CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Academy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1041f0f8-7490-4836-b14e-9cbabf8cd73c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Academy","wgTitle":"Academy","wgCurRevisionId":1274010044,"wgRevisionId":1274010044,"wgArticleId":149170,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1: long volume value","Webarchive template other archives","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing French-language text", "Articles containing Spanish-language text","All articles that may contain original research","Articles that may contain original research from May 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Academies","Academia","Academic terminology","Platonism","School types"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Academy","wgRelevantArticleId":149170,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Academia","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Academy","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q162633","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/1200px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="793"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/800px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="529"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/640px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="423"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Academy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Academy rootpage-Academy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Academy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Academy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Academy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Academy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_Academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_Academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Original Academy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_Academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoplatonic_Academy_of_Late_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoplatonic_Academy_of_Late_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neoplatonic Academy of Late Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoplatonic_Academy_of_Late_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_medieval_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancient and medieval institutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient and medieval institutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greece_and_early_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece_and_early_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Greece and early Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece_and_early_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Islamic world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_academies_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_academies_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Renaissance academies in Italy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Renaissance_academies_in_Italy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Renaissance academies in Italy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_academies_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-15th-century_academies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th-century_academies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>15th-century <i>academies</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th-century_academies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th-century_literary-aesthetic_academies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th-century_literary-aesthetic_academies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>16th-century literary-aesthetic academies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th-century_literary-aesthetic_academies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th-_and_18th-century_academies_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th-_and_18th-century_academies_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>17th- and 18th-century academies in Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-17th-_and_18th-century_academies_in_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 17th- and 18th-century academies in Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-17th-_and_18th-century_academies_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary-philosophical_academies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary-philosophical_academies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Literary-philosophical academies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary-philosophical_academies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academies_of_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academies_of_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Academies of the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academies_of_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_academies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_academies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Linguistic academies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_academies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academies_of_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academies_of_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Academies of sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academies_of_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Academic societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_academies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_academies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Military academies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_academies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use_of_the_term_academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use_of_the_term_academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern use of the term <i>academy</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_use_of_the_term_academy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern use of the term <i>academy</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_use_of_the_term_academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_regional_academies_overseeing_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_regional_academies_overseeing_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>French regional academies overseeing education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_regional_academies_overseeing_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_research_academies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_research_academies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Russian research academies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_research_academies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_school_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_school_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>English school types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_school_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Tertiary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Primary and secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Academic personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Academic conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicting_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicting_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Conflicting goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicting_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practice_and_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice_and_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Practice and theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice_and_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepotism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepotism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Nepotism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepotism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Town_and_gown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_and_gown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Town and gown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town_and_gown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Academic publishing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_publishing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic publishing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_academic_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_academic_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>History of academic journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_academic_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Current status and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Academic dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Academy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademie" title="Akademie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Akademie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أكاديمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكاديمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" title="Academia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Academia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademiya" title="Akademiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akademiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C" title="آکادمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آکادمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="অ্যাকাডেমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাকাডেমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Академия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Академия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Акадэмія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акадэмія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Академия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Академия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademija" title="Akademija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Akademija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademiezh" title="Akademiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Akademiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Академи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Академи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia" title="Acadèmia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acadèmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" title="Academia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Academia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademie" title="Akademie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akademie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadeemia" title="Akadeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akadeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" title="Academia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Academia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademio" title="Akademio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akademio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia" title="Akademia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akademia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرهنگستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie" title="Académie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Académie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadamh" title="Acadamh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Acadamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadamh" title="Acadamh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Acadamh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_(instituci%C3%B3n)" title="Academia (institución) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Academia (institución)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EB%8D%B0%EB%AF%B8" title="아카데미 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아카데미" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ակադեմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակադեմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="अकादमी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अकादमी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademija" title="Akademija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akademija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademio" title="Akademio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Akademio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi" title="Akademi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akademi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" title="Academia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Academia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia" title="Accademia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accademia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="אקדמיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקדמיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadhemi" title="Akadhemi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Akadhemi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಕೆಡಮಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಕೆಡಮಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აკადემია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აკადემია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Академия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Академия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia" title="Akademia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akademia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Академия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Академия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" title="Academia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Academia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akad%C4%93mija" title="Akadēmija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akadēmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademija" title="Akademija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akademija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="അക്കാദമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്കാദമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C" title="آکادمی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آکادمی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi" title="Akademi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akademi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE" title="အကယ်ဒမီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အကယ်ဒမီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academie" title="Academie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Academie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC" title="アカデミー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アカデミー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi" title="Akademi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akademi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi" title="Akademi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Akademi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Академий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Академий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademiya" title="Akademiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akademiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਕੈਡਮੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਕੈਡਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%85%D9%8A" title="اکاډمي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اکاډمي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia_(uczelnia)" title="Akademia (uczelnia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akademia (uczelnia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" title="Academia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Academia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academie" title="Academie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Academie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Академия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Академия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Академия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Академия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia" title="Akademia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akademia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy" title="Academy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Academy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="اڪيڊمي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اڪيڊمي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەکادیمیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەکادیمیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Академија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Академија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademija" title="Akademija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akademija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akatemia" title="Akatemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akatemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi" title="Akademi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Akademi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கல்விக்கூடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்விக்கூடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="อะคาเดมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะคาเดมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фарҳангистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарҳангистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi" title="Akademi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akademi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Академія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Академія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="اکیڈیمی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اکیڈیمی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8Dc_vi%E1%BB%87n" title="Học