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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1058–1505"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1058–1505</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1058–1505-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Since 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Treasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abbots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Abbots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Burials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="مونتيكاسينو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مونتيكاسينو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecassino" title="Montecassino – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Montecassino" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μόντε Κασίνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόντε Κασίνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monto_Kasino" title="Monto Kasino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monto Kasino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecassino" title="Montecassino – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Montecassino" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صومعه بندیکتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صومعه بندیکتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Cassin" title="Mont Cassin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mont Cassin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecassino" title="Montecassino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Montecassino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="מונטה קאסינו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונטה קאסינו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecassino" title="Montecassino – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Montecassino" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Casinus" title="Mons Casinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mons Casinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="माँते कॅसिनो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माँते कॅसिनो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="جبل مونتيكاسينو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبل مونتيكاسينو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E" title="モンテ・カッシーノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンテ・カッシーノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondecasine" title="Mondecasine – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mondecasine" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Cassin" title="Mont Cassin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mont Cassin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Монте Касино – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монте Касино" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Monte Cassino" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecassino" title="Montecassino – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Montecassino" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="มอนเตกัสซีโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอนเตกัสซีโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Монте-Кассіно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монте-Кассіно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E8%AB%BE%E5%B1%B1" title="卡西諾山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡西諾山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monte_Cassino&params=41_29_24_N_13_48_50_E_region:IT_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°29′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°48′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.49000°N 13.81389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.49000; 13.81389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historically significant hill in Lazio, Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For information about the World War II battle, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Monte Cassino Abbey</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="background: #efefef;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonteCassino_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MonteCassino_Abbey.jpg/250px-MonteCassino_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MonteCassino_Abbey.jpg/375px-MonteCassino_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MonteCassino_Abbey.jpg/500px-MonteCassino_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="5399" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top:2pt;">Abbey of Monte Cassino</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="background: #efefef;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monte Cassino is located in Italy"><img alt="Monte Cassino is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.843%;left:59.484%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Monte Cassino"><img alt="Monte Cassino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Italy</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E663CA; color:black;">Monastery information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">Order</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 529</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Monte Cassino">Diocese of Monte Cassino</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E663CA; color:black;">People</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbot</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Antonio Luca Fallica <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">OSB</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E663CA; color:black;">Site</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cassino" title="Cassino">Cassino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monte_Cassino&params=41_29_24_N_13_48_50_E_region:IT_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°29′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°48′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.49000°N 13.81389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.49000; 13.81389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Monte Cassino</b> (today usually spelled <b>Montecassino</b>) is a rocky hill about 130 kilometres (80 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Valley">Latin Valley</a>, Italy, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2 kilometres (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Cassino" title="Cassino">Cassino</a> and at an elevation of 520 m (1,710 ft). Site of the Roman town of <a href="/wiki/Casinum" title="Casinum">Casinum</a>, it is widely known for its <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a>, the first house of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine Order">Benedictine Order</a>, having been established by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> himself around 529. It was for the community of Monte Cassino that the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a> was composed. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> on Monte Cassino was sacked by the invading <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> around 570 and abandoned. Of the first monastery almost nothing is known. The second monastery was established by <a href="/wiki/Petronax_of_Brescia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petronax of Brescia">Petronax of Brescia</a> around 718, at the suggestion of Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a> and with the support of the Lombard Duke <a href="/wiki/Romuald_II_of_Benevento" title="Romuald II of Benevento">Romuald II of Benevento</a>. It was directly subject to the pope and many monasteries in Italy were under its authority. In 883, the monastery was sacked by <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> and abandoned again. The community of monks resided first at <a href="/wiki/Teano" title="Teano">Teano</a> and then from 914 at <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> before the monastery was rebuilt in 949. During the period of exile, the <a href="/wiki/Cluniac_Reforms" title="Cluniac Reforms">Cluniac Reforms</a> were introduced into the community. </p><p>The 11th and 12th centuries were the abbey's golden age. It acquired a large secular territory around Monte Cassino, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></i> ("Land of Saint Benedict"), which it heavily fortified with <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a>. It maintained good relations with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Church</a>, even receiving patronage from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a>. It encouraged fine art and craftsmanship by employing Byzantine artisans. In 1057, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a> recognised the abbot of Monte Cassino as having precedence over all other abbots. Many monks rose to become bishops and cardinals, and three popes were drawn from the abbey: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a> (1057–58), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a> (1086–87) and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a> (1118–19). During this period, a monastic chronicle, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronica_sacri_monasterii_casinensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chronica sacri monasterii casinensis (page does not exist)">Chronica sacri monasterii casinensis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronica_sacri_monasterii_casinensis" class="extiw" title="it:Chronica sacri monasterii casinensis">it</a>]</span></i>, was written by two of its own, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Ostia" title="Leo of Ostia">Leo of Ostia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Deacon" title="Peter the Deacon">Peter the Deacon</a> (who also compiled the <a href="/wiki/Cartulary" title="Cartulary">cartulary</a>). </p><p>By the 13th century, the monastery's decline had set in. In 1239, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> garrisoned troops in it during his war with the Papacy. In 1322, Pope <a href="/wiki/John_XXII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXII">John XXII</a> elevated the abbey into a bishopric but this was suppressed in 1367. The buildings were destroyed by an earthquake in 1349, and in 1369 Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a> demanded a contribution from all Benedictine monasteries to fund the rebuilding. In 1454, the abbey was placed <i><a href="/wiki/In_commendam" title="In commendam">in commendam</a></i> and in 1504 was made subject to the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Santa_Giustina" title="Abbey of Santa Giustina">Abbey of Santa Giustina</a> in Padua. </p><p>In 1799, Monte Cassino was sacked again by French troops during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. The abbey was dissolved by the Italian government in 1866. The building became a national monument with the monks as custodians of its treasures. In 1944 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a> and the building was destroyed by Allied bombing. It was rebuilt after the war. </p><p>After the reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> the monastery was one of the few remaining <a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">territorial abbeys</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. On 23 October 2014, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> applied the norms of the <i><a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a></i> <i>Ecclesia