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It tells the story of a fictional [[Belgian Resistance|Belgian resistance]] movement in [[German occupation of Belgium during World War II|German-occupied Belgium]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]], an [[Escape and evasion lines (World War II)|escape line]] dedicated to returning Allied airmen, usually shot down by the [[Luftwaffe]], to Great Britain. It was made in the UK and Belgium and three series were broadcast on [[BBC One|BBC1]] between 7 September 1977 and 15 December 1979. [[Fay Weldon]] said of the series: "There is, in the making of such programmes, a level of professionalism, and sheer patient, largely unacclaimed, hard work from producer to script editor to writer to designer to vision mixer to editor by way of sound and lighting engineers that is probably equalled only in a heart transplant theatre".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A765083 Fay Weldon, ''The Times'', 26 November 1979.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903210000/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A765083 |date=3 September 2014 }}. Accessed 1 September 2014</ref> ==Series overview== ===Series One=== Lisa Colbert runs Lifeline, a [[Brussels]]-based evasion organisation.<ref name="BFIS">{{cite news|last=Angelini|first=Sergio|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1127944/index.html|title=Secret Army (1977–79)|work=BFI Screenonline|date=2003–2014|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> It helps Allied aircrew to evade capture and return to Britain via neutral [[Switzerland during the World Wars|Switzerland]] or [[Spain during World War II|Spain]]. She is helped by Albert Foiret, proprietor of the ''Cafe Candide'', his mistress Monique Duchamps, and waitress Natalie Chantrens. Their operations are placed under strain when the fervent Nazi, [[Gestapo]] ''[[Sturmbannführer]]'' Ludwig Kessler is assigned to work with [[Luftwaffe]] Major Erwin Brandt and close down the evasion line. Flight Lieutenant John Curtis, a former evader, is sent back by London as a [[Special Operations Executive]] [[liaison officer]] to coordinate its activity. At first he is greeted with hostility and suspicion; there is also romantic tension between him and Lisa. The series highlights the risks that the main characters take to rescue the young airmen whilst under German occupation, protecting their safe houses, and evading investigation. By the end of this series, Kessler and Brandt are closing in on Curtis as their investigation into a murder in France has led them to the name 'Monsieur Maurice', which is Curtis's pseudonym. Brandt and Kessler pay their first visit to the Candide to locate him. Kessler's interest in Curtis poses a significant threat to Lifeline and so it is agreed that Curtis will return to England. Kessler orders a troop encirclement of Brussels, but Curtis manages to escape to Switzerland by posing as bus driver for a local Hitler Youth group that is travelling out of the city on a day trip. Albert is having an affair with barmaid Monique Duchamps, while his wife Andrée is bedridden, following an accident two years prior (an out-of-control lorry had ploughed into Albert's car, with Andrée as a passenger). In the final episode Andrée finds out by spotting Monique going into Albert's bedroom. She tries to speak to Albert and gets into her wheelchair for the first time, but falls down the stairs and breaks her neck, dying instantly. Other characters introduced are: * Gaston Colbert, Lisa's uncle and bank manager, who has been helping Lifeline, and his wife Louise. A batch of forged banknotes is traced to Gaston, and Kessler interrogates him in the belief he will lead to the people running the evasion line. Lisa later learns that Gaston has been shot dead trying to escape from German HQ. * Alain Muny, Lifeline's wireless operator, who maintains contact with London and supplies the Candide with food from his farm. * Dr Pascal Keldermans, who helps with medical treatment for the airmen and gives Lisa cover by employing her as a nurse at his surgery. ===Series Two=== Albert has sold the Cafe Candide and owns an upper-class [[Black market|black-market]] restaurant, called the ''Restaurant Candide'', which is prominently located in the [[Grand-Place]]. This venture is 60% clandestinely owned and financed by London, so as to enable the members of Lifeline to cater for senior German officers, allowing them to overhear indiscretions and to provide better cover for their activities. Albert takes over running Lifeline when Lisa is killed (in the first episode) by Allied bombing, whilst travelling in [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|occupied France]]. The German officers frequent the new establishment regularly, allowing the principal characters to interact and increasing the dramatic tension. To capitalise on actress Angela Richards's singing talent, Monique performs regularly for the diners, and this becomes a feature of the series. These scenes transform the character of Monique from a dowdy waitress to a sultry chanteuse, and contrast with their stressful undercover activities. Secondary storylines include Kessler's developing romance with lonely Belgian 'society woman' Madeleine Duclos, whom he meets while dining alone at Le Candide, and Brandt being asked to join a conspiracy to assassinate Hitler. Although he declines, he comes to be seen as guilty by association. This, and the death of his family in a British air raid on [[Berlin]], results in his suicide to avoid a [[court-martial]], on the same day as the [[Normandy landings]]. The series also introduces a new character, restaurant pianist and forger Max Brocard, a Communist infiltrator of Lifeline who wishes for the Belgian Communist Resistance to take over Lifeline, in order to use its money and political influence from London to establish a Communist takeover of Belgium at the end of the war.