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href="#Scrieri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Scrieri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scrieri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contribuții_științifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contribuții_științifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Contribuții științifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contribuții_științifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roger Bacon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 70 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="روجر باكون – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روجر باكون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="روجر بيكون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روجر بيكون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocer_Bekon" title="Rocer Bekon – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rocer Bekon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роджэр Бэкан – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роджэр Бэкан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Роджър Бейкън – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роджър Бейкън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8" title="রজার বেকন – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রজার বেকন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ρότζερ Μπέικον – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρότζερ Μπέικον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86" title="راجر بیکن – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راجر بیکن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="רוג'ר בייקון – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוג'ר בייקון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="रोजर बेकन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोजर बेकन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ռոջեր Բեկոն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոջեր Բեկոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruggero_Bacone" title="Ruggero Bacone – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ruggero Bacone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3" title="ロジャー・ベーコン – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロジャー・ベーコン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="როჯერ ბეკონი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როჯერ ბეკონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Роджер Бэкон – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роджер Бэкон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A8" title="로저 베이컨 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로저 베이컨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogerius_Baco" title="Rogerius Baco – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rogerius Baco" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%C5%BEers_B%C4%93kons" title="Rodžers Bēkons – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rodžers Bēkons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Роџер Бејкон – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роџер Бејкон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ရော်ဂျာ ဘေကန် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရော်ဂျာ ဘေကန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰੋਜ਼ਰ ਬੇਕਨ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਜ਼ਰ ਬੇਕਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86" title="راجر بیکن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راجر بیکن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%86" title="روجر بيکن – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روجر بيکن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бэкон, Роджер – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бэкон, Роджер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%86" title="راجر بيڪن – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="راجر بيڪن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Роџер Бејкон – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роџер Бејкон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Роҷер Бэкон – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Роҷер Бэкон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Роджер Бекон – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роджер Бекон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86" title="راجر بیکن – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راجر بیکن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekon_Rodjer" title="Bekon Rodjer – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bekon Rodjer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Roger Bacon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="罗吉尔·培根 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗吉尔·培根" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="როჯერ ბეკონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="როჯერ ბეკონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="罗吉尔·培根 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗吉尔·培根" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%82%91%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="羅傑培根 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅傑培根" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171677#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Roger_Bacon" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Roger_Bacon" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Roger_Bacon" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&oldid=15966653" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Roger_Bacon&id=15966653&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRoger_Bacon"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRoger_Bacon"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Roger+Bacon"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Roger_Bacon&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171677" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet biografii" style="background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Roger Bacon</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Roger_Bacon.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roger_Bacon.jpeg/220px-Roger_Bacon.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roger_Bacon.jpeg/330px-Roger_Bacon.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roger_Bacon.jpeg/440px-Roger_Bacon.