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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Earliest stories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Golem_of_Chełm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Golem_of_Chełm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The Golem of Chełm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Golem_of_Chełm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_classic_narrative:_The_Golem_of_Prague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_classic_narrative:_The_Golem_of_Prague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The classic narrative: The Golem of Prague </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_classic_narrative:_The_Golem_of_Prague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_the_Prague_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_the_Prague_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Sources of the Prague narrative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_the_Prague_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Golem_of_Vilna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Golem_of_Vilna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 The Golem of Vilna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Golem_of_Vilna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theme_of_hubris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theme_of_hubris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Theme of hubris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theme_of_hubris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture of the Czech Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clay_Boy_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clay_Boy_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Clay Boy variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clay_Boy_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golem_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golem_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Golem in popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Golem_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Golem in popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Golem_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabletop_and_video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabletop_and_video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Tabletop and video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabletop_and_video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Golem</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qolem" title="Qolem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qolem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Голем – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Голем" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3lem" title="Gólem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gólem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3lem" title="Gólem – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gólem" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golemo" title="Golemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Golemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85" title="گولم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گولم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EB%A0%98" title="골렘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="골렘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_(%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="גולם (מיסטיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גולם (מיסטיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golemas" title="Golemas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Golemas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3lem_(agyagember)" title="Gólem (agyagember) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gólem (agyagember)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem_(legende)" title="Golem (legende) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Golem (legende)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0" title="ゴーレム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴーレム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol%C3%A8m" title="Golèm – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Golèm" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Голем – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golym" title="Golym – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Golym" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Голем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Голем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem_(karakter_sa_prankisa_ng_Golem)" title="Golem (karakter sa prankisa ng Golem) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Golem (karakter sa prankisa ng Golem)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1" title="โกเลม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โกเลม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Голем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85" title="گولم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گولم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Golem" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="גולם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גולם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E5%83%8F" title="魔像 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="魔像" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E5%83%8F" title="魔像 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魔像" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Being in Jewish folklore made from clay</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the character in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, see <a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Golem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Golem (disambiguation)">Golem (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Golem</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague-golem-reproduction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Prague-golem-reproduction.jpg/260px-Prague-golem-reproduction.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Prague-golem-reproduction.jpg/390px-Prague-golem-reproduction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Prague-golem-reproduction.jpg/520px-Prague-golem-reproduction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="1837" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">A Prague reproduction of the Golem</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grouping</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Similar entities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Robot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Folklore</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First attested</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Gōlem (גּוֹלֶם)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Habitat</th><td class="infobox-data">Typically resides in attics or temples</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Details</th><td class="infobox-data">Protector of the Jewish community, created from clay or mud, animated through mystical rituals.</td></tr></tbody></table> A golem (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡoʊləm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GOH-ləm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>‎גּוֹלֶם, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: gōlem) is an animated <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> being in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a>, which is created entirely from inanimate matter, usually <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a>. The most famous golem narrative involves <a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah Loew ben Bezalel</a>, the late 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Moment_(magazine)" title="Moment (magazine)">Moment</a> magazine, "the golem is a highly mutable metaphor with seemingly limitless symbolism. It can be a victim or villain, man or woman—or sometimes both. Over the centuries, it has been used to connote war, community, isolation, hope, and despair."<a href="#cite_note-Cooper-1">[1]</a> In modern popular culture, the word has become generalized, and any crude anthropomorphic creature devised by a sorcerer may be termed a "golem".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There may be metal golems, such as <a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a>, or stone golems, e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_and_Dragons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeons and Dragons">Dungeons and Dragons</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word golem <a href="/wiki/Hapax_legomenon" title="Hapax legomenon">occurs once</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, in Psalm 139:16,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> which uses the word גלמי (golmi; 'my golem',<a href="#cite_note-Introduction-3">[3]</a> 'my light form', 'raw material'<a href="#cite_note-OED-4">[4]</a>) to connote the unfinished human being before God's eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Introduction-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> uses the term to refer to someone who is unsophisticated: "Seven characteristics are in an uncultivated person, and seven in a learned one" (שבעה דברים בגולם).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, golem is used to mean 'dumb', 'helpless', or '<a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>'. Similarly, it is often used today as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for a mindless lunk or other entity that serves a man under controlled conditions, but is hostile to him in other circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper-1">[1]</a> Golem passed into <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> as goylem, meaning someone who is lethargic or in a stupor.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_stories">Earliest stories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Earliest stories">edit</a>]</div> The oldest stories of golems date to early Judaism. In the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Tractate <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a> 38b), <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> is initially created as a golem (גולם) when his dust is "kneaded into a shapeless husk".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Like Adam, all golems are <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_life_from_clay" title="Creation of life from clay">created from mud</a> by those close to divinity, but no anthropogenic golem is fully human. Early on, the main disability of the golem was its inability to speak. Sanhedrin 65b describes <a href="/wiki/Rava_(amora)" title="Rava (amora)">Rava</a> creating a man (gavra), whom he then sends to <a href="/wiki/Zeira" title="Zeira">Rav Zeira</a>. Zeira speaks to the man, but he does not answer, whereupon Zeira says, "You were created by the sages; return to your dust".<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, passages from the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a> (Book of Formation) were studied as a means to create and animate a golem, although little in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a> supports this belief. The earliest known written account of how to create a golem can be found in Sodei Razayya by <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar ben Judah">Eleazar ben Judah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, who lived in the late 12th and early 13th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> It was believed that golems could be activated by an <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">ecstatic</a> experience induced by the ritual use of various letters of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a><a href="#cite_note-idel-11">[10]</a> forming a <a href="/wiki/Shemhamphorasch" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemhamphorasch">shem</a> (any one of the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names of God</a>), wherein the shem was written on a piece of paper and inserted in the mouth or into the forehead of the golem.