Oxforddictionaries.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2FRomance&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Wright （1982）, pp. 104–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Wright （1982）, pp. 118-20 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Xavier, Delamarre. Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise [Dictionary of the Gallic language]. Paris: Errance. 2003 （法语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Delamarre&rft.aulast=Xavier&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+langue+gauloise&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Errance&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Delamarre （2003, pp.389–390）列出167个 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert_15-1">15.1</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Yves_Lambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Yves Lambert（页面不存在）">Lambert, Pierre-Yves</a>. La Langue gauloise [The Gallic language]. Paris: Errance. 1994: 46-47. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-87772-224-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-87772-224-7">ISBN 978-2-87772-224-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.btitle=La+Langue+gauloise&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-87772-224-7&rft.pages=46-47&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Errance&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Helix-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Helix_16-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Laurence Hélix. Histoire de la langue française. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. 2011: 7. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-7298-6470-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-7298-6470-5">ISBN 978-2-7298-6470-5</a>. <q>Le déclin du Gaulois et sa disparition ne s'expliquent pas seulement par des pratiques culturelles spécifiques: Lorsque les Romains conduits par César envahirent la Gaule, au 1er siecle avant J.-C., celle-ci romanisa de manière progressive et profonde. Pendant près de 500 ans, la fameuse période gallo-romaine, le gaulois et le latin parlé coexistèrent; au VIe siècle encore; le temoignage de Grégoire de Tours atteste la survivance de la langue gauloise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Laurence+H%C3%A9lix&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-7298-6470-5&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ellipses+Edition+Marketing+S.A.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Peter Schrijver, Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles, Maynooth, 1997, 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Savignac-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Savignac_18-0">18.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savignac_18-1">18.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Savignac, Jean-Paul. Dictionnaire Français-Gaulois. Paris: La Différence. 2004: 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Savignac%2C+Jean-Paul&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Fran%C3%A7ais-Gaulois&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=26&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=La+Diff%C3%A9rence&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Henri Guiter, "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania", in Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii, eds., Anna Bochnakowa & Stanislan Widlak, Krakow, 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Eugeen Roegiest, Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania （Leuven, Belgium: Acco, 2006）, 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-Matas-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Matas_21-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Matasovic, Ranko. Insular Celtic as a Language Area. Papers from the Workship within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies. The Celtic Languages in Contact. 2007: 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Insular+Celtic+as+a+Language+Area&rft.au=Matasovic%2C+Ranko&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+from+the+Workship+within+the+Framework+of+the+XIII+International+Congress+of+Celtic+Studies&rft.pages=106&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_22-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Adams, J. N. Chapter V -- Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regionaldiversif600adam_341">The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600</a>. Cambridge. 2007: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regionaldiversif600adam_341/page/n300">279</a>–289. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780511482977" title="Special:网络书源/9780511482977">ISBN 9780511482977</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511482977">doi:10.1017/CBO9780511482977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Chapter+V+--+Regionalisms+in+provincial+texts%3A+Gaul&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.+N.&rft.btitle=The+Regional+Diversification+of+Latin+200+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+600&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780511482977&rft.pages=279-289&rft.place=Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregionaldiversif600adam_341&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511482977&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Polinsky, Maria, and Van Everbroeck, Ezra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_language_2003-06_79_2/page/356">Development of Gender Classifications: Modeling the Historical Change from Latin to French</a>. Language. 2003, 79 (2): 356–390. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.134.9933">CiteSeerX 10.1.1.134.9933</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4489422">JSTOR 4489422</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6797972">S2CID 6797972</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2003.0131">doi:10.1353/lan.2003.0131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Development+of+Gender+Classifications%3A+Modeling+the+Historical+Change+from+Latin+to+French&rft.au=Polinsky%2C+Maria%2C+and+Van+Everbroeck%2C+Ezra&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.pages=356-390&rft.volume=79&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.134.9933&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4489422&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6797972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_language_2003-06_79_2%2Fpage%2F356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2003.0131&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Cerquiglini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Cerquiglini（页面不存在）">Bernard Cerquiglini</a>, La naissance du français, Presses Universitaires de France, 2nd edn., chap. 3, 1993, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Cerquiglini 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Cerquiglini 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728083624/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=frambuesa">Etymology of frambuesa （Spanish）</a>. Buscon.rae.es. [2013-06-16]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=frambuesa">原始内容</a>存档于2017-07-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Etymology+of+frambuesa+%EF%BC%88Spanish%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Buscon.rae.es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscon.rae.es%2FdraeI%2FSrvltConsulta%3FTIPO_BUS%3D3%26LEMA%3Dframbuesa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Rickard 1989: 47–8, Laborderie 1994: § 2.