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="466" /></a></span><br /><div style="margin-top: 3px"></div><span>Roger Bacon</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Date personale</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Nume la naștere</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="en">Roger Bacon</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P1449" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Născut</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a><sup id="cite_ref-dfd97dffdab99ad6c79997a774434c54_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfd97dffdab99ad6c79997a774434c54-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P569" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilchester — pagină inexistentă">Ilchester</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1244536" class="extiw" title="d:Q1244536"><span title="Ilchester la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/South_Somerset" title="South Somerset">South Somerset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_Marii_Britanii_%C8%99i_al_Irlandei_de_Nord" title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord">Regatul Unit</a><sup id="cite_ref-59bf3d868b81605f56f5db3a8efeb562_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59bf3d868b81605f56f5db3a8efeb562-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><sup id="cite_ref-b5a7c4c857a9ed86fbded912f407f874_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b5a7c4c857a9ed86fbded912f407f874-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P19" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Decedat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a> (72 de ani)<sup id="cite_ref-ab188855c00162bdac2b44dc5b14081f_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ab188855c00162bdac2b44dc5b14081f-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><sup id="cite_ref-d20dc74f01d95f212e81ca4cd2a48542_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d20dc74f01d95f212e81ca4cd2a48542-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><sup id="cite_ref-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><sup id="cite_ref-59bf3d868b81605f56f5db3a8efeb562_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59bf3d868b81605f56f5db3a8efeb562-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P570" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Angliei" title="Regatul Angliei">Regatul Angliei</a><sup id="cite_ref-dfd97dffdab99ad6c79997a774434c54_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfd97dffdab99ad6c79997a774434c54-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44d6e687c6f1daf5325a745a7ea6165e_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44d6e687c6f1daf5325a745a7ea6165e-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><sup id="cite_ref-ab188855c00162bdac2b44dc5b14081f_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ab188855c00162bdac2b44dc5b14081f-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59bf3d868b81605f56f5db3a8efeb562_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59bf3d868b81605f56f5db3a8efeb562-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P20" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Înmormântat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26675954" class="extiw" title="d:Q26675954"><span lang="en">Church of Ss Edmund and Frideswide (Greyfriars Church)</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Church of Ss Edmund and Frideswide (Greyfriars Church)</span> (church building in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, UK)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-bb7e69a429833de58f6cf2d107747eaa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb7e69a429833de58f6cf2d107747eaa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7592988" class="extiw" title="d:Q7592988"><span lang="en">St Ebbe's Church</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">St Ebbe's Church</span> (parish church in central Oxford, England)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-ce2e2fd2db38812a2d806e0eef509527_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce2e2fd2db38812a2d806e0eef509527-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P119" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Etnie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">engleză</td></tr><tr><th style=";">Religie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Catolicism" title="Catolicism">catolicism</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P140" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Ocupație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof">filozof</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fizician" title="Fizician">fizician</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1234713" class="extiw" title="d:Q1234713">teolog</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teolog_(persoan%C4%83_care_studiaz%C4%83_teologia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teolog (persoană care studiază teologia) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915627" class="extiw" title="d:Q14915627">muzicolog</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzicolog_(person_who_studies_music_as_a_branch_of_knowledge_or_field_of_research_as_distinct_from_composition_or_performance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzicolog (person who studies music as a branch of knowledge or field of research as distinct from composition or performance) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16031530" class="extiw" title="d:Q16031530">teoretician al muzicii</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoretician_al_muzicii_(person_who_studies_music_theory)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoretician al muzicii (person who studies music theory) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155647" class="extiw" title="d:Q155647">astrolog</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolog_(persoan%C4%83_care_practic%C4%83_astrologia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrolog (persoană care practică astrologia) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15954519" class="extiw" title="d:Q15954519">alchimist</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alchimist_(person_practicing_alchemy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alchimist (person practicing alchemy) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Traduc%C4%83tor" title="Traducător">traducător</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Inventator" title="Inventator">inventator</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Matematician" title="Matematician">matematician</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Scriitor" title="Scriitor">scriitor</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P106" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbi vorbite</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Latina_medieval%C4%83" title="Latina medievală">Latina medievală</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P1412" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Activitate</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Alte