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Can we prevent them from being used again?</p> <a href="/nuclear-weapons" class="btn">Learn more about Nuclear Weapons</a> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/nuclear-weapons/justice" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14346">Justice</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/nuclear-weapons/worldwide" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12982">Worldwide</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/nuclear-weapons/missile-defense" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12986">Missile Defense</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/nuclear-weapons/solutions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12987">Solutions</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="node node--type-action-alert node--promoted node--view-mode-stripe"> <div class="node__content"> <h3> <a href="https://secure.ucsusa.org/a/2024-tell-congress-no-more-nuclear-weapons-testing"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tell Congress: No more nuclear weapons testing.</span> </a> 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</div> <main role="main" id="main-content"> <div class="region region-help"> <div class="wrapper-lg"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <div class="layout-content"> <div class="region region-content"> <div class="wrapper-lg hero-child-image"> <figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-responsive-hero"> <img src="https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2019-09/ucs-history.jpg?itok=frdoQPNE" width="500" height="300" alt="A photo from the archives" title="" srcset="https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2019-09/ucs-history.jpg?itok=h--bU_1o 1500w, https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-09/ucs-history.jpg?itok=D4lqPj0Q 1000w, https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2019-09/ucs-history.jpg?itok=frdoQPNE 500w" class="image-style-original" /> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Smithsonian Institution/Florence Haseltine</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div id="block-ucstheme-page-title" class="block block-core block-page-title-block hero-child"> <div class="breadcrumb"> <a href="/about">About</a> </div> <h1 class="page-title"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">History</span> </h1> <p class="page-subtitle"></p> <div class="field--name-field-intro-paragraph"> <p>We’ve spent fifty proud years tackling the world’s most pressing issues.</p> </div> </div> <article class="node node--type-page node--view-mode-full"> <div class="node__content"> <div class="column-general"> <div class="main-region"> <div class="block block-toc-js block-toc-js-block"> <details> <summary>Table of Contents</summary> <div id="sticky-anchor"></div> <div class="toc-js" id="toc-js-block" data-selectors=".field--name-field-toc-entry" data-selectors-minimum="0" data-container="div.field--name-field-sections &gt; div.field__item &gt; 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field--name-field-intro-paragraph field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>We’ve spent fifty proud years tackling the world’s most pressing issues.</p></div> </div> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodepagebody"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Union of Concerned Scientists was founded in 1969 by scientists and students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. That year, the Vietnam War was at its height and Cleveland’s heavily polluted Cuyahoga River had caught fire. Appalled at how the United States government was misusing science, the UCS founders, including <a href="/node/13071">Henry Kendall</a> and <a href="/node/13072">Kurt Gottfried</a>, drafted a statement calling for scientific research to be directed away from military technologies and toward solving pressing environmental and social problems.</p> <p>We remain true to that founding vision. Throughout our history, UCS has followed the example set by the scientific community: we share information, seek the truth, and let our findings guide our conclusions.</p> <p>It’s a powerful formula.</p> <p>By mobilizing scientists and combining their voices with those of advocates, educators, business people, and other concerned citizens, UCS has built a reputation for fairness and accuracy and amassed an impressive history of accomplishments.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-section"> <div class="main-region"> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodepagefield-sections"> <div class="field field--name-field-sections field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--submenu-section paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-toc-entry field--type-string field--label-hidden hidden field__item">Founding documents</div> <h2 class="section-header">Founding documents</h2> <div class="field field--name-field-subpages field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><article class="node node--type-page node--view-mode-teaser"> <a href="/about/history/founding-document-1968-mit-faculty-statement" class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-standard-medium"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/attach/Timeline/March-4-1969_event2.jpg?itok=xTIn-FGk" width="500" height="300" class="image-style-thumbnail" /> </div> <figcaption> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </a> <h3 > <a href="/about/history/founding-document-1968-mit-faculty-statement"> 1968 MIT Faculty Statement </a> </h3> </article> </div> <div class="field__item"><article class="node node--type-page node--view-mode-teaser"> <a href="/about/history/founding-document-beyond-march-4" class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-standard-medium"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2019-09/ucs-history-march-4.jpg?itok=kZmOat-h" width="500" height="300" alt="Signs from March 4" class="image-style-thumbnail" /> </div> <figcaption> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </a> <h3 > <a href="/about/history/founding-document-beyond-march-4"> Beyond March 4 </a> </h3> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--block-section paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-toc-entry field--type-string field--label-hidden hidden field__item">Major accomplishments</div> <h2 class="section-header">Major accomplishments</h2> <div class="field field--name-field-block field--type-block-field field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockaccomplishments-block-2" id="block-views-block-accomplishments-block-2"> <div><div class="view view-accomplishments view-id-accomplishments