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Berthon, H. E.; Starkey, V. G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tablessynoptique00bert#page/12/mode/1up">Tables synoptiques de phonologie de l'ancien français</a>. Oxford Clarendon Press. 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Berthon%2C+H.+E.&rft.au=Starkey%2C+V.+G.&rft.btitle=Tables+synoptiques+de+phonologie+de+l%27ancien+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=1908&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+Clarendon+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftablessynoptique00bert%23page%2F12%2Fmode%2F1up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Zink （1999）, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Per Hall （1946），齿龈、龈后塞擦音改自美式标音系统。 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Pope 1934: § 294 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Moignet （1988, p. 26–31）, Zink （1992, p. 39–48）, de La Chaussée （1977, p. 39–44） </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="资料">资料</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：资料">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">荷內·巴里巴; 胡其德（譯者）. 法國文學史 <bdi lang="fr">Historie de la literature franchise</bdi>. 臺北: 麥田出版社. 2002-05-10. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9867895096" title="Special:网络书源/9867895096">ISBN 9867895096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%A7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4&rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2+Historie+de+la+literature+franchise&rft.date=2002-05-10&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9867895096&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E9%BA%A5%E7%94%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">歷克·彼得. 法語歷史 <bdi lang="en">A history of French language</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=%E6%AD%B7%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97&rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2+A+history+of+French+language&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Ayres-Bennett, Wendy. A History of the French Language Through Texts. London/New York: Routledge. 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.aulast=Ayres-Bennett&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+French+Language+Through+Texts&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Banniard, Michel. Du latin aux langues romanes. Paris: Nathan. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.aulast=Banniard&rft.btitle=Du+latin+aux+langues+romanes&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Nathan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Cole, William. First and Otherwise Notable Editions of Old French Texts Printed from 1742 to 1874: A Bibliographical Catalogue of My Collection. Sitges: Cole & Contreras. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.btitle=First+and+Otherwise+Notable+Editions+of+Old+French+Texts+Printed+from+1742+to+1874%3A+A+Bibliographical+Catalogue+of+My+Collection&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Sitges&rft.pub=Cole+%26+Contreras&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">de la Chaussée, François. Initiation à la morphologie historique de l'ancien français. Paris: Klincksieck. 1977. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-252-01922-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-252-01922-1">ISBN 978-2-252-01922-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aulast=de+la+Chauss%C3%A9e&rft.btitle=Initiation+%C3%A0+la+morphologie+historique+de+l%27ancien+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-252-01922-1&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Klincksieck&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Delamarre, X.; P.-Y. Lambert. Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise : Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental 2nd. Paris: Errance. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-87772-237-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-87772-237-7">ISBN 978-2-87772-237-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=P.-Y.+Lambert&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.aulast=Delamarre&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+langue+gauloise+%3A+Une+approche+linguistique+du+vieux-celtique+continental&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-87772-237-7&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Errance&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Einhorn, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldfrenchconcise0000einh">Old French: A Concise Handbook</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1974. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-20343-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-20343-2">ISBN 978-0-521-20343-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.aulast=Einhorn&rft.btitle=Old+French%3A+A+Concise+Handbook&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20343-2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldfrenchconcise0000einh&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Grandgent, Charles Hall （1907）. An introduction to Vulgar Latin. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co.</li> <li>Hall, Robert Anderson （October 1946）. "Old French phonemes and orthography". Studies in Philology. Vol. 43, No. 4. 575–585. <div class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4172774">4172774</a></div>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kibler, William. An Introduction to Old French. New York: Modern Language Association of America. 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Kibler&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Old+French&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kinoshita, Sharon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalboundari0000kino">Medieval Boundaries: Rethinking Difference in Old French Literature</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft.aulast=Kinoshita&rft.btitle=Medieval+Boundaries%3A+Rethinking+Difference+in+Old+French+Literature&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalboundari0000kino&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Laborderie, Noëlle （2009）. Précis de Phonétique Historique. Paris: Armand Colin.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lanly, André. Morphologie historique des verbes français. Paris: Champion. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-7453-0822-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-7453-0822-1">ISBN 978-2-7453-0822-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.aulast=Lanly&rft.btitle=Morphologie+historique+des+verbes+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-7453-0822-1&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Champion&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lodge, R. Anthony. French: From Dialect to Standard. London/New York: Routledge. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=R.+Anthony&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.btitle=French%3A+From+Dialect+to+Standard&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Milis, L. La frontière linguistique dans le comté de Guînes: un problème historique et méthodologique. Actes du 101e Congrès nationale des sociétés savantes. Paris. 