viện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Học viện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academya" title="Academya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Academya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy" title="Academy – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Academy" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אקאדעמיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקאדעמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A1d%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%AC" title="Akádẹ́mì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Akádẹ́mì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="研究院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="研究院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E9%99%A2" title="學術院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="學術院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" title="Madrasah – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Madrasah" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162633#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Academy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Academy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Academy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Academy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Academy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&oldid=1274010044" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Academy&id=1274010044&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAcademy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAcademy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Academy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Academies" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162633" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">Academia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Institution of higher learning</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Academy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Academy (disambiguation)">Academy (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Academia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Academia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Academia (disambiguation)">Academia (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Academic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Academic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Academic (disambiguation)">Academic (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/220px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/330px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/440px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7240" data-file-height="4784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bologna_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna University">Bologna University</a>, Italy, established in AD 1088, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">world's oldest academic institution in continuous operation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Gate,_Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst,_June_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Main_Gate%2C_Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst%2C_June_2024.jpg/220px-Main_Gate%2C_Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst%2C_June_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Main_Gate%2C_Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst%2C_June_2024.jpg/330px-Main_Gate%2C_Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst%2C_June_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Main_Gate%2C_Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst%2C_June_2024.jpg/440px-Main_Gate%2C_Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst%2C_June_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Royal Military Academy Sandhurst</a>, United Kingdom, a military academy for the preparation of military officers</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>academy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>: Ἀκαδήμεια; <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>. </p><p>The name traces back to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s school of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, founded approximately 386 BC at <a href="/wiki/Akademia" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademia">Akademia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, the goddess of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Skills">skill</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athens</a>, Greece. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> defines academy as scientific, literary or artistic society established with public authority and as a teaching establishment, public or private, of a professional, artistic, technical or simply practical nature.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MANNapoli_124545_plato%27s_academy_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MANNapoli_124545_plato%27s_academy_mosaic.jpg/220px-MANNapoli_124545_plato%27s_academy_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MANNapoli_124545_plato%27s_academy_mosaic.jpg/330px-MANNapoli_124545_plato%27s_academy_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MANNapoli_124545_plato%27s_academy_mosaic.jpg/440px-MANNapoli_124545_plato%27s_academy_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="2441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic" title="Plato's Academy mosaic">Plato's Academy mosaic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The word comes from the <i>Academy</i> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, which derives from the <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akademos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademos">Akademos</a></i>. Outside the city walls of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> was made famous by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> as a center of learning. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, had formerly been an <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> <a href="/wiki/Grove_(nature)" title="Grove (nature)">grove</a>, hence the expression "the groves of Academe".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In these gardens, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> conversed with followers. Plato developed his sessions into a method of teaching philosophy and in 387 BC, established what is known today as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Academy">Old Academy</a>. </p><p>By extension, <i>academia</i> has come to mean the accumulation, development and transmission of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> across generations as well as its practitioners and transmitters. In the 17th century, British, Italian and French scholars used the term to describe types of institutions of higher learning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_Academy">Original Academy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Original Academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/220px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/330px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/440px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2964" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i>, fresco by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> (1509–1510), that depicts a congregation of philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before <i>Akademia</i> was a school, and even before <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a> enclosed its precincts with a wall,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it contained a sacred grove of olive trees dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, the goddess of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>, outside the city walls of ancient <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaic name for the site was <i>Hekademia</i>, which by classical times evolved into <i>Akademia</i> and was explained, at least as early as the beginning of the 6th century BC, by linking it to an Athenian <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">hero</a>, a legendary "<a href="/wiki/Akademos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademos">Akademos</a>". The site of <i>Akademia</i> was sacred to <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and other immortals. </p><p>Plato's immediate successors as "scholarch" of <i>Akademia</i> were <a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a> (347–339 BC), <a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a> (339–314 BC), <a href="/wiki/Polemon_(scholarch)" title="Polemon (scholarch)">Polemon</a> (314–269 BC), <a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Athens" title="Crates of Athens">Crates</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 269</span>–266 BC), and <a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 266</span>–240 BC). Later scholarchs include <a href="/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes of Cyrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a> ("the last undisputed head of the Academy").