Catholica</i> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a> (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the abbey, removing from its jurisdiction all 53 parishes and reducing its spiritual jurisdiction to the abbey itself – while retaining its status as a territorial abbey. The former territory of the Abbey, except the land on which the abbey church and monastery sit, was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo">diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> at the same time appointed Father Donato Ogliari as the new Abbot who will serve as the 192nd successor of Saint <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nurcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict of Nurcia">Benedict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, the monastic community consists of thirteen monks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ogliari was succeeded as abbot by Antonio Luca Fallica in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_Cassino_2010-by-RaBoe-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Monte_Cassino_2010-by-RaBoe-12.jpg/280px-Monte_Cassino_2010-by-RaBoe-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Monte_Cassino_2010-by-RaBoe-12.jpg/420px-Monte_Cassino_2010-by-RaBoe-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Monte_Cassino_2010-by-RaBoe-12.jpg/560px-Monte_Cassino_2010-by-RaBoe-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Cliff on "high mountain"</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casinum" title="Casinum">Casinum</a></div> <p>The history of Monte Cassino is linked to the nearby town of Cassino which was first settled in the fifth century BC by the <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a> people who held much of central Italy. It was they who first built a citadel on the summit of Monte Cassino. The Volsci in the area were defeated by the Romans in 312 BC. The Romans named the settlement <a href="/wiki/Casinum" title="Casinum">Casinum</a> and built a temple to Apollo at the citadel. Modern excavations have found no remains of the temple, but monumental remains of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and a mausoleum show the wealth of the Roman town.<sup id="cite_ref-IDHP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDHP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generations after the Roman Empire adopted Christianity the town became the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Monte Cassino">bishopric</a> in the fifth century AD. Lacking strong defences the area was subject to barbarian attack and became abandoned and neglected with only a few struggling inhabitants holding out.<sup id="cite_ref-IDHP_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDHP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_of_Benedict_(530–547)"><span id="Era_of_Benedict_.28530.E2.80.93547.29"></span>Era of Benedict (530–547)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Era of Benedict (530–547)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great's</a> hagiography, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nurcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict of Nurcia">Benedict</a>, <i>Life of Saint Benedict of Nursia</i>, the monastery was constructed on an older pagan site, a <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> that crowned the hill. The biography records that the area was still largely <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> at the time; Benedict's first act was to smash the sculpture of Apollo and destroy the altar. He then reused the temple, dedicating it to <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Saint Martin</a>, and built another chapel on the site of the altar dedicated to Saint <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. </p><p>Pope Gregory I's account of Benedict's seizure of Monte Cassino: </p> <blockquote><p>Now the citadel called Casinum is located on the side of a high mountain. The mountain shelters this citadel on a broad bench. Then it rises three miles above it as if its peak tended toward heaven. There was an ancient temple there in which Apollo used to be worshipped according to the old pagan rite by the foolish local farmers. Around it had grown up a grove dedicated to demon worship, where even at that time a wild crowd still devoted themselves to unholy sacrifices. When [Benedict] the man of God arrived, he smashed the idol, overturned the altar and cut down the grove of trees. He built a chapel dedicated to St. Martin in the temple of Apollo and another to St. John where the altar of Apollo had stood. And he summoned the people of the district to the faith by his unceasing preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_(Monte_Cassino)_-_Facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cathedral_%28Monte_Cassino%29_-_Facade.jpg/220px-Cathedral_%28Monte_Cassino%29_-_Facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cathedral_%28Monte_Cassino%29_-_Facade.jpg/330px-Cathedral_%28Monte_Cassino%29_-_Facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cathedral_%28Monte_Cassino%29_-_Facade.jpg/440px-Cathedral_%28Monte_Cassino%29_-_Facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8144" data-file-height="5946" /></a><figcaption>The façade of the church</figcaption></figure> <p>Pope Gregory I's biography of Benedict claims that Satan opposed the monks repurposing the site. In one story, Satan invisibly sits on a rock making it too heavy to remove until Benedict drives him off. In another story, Satan taunts Benedict and then collapses a wall on a young monk, who is brought back to life by Benedict. Pope Gregory also relays that the monks found a pagan idol of bronze when digging at the site (which when thrown into the kitchen gave the illusion of a fire until dispelled by Benedict).<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Neil_Christie" title="Neil Christie">Neil Christie</a> notes that it was common in such <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a> for the protagonist to encounter areas of strong paganism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict scholar Terrence Kardong examines why Benedict did not face stiffer opposition in his seizure of the site from the local pagans. He contrasts this with the 25-year struggle faced by St. Martin of Tours in western Gaul by pagans angry at his attacks on their shrines: "By the time of Benedict, paganism was in a weaker condition in western Europe than it had been in Martin's time. And, of course, it must be remembered that Martin as a bishop was a much more prominent churchman than Benedict. This was an isolated and unusual episode in Benedict's monastic career. Martin, however, was thrust out of his monastery into the role of a missionary bishop in the fourth century."<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benedict scholars (such as Adalbert de Vogüé and Terrence Kardong) note the heavy influence of <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Severus" title="Sulpicius Severus">Sulpicius Severus</a>' <i>Life of Martin</i> on Pope Gregory I's biography of Benedict, including the account of his seizure of Monte Cassino. Benedict's violence against a pagan holy place recalls both Martin's assault against pagan shrines generations before and the Biblical story of conquering Israel entering the Holy Land (see Exodus 34:12–14). De Vogue writes "this mountain had to be conquered from an idolatrous people and purified from its devilish horrors. And like conquering Israel, Benedict came precisely to carry out this purification. No doubt Gregory had this biblical model uppermost in his mind, as is clear from the terms he uses to describe the work of destruction. At the same time, neither Gregory nor Benedict could have forgotten the similar line of action taken by St. Martin against the pagan shrines of Gaul."<sup id="cite_ref-Vogue_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogue-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Gregory I's account of Benedict at Monte Cassino is seen by scholars as the final setting for an epic set in motion at Subiaco. In his earlier setting Benedict "had twice shown complete mastery over his aggressiveness, Benedict is now allowed to use it without restraint in the service of God."<sup id="cite_ref-Vogue_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogue-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars note that this striking contrast is not stressed by Gregory but rather both settings are portrayed as part of a single battle account against the same demonic enemy. Where Satan concealed himself behind underlings at Subiaco, at Monte Cassino he drops the masks to enter into a desperate attempt to prevent an abbey from being built, and "that the sole cause of this eruption of satanic action is the suppression of pagan worship on the high places."<sup id="cite_ref-Vogue_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogue-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abad%C3%ADa_de_Montecassino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Abad%C3%ADa_de_Montecassino.jpg/220px-Abad%C3%ADa_de_Montecassino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Abad%C3%ADa_de_Montecassino.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>While scholars see some similarities between the story of Benedict's encountering demonic phenomena and diabolic apparitions at Monte Cassino with the story of Saint <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a>'s temptation in the desert, the influence of the story of St. Martin is dominant – with the resistance of Satan substituting for Martin's outraged pagan populace. Unlike the stories that may have influenced Pope Gregory's structure of the biography, Benedict's victories are practical, preventing Satan from stopping work on the abbey at Monte Cassino. Benedict's prayers are portrayed as the driving force behind the building of the abbey and the triumphs over Satan, through prayer: "Benedict the monk wrests from the devil a well-determined base which he never leaves."<sup id="cite_ref-Vogue_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogue-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the completion of the abbey, Satan's appearances in the story diminish back to the same level as Subiaco, "Only after the saint's death and by God's permission would other enemies, the Lombards, succeed in sacking it."<sup id="cite_ref-Vogue_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogue-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Once established at Monte Cassino, Benedict never left. He wrote the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Benedictine Rule</a> that became the founding principle for Western <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>, received a visit from <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> (perhaps in 543, the only remotely secure historical date for Benedict), and died there. According to accounts, "Benedict died in the oratory of St. Martin, and was buried in the oratory of St. John."<sup id="cite_ref-Vogue_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogue-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rule of St. Benedict mandated the moral obligations to care for the sick. So in Monte Cassino St. Benedict founded a hospital that is considered today to have been the first in Europe of the new era. Benedictine monks took care of the sick and wounded there according to Benedict's Rule. The monastic routine called for hard work. The care of the sick was such an important duty that those caring for them were enjoined to act as if they served Christ directly. Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at nearby Subiaco (about 64 km to the east of Rome), where hospitals were settled, too, as adjuncts to the monasteries to provide charity. Soon many monasteries were founded throughout Europe, and everywhere there were hospitals like those in Monte Cassino. </p><p>Pope Gregory I's account of Benedict's construction was confirmed by archaeological discoveries made after the destruction of 1944. Adalbert de Vogüé recounts that "Traces have been found of the oratories of St. Martin and of St. John the Baptist, with additions from the eighth and eleventh centuries, together with their pre-Christian cellars. The first one which Benedict built in the temple itself was only twelve meters long and eight wide. From this, we can infer a fairly small community. The second oratory, on the mountain-top, where the pagan altar had stood in the open air, was of the same width but somewhat longer (15.25 meters)."<sup id="cite_ref-Vogue_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogue-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="580–884"><span id="580.E2.80.93884"></span>580–884</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 580–884"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_Cassino_abbey_from_cemetery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Monte_Cassino_abbey_from_cemetery.JPG/300px-Monte_Cassino_abbey_from_cemetery.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Monte_Cassino_abbey_from_cemetery.JPG/450px-Monte_Cassino_abbey_from_cemetery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Monte_Cassino_abbey_from_cemetery.JPG/600px-Monte_Cassino_abbey_from_cemetery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Promontory and post-WWII rebuilt abbey</figcaption></figure><p>Monte Cassino became a model for future developments. Its prominent site has always made it an object of strategic importance. It was sacked or destroyed a number of times. "The first to demolish it were Lombards on foot in 580; the last were Allied bombers in 1944."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 581, during the abbacy of <a href="/wiki/Bonitus_(abbot)" title="Bonitus (abbot)">Bonitus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> sacked the abbey, and the surviving monks fled to Rome, where they remained for more than a century. During this time the body of St Benedict was transferred to Fleury, the modern <a href="/wiki/Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire" title="Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire">Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire</a> near Orleans, France. </p><p>A flourishing period of Monte Cassino followed its re-establishment in 718 by <a href="/wiki/Petronax_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Petronax of Monte Cassino">Abbot Petronax</a>, when among the monks were <a href="/wiki/Carloman,_Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Carloman, Mayor of the Palace">Carloman</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ratchis" title="Ratchis">Ratchis</a>, predecessor of the Lombard King <a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>, the historian of the Lombards. </p><p>In 744, a donation of <a href="/wiki/Gisulf_II_of_Benevento" title="Gisulf II of Benevento">Gisulf II of Benevento</a> created the <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></i>, the secular lands of the abbacy, which were subject to the abbot and nobody else save the pope. Thus, the monastery became the capital of a state comprising a compact and strategic region between the Lombard <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">principality of Benevento</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> city-states of the coast (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Gaeta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>). </p><p>In 884 <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> sacked and then burned it down,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Abbot <a href="/wiki/Bertharius_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Bertharius of Monte Cassino">Bertharius</a> was killed during the attack. Among the great historians who worked at the monastery, in this period there is <a href="/wiki/Erchempert" title="Erchempert">Erchempert</a>, whose <i>Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum</i> is a fundamental chronicle of the ninth-century <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Mezzogiorno</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1058–1505"><span id="1058.E2.80.931505"></span>1058–1505</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1058–1505"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Monte_Cassino" title="Special:EditPage/Monte Cassino">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_144r_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_144r_2.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_144r_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_144r_2.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_144r_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_144r_2.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_144r_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodcut</a> of the abbey from the late 15th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">folio</a> 144 <a href="/wiki/Recto" class="mw-redirect" title="Recto">recto</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Monte Cassino was rebuilt and reached the apex of its fame in the 11th century under the abbot Desiderius (abbot 1058–1087), who later became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Pope Victor III</a>. Monks caring for the patients in Monte Cassino constantly needed new medical knowledge. So they began to buy and collect medical and other books by Greek, Roman, Islamic, Egyptian, European, Jewish, and Oriental authors. As Naples is situated on the crossroad of many seaways of Europe, the Middle East and Asia, soon the monastery library was one of the richest in Europe. All the knowledge of the civilizations of all the times and nations was accumulated in the Abbey of that time. The Benedictines translated into Latin and transcribed precious manuscripts. The number of monks rose to over two hundred, and the library, the manuscripts produced in the <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a> and the school of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">manuscript illuminators</a> became famous throughout the West. The unique <a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan script</a> flourished there during Desiderius' abbacy. Monks reading and copying the medical texts learned a lot about human anatomy and methods of treatment, and then put their theoretic skills into practice at monastery hospital. By the 10–11th centuries Monte Cassino became the most famous cultural, educational, and medical center of Europe with a great library in Medicine and other sciences. Many physicians came there for medical and other knowledge. That is why the first <a href="/wiki/Schola_Medica_Salernitana" title="Schola Medica Salernitana">High Medical School</a> in the world was soon opened in nearby <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> which is considered today to have been the earliest Institution of Higher Education in Western Europe. This school found its original base in the Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino still in the 9th century and later settled down in Salerno. So, Montecassino and Benedictines played a great role in the progress of medicine and science in the Middle Ages, and with his life and work St. Benedict himself exercised a fundamental influence on the development of European civilization and culture and helped Europe to emerge from the "dark night of history" that followed the fall of the Roman empire. </p><p>The buildings of the monastery were reconstructed in the 11th century on a scale of great magnificence, artists being brought from Amalfi, Lombardy, and even <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to supervise the various works. The abbey church, rebuilt and decorated with the utmost splendor, was consecrated in 1071 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Pope Alexander II</a>. A detailed account of the abbey at this date exists in the <i>Chronica monasterii Cassinensis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Ostia" title="Leo of Ostia">Leo of Ostia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amatus_of_Montecassino" title="Amatus of Montecassino">Amatus of Monte Cassino</a> gives us our best source on the early <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> in the south. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Montecasino%22_(22265553712).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Montecasino%22_%2822265553712%29.jpg/220px-%22Montecasino%22_%2822265553712%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Montecasino%22_%2822265553712%29.jpg/330px-%22Montecasino%22_%2822265553712%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Montecasino%22_%2822265553712%29.jpg/440px-%22Montecasino%22_%2822265553712%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3808" data-file-height="2528" /></a><figcaption>The abbey in depicted in <a href="/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Pacichelli" title="Giovan Battista Pacichelli">Giovan Battista Pacichelli</a>'s 1703 <i>Il regno di Napoli in prospettiva</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Abbot Desiderius sent envoys to Constantinople some time after 1066 to hire expert <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine mosaic">Byzantine mosaicists</a> for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church. According to chronicler <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Ostia" title="Leo of Ostia">Leo of Ostia</a> the Greek artists decorated the apse, the arch and the vestibule of the basilica. Their work was admired by contemporaries but was totally destroyed in later centuries except two fragments depicting greyhounds (now in the Monte Cassino Museum). "The abbot in his wisdom decided that a great number of young monks in the monastery should be thoroughly initiated in these arts" – says the chronicler about the role of the Greeks in the revival of mosaic art in medieval Italy. </p><p>Architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_John_Conant" title="Kenneth John Conant">Kenneth John Conant</a> believed that Desiderius' rebuilding included <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch" title="Pointed arch">pointed arches</a>, and served as a major influence in the nascent development of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>. Abbot <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Cluny" title="Hugh of Cluny">Hugh of Cluny</a> visited Monte Cassino in 1083, and five years later he began to build the third church at <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny Abbey</a>, which then included pointed arches and became a major turning point in medieval architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An earthquake damaged the Abbey in 1349, and although the site was rebuilt it marked the beginning of a long period of decline. In 1321, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> made the church of Monte Cassino a cathedral, and the carefully preserved independence of the monastery from episcopal interference was at an end. That situation was reversed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Pope Urban V</a>, a Benedictine, in 1367.