1978. Section d'histoire moderne et contemporaine （pages 249-262）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=La+fronti%C3%A8re+linguistique+dans+le+comt%C3%A9+de+Gu%C3%AEnes%3A+un+probl%C3%A8me+historique+et+m%C3%A9thodologique&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.aulast=Milis&rft.btitle=Actes+du+101e+Congr%C3%A8s+nationale+des+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+savantes&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=Section+d%27histoire+moderne+et+contemporaine+%EF%BC%88pages+249-262%EF%BC%89&rft.place=Paris&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Moignet, Gérard. Grammaire de l'ancien français 2nd. Paris: Klincksieck. 1988. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9782252015094" title="Special:网络书源/9782252015094">ISBN 9782252015094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.aulast=Moignet&rft.btitle=Grammaire+de+l%27ancien+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=1988&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9782252015094&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Klincksieck&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Pope, Mildred K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromlatintomoder0000unse">From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman Phonology and Morphology</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1934.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Mildred+K.&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.btitle=From+Latin+to+Modern+French+with+Especial+Consideration+of+Anglo-Norman+Phonology+and+Morphology&rft.date=1934&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromlatintomoder0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Rickard, Peter （1989）. A history of the French language. London: Unwin Hyman.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Zink, Gaston. Phonétique historique du français 6th. Paris: PUF. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-13-046471-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-13-046471-6">ISBN 978-2-13-046471-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft.aulast=Zink&rft.btitle=Phon%C3%A9tique+historique+du+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-13-046471-6&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=PUF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Zink, Gaston. Morphologie du français médiéval 2nd. Paris: PUF. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-13-044766-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-13-044766-5">ISBN 978-2-13-044766-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft.aulast=Zink&rft.btitle=Morphologie+du+fran%C3%A7ais+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val&rft.date=1992&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-13-044766-5&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=PUF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接">外部链接</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：外部链接">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:古法语">古法語</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">關於一系列與古法語有關的詞語，參見<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="維基詞典">維基詞典</a>上<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:古法語">古法語的詞語目錄</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anintroductiont05rogegoog">An Introduction to Old French</a> by François Frédéric Roget （1887）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/ofrol">Old French Online</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220313121023/https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/ofrol">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） by Brigitte L. M. Bauer and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc">Linguistics Research Center</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220605072520/https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atilf.fr/dect">DÉCT</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200711085139/http://www.atilf.fr/dect">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（Electronic Dictionary of Chretien de Troyes）: complete lexicon and transcriptions of the five romances of this Old French author. University of Ottawa, Le Centre national de la recherche scientifique （CNRS）.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Du Bellay, Joachim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023234227/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4357/">La Défense, et illustration de la langue française</a>. Paris: Arnoul L'Angelier. 1549 [2022-01-12]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4357/">原始内容</a>存档于2021-10-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.aulast=Du+Bellay&rft.btitle=La+D%C3%A9fense%2C+et+illustration+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1549&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Arnoul+L%27Angelier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F4357%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classification_of_Romance_languages" class="extiw" title="en:classification of Romance languages">classification of Romance languages</a>）)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要分支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="東羅曼語支">東羅曼語支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9-%E8%A5%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="意大利-西罗曼语支">意大利-西罗曼语支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9-%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="義大利-達爾馬提亞語支">義大利-達爾馬提亞語支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西羅曼語支">西羅曼語支</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="南罗曼语支">南罗曼语支</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="東羅曼語支">東羅曼語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="阿罗马尼亚语">阿罗马尼亚语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89-%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="伊斯特拉-罗马尼亚语">伊斯特拉-罗马尼亚语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%B1%E8%AF%BA%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅格莱诺罗马尼亚语（页面不存在）">梅格莱诺罗马尼亚语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" class="extiw" title="en:Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞語">羅馬尼亞語</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马尼亚语方言（页面不存在）">方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Romanian dialects">Romanian dialects</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%BA%B3%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD)" title="巴纳特方言 (罗马尼亚语)">巴纳特方言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E7%A7%91%E7%BB%B4%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布科维纳方言（页面不存在）">布科维纳方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian Romanian dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%99%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里沙纳方言（页面不存在）">克里沙纳方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Crișana dialect">Crișana dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E7%A9%86%E5%88%97%E4%BB%80%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马拉穆列什方言（页面不存在）">马拉穆列什方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Maramureș dialect">Maramureș dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摩尔达维亚方言（页面不存在）">摩尔达维亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Moldavian dialect">Moldavian dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%98%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马尼亚语特兰西瓦尼亚变体（页面不存在）">特兰西瓦尼亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" class="extiw" title="en:Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian varieties of Romanian</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%87%A0%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦拉几亚方言（页面不存在）">瓦拉几亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Wallachian