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable members of <i>Akademia</i> include <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus of Cnidus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crantor" title="Crantor">Crantor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus of Ascalon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoplatonic_Academy_of_Late_Antiquity">Neoplatonic Academy of Late Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neoplatonic Academy of Late Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/End_of_Hellenic_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Hellenic Religion">End of Hellenic Religion</a></div> <p>After a lapse during the early Roman occupation, <i>Akademia</i> was refounded<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a new institution of some outstanding Platonists of late antiquity who called themselves "successors" (<i><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">diadochoi</a></i>, but of Plato) and presented themselves as an uninterrupted tradition reaching back to Plato. However, there cannot have actually been any geographical, institutional, economic or <a href="/wiki/Personal_continuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal continuity">personal continuity</a> with the original Academy in the new organizational entity.<sup id="cite_ref-bechtle_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bechtle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last "Greek" philosophers of the revived <i>Akademia</i> in the 6th century were drawn from various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> cultural world and suggest the broad <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of the common culture (see <i><a href="/wiki/Koine" class="mw-redirect" title="Koine">koine</a></i>): Five of the seven <i>Akademia</i> philosophers mentioned by Agathias were <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christians">Syriac</a> in their cultural origin: Hermias and Diogenes (both from Phoenicia), Isidorus of Gaza, <a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a> of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> of Coele-Syria and perhaps even <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bechtle_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bechtle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> ceased the school's funding in AD 529, a date that is often cited as the end of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a>. According to the sole witness, the historian <a href="/wiki/Agathias" title="Agathias">Agathias</a>, its remaining members looked for protection under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I of Persia">Khosrau I</a> in his capital at <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, carrying with them precious scrolls of literature and philosophy, and to a lesser degree of science. After a peace treaty between the Persian and the Byzantine empire in 532 guaranteed their personal security (an early document in the history of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>), some members found sanctuary in the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>. One of the last leading figures of this group was Simplicius, a pupil of Damascius, the last head of the Athenian school. </p><p>It has been speculated that <i>Akademia</i> did not altogether disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-bechtle_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bechtle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sorabji11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorabji11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his exile, Simplicius (and perhaps some others), may have travelled to <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>. From there, the students of an academy-in-exile could have survived into the 9th century, long enough to facilitate the Arabic revival of the Neoplatonist commentary tradition in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sorabji11_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorabji11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_and_medieval_institutions">Ancient and medieval institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient and medieval institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/University#History" title="University">History of universities</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_world">Ancient world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece_and_early_Europe">Greece and early Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greece and early Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient Greece, after the establishment of the original Academy, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s colleagues and pupils developed spin-offs of his method. <a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a>, a Greek student of Plato established the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Academy">Middle Academy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a>, another student, established the <a href="/wiki/New_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Academy">New Academy</a>. In 335 BC, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> refined the method with his own theories and established the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a> in another gymnasium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Musaeum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serapeum_of_Alexandria" title="Serapeum of Alexandria">Serapeum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">library of Alexandria</a> Egypt was frequented by <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a> from Africa, Europe and Asia studying various aspects of philosophy, language and mathematics. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Timbuktu" title="University of Timbuktu">University of Timbuktu</a> was a medieval university in <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, present-day Mali, which comprised three schools: the Mosque of Djinguereber, the Mosque of Sidi Yahya, and the Mosque of Sankore. During its zenith, the university had an average attendance of around 25,000 students within a city of around 100,000 people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In China a higher education institution <a href="/wiki/Shang_Xiang" title="Shang Xiang">Shang Xiang</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Shun_(Chinese_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shun (Chinese leader)">Shun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Youyu</a> era before the 21st century BC. The Imperial Central Academy at <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, founded in 258, was a result of the evolution of Shang Xiang and it became the first comprehensive institution combining education and research and was divided into five faculties in 470, which later became <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a>. </p><p>In the 8th century another kind of institution of learning emerged, named <a href="/wiki/Shuyuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuyuan">Shuyuan</a>, which were generally privately owned. There were thousands of Shuyuan recorded in ancient times. The degrees from them varied from one to another and those advanced Shuyuan such as <a href="/wiki/Bailudong_Shuyuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailudong Shuyuan">Bailudong Shuyuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Shuyuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuelu Shuyuan">Yuelu Shuyuan</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (later become <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a>) can be classified as higher institutions of learning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taxila_(modern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxila (modern)">Taxila</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taxila_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxila (ancient)">Takshashila</a>, in ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">India</a>, modern-day Pakistan, was an early centre of learning, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Taxila_(modern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxila (modern)">Taxila</a>. It is considered one of the ancient universities of the world. According to scattered references which were only fixed a millennium later it may have dated back to at least the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars date Takshashila's existence back to the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Education_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Education-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was most likely still provided on an individualistic basis.