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1505 the monastery was joined with that of St. Justina of Padua. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_McIntyre,_Air_raid_at_Monte_Cassino,_February_1944_(16291761647).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Peter_McIntyre%2C_Air_raid_at_Monte_Cassino%2C_February_1944_%2816291761647%29.jpg/200px-Peter_McIntyre%2C_Air_raid_at_Monte_Cassino%2C_February_1944_%2816291761647%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Peter_McIntyre%2C_Air_raid_at_Monte_Cassino%2C_February_1944_%2816291761647%29.jpg/300px-Peter_McIntyre%2C_Air_raid_at_Monte_Cassino%2C_February_1944_%2816291761647%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Peter_McIntyre%2C_Air_raid_at_Monte_Cassino%2C_February_1944_%2816291761647%29.jpg/400px-Peter_McIntyre%2C_Air_raid_at_Monte_Cassino%2C_February_1944_%2816291761647%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Air assault on Monte Cassino, 15<span class="nowrap"> </span>February<span class="nowrap"> </span>1944, painted by <a href="/wiki/Peter_McIntyre_(artist)" title="Peter McIntyre (artist)">Peter McIntyre</a>, an <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_official_war_artists" title="New Zealand official war artists">official war artist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand during WWII</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004,_Italien,_Monte_Cassino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Monte Cassino in ruins after Allied bombing in February 1944</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_19th_century">Since 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Since 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abbey was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a> in 1799. From the dissolution of the Italian monasteries in 1866, Monte Cassino became a national monument. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (January–May 1944) the Abbey was heavily damaged. The German military forces had established the 161-kilometre (100-mile) <a href="/wiki/Winter_Line" title="Winter Line">Gustav Line</a>, in order to prevent Allied troops from advancing northwards. The abbey itself however, was not initially utilised by the German troops as part of their fortifications, owing to General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Kesselring</a>'s regard for the historical monument. The Gustav Line stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coast in the east, with Monte Cassino itself overlooking Highway 6 and blocking the path to Rome. </p><p>On 15 February 1944 the abbey was nearly destroyed in a series of heavy, American-led air raids. General <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Sir Harold Alexander</a>, with the support of numerous Allied commanders, ordered the bombing, which was conducted due to several reports from <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> officers suggesting that German forces were occupying the monastery; the abbey was considered a key observation post by all those who were fighting in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the bombing no German troops were present in the abbey. Subsequent investigations found that the only people killed in the monastery by the bombing were 230 Italian civilians seeking refuge there.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the bombing the ruins of the monastery were occupied by German <i><a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">Fallschirmjäger</a></i> paratroopers of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="1st Parachute Division (Germany)">1st Parachute Division</a>, due to the ruins providing excellent defensive cover.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Abbey was rebuilt after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1950s, President of the Italian Republic <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Luigi Einaudi</a> gave considerable support to the rebuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> consecrated the rebuilt Basilica on 24 October 1964. During reconstruction, the abbey library was housed at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Abbey_of_St_Jerome-in-the-City" title="Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City">Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until his resignation was accepted by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> on 12 June 2013, the Territorial Abbot of Monte Cassino was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Vittorelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Vittorelli (page does not exist)">Pietro Vittorelli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vatican daily bulletin of 23 October 2014 announced that with the appointment of his successor Donato Ogliari, the territory of the abbey outside the immediate monastery grounds had been transferred to the Diocese of Sora-Aquino-Pontecorvo, now renamed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo">Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treasures">Treasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1943, some 1,400 irreplaceable manuscript <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a>, chiefly patristic and historical, in addition to a vast number of documents relating to the history of the abbey and the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Keats-Shelley_Memorial_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Keats-Shelley Memorial House">Keats-Shelley Memorial House</a> in Rome, had been sent to the abbey <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archives</a> for safekeeping. German officers Lt. Col. Julius Schlegel (a Roman Catholic) and Capt. Maximilian Becker (a Protestant), both from the <a href="/wiki/Fallschirm-Panzer_Division_1_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring">Panzer-Division Hermann Göring</a>, had them transferred to the Vatican at the beginning of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another account, however, from revisionist author <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kurowski" title="Franz Kurowski">Franz Kurowski</a>'s <i>The History of the Fallschirmpanzerkorps Hermann Göring: Soldiers of the Reichsmarschall</i>, notes that 120 trucks were loaded with monastic assets and art which had been stored there for safekeeping. Robert Edsel (2006), on the other hand, speculates it might have been looting. The trucks were loaded and left in October 1943, and only "strenuous" protests resulted in their delivery to the Vatican, minus the 15 cases which contained the property of the <a href="/wiki/Capodimonte_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Capodimonte Museum">Capodimonte Museum</a> in Naples. Edsel goes on to note that these cases had been delivered to Göring in December 1943, for "his birthday". This is, however, unproven. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbots">Abbots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abbots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_abbots_of_Monte_Cassino" title="List of abbots of Monte Cassino">List of abbots of Monte Cassino</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burials">Burials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Burials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Monte_Cassino" title="Special:EditPage/Monte Cassino">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Monte+Cassino%22">"Monte Cassino"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Monte+Cassino%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Monte+Cassino%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Monte+Cassino%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Monte+Cassino%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Monte+Cassino%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_Cassino_Abbey_(view_from_Polish_cemetery).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Monte_Cassino_Abbey_%28view_from_Polish_cemetery%29.jpg/320px-Monte_Cassino_Abbey_%28view_from_Polish_cemetery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Monte_Cassino_Abbey_%28view_from_Polish_cemetery%29.jpg/480px-Monte_Cassino_Abbey_%28view_from_Polish_cemetery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Monte_Cassino_Abbey_%28view_from_Polish_cemetery%29.jpg/640px-Monte_Cassino_Abbey_%28view_from_Polish_cemetery%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Panorama from Polish cemetery</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Pope Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_Domenico_Bartolini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardinal Domenico Bartolini (page does not exist)">Cardinal Domenico Bartolini</a> (1813–87)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollinaris_of_Montecassino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollinaris of Montecassino (page does not exist)">Saint Apollinaris</a>, abbot of Montecassino, feast day on 27 November</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Saint Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertharius_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Bertharius of Monte Cassino">Saint Bertharius</a>, abbot of Montecassino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Gawlina" title="Józef Gawlina">Józef Gawlina</a>, archbishop and Divisional general</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Gradenigo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Gradenigo (page does not exist)">John Gradenigo</a></li> <li>Saint <a href="/wiki/Scholastica" title="Scholastica">Scholastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikelgaita" title="Sikelgaita">Sigelgaita of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_(mayor_of_the_palace)" title="Carloman (mayor of the palace)">Carloman (mayor of the palace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Anders" title="Władysław Anders">Władysław Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Poland)">Members of the Polish 2nd Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero the Unfortunate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cemetery_at_Monte_Cassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish cemetery at Monte Cassino">Polish cemetery at Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Poppies_on_Monte_Cassino" title="Red Poppies on Monte Cassino">Red Poppies on Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Venere_Abbey" title="San Giovanni in Venere Abbey">San Giovanni in Venere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Liberatore_a_Maiella" title="San Liberatore a Maiella">San Liberatore a Maiella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cassino_Band_of_Northumbria_Army_Cadet_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cassino Band of Northumbria Army Cadet Force">The Cassino Band of Northumbria Army Cadet Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Poppies_on_Monte_Cassino" title="The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino">The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamp_of_Brotherhood" title="Lamp of Brotherhood">Lamp of Brotherhood</a>, lamps that were distributed at Monte Cassino to promote reconciliation after World War II</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19761023_catholica-ecclesia.html">"Catholica Ecclesia"</a>. <i>Holy See</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+See&rft.atitle=Catholica+Ecclesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fit%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19761023_catholica-ecclesia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/10/23/vatican_announces_reorganisation_of_montecassino_abbey/1109281">"Vatican announces reorganisation of Montecassino Abbey"</a>. Vatican Radio. 