dialect">Wallachian dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通用罗马尼亚语（页面不存在）">通用罗马尼亚语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Romanian" class="extiw" title="en:Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9-%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="義大利-達爾馬提亞語支">義大利-達爾馬提亞語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">中部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="中部意大利語">中部方言</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%87%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中马尔凯方言（页面不存在）">中马尔凯方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano dialect</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E7%A7%91%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安科纳方言（页面不存在）">安科纳方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_anconitano" class="extiw" title="en:Dialetto anconitano">Dialetto anconitano</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%BA" title="法布里亚诺">法布里亚诺</a>方言</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%87%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E7%9C%81" title="馬切拉塔省">马切拉塔</a>方言</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%97%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中北拉齐奥方言（页面不存在）">中北拉齐奥方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="罗马方言">罗马方言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%AE%BE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨宾方言（页面不存在）">萨宾方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabino_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Sabino dialect">Sabino dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%A5%BF%E5%98%89%E8%AF%AD" title="科西嘉语">科西嘉语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%8D%A2%E6%8B%89%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加卢拉方言（页面不存在）">加卢拉方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallurese" class="extiw" title="en:Gallurese">Gallurese</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9-%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利-澳大利亚方言（页面不存在）">意大利-澳大利亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地方意大利语（页面不存在）">地方意大利语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Italian" class="extiw" title="en:Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑞士意大利语（页面不存在）">瑞士意大利语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Italian" class="extiw" title="en:Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="萨萨里语">萨萨里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="托斯卡納語">托斯卡納語</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛罗伦萨方言（页面不存在）">佛罗伦萨方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Florentine dialect">Florentine dialect</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">南部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E5%8D%97%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="极南意大利语（页面不存在）">极南意大利语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" class="extiw" title="en:Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中卡拉布里亚方言（页面不存在）">中</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetti_calabresi_centrali" class="extiw" title="en:Dialetti calabresi centrali">Dialetti calabresi centrali</a>）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南卡拉布里亚方言（页面不存在）">南卡拉布里亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetti_calabresi_meridionali" class="extiw" title="en:Dialetti calabresi meridionali">Dialetti calabresi meridionali</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%A6%E6%89%98%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨伦托方言（页面不存在）">萨伦托方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salentino_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Salentino dialect">Salentino dialect</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E6%9D%9C%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼杜里亚方言（页面不存在）">曼杜里亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manduriano" class="extiw" title="en:Manduriano">Manduriano</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="西西里语">西西里语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%98%E6%B3%B0%E8%8E%B1%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潘泰莱里亚方言（页面不存在）">潘泰莱里亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Pantesco dialect">Pantesco dialect</a>）</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>那不勒斯–卡拉布里亚语 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="那不勒斯语">那不勒斯语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴里方言（页面不存在）">巴里方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Barese dialect">Barese dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%86%85%E6%96%87%E6%89%98%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝内文托方言（页面不存在）">贝内文托方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevento_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Benevento dialect">Benevento dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E6%A2%85%E6%89%8E%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡斯特尔梅扎诺方言（页面不存在）">卡斯特尔梅扎诺方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E4%BC%A6%E6%89%98%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇伦托方言（页面不存在）">奇伦托方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Cilentan dialect">Cilentan dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊尔皮尼亚方言（页面不存在）">伊尔皮尼亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Irpinian dialect">Irpinian dialect</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿里亚诺方言（页面不存在）">阿里亚诺方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Arianese dialect">Arianese dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫利塞方言（页面不存在）">莫利塞方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molisan" class="extiw" title="en:Molisan">Molisan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南拉齐奥方言（页面不存在）">南拉齐奥方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%85%B0%E6%89%98%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="塔兰托方言">塔兰托方言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦斯托方言（页面不存在）">瓦斯托方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastese" class="extiw" title="en:Vastese">Vastese</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡拉布里亚方言（页面不存在）">北卡拉布里亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria" class="extiw" title="en:Languages of Calabria">Languages of Calabria</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="达尔马提亚语">达尔马提亚语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" title="伊斯特拉語">伊斯特拉語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太意大利语（页面不存在）">犹太意大利语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian languages</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西羅曼語支">西羅曼語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7-%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="高盧-義大利語支">高盧-義大利語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E-%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B6%85%E8%AA%9E" title="艾米利亞-羅馬涅語">艾米利亞-羅馬涅語</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾米利亚方言（页面不存在）">艾米利亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Emilian dialects">Emilian dialects</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博洛尼亚方言（页面不存在）">博洛尼亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Bolognese dialect">Bolognese dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕尔马方言（页面不存在）">帕尔马方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马涅方言（页面不存在）">罗马涅方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romagnol" class="extiw" title="en:Romagnol">Romagnol</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗利方言（页面不存在）">弗利方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Forlivese