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takshashila is described in some detail in later <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jātaka</a> tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It became a noted centre of learning at least several centuries BC, and continued to attract students until the destruction of the city in the 5th century AD. Takshashila is perhaps best known because of its association with Chanakya. The famous <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> for The knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>) by Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself. Chanakya (or Kautilya),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ayurvedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayurvedic">Ayurvedic</a> healer <a href="/wiki/Charaka" title="Charaka">Charaka</a> studied at Taxila.<sup id="cite_ref-Mookerji_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mookerji-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, a student entered Takshashila at the age of sixteen. The <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighteen_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighteen Arts (page does not exist)">Eighteen Arts</a>, which included skills such as <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> lore, were taught, in addition to its <a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">law school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a>, and school of <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mookerji_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mookerji-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg/220px-Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg/330px-Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg/440px-Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, ancient center of higher learning in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, India<sup id="cite_ref-Altekar1965_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altekar1965-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 427 to 1197</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> was established in the 5th century AD in <a href="/wiki/Bihar_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar (India)">Bihar</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-Altekar1965_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altekar1965-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded in 427 in northeastern India, not far from what is today the southern border of Nepal. It survived until 1197 when it was set upon, destroyed and burnt by the marauding forces of <a href="/wiki/Ikhtiyar_Uddin_Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji">Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji</a>. It was devoted to Buddhist studies, but it also trained students in fine arts, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, politics and the art of war.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The center had eight separate compounds, 10 temples, meditation halls, classrooms, lakes and parks. It had a nine-story library where monks meticulously copied books and documents so that individual scholars could have their own collections. It had dormitories for students, perhaps a first for an educational institution, housing 10,000 students in the university's heyday and providing accommodation for 2,000 professors.<sup id="cite_ref-Nalanda_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalanda-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nalanda University attracted pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persia">Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geographical position of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> allowed it to absorb cultural influences and ideas from both west and east. This include the spread of the Greek form of schools in the new Hellenistic cities built in Persia after the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sasanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac">Syriac</a> became an important language of the administration and intellectuals, rivaling Greek. Several cities developed centers of higher learning in the Sasanian Empire, including <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hira" title="Al-Hira">al-Hira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> (famous for the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a> School of the <a href="/wiki/Sabians_of_Harran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabians of Harran">Sabians</a>). The Grand School was the main center of learning in the Persian capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, but little is known about it. Perhaps the most famous center of learning in Persia was the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Gundishapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Gundishapur">Academy of Gundishapur</a>, teaching medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and logic. The academy was later instrumental in founding the Muslim city of Baghdad as a center of learning, and serving as the model for the first Muslim hospital (<i><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">bimaristan</a></i>) at Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_world">Islamic world</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Islamic world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age#Education" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age § Education</a></div> <p>Founded in Fes, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Al-Karaouine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Al-Karaouine">University of Al-Karaouine</a> in the 9th century and in Cairo, <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> in the 10th century, and in Mali, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Timbuktu" title="University of Timbuktu">University of Timbuktu</a> in about 1100. <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriya Madrasah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Iraq was established in 1227 as a <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)">al-Mustansir</a>. Its library had an initial collection of 80,000 volumes, given by the Caliph. The collection was said to have grown to 400,000 volumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg/220px-ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg/330px-ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg/440px-ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Established in 1224 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II" title="University of Naples Federico II">University of Naples Federico II</a> in Italy is the world's oldest state-funded academic institution in continuous operation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, the academy dates to the ancient Greeks and Romans in the pre-Christian era. Newer universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries, and the European institution of academia took shape. Monks and priests moved out of monasteries to <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral cities</a> and other towns where they opened the first schools dedicated to advanced study. </p><p>The most notable of these new schools were in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, while others were opened throughout Europe. </p><p>The seven <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">Trivium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">Arithmetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">Geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a>)—had been codified in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>. This was the basis of the curriculum in Europe until newly available Arabic texts and the works of Aristotle became more available in Europe in the 12th century. </p><p>It remained in place even after the new scholasticism of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Chartres" title="School of Chartres">School of Chartres</a> and the encyclopedic work of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, until the humanism of the 15th and 16th centuries opened new studies of arts and sciences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_academies_in_Italy">Renaissance academies in Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Renaissance academies in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist revival</a> that accompanied the revival of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist studies</a>, <i>academia</i> took on newly vivid connotations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th-century_academies">15th-century <i>academies</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 15th-century academies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Florentine Renaissance">Florentine Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> took a personal interest in the new <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Platonic Academy</a> that he determined to re-establish in 1439, centered on the marvellous promise shown by the young <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>. Cosimo had been inspired by the arrival at the otherwise ineffective <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Gemistos Plethon</a>, who seemed a dazzling figure to the Florentine intellectuals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1462 Cosimo