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vatican+announces+reorganisation+of+Montecassino+Abbey&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.radiovaticana.va%2Fnews%2F2014%2F10%2F23%2Fvatican_announces_reorganisation_of_montecassino_abbey%2F1109281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/30787/vatican-reorganizes-montecassino-mother-abbey-of-the-benedictines">"Vatican reorganizes Montecassino, mother abbey of the Benedictines"</a>. Catholic News Agency. 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vatican+reorganizes+Montecassino%2C+mother+abbey+of+the+Benedictines&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F30787%2Fvatican-reorganizes-montecassino-mother-abbey-of-the-benedictines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittiglio2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pittiglio, Elena (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilmessaggero.it/frosinone/montecassino_ogliari_nuovo_abate-656782.html">"Dom Ogliari nuovo abate di Montecassino"</a> [Dom Ogliari is the new Abbot of Montecassino]. <i>Il Messaggero</i> (in Italian). Rome, Italy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Messaggero&rft.atitle=Dom+Ogliari+nuovo+abate+di+Montecassino&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.aulast=Pittiglio&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilmessaggero.it%2Ffrosinone%2Fmontecassino_ogliari_nuovo_abate-656782.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Catalogus Monasteriorum O.S.B.</i> (SS. Patriarchae Benedicti Familiae Confoederatae: Curia dell'Abate Primate, Editio XXII 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/01/09/230109d.html">"Resignations and Appointments"</a>. <i>press.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=press.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Resignations+and+Appointments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fen%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2023%2F01%2F09%2F230109d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDHP-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDHP_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDHP_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFby_Trudy_RingRobert_M._SalkinSharon_La_Boda1995" class="citation book cs1">by Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda, eds. (1995). <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Volume 3 Southern Europe</i>. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Volume+3+Southern+Europe&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Gregory_I2009" class="citation book cs1">Pope Gregory I (2009). "7:10–11". <i>The Life of Saint Benedict</i>. Translated by Terrence Kardong, OSB. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A10%E2%80%9311&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Saint+Benedict&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+MN&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Pope+Gregory+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pope-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pope_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pope_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Gregory_I2009" class="citation book cs1">Pope Gregory I (2009). <i>The Life of Saint Benedict</i>. Translated by Terrence Kardong, OSB. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Saint+Benedict&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+MN&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Pope+Gregory+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie2006">Christie 2006</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogue-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vogue_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogue_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogue_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogue_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogue_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogue_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogue_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_the_Great1993" class="citation book cs1">Gregory the Great (1993). <i>The Life of St. Benedict</i>. Translated by Hilary Costello and Eoin de Bhaldraithe. Commentary by Adalbert de Vogüé. Petersham, MA: St. Bede's Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+St.+Benedict&rft.place=Petersham%2C+MA&rft.pub=St.+Bede%27s+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Gregory+the+Great&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremantle1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fremantle" title="Anne Fremantle">Fremantle, Anne</a> (1965). <i>The Age of Faith</i>. Time-Life Books. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0652686104" title="Special:BookSources/978-0652686104"><bdi>978-0652686104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Faith&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0652686104&rft.aulast=Fremantle&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1950" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (1950). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoffaithahisto012288mbp"><i>The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325–1300</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoffaithahisto012288mbp/page/n317">290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Faith%3A+A+History+of+Medieval+Civilization+%E2%80%93+Christian%2C+Islamic%2C+and+Judaic+%E2%80%93+from+Constantine+to+Dante%3A+A.D.+325%E2%80%931300&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageoffaithahisto012288mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerde" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Verde, Tom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201203/the.point.of.the.arch.htm">"The Point of the Arch"</a>, <i>Aramco World</i>, May/June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Point+of+the+Arch&rft.volume=May%2FJune+2012&rft.aulast=Verde&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F201203%2Fthe.point.of.the.arch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomassetti,_Aloysius1859" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tomassetti, Aloysius, ed. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCxOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum Taurinensis editio</i></a> (in Latin) (Tomus IV ed.). Turin: Seb. Franco et Henrico Dalmazzo editoribus. pp. 522–523.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bullarum%2C+diplomatum+et+privilegiorum+sanctorum+romanorum+pontificum+Taurinensis+editio&rft.place=Turin&rft.pages=522-523&rft.edition=Tomus+IV&rft.pub=Seb.+Franco+et+Henrico+Dalmazzo+editoribus&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDCxOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/when-i-landed-war-was-over?page=6">"When I Landed the War Was over"</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Rudd" title="Hughes Rudd">Hughes Rudd</a>, <i>American Heritage</i>, October/November 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hapgood & Richardson, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkinson (2007), pp. 432–441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathé" class="citation web cs1">Pathé, British. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishpathe.com/video/monks-rebuilding-monte-cassino">"Monks Rebuilding Monte Cassino"</a>. <i>www.britishpathe.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britishpathe.com&rft.atitle=Monks+Rebuilding+Monte+Cassino&rft.aulast=Path%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=British&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fvideo%2Fmonks-rebuilding-monte-cassino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Abbey of Monte Cassino: An Illustrated Guide</i> undated English language publication</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1986" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Herbert (1986). <i>Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages</i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674586557" title="Special:BookSources/0674586557"><bdi>0674586557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monte+Cassino+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0674586557&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615083629/http://www.news.va/en/news/other-pontifical-acts-341">"Pontifical Acts – 12 June"</a>. <i>News.va</i>. 12 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.va/en/news/other-pontifical-acts-341">the original</a> on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News.va&rft.atitle=Pontifical+Acts+%E2%80%93+12+June&rft.date=2013-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.va%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fother-pontifical-acts-341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2014/10/23/0784/01660.html">"Rinunce e nomine, 23.10.2014"</a>. <i>vatican.va</i>. 23 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Rinunce+e+nomine%2C+23.10.2014&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fit%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2014%2F10%2F23%2F0784%2F01660.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkinson (2007), p. 399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdsel2006" class="citation book cs1">Edsel, Robert M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rescuingdavincih0000edse/page/107"><i>Rescuing Da Vinci: Hitler and the Nazis Stole Europe's Great Art, America and Her Allies Recovered It</i></a>. Laurel Pub. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rescuingdavincih0000edse/page/107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780977433490" title="Special:BookSources/9780977433490"><bdi>9780977433490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rescuing+Da+Vinci%3A+Hitler+and+the+Nazis+Stole+Europe%27s+Great+Art%2C+America+and+Her+Allies+Recovered+It&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Laurel+Pub.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780977433490&rft.aulast=Edsel&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frescuingdavincih0000edse%2Fpage%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Rick (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki"><i>The Day of Battle: the War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944</i></a></span>. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6289-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6289-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-6289-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+of+Battle%3A+the+War+in+Sicily+and+Italy%2C+1943%E2%80%931944&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6289-2&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdayofbattlewarin00atki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bloch" title="Herbert Bloch">Bloch, Herbert</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wtZs_8q9RoC"><i>Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Vol. 1. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monte+Cassino+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Edizioni+di+Storia+e+Letteratura&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6wtZs_8q9RoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Christie" title="Neil Christie">Christie, Neil</a> (2006), <i>From Constantine to Charlemagne: An Archaeology of Italy AD 300–800</i>, Ashgate Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85928-421-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85928-421-3"><bdi>1-85928-421-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Constantine+to+Charlemagne%3A+An+Archaeology+of+Italy+AD+300%E2%80%93800&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85928-421-3&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, 1908.