dialect">Forlivese dialect</a>）</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2-%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西利卡塔高卢-意大利语（页面不存在）">巴西利卡塔高卢-意大利语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" class="extiw" title="en:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2-%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西西里高卢-意大利语（页面不存在）">西西里高卢-意大利语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" class="extiw" title="en:Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2-%E7%9A%AE%E5%88%87%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高卢-皮切诺方言（页面不存在）">高卢-皮切诺方言</a>（義大利語：<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Dialetto gallo-piceno</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="利古里亚语">利古里亚语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布里加方言（页面不存在）">布里加方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Brigasc dialect">Brigasc dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热那亚方言（页面不存在）">热那亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Genoese dialect">Genoese dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%A0%E6%B3%B0%E6%A2%85%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="因泰梅利奥方言（页面不存在）">因泰梅利奥方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Intemelio dialect">Intemelio dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="摩纳哥方言">摩纳哥方言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%81%E7%93%A6%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲁瓦亚方言（页面不存在）">鲁瓦亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royasc" class="extiw" title="en:Royasc">Royasc</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔瓦尔卡方言（页面不存在）">塔瓦尔卡方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabarchino" class="extiw" title="en:Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太意大利语（页面不存在）">犹太意大利语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian languages</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%95%E8%AA%9E" title="倫巴底語">倫巴底語</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东伦巴第方言（页面不存在）">东</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard dialect</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%8A%A0%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝加莫方言（页面不存在）">贝加莫方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西伦巴第方言（页面不存在）">西</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard dialect</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E6%89%8E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布里安扎方言（页面不存在）">布里安扎方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialect</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%8E%E4%BD%90%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坎佐方言（页面不存在）">坎佐方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Canzés dialect">Canzés dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98-%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布斯托-莱尼亚诺方言（页面不存在）">布斯托-莱尼亚诺方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese dialects</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB-%E8%8E%B1%E7%A7%91%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科莫-莱科方言（页面不存在）">科莫-莱科方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科莫方言（页面不存在）">科莫方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comasco_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Comasco dialect">Comasco dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%9B%96%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉盖方言（页面不存在）">拉盖方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Laghée dialect">Laghée dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%B1%E7%A7%91%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莱科方言（页面不存在）">莱科方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Lecchese dialect">Lecchese dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦拉西纳方言（页面不存在）">瓦拉西纳方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="米兰方言">米兰方言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E7%B4%A2%E6%8B%89%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥索拉方言（页面不存在）">奥索拉方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossolano" class="extiw" title="en:Ossolano">Ossolano</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西南伦巴第方言（页面不存在）">西南</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" class="extiw" title="en:Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E8%8E%AB%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克雷莫纳方言（页面不存在）">克雷莫纳方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Cremunés dialect">Cremunés dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%BA%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="诺瓦拉方言（页面不存在）">诺瓦拉方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" class="extiw" title="en:Novarese Lombard">Novarese Lombard</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕维亚方言（页面不存在）">帕维亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Pavese dialect">Pavese dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%A5%91%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提契诺方言（页面不存在）">提契诺方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Ticinese dialect">Ticinese dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%B3%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦雷泽方言（页面不存在）">瓦雷泽方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varesino_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Varesino dialect">Varesino dialect</a>）</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="皮埃蒙特語">皮埃蒙特語</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太皮埃蒙特语（页面不存在）">犹太皮埃蒙特语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" class="extiw" title="en:Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7-%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="高盧-羅曼語支">高盧-羅曼語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="奥依语" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="奥依语">奥依语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E8%8C%B9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安茹语（页面不存在）">安茹语</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin" class="extiw" title="fr:Angevin">Angevin</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝里语（页面不存在）">贝里语</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/berrichon" class="extiw" title="fr:berrichon">berrichon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%97%81%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波旁方言（页面不存在）">波旁方言</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbonnais_(dialectes)" class="extiw" title="fr:Bourbonnais (dialectes)">Bourbonnais (dialectes)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="勃艮第语">勃艮第语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%A7%9F%E8%AF%AD" title="香槟语">香槟语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%99%BB%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿登方言（页面不存在）">阿登方言</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais (dialecte)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B0%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兰斯方言（页面不存在）">兰斯方言</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois (dialecte)</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E4%BB%80-%E5%AD%94%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="弗朗什-孔泰语">弗朗什-孔泰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="加洛语">加洛语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%BD%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泽西法律法语（页面不存在）">泽西法律</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" class="extiw" title="en:Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南部法语（页面不存在）">南部</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridional_French" class="extiw" title="en:Meridional