<a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-12">[11]</a> In some tales (including certain stories of the Chełm and Prague golems), a word such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%AA#Hebrew" class="extiw" title="wikt:אמת">אמת</a> (emét, 'truth') is inscribed on the golem, sometimes on its forehead. In this example, the golem could then be deactivated by removing the <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a> (א),<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> thus changing the inscription from "truth" to "death" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA#Hebrew" class="extiw" title="wikt:מת">מת</a>, mét, 'dead'). One source credits <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a>, who lived in the 11th century, with creating a golem,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> possibly female, for household chores.<a href="#cite_note-je-ibngabirol-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Speyer" title="Samuel of Speyer">Samuel of Speyer</a> also was said[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] to have created a golem, in the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-magic-16">[15]</a> In 1625, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo" title="Joseph Solomon Delmedigo">Joseph Delmedigo</a> wrote that "many legends of this sort are current, particularly in Germany."<a href="#cite_note-magic-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Golem_of_Chełm">The Golem of Chełm</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Golem of Chełm">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Ba%27al_Shem_of_Che%C5%82m" title="Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chełm">Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chełm</a></div> The oldest description of the creation of a golem by a historical figure is included in a tradition connected to <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Ba%27al_Shem_of_Chelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm">Rabbi Eliyahu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a> (1550–1583).<a href="#cite_note-idel-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-magic-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-gelbin-17">[16]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalist</a>, writing in about 1630–1650, reported the creation of a golem by Rabbi Eliyahu thusly: "And I have heard, in a certain and explicit way, from several respectable persons that one man [living] close to our time, whose name is R. Eliyahu, the master of the name, who made a creature out of matter [Heb. Golem] and form [Heb. tzurah] and it performed hard work for him, for a long period, and the name of emet was hanging upon his neck until he finally removed it for a certain reason, the name from his neck and it turned to dust."<a href="#cite_note-idel-11">[10]</a> A similar account was reported by a Christian author, Christoph Arnold, in 1674.<a href="#cite_note-idel-11">[10]</a> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a> (d. 1776) elaborated on the story in a book published in 1748: "As an aside, I'll mention here what I heard from my father's holy mouth regarding the Golem created by his ancestor, the Gaon R. Eliyahu Ba'al Shem of blessed memory. When the Gaon saw that the Golem was growing larger and larger, he feared that the Golem would destroy the universe. He then removed the Holy Name that was embedded on his forehead, thus causing him to disintegrate and return to dust. Nonetheless, while he was engaged in extracting the Holy Name from him, the Golem injured him, scarring him on the face."<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> According to the Polish Kabbalist, "the legend was known to several persons, thus allowing us to speculate that the legend had indeed circulated for some time before it was committed to writing and, consequently, we may assume that its origins are to be traced to the generation immediately following the death of R. Eliyahu, if not earlier."<a href="#cite_note-idel-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_classic_narrative:_The_Golem_of_Prague">The classic narrative: The Golem of Prague</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The classic narrative: The Golem of Prague">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbi_L%C3%B6w_Saloun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rabbi_L%C3%B6w_Saloun.JPG/170px-Rabbi_L%C3%B6w_Saloun.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rabbi_L%C3%B6w_Saloun.JPG/255px-Rabbi_L%C3%B6w_Saloun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rabbi_L%C3%B6w_Saloun.JPG/340px-Rabbi_L%C3%B6w_Saloun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Loew" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Loew">Rabbi Loew</a> statue at the New City Hall of Prague</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golem_and_Loew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Golem_and_Loew.jpg/170px-Golem_and_Loew.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Golem_and_Loew.jpg/255px-Golem_and_Loew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Golem_and_Loew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Rabbi Loew and Golem by <a href="/wiki/Mikol%C3%A1%C5%A1_Ale%C5%A1" title="Mikoláš Aleš">Mikoláš Aleš</a>, 1899</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_New_Synagogue-back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Old_New_Synagogue-back.jpg/170px-Old_New_Synagogue-back.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Old_New_Synagogue-back.jpg/255px-Old_New_Synagogue-back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Old_New_Synagogue-back.jpg/340px-Old_New_Synagogue-back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_New_Synagogue" title="Old New Synagogue">Old New Synagogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> with the rungs of the ladder to the attic on the wall. In the legend, the Golem was in the loft</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Ast%C4%9Bk_Jewish_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%C3%9Ast%C4%9Bk_Jewish_museum.jpg/170px-%C3%9Ast%C4%9Bk_Jewish_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%C3%9Ast%C4%9Bk_Jewish_museum.jpg/255px-%C3%9Ast%C4%9Bk_Jewish_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%C3%9Ast%C4%9Bk_Jewish_museum.jpg/340px-%C3%9Ast%C4%9Bk_Jewish_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2165" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%9A%C5%A1t%C4%9Bk_Synagogue" title="Úštěk Synagogue">Úštěk Synagogue</a> with a statue of a Golem in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9A%C5%A1t%C4%9Bk" title="Úštěk">Úštěk</a></figcaption></figure> The most famous golem narrative involves <a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah Loew ben Bezalel</a>, the late 16th-century rabbi of Prague, also known as the Maharal, who reportedly "created a golem out of clay from the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Vltava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vltava River">Vltava River</a> and brought it to life through rituals and Hebrew incantations to defend the Prague <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a> from <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> attacks and <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>".<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-newlife-21">[20]</a> Depending on the version of the legend, the Jews in Prague were to be either expelled or killed under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The Golem was called Josef and was known as Yossele. He was said to be able to make himself invisible and summon spirits from the dead.<a href="#cite_note-newlife-21">[20]</a> Rabbi Loew deactivated the Golem on Friday evenings by removing the shem before the Sabbath (Saturday) began,<a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-12">[11]</a> so as to let it rest on Sabbath.<a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-12">[11]</a> One Friday evening, Rabbi Loew forgot to remove the shem, and feared that the Golem would desecrate the Sabbath.<a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-12">[11]</a> A different story tells of a golem that fell in love, and when rejected, became the violent monster seen in most accounts. Some versions have the golem eventually going on a murderous rampage.<a href="#cite_note-newlife-21">[20]</a> The rabbi then managed to pull the shem from his mouth and immobilize him<a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-12">[11]</a> in front of the synagogue, whereupon the golem fell in pieces.<a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-12">[11]</a> The Golem's body was stored in the attic <a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">genizah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_New_Synagogue" title="Old New Synagogue">Old New Synagogue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-newlife-21">[20]</a> where it would be restored to life again if needed.<a href="#cite_note-Legend-22">[21]</a> Rabbi Loew then forbade anyone except his successors from going into the attic. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yechezkel_Landau" title="Yechezkel Landau">Yechezkel Landau</a>, a successor of Rabbi Loew, reportedly wanted to go up the steps to the attic when he was <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi of Prague</a> to verify the tradition. Rabbi Landau fasted and immersed himself in a <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a>, wrapped himself in <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">phylacteries</a> and a prayer-shawl and started ascending the steps. At the top of the steps, he hesitated and then came immediately back down, trembling and frightened. He then re-enacted Rabbi Loew's original warning.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> According to legend, the body of Rabbi Loew's Golem still lies in the synagogue's attic.<a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-newlife-21">[20]</a> When the attic was renovated in 1883, no evidence of the Golem was found.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Some versions of the tale state that the Golem was stolen from the genizah and entombed in a graveyard in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDi%C5%BEkov" title="Žižkov">Prague's Žižkov district</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDi%C5%BEkov_Television_Tower" title="Žižkov Television Tower">Žižkov Television Tower</a> now stands. A recent legend tells of a <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> agent ascending to the synagogue attic, dying under suspicious circumstances thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The attic is not open to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a> believe that the Maharal did actually create a golem. The evidence for this belief has been analyzed from an Orthodox Jewish perspective by Shnayer Z. Leiman.