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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99r%C9%99k%C9%99t_n%C9%99zar%C9%99ti" title="Hərəkət nəzarəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərəkət nəzarəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_de_moviment" title="Control de moviment – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Control de moviment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewegungsregelung" title="Bewegungsregelung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bewegungsregelung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کنترل حرکتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنترل حرکتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရွေ့လျားမှုကို ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရွေ့လျားမှုကို ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_control_(regeltechniek)" title="Motion control (regeltechniek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Motion control (regeltechniek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hareket_kontrol%C3%BC" title="Hareket kontrolü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hareket kontrolü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="運動控制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="運動控制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q852514#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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For usage in film, see <a href="/wiki/Motion_control_photography" title="Motion control photography">Motion control photography</a>. For usage in games, see <a href="/wiki/Motion_controller" title="Motion controller">Motion controller</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Motion_control" title="Special:EditPage/Motion control">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Motion+control%22">"Motion control"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Motion+control%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Motion+control%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Motion+control%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Motion+control%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Motion+control%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/300px--Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="93" data-mwtitle="Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a> created with a <a href="/wiki/DSLR_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR camera">DSLR camera's</a> time exposure/time-lapse feature. The photographer added in camera movement (<b>motion control</b>) by mounting the camera on a computerized telescope mount tracking in a random direction off the normal equatorial axis.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Motion control</b> is a sub-field of <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>, encompassing the systems or sub-systems involved in moving parts of machines in a controlled manner. Motion control systems are extensively used in a variety of fields for automation purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Precision_engineering" title="Precision engineering">precision engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micromanufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Micromanufacturing">micromanufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main components involved typically include a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Motion_Controller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial Motion Controller (page does not exist)">motion controller</a>, an energy amplifier, and one or more <a href="/wiki/Prime_mover_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Prime mover (disambiguation)">prime movers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a>. Motion control may be <a href="/wiki/Open-loop_controller" title="Open-loop controller">open loop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_controller" title="Closed-loop controller">closed loop</a>. In open loop systems, the controller sends a command through the amplifier to the prime mover or actuator, and does not know if the desired motion was actually achieved. Typical systems include <a href="/wiki/Stepper_motor" title="Stepper motor">stepper motor</a> or fan control. For tighter control with more precision, a measuring device may be added to the system (usually near the end motion). When the measurement is converted to a signal that is sent back to the controller, and the controller compensates for any error, it becomes a Closed loop System. </p><p>Typically the position or velocity of machines are controlled using some type of device such as a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_pump" title="Hydraulic pump">hydraulic pump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linear_actuator" title="Linear actuator">linear actuator</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>, generally a <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servo</a>. Motion control is an important part of <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC">CNC</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine tools">machine tools</a>, however in these instances it is more complex than when used with specialized machines, where the <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a> are usually simpler. The latter is often called General Motion Control (GMC). Motion control is widely used in the packaging, printing, textile, <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">semiconductor production</a>, and assembly industries. Motion Control encompasses every technology related to the movement of objects. It covers every motion system from micro-sized systems such as silicon-type micro induction actuators to micro-siml systems such as a space platform. But, these days, the focus of motion control is the special control technology of motion systems with electric actuators such as dc/ac servo motors. Control of robotic manipulators is also included in the field of motion control because most of robotic manipulators are driven by electrical servo motors and the key objective is the control of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_control&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic architecture of a motion control system contains: </p> <ul><li>A motion controller, which calculates and controls the mechanical trajectories (motion profile) an actuator must follow (<i>i.e.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">motion planning</a>) and, in closed loop systems, employs <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> to make control corrections and thus implement closed-loop control.</li> <li>A drive or <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> to transform the control signal from the motion controller into energy that is presented to the actuator. Newer "intelligent" drives can close the position and velocity loops internally, resulting in much more accurate control.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Prime_mover_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Prime mover (disambiguation)">prime mover</a> or <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuator</a> such as a hydraulic pump, pneumatic cylinder, linear actuator, or electric motor for output motion.