French">Meridional French</a>）</li> <li>北美方言 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="加拿大法語">加拿大</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿卡迪亚法语（页面不存在）">阿卡迪亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian_French" class="extiw" title="en:Acadian French">Acadian French</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希亚克方言（页面不存在）">希亚克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiac" class="extiw" title="en:Chiac">Chiac</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E6%B9%BE%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣玛丽湾法语（页面不存在）">圣玛丽湾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" class="extiw" title="en:St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%96%E6%B0%B8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布赖永人（页面不存在）">布赖永</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayon" class="extiw" title="en:Brayon">Brayon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="纽芬兰法语">纽芬兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="魁北克法語">魁北克</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8C%B9%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="茹阿尔话（页面不存在）">茹阿尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joual" class="extiw" title="en:Joual">Joual</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%A4%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马古阿方言（页面不存在）">马古阿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magoua" class="extiw" title="en:Magoua">Magoua</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A3%94%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法裔安大略人（页面不存在）">安大略</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Ontarians" class="extiw" title="en:Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarians</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E8%92%82%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅蒂法语（页面不存在）">梅蒂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" class="extiw" title="en:Métis French">Métis French</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E5%B7%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="密歇根州法语区（页面不存在）">密歇根</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat_French" class="extiw" title="en:Muskrat French">Muskrat French</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新英格兰法语（页面不存在）">新英格兰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_French" class="extiw" title="en:New England French">New England French</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E4%BC%A6%E5%A5%87%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗伦奇维尔法语（页面不存在）">弗伦奇维尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenchville_French" class="extiw" title="en:Frenchville French">Frenchville French</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="路易斯安那法語">路易斯安那</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍马人（页面不存在）">霍马</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma_people" class="extiw" title="en:Houma people">Houma people</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%86%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="密苏里法语（页面不存在）">密苏里</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_French" class="extiw" title="en:Missouri French">Missouri French</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基于法语的克里奥尔语（页面不存在）">克里奥尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" class="extiw" title="en:French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%AD" title="洛林语">洛林语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%A7%86%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="戈姆方言">戈姆方言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孚日方言（页面不存在）">孚日方言</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:vosgien">vosgien</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韦尔什方言（页面不存在）">韦尔什方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welche" class="extiw" title="en:Welche">Welche</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="諾曼語">諾曼語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="盎格鲁-诺曼语">盎格鲁-诺曼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="欧日方言">欧日方言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥尔德尼方言（页面不存在）">奥尔德尼方言</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auregnais" class="extiw" title="fr:Auregnais">Auregnais</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%96%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布赖方言（页面不存在）">布赖方言</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayon_(langue)" class="extiw" title="fr:Brayon (langue)">Brayon (langue)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科方言（页面不存在）">科方言</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchois" class="extiw" title="fr:Cauchois">Cauchois</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%94%90%E5%9D%A6%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科唐坦方言（页面不存在）">科唐坦方言</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentinais" class="extiw" title="fr:Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B9%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="根西方言（页面不存在）">根西方言</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernesiais" class="extiw" title="fr:Guernesiais">Guernesiais</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="泽西方言">泽西方言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨克方言（页面不存在）">萨克方言</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sercquiais" class="extiw" title="fr:Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%89%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="奥尔良方言">奥尔良方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%8D%A1%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="皮卡第语">皮卡第语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%93%A6%E5%9B%BE-%E6%A1%91%E9%80%9A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="普瓦图-桑通日语">普瓦图-桑通日语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%93%A6%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="普瓦图方言">普瓦图方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E9%80%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="桑通日方言">桑通日方言</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E8%AF%AD" title="瓦隆语">瓦隆语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7%E6%98%9F%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯康星瓦隆语（页面不存在）">威斯康星瓦隆语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" class="extiw" title="en:Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B-%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="法兰克-普罗旺斯语">法兰克-普罗旺斯语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%83%E6%89%98%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法埃托方言（页面不存在）">法埃托方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faetar_language" class="extiw" title="en:Faetar language">Faetar language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%8F%E4%BE%9D%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="萨伏依方言">萨伏依方言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E8%BE%BE%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦莱达奥斯塔方言（页面不存在）">瓦莱达奥斯塔方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="摩泽尔罗曼语">摩泽尔罗曼语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="伊比利亞羅曼語支">伊比利亞羅曼語支</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西伊比利亞語支">西伊比利亞語支</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF-%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82%E8%AA%9E" title="阿斯圖里亞斯-萊昂語">阿斯圖里亞斯-萊昂語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿斯图里亚斯语">阿斯图里亚斯语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西阿斯图里亚斯方言（页面不存在）">西阿斯图里亚斯方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asturian" class="extiw" title="en:Western