<a href="#cite_note-leiman-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-tradition-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_the_Prague_narrative">Sources of the Prague narrative</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources of the Prague narrative">edit</a>]</div> The general view of historians and critics is that the story of the Golem of Prague was a German literary invention of the early 19th century. According to John Neubauer, the first writers on the Prague Golem were: <ul><li>1837: <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Auerbach" title="Berthold Auerbach">Berthold Auerbach</a>, Spinoza</li> <li>1841: Gustav Philippson, Der Golam, eine Legende</li> <li>1841: Franz Klutschak, Der Golam des Rabbi Löw</li> <li>1842: Adam Tendlau Der Golem des Hoch-Rabbi-Löw</li> <li>1847: Leopold Weisel, Der Golem<a href="#cite_note-neubauer-29">[28]</a></li></ul> A few slightly earlier examples are known, in 1834<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> and 1836.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> All of these early accounts of the Golem of Prague are in German by Jewish writers. They are suggested to have emerged as part of a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> movement parallel with the contemporary German folklore movement.<a href="#cite_note-gelbin-17">[16]</a> The origins of the story have been obscured by attempts to exaggerate its age and to pretend that it dates from the time of the Maharal. <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Yehudah_Yudel_Rosenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Yehudah Yudel Rosenberg">Rabbi Yudel Rosenberg</a> (1859–1935)<a href="#cite_note-Kieval-34">[33]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Tarłów">Tarłów</a>, before moving to Canada where he became one of its most prominent rabbis, is said to have originated the idea that the narrative dates from the time of the Maharal. Rosenberg published Nifl'os Maharal (Wonders of Maharal) (<a href="/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski" title="Piotrków Trybunalski">Piotrków</a>, 1909),<a href="#cite_note-Kieval-34">[33]</a> which purported to be an eyewitness account by the Maharal's son-in-law, who had helped to create the Golem. Rosenberg claimed that the book was based upon a manuscript that he found in the main library in Metz. Wonders of Maharal "is generally recognized in academic circles to be a literary hoax".<a href="#cite_note-idel-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-tradition-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Sholem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershom Sholem">Gershom Sholem</a> observed that the manuscript "contains not ancient legends, but modern fiction".<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Rosenberg's claim was further disseminated in Chayim Bloch's (1881–1973) The Golem: Legends of the Ghetto of Prague, English edition 1925. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> of 1906 cites the historical work Zemach David by <a href="/wiki/David_Gans" title="David Gans">David Gans</a>, a disciple of the Maharal, published in 1592.<a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In it, Gans writes of an audience between the Maharal and Rudolph II: "Our lord the emperor ... Rudolph ... sent for and called upon our master Rabbi Low ben Bezalel and received him with a welcome and merry expression, and spoke to him face to face, as one would to a friend. The nature and quality of their words are mysterious, sealed, and hidden."<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] But it has been said of this passage, "Even when [the Maharal is] eulogized, whether in David Gans' Zemach David or on his epitaph ..., not a word is said about the creation of a golem. No Hebrew work published in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries (even in Prague) is aware that the Maharal created a golem."<a href="#cite_note-neubauer-29">[28]</a> Furthermore, the Maharal himself did not refer to the Golem in his writings.<a href="#cite_note-leiman-27">[26]</a> Rabbi Yedidiah Tiah Weil (1721–1805), a Prague resident, who described the creation of golems, including those created by Rabbis Avigdor Kara of Prague (died 1439) and Eliyahu of Chelm, did not mention the Maharal. Rabbi Meir Perils' biography of the Maharal<a href="#cite_note-megilasYuchsin-39">[38]</a> published in 1718 does not mention a golem.<a href="#cite_note-gelbin-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-leiman-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Golem_of_Vilna">The Golem of Vilna</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Golem of Vilna">edit</a>]</div> A similar tradition relates to the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> or "the saintly genius from Vilnius" (1720–1797). Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Volozhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Volozhin">Chaim Volozhin</a> (Lithuania 1749–1821) reported in an introduction to Sifra de Tzeniuta that he once presented to his teacher, the Vilna Gaon, ten different versions of a certain passage in the Sefer Yetzira and asked the Gaon to determine the correct text.<a href="#cite_note-Chaim-40">[39]</a> The Gaon immediately identified one version as the accurate rendition of the passage.<a href="#cite_note-Chaim-40">[39]</a> The amazed student then commented to his teacher that, with such clarity, he should easily be able to create a live human. The Gaon affirmed Rabbi Chaim's assertion and said that he once began to create a person when he was a child, under the age of 13, but during the process, he received a sign from Heaven ordering him to desist because of his tender age.<a href="#cite_note-Chaim-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theme_of_hubris">Theme of hubris</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theme of hubris">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay-golem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Clay-golem.jpg/170px-Clay-golem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Clay-golem.jpg/255px-Clay-golem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Clay-golem.jpg/340px-Clay-golem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A statue of the Prague Golem created for the film <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_and_the_Golem" title="The Emperor and the Golem">The Emperor and the Golem</a></figcaption></figure> The existence of a golem is sometimes a mixed blessing. Golems are not intelligent, and if commanded to perform a task, they will perform the instructions literally. In many depictions, golems are inherently perfectly obedient. In its earliest known modern form, the Golem of Chełm became enormous and uncooperative. In one version of this story, the rabbi had to resort to trickery to deactivate it, whereupon it crumbled upon its creator and crushed him.<a href="#cite_note-Introduction-3">[3]</a> A similar theme of <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a> is seen in <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a>, and some other stories in popular culture, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a>. The theme manifests itself in <a href="/wiki/R.U.R." title="R.U.R.">R.U.R.</a> (Rossum's Universal Robots), <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>'s 1921 play that coined the term <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a>. The play was written in Prague, and while Čapek denied that he modeled the robot after the golem, many similarities are seen in the plot.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic">Culture of the Czech Republic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture of the Czech Republic">edit</a>]</div> The golem is a popular figure in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. The 1915 novel by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Meyrink" title="Gustav Meyrink">Gustav Meyrink</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Golem_(Meyrink_novel)" title="The Golem (Meyrink novel)">The Golem</a>) was briefly popular and did much to keep the imagination about the golem going. Several restaurants and other businesses have names that make reference to the creature. A Czech <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (strength athlete)">strongman</a>, René Richter goes by the nickname "Golem",<a href="#cite_note-newlife-21">[20]</a> and a Czech <a href="/wiki/Monster_truck" title="Monster truck">monster truck</a> outfit calls itself the "Golem Team".<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Abraham Akkerman preceded his article on human automatism in the contemporary city with a short satirical poem on a pair of golems turning human.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clay_Boy_variation">Clay Boy variation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clay Boy variation">edit</a>]</div> A Yiddish and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_folklore" title="Slavic folklore">Slavic folktale</a> is the Clay Boy, which combines elements of the golem and <a href="/wiki/The_Gingerbread_Man" title="The Gingerbread Man">The Gingerbread Man</a>, in which a lonely couple makes a child out of clay, with disastrous or comical consequences.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In one common Russian version, an older couple, whose children have left home, make a boy out of clay and dry him by their hearth. The Clay Boy (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Гли́няный па́рень, Glínyanyĭ párenʹ) comes to life; at first, the couple is delighted and treats him like a real child, but the Clay Boy does not stop growing and eats all their food, then all their livestock, and then the Clay Boy eats his parents. The Clay Boy rampages through the village until he is smashed by a quick-thinking goat.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golem_in_popular_culture">Golem in popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Golem in popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mdm._Tussauds_Prag_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mdm._Tussauds_Prag_8.jpg/220px-Mdm._Tussauds_Prag_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mdm._Tussauds_Prag_8.jpg/330px-Mdm._Tussauds_Prag_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mdm._Tussauds_Prag_8.jpg/440px-Mdm._Tussauds_Prag_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Golem depicted at <a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a> in Prague</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a>. Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>. (June 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> Golems are frequently depicted in movies and television shows. Programs with them in the title include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Golem_(1915_film)" title="The Golem (1915 film)">The Golem</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Der Golem, shown in the United States as The Monster of Fate), a 1915 German <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent</a> <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a>, written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wegener" title="Paul Wegener">Paul Wegener</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Galeen" title="Henrik Galeen">Henrik Galeen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golem_and_the_Dancing_Girl" title="The Golem and the Dancing Girl">The Golem and the Dancing Girl</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Der Golem und die Tänzerin), a 1917 German silent <a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">comedy-horror</a> film, directed by Paul Wegener and <a href="/wiki/Rochus_Gliese" title="Rochus Gliese">Rochus Gliese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golem:_How_He_Came_into_the_World" title="The Golem: How He Came into the World">The Golem: How He Came into the World</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Der Golem, wie er in die Welt kam, also referred to as Der Golem), a 1920 German silent horror film, directed by Paul Wegener and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Boese" title="Carl Boese">Carl Boese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Golem" title="Le Golem">Le Golem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Golem), a 1936 Czechoslovak <a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">monster movie</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Julien_Duvivier" title="Julien Duvivier">Julien Duvivier</a> in French.