view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-b480c49a89a07db17586b3ce3e0ec3e1e69f75f78bbef0e1d482f9eb650e6d29"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-accomplishment node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-featured has-image"> <div class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-12/Blog-Thumbnail-Sam-Gomberg-on-MISO-Tranche-2.1.jpg?itok=10_XbCUV" width="1500" height="900" alt="Worker walks toward a wind turbine at sunset." class="image-style-large" /> </div> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Westend61/Getty Images</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="node-content"> <div class="date"> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2024-12-12T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">December 2024</time> </div> </div> <h3 > <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Millions of Midwesterners Benefit from Milestone Clean Energy Investment</span> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">In a move that will boost reliable, inexpensive clean energy and jobs in the region—that UCS has supported in state legislatures and with utility regulators for years—a Midwestern utility has voted to invest billions in its transmission system.</div> <div class="field field--name-field-url field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/about/news/historic-midwestern-grid-investment">Read press release</a></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-accomplishment node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-featured has-image"> <div class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2022-09/500-300-ev-charger.jpg?itok=rUaseSqz" width="500" height="300" alt="An electric car plugged into a charger." class="image-style-large" /> </div> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Michael Fousert/Unsplash</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="node-content"> <div class="date"> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2024-09-27T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">September 2024</time> </div> </div> <h3 > <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">California Passes First-in-the-Nation Bidirectional EV Charging Bill</span> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">After years of education and advocacy from UCS and others, California became the first state to require that EVs offer bidirectional charging capability—a forward-thinking solution for lower bills, grid resilience, and clean back-up power.</div> <div class="field field--name-field-url field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/daniel-barad/a-busy-legislative-season-in-california-adds-up-to-a-more-climate-proof-future/">Read blog post</a></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-accomplishment node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-featured has-image"> <div class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-01/1500-900-coal-power-plant.jpg?itok=N6EvOWwA" width="1500" height="900" alt="Smoke coming out of a coal-fired power plant." class="image-style-large" /> </div> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">arbyreed/Flickr</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="node-content"> <div class="date"> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2024-04-06T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">April 2024</time> </div> </div> <h3 > <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">New EPA Rules Offer $370 Billion in Climate and Health Benefits</span> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">These new rules, informed by UCS analysis, place limits on carbon emissions from new gas plants and existing coal plants. UCS was invited to the announcement of this historic announcement in recognition of our role in helping pass it. </div> <div class="field field--name-field-url field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/about/news/epa-finalizes-rules-addressing-power-plant-pollution">Read press release</a></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-accomplishment node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-featured has-image"> <div class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2022-09/EPA-building.jpg?itok=zuxdS3so" width="1200" height="720" alt="a placard on the EPA building" class="image-style-large" /> </div> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Bob Korn/Shutterstock</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="node-content"> <div class="date"> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2024-03-14T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">March 2024</time> </div> </div> <h3 > <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">After UCS Advocacy, >13 Million People Protected By New Ethylene Oxide Regulation</span> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">UCS ran an advocacy campaign, including media attention, public comments, and testimony, to pressure the EPA into setting stricter limits on ethylene oxide emissions. The outcome? Far stronger new standards and widespread public health benefits.</div> <div class="field field--name-field-url field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/about/news/epa-updates-ethylene-oxide-standards-sterilization-facilities">Read press release</a></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-accomplishment node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-featured has-image"> <div class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-05/1500-900-woman-and-dealer-looking-at-new-car.jpg?itok=qJniaDsS" width="1500" height="900" alt="A person being assisted by a car dealer." class="image-style-large" /> </div> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Antoni Shkraba/Pexels</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="node-content"> <div class="date"> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2024-03-07T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">March 2024</time> </div> </div> <h3 > <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">7 Billion Tons of Climate Pollution Avoided Thanks to New UCS-backed Vehicle Standards</span> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">The newest EPA rules will help prevent an estimated 7.2 billion tons of global warming pollution by 2055—to get there, UCS provided technical feedback, facilitated 14,000+ public comments from supporters, and rallied reinforcement in Congress. </div> <div class="field field--name-field-url field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/don-anair/everything-you-need-to-know-about-epas-new-clean-car-emissions-standards/">Read blog</a></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-accomplishment