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHapgoodRichardson2002" class="citation book cs1">Hapgood, David; Richardson, David (2002) [1984]. <i>Monte Cassino: The Story of the Most Controversial Battle of World War II</i> (reprint ed.). Cambridge Mass.: Da Capo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81121-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81121-9"><bdi>0-306-81121-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monte+Cassino%3A+The+Story+of+the+Most+Controversial+Battle+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge+Mass.&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Da+Capo&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-306-81121-9&rft.aulast=Hapgood&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Richardson%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonte+Cassino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Michela Cigola, <i>L'abbazia benedettina di Montecassino. La storia attraverso le testimonianze grafiche di rilievo e di progetto</i>. Cassino, Ciolfi Editore, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-86810-28-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-86810-28-8">88-86810-28-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cassino&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monte_Cassino_Abbey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Monte Cassino Abbey">Monte Cassino</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abbaziamontecassino.org">Abbey of Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=41.490566,13.813827&spn=0.005407,0.007789&t=k&hl=en">Satellite photo from Google Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montecassinosociety.co.uk//">The Monte Cassino Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/apost_constitutions/documents/papa-francesco_costituzione-ap_20141023_abbatia-montis-cassini.html"><i>Contemplationi faventes</i></a>, original text of the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> redefining territorial jurisdiction of the 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lazio" title="Template:Lazio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lazio" title="Template talk:Lazio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lazio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lazio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lazio&#124;link=Lazio_Lazio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio"><img alt="Lazio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Lazio.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lazio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Lazio.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lazio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Lazio.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lazio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces and places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Frosinone" title="Province of Frosinone">Frosinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Latina" title="Province of Latina">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Rieti" title="Province of Rieti">Rieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Viterbo" title="Province of Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Lazio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Lazio">List of communes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Lazio,_Italy,_with_provinces-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/150px-Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/225px-Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/300px-Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3287" data-file-height="3357" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (18th century)">Roman Republic </a><small>(18th century)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic </a><small>(19th century)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Albano" title="Lake Albano">Lake Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bolsena" title="Lake Bolsena">Lake Bolsena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bracciano" title="Lake Bracciano">Lake Bracciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Canterno" title="Lago di Canterno">Lago di Canterno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Caprolace" title="Lago di Caprolace">Lago di Caprolace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Fondi" title="Lago di Fondi">Lago di Fondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Giulianello" title="Lago di Giulianello">Lago di Giulianello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Martignano" title="Lake Martignano">Lake Martignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mezzano" title="Lake Mezzano">Lake Mezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_dei_Monaci" title="Lago dei Monaci">Lago dei Monaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nemi" title="Lake Nemi">Lake Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Posta_Fibreno" title="Lago di Posta Fibreno">Lago di Posta Fibreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Rascino" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago di Rascino">Lago di Rascino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sabaudia" title="Lake Sabaudia">Lake Sabaudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_del_Salto" title="Lago del Salto">Lago del Salto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_del_Turano" title="Lago del Turano">Lago del Turano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vico" title="Lake Vico">Lake Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">Seven hills of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurunci_Mountains" title="Aurunci Mountains">Aurunci Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Ausoni" title="Monti Ausoni">Monti Ausoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cavo" title="Monte Cavo">Monte Cavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimini_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimini Hills">Cimini Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Ernici" title="Monti Ernici">Monti Ernici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Gorzano" title="Monte Gorzano">Monte Gorzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Laga" title="Monti della Laga">Monti della Laga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Lepini" title="Monti Lepini">Monti Lepini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Meta" title="Monti della Meta">Monti della Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Petrella" title="Monte Petrella">Monte Petrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Prenestini" title="Monti Prenestini">Monti Prenestini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Sabatini" title="Monti Sabatini">Monti Sabatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Sabini" title="Monti Sabini">Monti Sabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Soratte" title="Monte Soratte">Monte Soratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Terminillo" title="Monte Terminillo">Monte Terminillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Tolfa" title="Monti della Tolfa">Monti della Tolfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Volsini" title="Monti Volsini">Monti Volsini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Abate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Abate (page does not exist)">Monte Abate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Altino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Altino (page does not exist)">Monte Altino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Appiolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Appiolo (page does not exist)">Monte Appiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maschio_dell%27Ariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maschio dell'Ariano (page does not exist)">Maschio dell'Ariano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maschio_di_Lariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maschio di Lariano (page does not exist)">Maschio di Lariano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Artemisio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Artemisio (page does not exist)">Monte Artemisio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Autore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Autore (page does not exist)">Monte Autore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Carbonaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Carbonaro (page does not exist)">Monte Carbonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cefalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Cefalo (page does not exist)">Monte Cefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cima_del_Redentore_(monti_Aurunci)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci) (page does not exist)">Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Circeo" title="Mount Circeo">Circeo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Crispi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Crispi (page does not exist)">Monte Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Dragone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Dragone (page does not exist)">Monte Dragone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Faggeto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Faggeto (page does not exist)">Monte Faggeto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Fammera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Fammera (page does not exist)">Monte Fammera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Fogliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Fogliano (page does not exist)">Mont Fogliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Fusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Fusco (page does not exist)">Monte Fusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Guadagnolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Guadagnolo">Monte Guadagnolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Lauro_in_Gaeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Lauro in Gaeta (page does not exist)">Monte Lauro in Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Lauzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Lauzo (page does not exist)">Monte Lauzo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Rave_Fosche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Rave Fosche (page does not exist)">Le Rave Fosche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Livata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Livata (page does not exist)">Monte Livata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainarde">Mainarde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maschio_delle_Faete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maschio delle Faete (page does not exist)">Maschio delle Faete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta_(monte)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta (monte) (page does not exist)">Meta (monte)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monna (page does not exist)">Monna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Caira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Caira (page