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Limehouse_Golem" title="The Limehouse Golem">The Limehouse Golem</a>, a 2016 film about a fictional series of <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a>-esque murders in Victorian London.</li></ul> Other references to golems in popular culture include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Golem_(Meyrink_novel)" title="The Golem (Meyrink novel)">The Golem</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Der Golem), the first novel by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Meyrink" title="Gustav Meyrink">Gustav Meyrink</a> and adapted for television in 1967, for film in 1980, and for the stage in 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimajin" title="Daimajin">Daimajin</a>, a 1966 Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Kimiyoshi_Yasuda" title="Kimiyoshi Yasuda">Kimiyoshi Yasuda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It!_(1967_film)" title="It! (1967 film)">It!</a>, a 1967 British horror film directed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Leder" title="Herbert J. Leder">Herbert J. Leder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kaddish_(The_X-Files)" title="Kaddish (The X-Files)">Kaddish</a>", a 1997 episode of <a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li>The 1995 <a href="/wiki/Gargoyles_(TV_series)" title="Gargoyles (TV series)">Gargoyles</a> episode "Golem" featured a golem made in the image of a stone statue that was created by Rabbi Loew (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Brandt" title="Victor Brandt">Victor Brandt</a>) to defend the Jewish inhabitants of Prague from raiders and had been passed down to his descendant Max Loew (voiced by Scott Weil).</li> <li>The 1997 <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ghostbusters" title="Extreme Ghostbusters">Extreme Ghostbusters</a> series depicts a Rabbi's son bringing a golem to life to protect a local New York synagogue from antisemitic vandalism in the episode "The True Face of a Monster".</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_XVII#You_Gotta_Know_When_to_Golem" title="Treehouse of Horror XVII">You Gotta Know When to Golem</a>" is a short story during "<a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_XVII" title="Treehouse of Horror XVII">Treehouse of Horror XVII</a>", part of the long-running series of <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> Halloween specials. The Golem, voiced by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewis_(comedian)" title="Richard Lewis (comedian)">Richard Lewis</a>, is controlled via paper notes by <a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart</a> and used to wreak havoc on the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Springfield_(The_Simpsons)" title="Springfield (The Simpsons)">Springfield</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglourious_Basterds" title="Inglourious Basterds">Inglourious Basterds</a>, a 2009 film written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>, includes a fictional version of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> repeating fearful speculation that "The Bear Jew," who kills German soldiers with a bat, is a golem.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></li> <li>In the fourth episode of season 4 of <a href="/wiki/Grimm_(TV_series)" title="Grimm (TV series)">Grimm</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Dyin%27_on_a_Prayer" title="Dyin' on a Prayer">Dyin' on a Prayer</a>"), a golem plays an important role.</li> <li>The 2013 <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(American_TV_series)" title="Supernatural (American TV series)">Supernatural</a> episode "Everybody Hates Hitler" features a golem (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/John_DeSantis" title="John DeSantis">John DeSantis</a>) who had been used to fight the Nazis in Belarus during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In the present, the golem has been passed down from Rabbi Bass (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Hal_Linden" title="Hal Linden">Hal Linden</a>) to his grandson Aaron Bass (portrayed by Adam Rose). While Aaron had a hard time controlling the golem at first, they did help Sam Winchester and Dean Winchester fight against a group of Nazi necromancers led by Commandant Eckhart (portrayed by Bernhard Forcher).</li> <li>In the SyFy series <a href="/wiki/The_Magicians_(American_TV_series)" title="The Magicians (American TV series)">The Magicians</a> there is a golem made of a main character. It appears in the episodes "Homecoming" and "Be The Penny".</li> <li>The 2019 Netflix series <a href="/wiki/The_Order_(TV_series)" title="The Order (TV series)">The Order</a> features a recurring character (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Playfair" title="Dylan Playfair">Dylan Playfair</a>) who is revealed to be a golem in season 1.</li> <li>The majority of the CW series <a href="/wiki/Legacies_(TV_series)" title="Legacies (TV series)">Legacies</a> (a spin-off of <a href="/wiki/The_Vampire_Diaries" title="The Vampire Diaries">The Vampire Diaries</a>) centers around defeating a golem.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golem_(2018_film)" title="The Golem (2018 film)">The Golem</a>, a 2018 Israeli horror film features a golem in the form of a dead child.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Golem_1920_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Movie poster for Der Golem (1920)"><img alt="Movie poster for Der Golem (1920)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Golem_1920_Poster.jpg/132px-Golem_1920_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Golem_1920_Poster.jpg/199px-Golem_1920_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Golem_1920_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="302" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Movie poster for <a href="/wiki/The_Golem:_How_He_Came_into_the_World" title="The Golem: How He Came into the World">Der Golem</a> (1920)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/El_Golem" title="El Golem">El Golem</a>" is a poem by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, published in 1959, and later published as part of the 1964 book <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_otro,_el_mismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El otro, el mismo (page does not exist)">El otro, el mismo</a> (The other, the self). The poem tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah Loew</a> and his creation of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Golem</a>. In the poem, Borges quotes the works of German Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.</li> <li>Marge Piercy's 1991 science fiction novel, He, She, and It, features intertwined narratives, one of which is a retelling of the story of Rabbi Loew and his creation of a golem in medieval Prague.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>'s 1996 <a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Feet_of_Clay_(novel)" title="Feet of Clay (novel)">Feet of Clay</a> feature a number of Golems who reside in the city of Ankh-Morpork. Golems also appear in <a href="/wiki/Going_Postal" title="Going Postal">Going Postal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Making_Money" title="Making Money">Making Money</a> and make cameos throughout the remainder of the series.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Chiang" title="Ted Chiang">Ted Chiang</a>'s 2000 novella “<a href="/wiki/Seventy-Two_Letters" title="Seventy-Two Letters">Seventy-Two Letters</a>” focuses on an alternate history of the world where science and technology are based on the use of golems and, accordingly, the Kabbalistic names embedded in them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a>'s 2000 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Kavalier_%26_Clay" title="The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay">The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay</a> features a story of a Golem like creature that is shipped to the United States.</li> <li>The 2004 book <a href="/wiki/The_Golem%27s_Eye" title="The Golem's Eye">The Golem's Eye</a> by Jonathan Stroud features a magically rendered golem as the main threat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a>'s 2002 science fiction book, <a href="/wiki/Kiln_People" title="Kiln People">Kiln People</a>, is based on the premise that people can make short-lived clay-based copies of themselves. The golems have the same motives and memories as the humans that made them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Mull" title="Brandon Mull">Brandon Mull</a>'s 2006 book series <a href="/wiki/Fablehaven" title="Fablehaven">Fablehaven</a> prominently contains a golem character, one which is more faithful to traditional portrayals through its depiction as a protector of the community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherynne_M._Valente" title="Catherynne M. Valente">Catherynne M. Valente</a>’s novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_Who_Circumnavigated_Fairyland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland (page does not exist)">The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland</a> and later books in the series feature a golem made of soap, Lye, as a recurring character.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_America" title="Captain America">Captain America</a>, as the character's creators, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Simon" title="Joe Simon">Joe Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Jack Kirby</a>, originally conceived of him, has been described as a variant of the Golem concept: a protector of the Jewish community created by one of its elders (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:_E#Abraham_Erskine" title="List of Marvel Comics characters: E">Dr. Abraham Erskine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golem_and_the_Jinni" title="The Golem and the Jinni">The Golem and the Jinni</a> is a debut novel written by <a href="/wiki/Helene_Wecker" title="Helene Wecker">Helene Wecker</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a> in April 2013. It combines the genre of historical fiction with elements of fantasy, telling the story of two displaced magical creatures in 19th century New York City, reflecting the fate of <a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States#1850_to_1930" title="History of immigration to the United States">contemporary immigrants to the USA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Golem_of_Hollywood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Golem of Hollywood (page does not exist)">The Golem of Hollywood</a>, a supernatural mystery by writers <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kellerman" title="Jonathan Kellerman">Jonathan Kellerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Kellerman" title="Jesse Kellerman">Jesse Kellerman</a>, weaves the legend of the Golem into a Los Angeles murder mystery. The Golem is described as female.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabletop_and_video_games">Tabletop and video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tabletop and video games">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Golems appear in the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a> (first published in 1974), and the influence of Dungeons & Dragons has led to the inclusion of golems in other <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_(pen_and_paper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing game (pen and paper)">tabletop role-playing games</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> There are many varieties of golems in the game,<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> and Backstab reviewer Philippe Tessier called the creature a "classic of D&D".