nume</th><td colspan="1" class="nickname" style=";">Doctor Mirabilis<sup id="cite_ref-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" />  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P742" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Oxford" title="Universitatea Oxford">Universitatea Oxford</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P69" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Organizație</th><td colspan="1" class="org" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Oxford" title="Universitatea Oxford">Universitatea Oxford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Paris" title="Universitatea din Paris">Sorbonne Universitatea din Paris</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P108" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Influențat de</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q325650" class="extiw" title="d:Q325650"><span lang="en">William of Sherwood</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">William of Sherwood</span> (English Scholastic philosopher, logician and teacher)|]]</span>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677#P737" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##F5F5DC solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171677" class="extiw" title="d:Q171677">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Biografie" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, 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.infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <p><b>Roger Bacon</b> (n. <a href="/wiki/1219" title="1219">1219</a> – d. <a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a>), supranumit „Doctor mirabilis”, a fost unul dintre cei mai mari filosofi ai <a href="/wiki/Evul_Mediu" title="Evul Mediu">Evului Mediu</a>. Contribuția sa cea mai de seamă în dezvoltarea <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Știință">științei</a> constă în promovarea metodei <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimentale</a>: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„<i>Fără experiență nu se poate cunoaște nimic temeinic. Există două maniere de a ajunge la cunoaștere: prin raționament și prin experiență. Numeroși sunt cei ce au dovezi despre ceea ce poate fi cunoscut, dar cum ei nu fac experiențe... nu pot evita ce este dăunător.</i>”</div></blockquote></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Nu trebuie confundat cu <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(filozof)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Bacon (filozof)">Francis Bacon (filozof)</a> (1561-1626) sau cu <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(pictor)" title="Francis Bacon (pictor)">Francis Bacon (pictor)</a> (1909-1992). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viața"><span id="Via.C8.9Ba"></span>Viața</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Viața" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Viața"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roger Bacon s-a născut la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilchester — pagină inexistentă">Ilchester</a> (Anglia) în 1214. Familia sa era destul de prosperă dar, în vremea domniei furtunoase a lui <a href="/wiki/Henric_al_III-lea_al_Angliei" title="Henric al III-lea al Angliei">Henric al III-lea al Angliei</a> (1207-1272), a suferit multe pierderi, unele din rude ajungând chiar în exil. </p><p>La 13 ani se înscrie la <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, unde îl studiază în principal pe <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> și se dedică studiului științei, mai ales <a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică">fizicii</a>. </p><p>Între 1237 și 1245 studiază la <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, centrul vieții culturale al <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europei</a> de atunci. </p><p>În 1240 intră în <a href="/wiki/Ordinul_franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinul franciscan">ordinul franciscanilor</a>. </p><p>În 1245 revine la Oxford. Studiază <a href="/wiki/Matematic%C4%83" title="Matematică">matematica</a> (care pe acele timpuri cuprindea și <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomia</a>, precum și <a href="/wiki/Astrologie" title="Astrologie">astrologia</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrina">Doctrina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Doctrina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Doctrina"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacon susține că metoda teoretică de cunoaștere prin folosirea rațiunii trebuie verificată prin <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a>. Numai prin experiment se poate verifica adevărul, care este unicul scop al demersului științific. Pentru prima dată în mod clar sunt combătute ideile <a href="/wiki/Scolastic%C4%83" title="Scolastică">scolasticii</a> medievale, cu ale ei raționamente abstracte și sterile: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"<i>Cel ce dorește să se bucure fără nicio umbră de îndoială de adevărurile aflate la baza fenomenelor trebuie să știe cum să se dăruiască <b>experimentului</b>".</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Denunță <a href="/wiki/Cruciad%C4%83" title="Cruciadă">Cruciadele</a> pe care le consideră războaie de cucerire: "<i>De ce să se masacreze atâția necredincioși, nu ar fi mai bine să se predice <a href="/wiki/Evanghelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evanghelia">Evanghelia</a>?</i>" Remarcă faptul că nimeni nu a studiat sistematic limba și obiceiurile popoarelor cu care vin in contact cruciații. Poate și aceasta ignoranță este cauza atâtor conflicte, lucru valabil și astăzi. </p><p>Teologia acelor vremuri era bazată pe scolastică și pe principiul "crede și nu cerceta". De aceea ideile lui Bacon atrag ura clerului. După moartei papei <a href="/wiki/Papa_Clement_al_IV-lea" title="Papa Clement al IV-lea">Clement al IV-lea</a>, susținătorul său, este tot mai intens supus persecuțiilor și prigoanei, chiar de către frații săi franciscani, care îl acuzau de <a href="/wiki/Vr%C4%83jitorie" title="Vrăjitorie">vrăjitorie</a> și practici oculte (deși le combătea în scrierile sale). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Roger-bacon-statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Roger-bacon-statue.jpg/200px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Roger-bacon-statue.jpg/300px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Roger-bacon-statue.jpg/400px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Roger Bacon, <br />statuia ridicată în fața Universității din <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> <br /> (detaliu)</figcaption></figure> <p>Deși progresist, rămâne totuși tributar multor concepții medievale: </p> <ul><li>consideră că <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimentul</a> nu are nicio valoare fără revelație divină și revelație interioară</li> <li>studiază <a href="/wiki/Astrologie" title="Astrologie">astrologia</a> susținând existența influenței pe care corpurile cerești ar avea-o asupra destinelor umane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> și <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> (pe care i-a studiat temeinic remarcând printre primii erorile savârșite de aceștia în ceea ce privește cunoașterea naturii) sunt integrați într-un sistem teologic a cărui bază o formează.</li></ul> <p>În afară de faptul că va rămâne în memoria posterității ca unul dintre primii promotori ai științei experimentale și adversar al <a href="/wiki/Scolastic%C4%83" title="Scolastică">scolasticii</a>, Bacon va fi considerat și unul din precursorii <a href="/wiki/Rena%C8%99terea" title="Renașterea">Renașterii</a>. Abia peste patru secole, <a href="/wiki/Iluminism" title="Iluminism">iluminiștii</a> și-l vor aminti ca pe un precursor al <a href="/wiki/Empirism" title="Empirism">empirismului</a>. Îl va inspira și pe <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, care, prin prisma ideilor <a href="/wiki/Secolul_XIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XIX">secolului al XIX-lea</a>, îl va interpreta minimalist și parțial. </p><p>În memoria sa: </p> <ul><li>un crater pe <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Lună</a> îi poartă numele;</li> <li>a fost ridicată o statuie în fața <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Oxford" title="Universitatea Oxford">Universității Oxford</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opera">Opera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Opera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Opera"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Roger_Bacon_optics01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Roger_Bacon_optics01.jpg/250px-Roger_Bacon_optics01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Roger_Bacon_optics01.jpg/330px-Roger_Bacon_optics01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Roger_Bacon_optics01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Studii de optică</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scrieri">Scrieri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Scrieri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Scrieri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Opus Majus</i>, <a href="/wiki/1267" title="1267">1267</a>, scrisă la inițiativa papei Clement al IV-lea, susținătorul său</li> <li><i>Opus Minus</i>, în același an, o reeditare mai sumară</li> <li><i>Opus Tertius</i>, <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contribuții_științifice"><span id="Contribu.C8.9Bii_.C8.99tiin.C8.9Bifice"></span>Contribuții științifice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Contribuții științifice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Contribuții științifice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bacon scrie un adevărat tratat de <a href="/wiki/Matematic%C4%83" title="Matematică">matematică</a> (partea a IV-a din Opus majus cu titlul <i>Despre folosul matematicii</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Considera că matematica, alături de <i>observație</i> și <i>experiment</i> sunt cele trei coloane pe care sprijină știința.</li> <li>În domeniul <a href="/wiki/Optic%C4%83" title="Optică">opticii</a>, studiază <a href="/wiki/Lentil%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentilă">lentila</a>, anticipând descoperiri ca: <a href="/wiki/Telescop" title="Telescop">telescopul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microscop" title="Microscop">microscopul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunet%C4%83" title="Lunetă">luneta</a>.</li> <li>Scrie o critică la adresa <a href="/wiki/Calendarul_iulian" title="Calendarul iulian">calendarului iulian</a>, aflat pe atunci în uz.</li> <li>În ceea ce privește <a href="/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie">chimia</a>, propune o metodă de fabricare a prafului de pușcă. Roger Bacon dovedește, pe cale exerimentală că arderea are loc numai în prezența aerului.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Are în vedere și <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomia</a>: încearcă să determine poziția și mărimea corpurilor cerești; Bacon era totuși tributar concepțiilor astrologice, conform cărora corpurile cerești influențează destinele umane.</li> <li>Bacon s-a ocupat și de alte domenii, ca: <a href="/wiki/Filologie" title="Filologie">filologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie">geografie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicin%C4%83" title="Medicină">medicină</a></li> <li>Alte viitoare invenții anticipate de Bacon: mașini de zbor, mașini hidraulice, mașini cu aburi. Toate acestea nu fac decât să dovedească geniul său vizionar.</li> <li>Bacon a promovat studiul <a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">limbii ebraice</a>, limbă care până la acea epocă era slab cunoscută (cel puțin în <a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglia</a>). prin studiul acestei limbi s-au înlăturat multe din erorile apărute în traducerile succesive ale <a href="/wiki/Biblie" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblie">Bibliei</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dfd97dffdab99ad6c79997a774434c54-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dfd97dffdab99ad6c79997a774434c54_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dfd97dffdab99ad6c79997a774434c54_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Bacon" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/"><i>MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Bacon" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59bf3d868b81605f56f5db3a8efeb562-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-59bf3d868b81605f56f5db3a8efeb562_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-59bf3d868b81605f56f5db3a8efeb562_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-59bf3d868b81605f56f5db3a8efeb562_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/"><i><span lang="fr">Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne</span></i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2022-11-21">21 noiembrie 2022</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fr%22%3EEncyclop%C3%A9die+Larousse+en+ligne%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larousse.fr%2Fencyclopedie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Bacon" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b5a7c4c857a9ed86fbded912f407f874-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b5a7c4c857a9ed86fbded912f407f874_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55730229" class="extiw" title="d:Q55730229"><span