<ref name="BFIS" /> His skills are required after the death of Gaston, but he becomes responsible for the death of Natalie's boyfriend François. Along with almost all the other Communist saboteurs, Max is shot dead by the Germans and the civil police whilst taking part in resistance activities, their whereabouts having been tipped off by Albert after he has confirmed that Max is a [[Communist Party of Belgium|Communist]] [[Mole (espionage)|mole]]. His death leads to terrible repercussions for Albert in the third series. ===Series Three=== The series is set during the final weeks of German occupation. Paul Vercors, the leader and sole survivor of the Communist cell to which Max belonged, begins a conspiracy of revenge against Albert. He lodges an accusation with the authorities that Albert murdered his wife. With Albert in prison for much of the series, responsibility for Lifeline falls to Monique. She becomes more independent and eventually her relationship with Albert collapses, owing to his aloofness and her realising that he is more concerned about money than her. After the Germans severely restrict travel to and from Brussels and the Communists sabotage the main railway line, the evasion lines are closed. The rescued airmen can now only be hidden while they all await the end of the war. With Albert away, Monique and Natalie face accusations of being German [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|collaborators]], prostitutes and black-marketeers. As news of the Allied troops' imminent arrival reaches the streets, the Germans find it increasingly difficult to keep order and eventually they leave the Belgians to their own devices. Kessler, promoted to ''[[Standartenführer]]'', finds himself in constant conflict with new arrival Major Hans Dietrich Reinhardt, who has been sent to replace Brandt. The pair clash because Reinhardt can see the desperate situation the Germans face, whereas Kessler remains blinded by patriotism and Nazi ideology. Reinhardt is a cynical and world-weary war hero (he has been awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross|Knight's Cross]]), whose unorthodox approach is at odds with Kessler's by-the-book methods. Reinhart begins to get results and near the end of the series succeeds in identifying Le Candide as the headquarters of Lifeline. In Albert's absence, Lifeline is helped by Major Nicholas "Nick" Bradley, a charismatic British agent who previously appeared during the second series. Monique resents his presence, believing he threatens her new authority, whereas Natalie has been attracted to Bradley since his earlier visit. Bradley's job is to make sure the remaining evaders are fed and armed to protect themselves whilst they hide in the [[Ardennes]]. During his time in Belgium, Bradley succeeds in saving Alain from torture by the Gestapo, blows up a convoy, destroys a [[V-2]] site and discovers where the Germans have laid explosives in the city. Bradley is later shot dead the day before the German withdrawal, being found in the streets after curfew. When the order for German withdrawal is finally given, Kessler tries to escape with his Belgian mistress, Madeleine. Realizing that his capture could lead to execution, Kessler assumes the identity of a lower-ranking officer, shortly before he is captured by British soldiers and put in a [[prisoner-of-war camp]]. Rather than evacuate Brussels, Reinhardt satisfies his own curiosity and visits the Candide. As he suspects, he discovers that this has been the headquarters of Lifeline all along. He chooses not to execute Albert, Monique, Alain and Pascal but hands himself over to Albert as his prisoner. At the same time, Paul Vercors and his communists arrive and take Albert, Reinhardt and Monique captive. Albert is hanged after a Communist-run '[[kangaroo court]]' finds him guilty of treachery for his part in the death of Max Brocard; just in time, he is cut down and saved by British troops. Monique is captured by Brussels residents and held as a collaborator, waiting to have her head shaved in front of the angry crowds. Natalie and the newly arrived British Captain Stephen Durnford manage to rescue her. Monique and the Captain fall in love and Monique realises that she no longer loves Albert; she decides to marry the captain instead. Having been arrested by the British officers who saved Albert, Reinhardt is put in the same camp as Kessler. To protect his new identity and with the grudging support of the senior officers, Kessler engineers a court-martial of Reinhardt for allowing himself to be captured and disobeying the orders of a superior officer. Despite there being only flimsy evidence, Kessler arranges for Reinhardt to be found guilty and he is shot dead by a German firing squad. This scene reflects an [[13 May 1945 German deserter execution|actual incident]] in [[Amsterdam]] on 13 May 1945.