<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The clay golem is based on the golem of Medieval Jewish folklore, though changed from "a cherished defender to an unthinking hulk".<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The flesh golem is related to <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a> as <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">1931 film</a>, seen in e.g. being empowered by electricity,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> though again with the difference of being essentially an unthinking machine in the game.<a href="#cite_note-Dummies-67">[66]</a> D&D's golems are also rooted in Gothic fiction more generally, and are typical denizens of the <a href="/wiki/Ravenloft" title="Ravenloft">Ravenloft</a> setting.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The flesh golem was ranked ninth among the ten best mid-level monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies for both 3rd<a href="#cite_note-Dummies-67">[66]</a> and 4th edition.<a href="#cite_note-4EDummies-69">[68]</a></li> <li>There is a golem stone enemy in the video game <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Warrior">Dragon Warrior</a> for the Nintendo Entertainment System.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></li> <li>There is a golem character in <a href="/wiki/Little_Samson" title="Little Samson">Little Samson</a>, a game released on the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></li> <li>Golems are a recurring character in the <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a> series of video games.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></li> <li>Games in the <a href="/wiki/Minecraft_(franchise)" title="Minecraft (franchise)">Minecraft franchise</a> contain many different types of golems. In the <a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">main game</a>, there are iron and snow golems.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Minecraft_Dungeons" title="Minecraft Dungeons">Minecraft Dungeons</a>, there is the Redstone Golem. In <a href="/wiki/Minecraft_Legends" title="Minecraft Legends">Minecraft Legends</a>, there are Cobblestone Golems, Plank Golems, Mossy Golems, and Grindstone Golems.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generation_I_Pok%C3%A9mon" title="List of generation I Pokémon">Golem</a> is the name of a <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a> whose body is made of rocks. <a href="/wiki/List_of_generation_V_Pok%C3%A9mon" title="List of generation V Pokémon">Golett and Golurk</a> are two Pokémon inspired by the Golem of Prague.<a href="#cite_note-GR_myth-78">[77]</a></li> <li>A golem features prominently in The Ghost and the Golem, a 2024 Jewish historical fantasy interactive fiction game by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rosenbaum" title="Benjamin Rosenbaum">Benjamin Rosenbaum</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Choice_of_Games" title="Choice of Games">Choice of Games</a> platform.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>A number of scores have been written to accompany or based on the 1920 film, including by Daniel Hoffman and performed by the San Francisco-based ensemble Davka<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> and by Karl-Errnst Sasse.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></li> <li>In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ellstein" title="Abraham Ellstein">Abraham Ellstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> The Golem, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Opera" title="New York City Opera">New York City Opera</a>, premiered at <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">City Opera, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></li> <li>In 1994, composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Teitelbaum" title="Richard Teitelbaum">Richard Teitelbaum</a> composed "Golem", based on the Prague legend and combining music with electronics.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_head" title="Brazen head">Brazen head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_folklore" title="Czech folklore">Czech folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gingerbread_Man" title="The Gingerbread Man">The Gingerbread Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolobok" title="Kolobok">Kolobok</a> (edible golems)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinocchio" title="Pinocchio">Pinocchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_life_from_clay" title="Creation of life from clay">Creation of life from clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabti">Shabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulpa" title="Tulpa">Tulpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupilaq" title="Tupilaq">Tupilaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a>: <div style="float:right;">מן חבריא את הדר לעפריך</div> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_1-1">b</a> Cooper, Marilyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.momentmag.com/jewish-word-golem/">Jewish Word | Golem"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825062411/http://www.momentmag.com/jewish-word-golem/">Archived</a> 25 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Moment_(magazine)" title="Moment (magazine)">Moment</a>. 17 July 2017. 24 August 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Bible: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et26d9.htm#16">Psalm 139:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introduction-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_3-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472117598-intro.pdf">Introduction to "The Golem Returns"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012061347/http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472117598-intro.pdf">Archived</a> 12 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 23 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-4"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_4-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._SimpsonE._Weiner1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">J. Simpson; E. Weiner, eds. (1989). "golem". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2"><bdi>0-19-861186-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=golem&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-861186-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Avot</a> 5:9 in the Hebrew text; English translations vary. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluestein1998" class="citation book cs1">Bluestein, Gene (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eqhur2UnvyIC&q=goylem+definition&pg=PA32">Anglish/Yinglish: Yiddish in American Life and Literature</a>. U of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803219148" title="Special:BookSources/0803219148"><bdi>0803219148</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203231028/https://books.google.com/books?id=eqhur2UnvyIC&q=goylem+definition&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglish%2FYinglish%3A+Yiddish+in+American+Life+and+Literature&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0803219148&rft.aulast=Bluestein&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deqhur2UnvyIC%26q%3Dgoylem%2Bdefinition%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsefaria.org" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.38b?lang=bi">"Sanhedrin 38b"</a>. sefaria.org. Retrieved 15 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Sanhedrin+38b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSanhedrin.38b%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSefaria" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.65b?lang=bi">"Sanhedrin 65b"</a>. Sefaria. Retrieved 15 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Sanhedrin+65b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSanhedrin.65b%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKressel2015" class="citation news cs1">Kressel, Matthew (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matthewkressel.net/2015/10/01/36-days-of-judaic-myth-day-24-the-golem-of-prague/">"36 Days of Judaic Myth: Day 24, The Golem of Prague"</a>. Matthew Kressel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223529/https://www.matthewkressel.net/2015/10/01/36-days-of-judaic-myth-day-24-the-golem-of-prague/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Matthew+Kressel&rft.atitle=36+Days+of+Judaic+Myth%3A+Day+24%2C+The+Golem+of+Prague&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.aulast=Kressel&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matthewkressel.net%2F2015%2F10%2F01%2F36-days-of-judaic-myth-day-24-the-golem-of-prague%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-idel-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-idel_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-idel_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-idel_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-idel_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-idel_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-idel_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdel1990" class="citation book cs1">Idel, Moshe (1990). Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0160-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0160-X"><bdi>0-7914-0160-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golem%3A+Jewish+Magical+and+Mystical+Traditions+on+the+Artificial+Anthropoid&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7914-0160-X&rft.aulast=Idel&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> page 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_12-7">h</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=334&letter=G&search=golem#1137">GOLEM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125023845/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6777-golem#1137">Archived</a> 25 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 23 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Kerstein, Benjamin. Jewish Ideas Daily. 14 September 2010. 24 August 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Bokser, Ben Zion (2006). From the World of the Cabbalah. Kessinger. p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-je-ibngabirol-15"><a href="#cite_ref-je-ibngabirol_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6448-gabirol-solomon-ibn">"Ibn Gabirol, Solomon ben Judah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Gabirol%2C+Solomon+ben+Judah&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F6448-gabirol-solomon-ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-magic-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magic_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magic_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magic_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrachtenberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Trachtenberg, Joshua (2004) [Originally published 1939]. Jewish Magic and Superstition. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812218626" title="Special:BookSources/9780812218626"><bdi>9780812218626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Magic+and+Superstition&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780812218626&rft.aulast=Trachtenberg&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gelbin-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gelbin_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gelbin_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gelbin_17-2">c</a> Gelbin, C . S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5HkzGcG9YeAC&q=Maharal">The Golem Returns – From German Romantic Literature to Global Jewish Culture, 1808–2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614171217/https://books.google.com/books?id=5HkzGcG9YeAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=Maharal&f=false">Archived</a> 14 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Michigan, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> שו"ת שאילת יעב"ץ, ח"ב, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=1408&pgnum=225">סי' פ"ב</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509025816/https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=1408&pgnum=225">Archived</a> 2013-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cf. his בירת מגדל עוז, Altona, 1748, p. 259a; מטפחת ספרים, Altona, 1768, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=21115&st=&pgnum=90&hilite=">p. 45a</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509032718/http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=21115&st=&pgnum=90&hilite=">Archived</a> 2013-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; and מגילת ספר, ed. Kahana, Warsaw, 1896, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=37017&st=&pgnum=12&hilite=">p. 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509043404/https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=37017&st=&pgnum=12&hilite=">Archived</a> 2013-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See also שו"ת חכם צבי, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=19566&st=&pgnum=163">סי' צ"ג</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509043324/https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=19566&st=&pgnum=163">Archived</a> 2013-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and the references cited in שו"ת חכם צבי עם ליקוטי הערות, Jerusalem, 1998, vol. 1, p. 421 and in the periodical כפר חב"ד, number 351 (1988), p. 51. Cited by Leiman, S.Z., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seforim.blogspot.com/2007/02/shnayer-z-leiman-did-disciple-of.html">"Did a Disciple of the Maharal Create a Golem?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111210431/http://seforim.blogspot.com/2007/02/shnayer-z-leiman-did-disciple-of.html">Archived</a> 2012-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The tradition is also recorded in ה לחורבנה /תל-אביב: ארגון יוצאי חלם בישראל ובארה"ב, תשמ"א </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Green, Kayla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.momentmag.com/the-golem-in-the-attic/">"The Golem in the Attic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825231615/http://www.momentmag.com/the-golem-in-the-attic/">Archived</a> 25 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Moment. 1 February 2011. 25 August 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-newlife-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newlife_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newlife_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newlife_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newlife_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newlife_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newlife_21-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilefsky2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bilefsky" title="Dan Bilefsky">Bilefsky, Dan</a> (10 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/11/world/europe/11golem.html">"Hard Times Give New Life to Prague's Golem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509123841/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/11/world/europe/11golem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hard+Times+Give+New+Life+to+Prague%27s+Golem&rft.date=2009-05-10&rft.aulast=Bilefsky&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F11%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F11golem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legend-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Legend_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.applet-magic.com/golem.htm">"The Golem Legend"</a>. applet-magic.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102224246/http://www.applet-magic.com/golem.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=applet-magic.com&rft.atitle=The+Golem+Legend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.applet-magic.com%2Fgolem.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gershon_Winkler" title="Gershon Winkler">Winkler, Gershon</a> (1980). The Golem of Prague. New York: Judaica Press. pp. 60–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910818-24-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-910818-24-X"><bdi>0-910818-24-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golem+of+Prague&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60-63&rft.pub=Judaica+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-910818-24-X&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Gershon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mysteries of the Unknown: Inside the World of the Strange and Unexplained. Time-Life. 16 September 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1618933522" title="Special:BookSources/978-1618933522"><bdi>978-1618933522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysteries+of+the+Unknown%3A+Inside+the+World+of+the+Strange+and+Unexplained&rft.pub=Time-Life&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft.isbn=978-1618933522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee-Parritz" class="citation web cs1">Lee-Parritz, Oren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100901092722/http://www.jewishpost.com/news/The-Golem-Lives-On.html">"The Golem Lives On"</a>. jewishpost.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishpost.com/news/The-golem-Lives-On.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golem+Lives+On&rft.pub=jewishpost.com&rft.aulast=Lee-Parritz&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishpost.com%2Fnews%2FThe-golem-Lives-On.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlasobscura.com/place/old-new-synagogue">Old New Synagogue located in Praha, Czech Republic|Atlas Obscura|Curious and Wondrous Travel Destinations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110829001745/http://atlasobscura.com/place/old-new-synagogue">Archived</a> 29 August 2011 at Wikiwix. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved on 23 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-leiman-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leiman_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leiman_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leiman_27-2">c</a> Leiman, S. Z., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seforim.blogspot.com/2010/05/golem-of-prague-in-recent-rabbinic.html">The Golem of Prague in Recent Rabbinic Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924212735/http://seforim.blogspot.com/2010/05/golem-of-prague-in-recent-rabbinic.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-tradition-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tradition_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tradition_28-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traditionarchive.org/news/originals/Volume%2036/No.%201/The%20Adventure%20of%20the.pdf">Leiman, S.Z., " The Adventure of the Maharal of Prague in London: R. Yudl Rosenberg and The Golem of Prague"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917075811/http://traditionarchive.org/news/originals/Volume%2036/No.%201/The%20Adventure%20of%20the.pdf">Archived</a> 17 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tradition, 36:1, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-neubauer-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neubauer_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neubauer_29-1">b</a> Neubauer, J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YINYl4iv4ecC&q=golem&pg=PA303">"How did the Golem get to Prague?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614161741/https://books.google.com/books?id=YINYl4iv4ecC&pg=PA303&lpg=PA303&dq=gustav+philippson+the+Golem&source=bl&ots=euPUiGZv7x&sig=pxjaHEMbgMEPZsW6wk9knCLhrTw&hl=en&ei=Ls9tTpXgD8i3hAf85JiDDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=golem&f=false">Archived</a> 14 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Cornis-Pope, M., and Neubauer, J. History of The Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe, John Benjamins, 2010, see also: Dekel E., Gurley D.E., "How Did Golem \came to Prague", JQR, Vol. 103, No. 2 (Spring 2013), pp. 241–258 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://jqr.pennpress.org/media/23891/JQRnewArticle.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809114258/http://jqr.pennpress.org/media/23891/JQRnewArticle.pdf">Archived</a> 9 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasenapp2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Glasenapp, Gabriele von (2 June 2009). Haug, Christine; Mayer, Franziska; Podewski, Madleen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPzRvJgrMkEC&pg=PA31">Populäres Judentum: Medien, Debatten, Lesestoffe</a> (in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783484971042" title="Special:BookSources/9783484971042"><bdi>9783484971042</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203234723/https://books.google.com/books?id=qPzRvJgrMkEC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popul%C3%A4res+Judentum%3A+Medien%2C+Debatten%2C+Lesestoffe&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.isbn=9783484971042&rft.aulast=Glasenapp&rft.aufirst=Gabriele+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPzRvJgrMkEC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/-502/6">"Der jüdische Gil Blas"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927064901/http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/-502/6">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2018. <q>der Golam... des Rabbi Liwa, vom Volke der hohe Rabbi Löw genannt</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+j%C3%BCdische+Gil+Blas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.spiegel.de%2Fbuch%2F-502%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl1836" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_August_von_Frankl" title="Ludwig August von Frankl">Frankl, L. A.</a> (1836). Kaltenbaeck, Johann Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7ZeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA368">Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichts- und Staatskunde</a> (in German). Beck. p. 368. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916120809/https://books.google.com/books?id=W7ZeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA368">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oesterreichische+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Geschichts-+und+Staatskunde&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Frankl&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7ZeAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl1836" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frankl, L. A. (1836). Bahrgang, Bweiter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FzwTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA368">Defterreichilche Beitfchrift</a> (in German). Oxford University. p. 368. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203231832/https://books.google.com/books?id=FzwTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA368">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defterreichilche+Beitfchrift&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Frankl&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFzwTAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieval-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kieval_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieval_34-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillel_J._Kieval" title="Hillel J. Kieval">Kieval, Hillel J.