gave Ficino a villa at <a href="/wiki/Careggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Careggi">Careggi</a> for the academy's use, situated where Cosimo could see it from his own villa, and drop by for visits. The academy remained a wholly informal group, but one which had a great influence on <a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Renaissance Neo-Platonism</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_academies" title="Roman academies">Roman academies</a></div> <p>In Rome, after unity was restored following the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>, humanist circles, cultivating philosophy and searching out and sharing ancient texts tended to gather where there was access to a library. The <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> was not coordinated until 1475 and was never catalogued or widely accessible: not all popes looked with satisfaction at gatherings of unsupervised intellectuals. At the head of this movement for renewal in Rome was <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Bessarion">Cardinal Bessarion</a>, whose house from the mid-century was the centre of a flourishing academy of Neoplatonic philosophy and a varied intellectual culture. His valuable Greek as well as Latin library (eventually bequeathed to the city of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> after he withdrew from Rome) was at the disposal of the academicians. Bessarion, in the latter years of his life, retired from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, but he left behind him ardent adherents of the classic philosophy. </p><p>The next generation of humanists were bolder admirers of pagan culture, especially in the highly personal academy of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pomponius_Laetus" title="Julius Pomponius Laetus">Pomponius Leto</a>, the natural son of a nobleman of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sanseverino" title="House of Sanseverino">Sanseverino</a> family, born in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> but known by his academic name, who devoted his energies to the enthusiastic study of classical antiquity, and attracted a great number of disciples and admirers. He was a worshipper not merely of the literary and artistic form, but also of the ideas and spirit of classic paganism, which made him appear a condemner of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and an enemy of the Church. In his academy every member assumed a classical name. Its principal members were humanists, like Bessarion's protégé <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Campani" title="Giovanni Antonio Campani">Giovanni Antonio Campani</a> (Campanus), <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Platina" title="Bartolomeo Platina">Bartolomeo Platina</a>, the papal librarian, and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Buonaccorsi" title="Filippo Buonaccorsi">Filippo Buonaccorsi</a>, and young visitors who received polish in the academic circle, like <a href="/wiki/Publio_Fausto_Andrelini" title="Publio Fausto Andrelini">Publio Fausto Andrelini</a> of Bologna who took the <a href="/wiki/New_Learning" title="New Learning">New Learning</a> to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, to the discomfiture of his friend <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>. In their self-confidence, these first intellectual <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">neopagans</a> compromised themselves politically, at a time when Rome was full of conspiracies fomented by the Roman barons and the neighbouring princes: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a> (1464–71) caused <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pomponius_Laetus" title="Julius Pomponius Laetus">Pomponio</a> and the leaders of the academy to be arrested on charges of irreligion, immorality, and conspiracy against the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. The prisoners begged so earnestly for mercy, and with such protestations of repentance, that they were pardoned. The Letonian academy, however, collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Naples, the <i><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></i> academy founded by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso of Aragon</a> and guided by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Beccadelli_(poet)" title="Antonio Beccadelli (poet)">Antonio Beccadelli</a> was the <i>Porticus Antoniana</i>, later known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Pontaniana" title="Accademia Pontaniana">Accademia Pontaniana</a></i>, after <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pontano" title="Giovanni Pontano">Giovanni Pontano</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th-century_literary-aesthetic_academies">16th-century literary-aesthetic academies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 16th-century literary-aesthetic academies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 16th century saw at Rome a great increase of literary and aesthetic academies, more or less inspired by the Renaissance, all of which assumed, as was the fashion, odd and fantastic names. We learn from various sources the names of many such institutes; as a rule, they soon perished and left no trace. In the 1520s came the <i><a href="/wiki/Accademia_degli_Intronati" title="Accademia degli Intronati">Accademia degli Intronati</a></i>, for the encouragement of theatrical representations. There were also the academy of the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vignaiuoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vignaiuoli (page does not exist)">Vignaiuoli</a>", or "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinegrowers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinegrowers (page does not exist)">Vinegrowers</a>" (1530), and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accademia_della_Virt%C3%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accademia della Virtù (page does not exist)">Accademia della Virtù</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_della_Virt%C3%B9" class="extiw" title="it:Accademia della Virtù">it</a>]</span></i> (1542), founded by <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Tolomei" title="Claudio Tolomei">Claudio Tolomei</a> under the patronage of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito de' Medici</a>. These were followed by a new academy in the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orti (page does not exist)">Orti</a>" or <a href="/wiki/House_of_Farnese" title="House of Farnese">Farnese</a> gardens. There were also the academies of the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intrepidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intrepidi (page does not exist)">Intrepidi</a>" (1560), the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animosi (page does not exist)">Animosi</a>" (1576), and the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminati_(Roman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illuminati (Roman) (page does not exist)">Illuminati</a>" (1598); this last, founded by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marchesa_Isabella_Aldobrandini_Pallavicino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marchesa Isabella Aldobrandini Pallavicino (page does not exist)">Marchesa Isabella Aldobrandini Pallavicino</a>. Towards the middle of the 16th century there were also the academy of the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Notti_Vaticane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notti Vaticane (page does not exist)">Notti Vaticane</a>", or "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatican_Nights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatican Nights (page does not exist)">Vatican Nights</a>", founded by <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">St</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a>; an "Accademia di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diritto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diritto (page does not exist)">Diritto</a> civile e canonico", and another of the university scholars and students of philosophy (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Accademia_Eustachiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accademia Eustachiana (page does not exist)">Accademia Eustachiana</a>). As a rule these academies, all very much alike, were merely circles of friends or clients gathered around a learned man or wealthy patron, and were dedicated to literary pastimes rather than methodical study. They fitted in, nevertheless, with the general situation and were in their own way one element of the historical development. Despite their empirical and fugitive character, they helped to keep up the general esteem for literary and other studies. Cardinals, prelates, and the clergy in general were most favourable to this movement, and assisted it by patronage and collaboration. </p><p>In Florence, the Medici again took the lead in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze">Accademia e Compagnia delle Arti del Disegno</a> in 1563, the first of the more formally organised art academies that