does not exist)">Monte Caira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cervello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Cervello (page does not exist)">Monte Cervello</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Revole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Revole (page does not exist)">Monte Revole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Sorgenze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Sorgenze (page does not exist)">Monte Sorgenze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Trina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Trina (page does not exist)">Monte Trina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Val_de%27_Varri_%E2%80%93_Monte_Faito_%E2%80%93_Monte_San_Nicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Val de' Varri – Monte Faito – Monte San Nicola (page does not exist)">Monte Val de' Varri – Monte Faito – Monte San Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_di_Cambio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte di Cambio (page does not exist)">Monte di Cambio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_le_Pezze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte le Pezze (page does not exist)">Monte le Pezze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parco_regionale_urbano_Monte_Orlando&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando (page does not exist)">Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Orso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Orso (page does not exist)">Monte Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Pizzuto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Pizzuto (page does not exist)">Monte Pizzuto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Ruazzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Ruazzo (page does not exist)">Monte Ruazzo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castelli_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Castelli Romani">Castelli Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_Latina" title="Valle Latina">Valle Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontine marshes">Pontine marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Campagna" title="Roman Campagna">Roman Campagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_(region)" title="Sabina (region)">Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscia" title="Tuscia">Tuscia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lazio" title="Politics of Lazio">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lazio" title="Elections in Lazio">Elections in Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Lazio" title="List of presidents of Lazio">List of presidents of Lazio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lazio" title="Flag of Lazio">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_Wine_Festival" title="Marino Wine Festival">Marino Wine Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Lazio" title="Category:Lazio">Categories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lazio_·_Comuni_of_the_Province_of_Frosinone" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Province_of_Frosinone" title="Template:Province of Frosinone"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Province_of_Frosinone" title="Template talk:Province of Frosinone"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Province_of_Frosinone" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Province of Frosinone"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lazio_·_Comuni_of_the_Province_of_Frosinone" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comuni</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Frosinone" title="Province of Frosinone">Province of Frosinone</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquafondata" title="Acquafondata">Acquafondata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acuto" title="Acuto">Acuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alatri" title="Alatri">Alatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvito,_Lazio" title="Alvito, Lazio">Alvito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaseno" title="Amaseno">Amaseno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquino,_Italy" title="Aquino, Italy">Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arce,_Lazio" title="Arce, Lazio">Arce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnara" title="Arnara">Arnara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpino" title="Arpino">Arpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atina,_Lazio" title="Atina, Lazio">Atina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonia,_Lazio" title="Ausonia, Lazio">Ausonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmonte_Castello" title="Belmonte Castello">Belmonte Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boville_Ernica" title="Boville Ernica">Boville Ernica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broccostella" title="Broccostella">Broccostella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campoli_Appennino" title="Campoli Appennino">Campoli Appennino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casalattico" title="Casalattico">Casalattico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casalvieri" title="Casalvieri">Casalvieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassino" title="Cassino">Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelliri" title="Castelliri">Castelliri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelnuovo_Parano" title="Castelnuovo Parano">Castelnuovo Parano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_dei_Volsci" title="Castro dei Volsci">Castro dei Volsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrocielo" title="Castrocielo">Castrocielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceccano" title="Ceccano">Ceccano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceprano" title="Ceprano">Ceprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervaro" title="Cervaro">Cervaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfelice" title="Colfelice">Colfelice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colle_San_Magno" title="Colle San Magno">Colle San Magno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collepardo" title="Collepardo">Collepardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreno_Ausonio" title="Coreno Ausonio">Coreno Ausonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperia" title="Esperia">Esperia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falvaterra" title="Falvaterra">Falvaterra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferentino" title="Ferentino">Ferentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filettino" title="Filettino">Filettino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuggi" title="Fiuggi">Fiuggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_Liri" title="Fontana Liri">Fontana Liri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontechiari" title="Fontechiari">Fontechiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frosinone" title="Frosinone">Frosinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumone" title="Fumone">Fumone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallinaro" title="Gallinaro">Gallinaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_di_Roma" title="Giuliano di Roma">Giuliano di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarcino" title="Guarcino">Guarcino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isola_del_Liri" title="Isola del Liri">Isola del Liri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giovanni_Campano" title="Monte San Giovanni Campano">Monte San Giovanni Campano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morolo" title="Morolo">Morolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliano" title="Paliano">Paliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastena" title="Pastena">Pastena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrica" title="Patrica">Patrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescosolido" title="Pescosolido">Pescosolido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picinisco" title="Picinisco">Picinisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico,_Lazio" title="Pico, Lazio">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedimonte_San_Germano" title="Piedimonte San Germano">Piedimonte San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piglio" title="Piglio">Piglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignataro_Interamna" title="Pignataro Interamna">Pignataro Interamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pofi" title="Pofi">Pofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontecorvo" title="Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Fibreno" title="Posta Fibreno">Posta Fibreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripi" title="Ripi">Ripi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_d%27Arce" title="Rocca d'Arce">Rocca d'Arce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roccasecca" title="Roccasecca">Roccasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Biagio_Saracinisco" title="San Biagio Saracinisco">San Biagio Saracinisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Donato_Val_di_Comino" title="San Donato Val di Comino">San Donato Val di Comino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giorgio_a_Liri" title="San Giorgio a Liri">San Giorgio a Liri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Incarico" title="San Giovanni Incarico">San Giovanni Incarico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vittore_del_Lazio" title="San Vittore del Lazio">San Vittore del Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_sul_Garigliano" title="Sant'Ambrogio sul Garigliano">Sant'Ambrogio sul Garigliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_del_Garigliano" title="Sant'Andrea del Garigliano">Sant'Andrea del Garigliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare" title="Sant'Apollinare">Sant'Apollinare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Elia_Fiumerapido" title="Sant'Elia Fiumerapido">Sant'Elia Fiumerapido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santopadre" title="Santopadre">Santopadre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrone" title="Serrone">Serrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settefrati" title="Settefrati">Settefrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgurgola" title="Sgurgola">Sgurgola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora,_Lazio" title="Sora, Lazio">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangolagalli" title="Strangolagalli">Strangolagalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supino" title="Supino">Supino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terelle" title="Terelle">Terelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Cajetani" title="Torre Cajetani">Torre Cajetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrice" title="Torrice">Torrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevi_nel_Lazio" title="Trevi nel Lazio">Trevi nel Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivigliano" title="Trivigliano">Trivigliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallecorsa" title="Vallecorsa">Vallecorsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallemaio" title="Vallemaio">Vallemaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallerotonda" title="Vallerotonda">Vallerotonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veroli" title="Veroli">Veroli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicalvi" title="Vicalvi">Vicalvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vico_nel_Lazio" title="Vico