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Golem_Legend">"Golem Legend"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825022936/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Golem_Legend">Archived</a> 25 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The YIVO Encyclopedia. 24 August 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Sherwin, Byron L. (1985) The Golem Legend: Origins and Implications. New York: University Press of America </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Sholem, G., Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, Schocken, 1961 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.hu/01400/01462/00004/pdf/1986_2_296-298.pdf">HUNGARIAN STUDIES 2. No. 2. Nemzetközi Magyar Filológiai Társaság. Akadémiai Kiadó Budapest [1986]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510130210/http://www.epa.hu/01400/01462/00004/pdf/1986_2_296-298.pdf">Archived</a> 10 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF). Retrieved on 23 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Gans, D., Zemach David, ed. M.Breuer, Jerusalem, 1983, p.145, cited <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbiyehudahyudelrosenberg.com/">Rabbi Yehudah Yudel Rosenberg and the Maharal's Golem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923154135/http://www.rabbiyehudahyudelrosenberg.com/">Archived</a> 23 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-megilasYuchsin-39"><a href="#cite_ref-megilasYuchsin_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeir_Perels1718" class="citation book cs1">Meir Perels (1718). Megilas Yuchsin. <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/122864700">122864700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megilas+Yuchsin&rft.place=Prague&rft.date=1718&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F122864700&rft.au=Meir+Perels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaim-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaim_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaim_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaim_40-2">c</a> Chaim of Volozhin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXtWbo-QGoAC&dq=golem+Volozhin&pg=PT197">"Sifra de Tzeniuta, Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204022205/https://books.google.com/books?id=UXtWbo-QGoAC&pg=PT197&lpg=PT197&dq=golem+Volozhin&source=bl&ots=QN3UmnwneO&sig=dgIOspJMP-FDHhtKj0YCaQ20quk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFn4nQ2vDVAhUpsVQKHXb0BBkQ6AEITzAL#v=onepage&q=golem%20Volozhin&f=false">Archived</a> 4 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Kabbalistic Tradition: An Anthology of Jewish Mysticism, edited by Alan Unterman. Google Books. 24 August 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Voyen_Koreis" title="Voyen Koreis">Koreis, Voyen</a>. Introduction. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UP-Ui34-M7UC&dq=Karel+%C4%8Capek+golem&pg=PA9">"Two Plays by Karel Capek: R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) & The Robber"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204063423/https://books.google.com/books?id=UP-Ui34-M7UC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=Karel+%C4%8Capek+golem&source=bl&ots=2WLnFDNDEA&sig=xgQvJZYlT9nWVC5sqMWcjfPhhUU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC-bb4-vLVAhXosFQKHbVyDngQ6AEIQjAE#v=onepage&q=Karel%20%C4%8Capek%20golem&f=false">Archived</a> 4 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Google Books. 25 August 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB2020" class="citation web cs1">B, Veronika (25 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.praguemorning.cz/rene-richter-czech-record-cans/">"VIDEO: René Richter, the Czech Man With the Strongest Jaws in the World"</a>. Prague Morning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126014817/https://www.praguemorning.cz/rene-richter-czech-record-cans/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prague+Morning&rft.atitle=VIDEO%3A+Ren%C3%A9+Richter%2C+the+Czech+Man+With+the+Strongest+Jaws+in+the+World&rft.date=2020-01-25&rft.aulast=B&rft.aufirst=Veronika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.praguemorning.cz%2Frene-richter-czech-record-cans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkkerman2003–2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Akkerman, Abraham (2003–2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904074945/https://www.usask.ca/structurist/">"Philosophical Urbanism and Deconstruction in City-Form: An Environmental Ethos for the Twenty-First Century"</a>. The Structurist. No. 43/44. pp. 48–61. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usask.ca/structurist/">the original</a> on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Structurist&rft.atitle=Philosophical+Urbanism+and+Deconstruction+in+City-Form%3A+An+Environmental+Ethos+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.issue=43%2F44&rft.pages=48-61&rft.date=2003%2F2004&rft.aulast=Akkerman&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usask.ca%2Fstructurist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> Published also as Paper CTS-04-06 by the Center for Theoretical Study, Prague. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronan1917" class="citation magazine cs1">Cronan, Mary W. (1917). "Lutoschenka". The Story Teller's Magazine. Vol. 5, no. 1. pp. 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Story+Teller%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Lutoschenka&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-9&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Cronan&rft.aufirst=Mary+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburg1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Ginsburg" title="Mirra Ginsburg">Ginsburg, Mirra</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clayboy00gins">Clay Boy</a>. New York: Greenwillow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780688144098" title="Special:BookSources/9780688144098"><bdi>9780688144098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clay+Boy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwillow&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780688144098&rft.aulast=Ginsburg&rft.aufirst=Mirra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclayboy00gins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0004026/">"Der Golem (1915)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. 8 April 1915. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811023309/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0004026/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Der+Golem+%281915%29&rft.date=1915-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0004026%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0176776/">"Der Golem und die Tänzerin (1917)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. 9 April 1917. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811023312/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0176776/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Der+Golem+und+die+T%C3%A4nzerin+%281917%29&rft.date=1917-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0176776%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0011237/">"Der Golem, wie er in die Welt kam (1920)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. 19 June 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125023843/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0011237/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Der+Golem%2C+wie+er+in+die+Welt+kam+%281920%29&rft.date=1921-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0011237%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027688/">"Le Golem (1936)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. 21 March 1937. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811093139/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027688/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Le+Golem+%281936%29&rft.date=1937-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0027688%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Ishii et al., 1997, 日本特撮・幻想映画全集, p.170, Keibunsha, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4766927060" title="Special:BookSources/4766927060">4766927060</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ryanharveyauthor.com/2020/10/10/it-1967-golem-movie/">"It! (1967): The Golem Movie That Time Forgot – Ryan Harvey"</a>. 10 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105211514/https://ryanharveyauthor.com/2020/10/10/it-1967-golem-movie/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%21+%281967%29%3A+The+Golem+Movie+That+Time+Forgot+%E2%80%93+Ryan+Harvey&rft.date=2020-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fryanharveyauthor.com%2F2020%2F10%2F10%2Fit-1967-golem-movie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0751149/">"Kaddish (The X-Files)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. 16 February 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413132810/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0751149/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Kaddish+%28The+X-Files%29&rft.date=1997-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0751149%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Duz90_F6TPw">"Inglourious Basterds (2009) - the Bear Jew"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Inglourious+Basterds+%282009%29+-+the+Bear+Jew&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDuz90_F6TPw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Chrystall, Andrew. "Inglourious Basterds: Satirizing the spectator and revealing the 'Nazi' within." New Cinemas: Journal of Contemporary Film 13.2 (2015): 153-168. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Dassanowsky2012" class="citation book cs1">von Dassanowsky, Robert, ed. (2012). Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds: A Manipulation of Metacinema. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury (publisher)">Bloomsbury</a>. pp. 7, 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3821-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3821-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-3821-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quentin+Tarantino%27s+Inglourious+Basterds%3A+A+Manipulation+of+Metacinema&rft.pages=7%2C+160&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-3821-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaak2021" class="citation web cs1">Isaak, Joshua (3 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/captain-america-jewish-golem-jack-kirby-joe-simon/">"Captain America Is A Jewish Golem - Theory Explained"</a>. Screenrant. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screenrant&rft.atitle=Captain+America+Is+A+Jewish+Golem+-+Theory+Explained&rft.date=2021-12-03&rft.aulast=Isaak&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fcaptain-america-jewish-golem-jack-kirby-joe-simon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiuraru,_Carmela2013" class="citation web cs1">Ciuraru, Carmela (27 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.usatoday.com/book/%E2%80%98golem-and-the-jinni-supernatural-story-of-assimilation/r851243">"'The Golem and the Jinni': Supernatural story of assimilation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27The+Golem+and+the+Jinni%27%3A+Supernatural+story+of+assimilation&rft.date=2013-04-27&rft.au=Ciuraru%2C+Carmela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.usatoday.com%2Fbook%2F%25E2%2580%2598golem-and-the-jinni-supernatural-story-of-assimilation%2Fr851243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCokal,_Susann2013" class="citation web cs1">Cokal, Susann (16 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/books/review/the-golem-and-the-jinni-by-helene-wecker.html?