<ref>Chris Madsen, '[http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%202/issue%201/Madsen%20-%20Victims%20of%20Circumstance%20-%20the%20Execution%20of%20German%20Deserters%20by%20Surrendered%20German%20Troops%20Under%20Canadian%20Control.pdf Victims of Circumstance: The Execution of German Deserters by Surrendered German Troops Under Canadian Control in Amsterdam, May 1945] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008133023/http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%202/issue%201/Madsen%20-%20Victims%20of%20Circumstance%20-%20the%20Execution%20of%20German%20Deserters%20by%20Surrendered%20German%20Troops%20Under%20Canadian%20Control.pdf |date=8 October 2012 }}' article on canadianmilitaryhistory.ca website, viewed 2012-11-25</ref> At the same time Kessler's mistress Madeleine bribes Staff Sergeant Dexter to allow her lover's freedom and the couple escape together. For the members of the evasion line, their happiness is tinged with sadness as they all say goodbye to a tearful Monique, who says her final goodbyes to the Candide and to Albert before starting a new life with her husband. ====Unbroadcast episode==== The final episode in the series, "[[List of Secret Army episodes#What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?|What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?]]", was set in 1969 and was never broadcast. It looked at how the characters had fared after the war. The reasons for its non-broadcast are unknown. It is possible it was because of the episode's [[Anti-communism|anti-Communist]] message.<ref name="BFIS" /> BBC historian, Professor [[Jean Seaton]], was interviewed on the subject in 2009 and expressed the belief the tone would have offended BBC executives who had served in the war. [[Shaun Ley]], the presenter of a [[BBC Radio 4]] radio programme ''Shelved'', discussing this and other suppressed drama programmes from the period, wrote an article for the corporation's website stating: "It questioned the whole point of the resistance and went so far as to suggest that fighting the Nazis had led the allies to miss the main threat - communism."<ref>{{cite news|last=Ley|first=Shaun|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8400078.stm|title=The Doctor Who story you never got to see|work=BBC News|date=10 December 2009|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> The main themes of the episode were subsequently incorporated into a sequel, ''[[Kessler (TV series)|Kessler]]'', a series which was transmitted in 1981 and explored Kessler's fate. ==Production== ''Secret Army'' was created by Gerard Glaister as a follow-up to his drama series ''[[Colditz (1972 TV series)|Colditz]]''. Glaister was a former [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] pilot and his experiences provided the inspiration for the series. ''Secret Army'' loosely portrays the operations of WW II [[Escape and evasion lines (World War II)|escape and evasion lines]] especially the Belgian-created [[Comet line]]. The character of John Curtis was influenced by the experiences of the series's technical consultant, Group Captain William Randle, who escaped from occupied Europe in 1942 and was later Keeper of the [[Kent Battle of Britain Museum|Battle of Britain Museum]]. The series followed the timeline of the war to show how it affected Belgium. Filming took place in Belgium, with the assistance of BRT. Other locations were in [[London]] and [[Norfolk]]. The aircraft type that featured throughout the series was the [[Westland Lysander]]. The title sequence was created by Alan Jeapes, whose credits include ''[[EastEnders]]''. The theme music was by [[Robert Farnon]]. The series was later [[parody|parodied]] in the BBC comedy series ''[['Allo 'Allo!]]'', with some cast members appearing in both series. ==Cast== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Character !! Series 1 !! Series 2 !! Series 3 |- | Albert Foiret || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Bernard Hepton]] |- | Lisa "Yvette" Colbert || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Jan Francis]] || bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Flight Lt. John Curtis || [[Christopher Neame]] || colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Monique Duchamps || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Angela Richards]] |- | Ludwig Kessler || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Clifford Rose]] |- | Maj. Erwin Brandt || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Michael Culver]] || bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Natalie Chantrens || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Juliet Hammond-Hill]] |- | Dr Pascal Keldermans || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Valentine Dyall]] |- | Alain Muny || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Ron Pember]] |- | Andrée Foiret || Eileen Page || colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Cpl. Veit Rennert || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Robin Langford]] || bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Jacques Bol || Timothy Morand || colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Gaston Colbert || [[James Bree (actor)|James Bree]] || colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Louise Colbert || [[Maria Charles]] || colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Hans van Broecken || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Gunnar Möller]] |- | Lena van Broecken || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Marianne Stone]] || bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Yvonne || colspan="2"| {{center| [[Hetty Baynes|Henrietta Baynes]]}} || bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Max Brocard || bgcolor=lightgray| || [[Stephen Yardley]] || bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Insp. Paul Delon || bgcolor=lightgray| || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[John D. Collins]] |- | Madeleine Duclos || bgcolor=lightgray| || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Hazel McBride]] |- | François || bgcolor=lightgray| || Nigel Williams || bgcolor=lightgray| |- | Maj. Nick Bradley || bgcolor=lightgray| || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Paul Shelley]] |- | Wullner || bgcolor=lightgray| || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Neil Daglish |- | Geneviève || bgcolor=lightgray| || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Trisha Clarke |- | Jelinek || colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgray| || [[David Neilson]] |- | Maj. Hans-Dietrich Reinhardt || colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgray| || [[Terrence Hardiman]] |- | Paul Vercors || bgcolor=lightgray| || [[Michael Byrne (actor)|Michael Byrne]] || [[Ralph Bates]] |- | Capt. Stephen Durnford || colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgray| || Stephan Chase |- | Hauptmann Müller || colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgray| || [[Hilary Minster]] |- | Paul || colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgray| || [[Ken Moule]] (uncredited) |- |} ===Crew=== * Producer — [[Gerard Glaister]] * Script editor — [[John Brason]] * Script supervisors — Frank Radcliffe, James Cadman * Designers — Ray London, Richard Morris, Marjorie Pratt, Austin Ruddy * Music arranger — [[Ken Moule]] (Series 3) ==Merchandise== ===Books=== John Brason wrote a prequel novel entitled ''Secret Army'', and two [[novelization|novelisations]] of his episodes entitled ''Secret Army Dossier'' and ''The End of the Line''. As stated on its back cover, ''Secret Army Dossier'' 'brings together two episodes from the first series [''Good Friday'' and ''Be the First Kid in Your Block to Rule the World''], three from the second [mostly material from ''Russian Roulette'' and ''Day of Wrath''], and a specially written story to cover the events between'. ''The End of the Line'' covers several series three episodes, principally ''Revenge, Ring of Rosies, Just Light the Blue Touch Paper, Collaborator, Bridgehead'' and ''The Execution''. An unofficial guidebook to the series is available entitled ''The Complete Secret Army''. This features reviews of every episode, information on the real-life events that inspired the series, behind-the-scenes production material, a location guide, and reminiscences and photos from cast and crew. The book is written by ''Secret Army'' fan Andy Priestner, and was published by Classic TV Press in December 2008. ===VHS=== In 1991 the retailer [[WHSmith]] released an exclusive double-tape compilation of seven selected episodes between – and including – the first and last of Series Two, running to 326 minutes in total.<ref>[http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/secret-army-1991 BBFC record]</ref> ===DVD=== The complete three series set of ''Secret Army'' is available on DVD (Region 2, UK) from DD Home Entertainment. This also carries interviews with cast members Angela Richards, Clifford Rose, Juliet Hammond-Hill, Terrence Hardiman and Hazel McBride. It does not include the final unbroadcast episode (see above). ===CD=== The songs performed by [[Angela Richards]] and pianist [[Ken Moule]] proved so popular with audiences that a BBC soundtrack album entitled ''Au Café Candide'' was released. Long since deleted, the songs are now available on a new CD recorded some 25 years after the first, entitled ''An Evening at Le Candide''. Tracks include Richards's own compositions "Memories Come Gently" and "If This Is The Last Time I See You", together with popular Forties numbers such as "[[Lilli Marlene]]" and "[[J'attendrai]]". ==See also== * [[List of Secret Army episodes|List of ''Secret Army'' episodes]] * ''[[Kessler (TV series)|Kessler]]'', a spin-off series featuring the character Ludwig Kessler played by Clifford Rose * ''[[The Fourth Arm (TV series)]]'', another TV production by [[Gerard Glaister]] set during WWII. * ''[['Allo 'Allo!]]'', a 1982–92 BBC [[sitcom]], set in occupied France, which drew considerable inspiration from the restaurant setting and resistance intrigue of ''Secret Army'' * ''[[Fairly Secret Army]]'', a 1984–86 British situation comedy written by [[David Nobbs]], starring [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)|Geoffrey Palmer]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{portalbar|television|United Kingdom}} * {{IMDb title|75579}} * {{BBC programme}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Secret Army (Tv Series)}} 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