lang="en">Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy</span> |]]</span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B%5D%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E%5B%5BCategorie%3AArticole+cu+leg%C4%83turi+c%C4%83tre+elemente+f%C4%83r%C4%83+etichet%C4%83+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Bacon" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|titlelink=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span>; </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> necesită <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ab188855c00162bdac2b44dc5b14081f-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ab188855c00162bdac2b44dc5b14081f_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ab188855c00162bdac2b44dc5b14081f_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28970153" class="extiw" title="d:Q28970153"><span lang="en">Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography</span> (reference work with biographies of scientists)|]]</span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B%5D%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E%5B%5BCategorie%3AArticole+cu+leg%C4%83turi+c%C4%83tre+elemente+f%C4%83r%C4%83+etichet%C4%83+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Bacon" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|titlelink=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d20dc74f01d95f212e81ca4cd2a48542-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d20dc74f01d95f212e81ca4cd2a48542_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Bacon"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRoger-Bacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Bacon" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44d6e687c6f1daf5325a745a7ea6165e-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44d6e687c6f1daf5325a745a7ea6165e_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16800670" class="extiw" title="d:Q16800670">MacTutor</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MacTutor_(pagin%C4%83_de_dezambiguizare_Wikimedia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacTutor (pagină de dezambiguizare Wikimedia) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Bacon" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|titlelink=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bb7e69a429833de58f6cf2d107747eaa-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bb7e69a429833de58f6cf2d107747eaa_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/"><i>Find a Grave</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Find+a+Grave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Bacon" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ce2e2fd2db38812a2d806e0eef509527-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ce2e2fd2db38812a2d806e0eef509527_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stebbes.org/about/history-of-st-ebbes/">https://stebbes.org/about/history-of-st-ebbes/</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstebbes.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory-of-st-ebbes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Bacon" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> A. P. Iușkevici, op.cit. p. 427-428</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Această descoprire nu a avut ecou în acea vreme deoarece cercetătorii și filozofii erau obligați să acorde atenție doar "adevărurilor" teologice și nicidecum justeței experimentelor. Experimentul este reluat mai târziu de către <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> (1452-1519).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empirist" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirist">Empirist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_filozofi_empiri%C8%99ti" title="Listă de filozofi empiriști">Listă de filozofi empiriști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_chimi%C8%99ti_%C8%99i_alchimi%C8%99ti" title="Listă de chimiști și alchimiști">Listă de chimiști și alchimiști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchimie" title="Alchimie">Alchimie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hackett Jeremiah, Maloney Thomas S., <i>A Roger Bacon Bibliography</i>, New Scholasticism, 1987</li> <li>Hackett Jeremiah, <i>Roger Bacon and the Sciences</i>, Leiden: Brill, 199</li> <li>Émile Charles, <i>Roger Bacon, sa vie, ses ouvrages et ses doctrines</i>, 1862</li> <li>Bauer Hans, <i>Der wunderbare Mönch</i>, Koehler&Amelang, Leipzig, 1963</li> <li>colectiv de autori, <i>Figuri ilustre din Evul mediu</i>, Editura Tineretului</li> <li>A. P. Iușkevici, <i>Istoria matematicii în Evul Mediu</i>, Editura Științifică, București, 1963</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Biografie la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/roger-bacon/">Stanford University</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Biografie la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strangescience.net/rbacon.htm">StrangeScience.net</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Prezentare la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=79&letter=B&search=roger%20bacon">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standish.stanford.edu/bin/search/advanced/process?sort=title&browse=1&clauseMapped%28creatorBrowse%29=Bacon%2C+Roger%2C+1214%3F-1294.">Stanford University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902160155/http://standish.stanford.edu/bin/search/advanced/process?sort=title&browse=1&clauseMapped%28creatorBrowse%29=Bacon%2C+Roger%2C+1214%3F-1294.">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2006-09-02">2 septembrie 2006</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Lucrările lui R. Bacon în format digital</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collasius.org/WINKLE/04-HTML/bacon.htm">"Roger Bacon, ein Märtyrer der Wissenschaft" von Stefan Winkle</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Comentarii la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/bacon1.html">Compendium Studii Philosophiae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601214157/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/bacon1.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2008-06-01">1 iunie 2008</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. la <i>Internet Medieval Sourcebook</i></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90367643">90367643</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de 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