nel Lazio">Vico nel Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Latina" title="Villa Latina">Villa Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Santa_Lucia" title="Villa Santa Lucia">Villa Santa Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Santo_Stefano" title="Villa Santo Stefano">Villa Santo Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticuso" title="Viticuso">Viticuso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Lazio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Lazio" title="Template:Landmarks of Lazio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Lazio" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Lazio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Lazio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks of Lazio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Lazio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of Lazio</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo,_Lazio_e_Molise" class="mw-redirect" title="Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise">Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Circeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Parco Nazionale del Circeo">Circeo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civita_Castellana_Cathedral" title="Civita Castellana Cathedral">Civita Castellana Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Etruscan necropolis of Cerveteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Etruscan necropolis of Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossanova_Abbey" title="Fossanova Abbey">Fossanova Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Ninfa" title="Garden of Ninfa">Garden of Ninfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_e_Monti_della_Laga_National_Park" title="Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park">Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Papi_di_Viterbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo">Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_of_the_Monsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Park of the Monsters">Park of the Monsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volci" class="mw-redirect" title="Volci">Volci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holy_See" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_See" title="Template:Holy See"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_See" title="Template talk:Holy See"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_See" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy See"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_See" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty and government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Sovereign judicial entity</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History of papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Museum" title="Lateran Museum">Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Sutri" title="Donation of Sutri">Donation of Sutri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_era_(1870%E2%80%931929)" title="Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)">Savoyard era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereign<br />judicial entity</a><br /><small>under<br /><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international<br />law</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign affairs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral policy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Holy See">To the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Of the Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Heads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Holy See–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations">Permanent Observer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations_in_Geneva" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva">in Geneva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the Council of Europe">Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Treaties of the Holy See">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese<br />of Rome</a><br /><small>with <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synods" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Ordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Ordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Extraordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Extraordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Special_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Special assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Province of Rome">Ecclesiastical<br />province of Rome</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicariate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Rome</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vatican City</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">Suburbicarian sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Ostia" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Velletri-Segni" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri-Segni">Velletri-Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Porto-Santa_Rufina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina">Porto-Santa Rufina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Frascati" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Palestrina" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Albano" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano">Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Sabina-Poggio_Mirteto" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto">Sabina-Poggio Mirteto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial abbeys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Abbey of Montecassino">Montecassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco" title="Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco">Subiaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_diocese" title="Suffragan diocese">Suffragan dioceses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gaeta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Anagni-Alatri" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Anagni-Alatri">Anagni-Alatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civita_Castellana" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civita Castellana">Civita Castellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civitavecchia-Tarquinia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia">Civitavecchia-Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino">Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno">Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rieti" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rieti">Rieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo">Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tivoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tivoli">Tivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viterbo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a><br /><small>including<br /><a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extra-<br />territoriality</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Inside<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University" title="Pontifical Lateran University">Lateran University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Sancta" title="Scala Sancta">Scala Sancta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancta_Sanctorum_(Lateran,_Rome)" title="Sancta Sanctorum (Lateran, Rome)">Sancta Sanctorum</a></li> <li>Adjoining buildings</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_San_Callisto" title="Palazzo San Callisto">Palace of Saint Callixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianicolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianicolo">Gianicolo</a> Hill area <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Urban_University" title="Pontifical Urban University">Pontifical Urban University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College" title="Pontifical North American College">Pontifical North American College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_Hospital" title="Bambino Gesù Hospital">Bambino Gesù Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_di_Propaganda_Fide" title="Palazzo di Propaganda Fide">Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office" title="Palace of the Holy Office">Palace of the Holy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Convertendi" title="Palazzo dei Convertendi">Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Pio_(Borgo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Pio (Borgo) (page does not exist)">Palazzo Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Maffei_Marescotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Maffei Marescotti">Palace of the Vicariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li>Benedictine monastery</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontifical_Oratory_of_San_Paolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo (page does not exist)">Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_College" title="Beda College">Beda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non-<br />extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Holy Apostles</a></li> <li>Palace of <a href="/wiki/San_Carlo_ai_Catinari" title="San Carlo ai Catinari">San Carlo ai Catinari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegio_Bellarmino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegio Bellarmino (page does not exist)">Collegio Bellarmino</a></li> <li>Archaeological Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lombard_Seminary" title="Pontifical Lombard Seminary">Pontifical Lombard Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Russicum" title="Collegium Russicum">Russian College</a></li> <li>Two Palaces of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_alle_Terme_Neroniane-Alessandrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine">Sant'Apollinare</a></li> <li>House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nympheum_of_Nero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nympheum of Nero (page does not exist)">Nympheum of Nero</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Outside<br />Rome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo</a> <ul><li>Papal farm</li> <li>Gardens of the Villa Cybo</li> <li>Villa <a href="/wiki/Barberini" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberini">Barberini</a></li> <li>Adjacent gardens</li></ul></li> <li>Summer estate of <a href="/wiki/Pontificio_Collegio_Urbano_de_Propaganda_Fide" title="Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide">Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> antennae area of <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Galeria" class="extiw" title="it:Santa Maria di Galeria">Santa Maria di Galeria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non-<br />extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Holy House">Basilica of the Holy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" title="Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua">Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">Peter's Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154372#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154372#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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