</li> <li>In closed loop systems, one or more feedback sensors such as absolute and <a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoder" title="Incremental encoder">incremental encoders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resolver_(electrical)" title="Resolver (electrical)">resolvers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall effect</a> devices to return the position or velocity of the actuator to the motion controller in order to close the position or velocity control loops.</li> <li>Mechanical components to transform the motion of the actuator into the desired motion, including: <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gears</a>, shafting, <a href="/wiki/Ball_screw" title="Ball screw">ball screw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">belts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">linkages</a>, and linear and rotational <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>.</li></ul> <p>The interface between the motion controller and drives it control is very critical when coordinated motion is required, as it must provide tight <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronization</a>. Historically the only open interface was an analog signal, until open interfaces were developed that satisfied the requirements of coordinated motion control, the first being <a href="/wiki/SERCOS_interface" title="SERCOS interface">SERCOS</a> in 1991 which is now enhanced to <a href="/wiki/SERCOS_III" title="SERCOS III">SERCOS III</a>. Later interfaces capable of motion control include <a href="/wiki/Ethernet/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet/IP">Ethernet/IP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profinet" title="Profinet"> Profinet IRT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_Powerlink" title="Ethernet Powerlink">Ethernet Powerlink</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EtherCAT" title="EtherCAT">EtherCAT</a>. </p><p>Common control functions include: </p> <ul><li>Velocity control.</li> <li>Position (point-to-point) control: There are several methods for computing a motion trajectory. These are often based on the velocity profiles of a move such as a triangular profile, trapezoidal profile, or an S-curve profile.</li> <li>Pressure or <a href="/wiki/Force_control" title="Force control">force control</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance_control" title="Impedance control">Impedance control</a>: This type of control is suitable for environment interaction and object manipulation, such as in robotics.</li> <li>Electronic gearing (or cam profiling): The position of a slave axis is mathematically linked to the position of a master axis. A good example of this would be in a system where two rotating drums turn at a given ratio to each other. A more advanced case of electronic gearing is electronic camming. With electronic camming, a slave axis follows a profile that is a function of the master position. This profile need not be salted, but it must be an animated <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">function</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_control&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a>, for motion tracking in <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a>, the science of computer-controlled smart motion devices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PID_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="PID controller">PID controller</a>, proportional-integral-derivative controller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slewing" title="Slewing">Slewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">Pneumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet/IP">Ethernet/IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_performance_positioning_system" title="High performance positioning system">High performance positioning system</a> for controlling high precision at high speed</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_control&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motioncontroltips.com/motion-controller/">What is a Motion Controller? Technical Summary for Motion Engineers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_control&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tan K. K., T. H. Lee and S. Huang, <i>Precision motion control: Design and implementation</i>, 2nd ed., London, Springer, 2008.</li> <li>Ellis, George, <i>Control System Design Guide, Fourth Edition: Using Your Computer to Understand and Diagnose Feedback Controllers</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_control&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaLiTan2020" class="citation book cs1">Ma, Jun; Li, Xiaocong; Tan, Kok Kiong (2020). "1.1: Overview of Motion Control Systems". <i>Advanced Optimization for Motion Control Systems</i>. United States: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1000037111" title="Special:BookSources/978-1000037111"><bdi>978-1000037111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1%3A+Overview+of+Motion+Control+Systems&rft.btitle=Advanced+Optimization+for+Motion+Control+Systems&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1000037111&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft.au=Li%2C+Xiaocong&rft.au=Tan%2C+Kok+Kiong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+control" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UWXMDwAAQBAJ">[1]</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></i> Retrieved April 30, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarashima1996" class="citation book cs1">Harashima, F. (1996). "Recent advances of mechatronics". <i>Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics</i>. Vol. 1. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISIE.1996.548386">10.1109/ISIE.1996.548386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-3334-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-3334-9"><bdi>0-7803-3334-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108759313">108759313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+of+mechatronics&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+IEEE+International+Symposium+on+Industrial+Electronics&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A108759313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FISIE.1996.548386&rft.isbn=0-7803-3334-9&rft.aulast=Harashima&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_control&oldid=1178610879">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_control&oldid=1178610879</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motion_control" title="Category:Motion control">Motion control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Control_theory" title="Category:Control theory">Control theory</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2009">Articles needing additional references from July 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 October 2023, at 19:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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