_r=0">"Breaking the Mold: 'The Golem and the Jinni', by Helene Wecker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Retrieved 29 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Choice+of+Games&rft.atitle=The+Ghost+and+the+Golem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.choiceofgames.com%2Fghost-and-the-golem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Golem-Davka/dp/B0000DG02D/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=The+Golem&qid=1583245505&rnid=301668&s=music&sr=1-1">"Davka - the Golem - Amazon.com Music"</a>. Amazon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308162614/https://www.amazon.com/Golem-Davka/dp/B0000DG02D/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=The+Golem&qid=1583245505&rnid=301668&s=music&sr=1-1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon&rft.atitle=Davka+-+the+Golem+-+Amazon.com+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FGolem-Davka%2Fdp%2FB0000DG02D%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fkeywords%3DThe%2BGolem%26qid%3D1583245505%26rnid%3D301668%26s%3Dmusic%26sr%3D1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Golem-Karl-Ernst-Sasse/dp/B000001WQI/ref=sr_1_33?keywords=The+Golem&qid=1583245976&s=music&sr=1-33">"Der Golem"</a>. Amazon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313011635/https://www.amazon.com/Golem-Karl-Ernst-Sasse/dp/B000001WQI/ref=sr_1_33?keywords=The+Golem&qid=1583245976&s=music&sr=1-33">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon&rft.atitle=Der+Golem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FGolem-Karl-Ernst-Sasse%2Fdp%2FB000001WQI%2Fref%3Dsr_1_33%3Fkeywords%3DThe%2BGolem%26qid%3D1583245976%26s%3Dmusic%26sr%3D1-33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milkenarchive.org/music/volumes/view/heroes-and-heroines/work/the-golem-excerpt">"Abraham Ellstein's the Golem"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abraham+Ellstein%27s+the+Golem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milkenarchive.org%2Fmusic%2Fvolumes%2Fview%2Fheroes-and-heroines%2Fwork%2Fthe-golem-excerpt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Golem-Shelley-Hirsch/dp/B000003YTH/ref=sr_1_9?keywords=The+Golem&qid=1583245145&s=music&sr=1-9">"Teitelbaum: Golem"</a>. Amazon. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312170606/https://www.amazon.com/Golem-Shelley-Hirsch/dp/B000003YTH/ref=sr_1_9?keywords=The+Golem&qid=1583245145&s=music&sr=1-9">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon&rft.atitle=Teitelbaum%3A+Golem&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FGolem-Shelley-Hirsch%2Fdp%2FB000003YTH%2Fref%3Dsr_1_9%3Fkeywords%3DThe%2BGolem%26qid%3D1583245145%26s%3Dmusic%26sr%3D1-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer2012" class="citation book cs1">Baer, Elizabeth R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0KL_rg4A7ZQC">The Golem Redux: From Prague to Post-Holocaust Fiction</a>. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814336267" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814336267"><bdi>978-0814336267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golem+Redux%3A+From+Prague+to+Post-Holocaust+Fiction&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0814336267&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0KL_rg4A7ZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilski1988" class="citation book cs1">Bilski, Emily B. (1988). Golem! Danger, Deliverance and Art. New York: The Jewish Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873340496" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873340496"><bdi>978-0873340496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golem%21+Danger%2C+Deliverance+and+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Museum&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0873340496&rft.aulast=Bilski&rft.aufirst=Emily+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlochtr._Schneiderman1987" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Chayim; tr. Schneiderman, H. (1987). The Golem: Mystical Tales of the Ghetto of Prague (English translation from German. First published in 'Oestereschischen Wochenschrift' 1917). New York: Rudolf Steiner Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0833400258" title="Special:BookSources/0833400258"><bdi>0833400258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golem%3A+Mystical+Tales+of+the+Ghetto+of+Prague+%28English+translation+from+German.+First+published+in+%27Oestereschischen+Wochenschrift%27+1917%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rudolf+Steiner+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0833400258&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Chayim&rft.au=tr.+Schneiderman%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokser2006" class="citation book cs1">Bokser, Ben Zion (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T2kv0gY8UhgC&pg=PP1">From the World of the Cabbalah</a>. New York: Kessinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781428620858" title="Special:BookSources/9781428620858"><bdi>9781428620858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+World+of+the+Cabbalah&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781428620858&rft.aulast=Bokser&rft.aufirst=Ben+Zion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT2kv0gY8UhgC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChihaia2011" class="citation book cs1">Chihaia, Matei (2011). Der Golem-Effekt. Orientierung und phantastische Immersion im Zeitalter des Kinos. Bielefeld: transcript. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-1714-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-1714-6"><bdi>978-3-8376-1714-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Golem-Effekt.+Orientierung+und+phantastische+Immersion+im+Zeitalter+des+Kinos&rft.place=Bielefeld&rft.pub=transcript&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-8376-1714-6&rft.aulast=Chihaia&rft.aufirst=Matei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaucheux2008" class="citation book cs1">Faucheux, Michel (2008). Norbert Wiener, le golem et la cybernétique. Paris: Editions du Sandre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norbert+Wiener%2C+le+golem+et+la+cybern%C3%A9tique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+du+Sandre&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Faucheux&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2007" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Geoffrey (2007). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic, and Mysticism. Woodbury (MN): Llewellyn Worldwide. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-0905-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-0905-5"><bdi>978-0-7387-0905-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Myth%2C+Magic%2C+and+Mysticism&rft.place=Woodbury+%28MN%29&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7387-0905-5&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler1980" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Gershon (1980). The Golem of Prague: A New Adaptation of the Documented Stories of the Golem of Prague. New York: Judaica Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910818-25-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-910818-25-8"><bdi>0-910818-25-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golem+of+Prague%3A+A+New+Adaptation+of+the+Documented+Stories+of+the+Golem+of+Prague&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Judaica+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-910818-25-8&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Gershon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith1981" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith, Arnold L. (1981). The Golem Remembered 1909–1980: Variations of a Jewish Legend. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814316832" title="Special:BookSources/0814316832"><bdi>0814316832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golem+Remembered+1909%E2%80%931980%3A+Variations+of+a+Jewish+Legend&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0814316832&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Arnold+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontiel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Montiel, Luis (30 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fasclepio.2013.01">"Proles sine matre creata: The Promethean Urge in the History of the Human Body in the West"</a>. Asclepio. 65 (1): 001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fasclepio.2013.01">10.3989/asclepio.2013.01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asclepio&rft.atitle=Proles+sine+matre+creata%3A+The+Promethean+Urge+in+the+History+of+the+Human+Body+in+the+West&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=001&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Fasclepio.2013.01&rft.aulast=Montiel&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3989%252Fasclepio.2013.01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdel1990" class="citation book cs1">Idel, Mosche (1990). Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid. Albany (NY): State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0160-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0160-X"><bdi>0-7914-0160-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golem%3A+Jewish+Magical+and+Mystical+Traditions+on+the+Artificial+Anthropoid&rft.place=Albany+%28NY%29&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7914-0160-X&rft.aulast=Idel&rft.aufirst=Mosche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbergtr._Leviant2008" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Yudl; tr. Leviant, Curt (2008). The Golem and the Wondrous deeds of the Maharal of Prague (first English translation of original in Hebrew, Pietrkow, Poland, 1909). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12204-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12204-6"><bdi>978-0-300-12204-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golem+and+the+Wondrous+deeds+of+the+Maharal+of+Prague+%28first+English+translation+of+original+in+Hebrew%2C+Pietrkow%2C+Poland%2C+1909%29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12204-6&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Yudl&rft.au=tr.+Leviant%2C+Curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalfellner2016" class="citation book cs1">Salfellner, Harald (2016). The Prague Golem: Jewish Stories of the Ghetto. Prague: Vitalis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7253-188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7253-188-2"><bdi>978-80-7253-188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prague+Golem%3A+Jewish+Stories+of+the+Ghetto&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Vitalis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-80-7253-188-2&rft.aulast=Salfellner&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomek1932" class="citation book cs1">Tomek, V.V. (1932). Pražské židovské pověsti a legendy. Prague: Končel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9+%C5%BEidovsk%C3%A9+pov%C4%9Bsti+a+legendy&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Kon%C4%8Del&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Tomek&rft.aufirst=V.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolem" class="Z3988"> Translated (2008) as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1438230052">Jewish Stories of Prague, Jewish Prague in History and Legend</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4382-3005-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4382-3005-2">1-4382-3005-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golem&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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