Asturian">Western Asturian</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="坎塔布里亚方言">坎塔布里亚方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82%E8%AA%9E" title="萊昂語">萊昂語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="米兰达语">米兰达语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E-%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="加利西亞-葡萄牙語">加利西亞-葡萄牙語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" title="法拉語">法拉語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="加利西亞語">加利西亞語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E-%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="加利西亞-阿斯圖里亞斯語">加利西亞-阿斯圖里亞斯語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明迪方言（页面不存在）">明迪方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minderico_language" class="extiw" title="en:Minderico language">Minderico language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄吉斯语（页面不存在）">葡萄吉斯语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugis" class="extiw" title="en:Portugis">Portugis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙语方言（页面不存在）">方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese dialects">Portuguese dialects</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲葡萄牙语（页面不存在）">非洲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese language in Africa">Portuguese language in Africa</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚洲葡萄牙语（页面不存在）">亚洲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese language in Asia">Portuguese language in Asia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="巴西葡萄牙语">巴西</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米纳斯吉拉斯方言（页面不存在）">米纳斯吉拉斯方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineiro" class="extiw" title="en:Mineiro">Mineiro</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="歐洲葡萄牙語">欧洲</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃斯特雷马杜拉葡萄牙语方言（页面不存在）">埃斯特雷马杜拉方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Estremenho dialect">Estremenho dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌拉圭葡萄牙语（页面不存在）">乌拉圭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" class="extiw" title="en:Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan Portuguese</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%B8%E8%9E%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語歸融語">克里奥尔</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="猶太葡萄牙語">猶太</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西伊比利亞語支">卡斯蒂利亚语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%99%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚马孙西班牙语（页面不存在）">亚马孙西班牙语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" class="extiw" title="en:Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic Spanish</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" title="埃斯特雷馬杜拉語">埃斯特雷馬杜拉語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="犹太西班牙语">犹太西班牙语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%98%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙语方言和变体（页面不存在）">方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" class="extiw" title="en:Spanish dialects and varieties">Spanish dialects and varieties</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赤道几内亚西班牙语（页面不存在）">赤道几内亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" class="extiw" title="en:Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean Spanish</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="美洲西班牙语">美洲</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="秘鲁西班牙语">秘鲁</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="秘鲁沿海西班牙语（页面不存在）">秘鲁沿海</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanis" class="extiw" title="en:Peruvian Ribereño Spanis">Peruvian Ribereño Spanis</a>）</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="歐陸西班牙語">歐陸</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安达卢西亚方言（页面不存在）">安达卢西亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" class="extiw" title="en:Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian Spanish</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%98%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="利亚尼托方言（页面不存在）">利亚尼托方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanito" class="extiw" title="en:Llanito">Llanito</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南卡斯蒂利亚方言（页面不存在）">南卡斯蒂利亚方言</a>（西班牙语：<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectos_castellanos_septentrionales" class="extiw" title="es:Dialectos castellanos septentrionales">Dialectos castellanos septentrionales</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡斯特拉波方言（页面不存在）">卡斯特拉波方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrapo" class="extiw" title="en:Castrapo">Castrapo</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃斯特雷马杜拉西班牙语方言（页面不存在）">埃斯特雷马杜拉方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" class="extiw" title="en:Castúo">Castúo</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆尔西亚方言（页面不存在）">穆尔西亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" class="extiw" title="en:Murcian Spanish">Murcian Spanish</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律宾西班牙语（页面不存在）">菲律宾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" class="extiw" title="en:Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="撒哈拉西班牙语（页面不存在）">撒哈拉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" class="extiw" title="en:Saharan Spanish">Saharan Spanish</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基于西班牙语的克里奥尔语（页面不存在）">克里奥尔语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Spanish-based creole languages">Spanish-based creole languages</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="中世紀西班牙語">古西班牙語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%89%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="莫扎拉布语">安达卢西亚罗曼语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%B0%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%80%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴兰库什方言（页面不存在）">巴兰库什方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquenho" class="extiw" title="en:Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a>） (葡萄牙语-西班牙语混合语)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="卡洛语">卡洛语</a> (罗姆语–伊比利亚罗曼语混合语)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89-%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%A1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纳瓦拉-阿拉贡语（页面不存在）">纳瓦拉-阿拉贡语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" class="extiw" title="en:Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉贡语">阿拉贡语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%A1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太阿拉贡语（页面不存在）">犹太阿拉贡语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" class="extiw" title="en:Judaeo-Aragonese">Judaeo-Aragonese</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="奥克-罗曼语支">奥克-罗曼语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="加泰罗尼亚语">加泰罗尼亚语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="加泰罗尼亚语方言">方言</a></li> <li>东部 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%E7%BD%97%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔盖罗方言（页面不存在）">阿尔盖罗方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algherese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Algherese dialect">Algherese dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴利阿里方言（页面不存在）">巴利阿里方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" class="extiw" title="en:Balearic