node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-featured has-image"> <div class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-05/1500-900-patrick-hendry-unsplash.jpg?itok=nc_OVLJ3" width="1500" height="900" alt="A factory emitting smoke. " class="image-style-large" /> </div> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Patrick Hendry/Unsplash</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="node-content"> <div class="date"> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2024-03-06T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">March 2024</time> </div> </div> <h3 > <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">More Than 12,000 Chemical Facilities Better Prepared for Disasters</span> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">UCS has worked for years to draw attention to weak standards that do not protect workers and adjacent communities from potential chemical plant disasters. A new EPA rule strengthens requirements for such facilities’ preparedness and prevention.</div> <div class="field field--name-field-url field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/dminovi/epa-finalizes-critical-chemical-disaster-prevention-rules/">Read blog</a></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-accomplishment node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-featured has-image"> <div class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-12/Wind-Turbines.jpg?itok=qKqmpU0Z" width="1500" height="900" alt="A landscape with four wind turbines." class="image-style-large" /> </div> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Sam Churchill/Flickr</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="node-content"> <div class="date"> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2023-11-27T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">November 2023</time> </div> </div> <h3 > <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">UCS Helps Bring Clean Energy to Michigan</span> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Multiple clean energy bills that UCS advocated for have been signed into law in Michigan—establishing a 100% clean energy standard, expanding energy efficiency programs, and creating strong new jobs.</div> <div class="field field--name-field-url field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/james-gignac/michigan-policymakers-must-keep-working-toward-an-equitable-clean-energy-future/">Read blog</a></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-accomplishment node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-featured has-image"> <div class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-04/wildfire-burn-thumbnail.jpg?itok=GRwiFU3_" width="500" height="300" alt="Smoke rising from the forest floor" class="image-style-large" /> </div> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Joanne Francis/Unsplash</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="node-content"> <div class="date"> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2023-05-16T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">May 2023</time> </div> </div> <h3 > <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">UCS Research Points Finger at Big Oil for Western Wildfires</span> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">UCS peer-reviewed science shows that more than one-third of the total area scorched by forest fires in the western United States and southwestern Canada since 1986 can be directly attributed to emissions from specific fossil fuel companies.</div> <div class="field field--name-field-url field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/fossil-fuels-behind-forest-fires#top">Read report</a></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-accomplishment node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-featured has-image"> <div class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-12/Copy-of-Blog-Lead-Image-Template-16.jpg?itok=BnS0WtTj" width="1500" height="900" alt="A group of people hold signs showing support for frontline communities." class="image-style-large" /> </div> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Sierra Club North Star Chapter</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="node-content"> <div class="date"> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2023-05-12T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">May 2023</time> </div> </div> <h3 > <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">UCS and Partners Move Toward Environmental Justice in Minnesota</span> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Working with a coalition, UCS helped press Minnesota to enact novel legislation that will allow state regulators to protect communities exposed to multiple pollutants, by limiting or denying environmental permits to polluting projects.</div> <div class="field field--name-field-url field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/kellickson/minnesota-needs-environmental-protections-for-cumulative-impacts-your-state-does-too/">Read blog</a></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-accomplishment node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-featured has-image"> <div class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-02/1500-900-usda-scientist.jpg?itok=ZDFcoGp6" width="1500" height="900" alt="A USDA scientist inspects grains." class="image-style-large" /> </div> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">USDA/Flickr</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="node-content"> <div class="date"> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2023-02-02T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">February 2023</time> </div> </div> <h3 > <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Decades of UCS Work Reflected in White House Guidance</span> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">The White House’s Office of Science and Technology Policy issued a landmark framework for scientific integrity that will protect federal science from undue political interference—guidance that reflects decades of UCS research and advocacy.</div> <div class="field field--name-field-url field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/jacob-carter/new-white-house-guidance-protects-federal-scientists-and-their-work/">Read blog</a></div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <nav class="pager" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="pager__heading visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="pager__items js-pager__items"> <li class="pager__item is-active"> Page 1 </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--next"> <a 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