Catalan">Balearic Catalan</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E8%AF%BA%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅诺卡方言（页面不存在）">梅诺卡方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorcan" class="extiw" title="en:Menorcan">Menorcan</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中加泰罗尼亚方言（页面不存在）">中加泰罗尼亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catalan" class="extiw" title="en:Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北加泰罗尼亚方言（页面不存在）">北加泰罗尼亚方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Catalan" class="extiw" title="en:Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太加泰罗尼亚语（页面不存在）">犹太加泰罗尼亚语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" class="extiw" title="en:Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E5%9B%BE%E5%9F%83%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕图埃特方言（页面不存在）">帕图埃特方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuet" class="extiw" title="en:Patuet">Patuet</a>）</li> <li>西部 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E7%93%A6%E6%88%88%E8%90%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里瓦戈萨方言（页面不存在）">里瓦戈萨方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Ribagorçan dialect">Ribagorçan dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%80%AB%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="巴倫西亞語">巴倫西亞語</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="奥克语">奥克语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%B6%85%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="奥弗涅方言">奥弗涅方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%B6%85%E8%AF%AD" title="加斯科涅语">加斯科涅语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿兰方言（页面不存在）">阿兰方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Aranese dialect">Aranese dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E9%98%BF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="贝阿恩方言">贝阿恩方言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朗德方言（页面不存在）">朗德方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landese_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Landese dialect">Landese dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%B6%85%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太加斯科涅语（页面不存在）">犹太加斯科涅语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" class="extiw" title="en:Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA-%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="犹太-普罗旺斯语">犹太普罗旺斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="朗格多克方言">朗格多克方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%A9%86%E8%B5%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="利穆赞方言">利穆赞方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="普罗旺斯方言">普罗旺斯方言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="尼斯方言">尼斯方言</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%93%A6%E8%B5%96-%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="维瓦赖-阿尔卑斯方言">维瓦赖-阿尔卑斯方言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%93%A6%E8%B5%96-%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="维瓦赖-阿尔卑斯方言">维瓦赖-阿尔卑斯方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E9%80%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="芒通方言">芒通方言</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古奥克语（页面不存在）">古奥克语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Occitan" class="extiw" title="en:Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="古加泰罗尼亚语">古加泰罗尼亚语</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="雷蒂亚-罗曼语支">雷蒂亚-罗曼语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%95%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="弗留利语">弗留利语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福尔尼方言（页面不存在）">福尔尼方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornes_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Fornes dialects">Fornes dialects</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="拉定语">拉定语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%9A%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡多雷方言（页面不存在）">卡多雷方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Cadorino dialect">Cadorino dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9C%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="农方言（页面不存在）">农方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nones_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Nones dialect">Nones dialect</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E4%BB%80%E8%AF%AD" title="罗曼什语">罗曼什语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尧尔方言（页面不存在）">尧尔方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jauer_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Jauer dialect">Jauer dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%B0%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普泰尔方言（页面不存在）">普泰尔方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" class="extiw" title="en:Putèr">Putèr</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏尔梅尔方言（页面不存在）">苏尔梅尔方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Surmiran dialect">Surmiran dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏尔塞尔瓦方言（页面不存在）">苏尔塞尔瓦方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursilvan" class="extiw" title="en:Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦拉代尔方言（页面不存在）">瓦拉代尔方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallader_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Vallader dialect">Vallader dialect</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地中海通用语（页面不存在）">地中海通用语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" class="extiw" title="en:Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a>） (基于西罗曼语的皮钦语)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="威尼斯語">威尼斯語</a> (进一步分类不明) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E7%9A%AE%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇皮洛方言（页面不存在）">奇皮洛方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo Venetian dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%9C%E5%A7%86%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阜姆方言（页面不存在）">阜姆方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Fiuman dialect">Fiuman dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔利安方言（页面不存在）">塔利安方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talian_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Talian dialect">Talian dialect</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="的里雅斯特方言（页面不存在）">的里雅斯特方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triestine_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Triestine dialect">Triestine dialect</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="非洲罗曼语">非洲罗曼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="不列颠拉丁语">不列颠拉丁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="潘诺尼亚罗曼语">潘诺尼亚罗曼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="薩丁尼亞語">薩丁尼亞語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E7%9A%AE%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="坎皮达诺方言">坎皮达诺方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="洛古多罗方言">洛古多罗方言</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重构</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="原始罗曼语">原始罗曼语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>斜体 表示<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1" title="語言滅亡">已滅亡語言</a>或古语</li><li>粗体 表示<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="以母語人口排序的語言列表">使用人口超过500万的语言</a></li><li>括号内的语言表示变体。</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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