gradually displaced the medieval artists' <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>, usually known as the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke" title="Guild of Saint Luke">Guild of Saint Luke</a>, as the bodies responsible for training and often regulating artists, a change with great implications for the development of art, leading to the styles known as <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a>. The private <a href="/wiki/Accademia_degli_Incamminati" title="Accademia degli Incamminati">Accademia degli Incamminati</a> set up later in the century in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> by the <a href="/wiki/The_Carracci" title="The Carracci">Carracci</a> brothers was also extremely influential, and with the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_di_San_Luca" title="Accademia di San Luca">Accademia di San Luca</a> of Rome (founded 1593) helped to confirm the use of the term for these institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th-_and_18th-century_academies_in_Europe">17th- and 18th-century academies in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 17th- and 18th-century academies in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gradually academies began to specialize on particular topics (arts, language, sciences) and began to be founded and funded by the kings and other sovereigns (few republics had an academy). And, mainly, since 17th century academies spread throughout Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary-philosophical_academies">Literary-philosophical academies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literary-philosophical academies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th century the tradition of literary-philosophical academies, as circles of friends gathering around learned patrons, was continued in Italy; the "<a href="/wiki/Accademia_degli_Umoristi" title="Accademia degli Umoristi">Umoristi</a>" (1611), the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantastici (page does not exist)">Fantastici</a> (1625), and the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinati (page does not exist)">Ordinati</a>", founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_Dati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardinal Dati (page does not exist)">Cardinal Dati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Strozzi" title="Giulio Strozzi">Giulio Strozzi</a>. About 1700 were founded the academies of the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Infecondi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infecondi (page does not exist)">Infecondi</a>", the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occulti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occulti (page does not exist)">Occulti</a>", the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deboli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deboli (page does not exist)">Deboli</a>", the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aborigini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aborigini (page does not exist)">Aborigini</a>", the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Immobili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immobili (page does not exist)">Immobili</a>", the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Accademia_Esquilina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accademia Esquilina (page does not exist)">Accademia Esquilina</a>", and others. During the 18th century many Italian cities established similar philosophical and scientific academies. In the first half of the 19th century some of these became the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy">national academies</a> of pre-unitarian states: the academy of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Accesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accesi (page does not exist)">Accesi</a> became the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panomitan_Academy_of_Buon_Gusto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panomitan Academy of Buon Gusto (page does not exist)">Panomitan Academy of Buon Gusto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>); the academy of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timidi (page does not exist)">Timidi</a> became the Royal Academy of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Ricovrati" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia dei Ricovrati">Accademia dei Ricovrati</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Galileiana_Academy_of_Arts_and_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science">Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Padova" class="mw-redirect" title="Padova">Padova</a>); the academy of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissonanti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dissonanti (page does not exist)">Dissonanti</a> became the Royal Academy of <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a> and the academy of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscuri (page does not exist)">Oscuri</a> became the Royal Academy of <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academies_of_the_arts">Academies of the arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Academies of the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_peinture_et_de_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie de peinture et de sculpture">Académie de peinture et de sculpture</a> in Paris, established by the monarchy in 1648 (later renamed) was the most significant of the artistic academies, running the famous <a href="/wiki/Salon_(Paris)" title="Salon (Paris)">Salon</a> exhibitions from 1725. Artistic academies were established all over Europe by the end of the 18th century, and many, like the <a href="/wiki/Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademie der Künste">Akademie der Künste</a> in Berlin (founded 1696), the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando" title="Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando">Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando</a> in Madrid (founded 1744), the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts" title="Imperial Academy of Arts">Imperial Academy of Arts</a> in Saint Petersburg (1757), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in London (1768) and the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Brera" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera">Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera</a> in Milan (1776) still run art schools and hold large exhibitions, although their influence on taste greatly declined from the late 19th century. </p><p>A fundamental feature of academic discipline in the artistic academies was regular practice in making accurate drawings from antiquities, or from casts of antiquities, on the one hand, and on the other, in deriving inspiration from the other fount, the human form. Students assembled in sessions <a href="/wiki/Figure_drawing" title="Figure drawing">drawing the draped and undraped human form</a>, and such drawings, which survive in the tens of thousands from the 17th through the 19th century, are termed <i><b>académies</b></i> in French. </p><p>Similar institutions were often established for other arts: Rome had the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia">Accademia di Santa Cecilia</a> for music from 1585; Paris had the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Musique" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie Royale de Musique">Académie Royale de Musique</a> from 1669 and the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_d%27Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie Royale d'Architecture">Académie Royale d'Architecture</a> from 1671. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_academies">Linguistic academies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Linguistic academies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">List of language regulators</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Accademia_degli_Infiammati" title="Accademia degli Infiammati">Accademia degli Infiammati</a> of <a href="/wiki/Padova" class="mw-redirect" title="Padova">Padova</a> and the Accademia degli Umidi, soon renamed the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_Fiorentina" title="Accademia Fiorentina">Accademia Fiorentina</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> were both founded in 1540, and were both initially concerned with the proper basis for literary use of the <i>volgare</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular language</a> of Italy, which would later become the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>. In 1582 five Florentine literati gathered and founded the <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a></span></span> to demonstrate and conserve the beauty of the Florentine vernacular tongue, modelled upon the authors of the Trecento. The main instrument to do so was the <i><a href="/wiki/Vocabolario_degli_Accademici_della_Crusca" title="Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca">Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca</a></i>. The Crusca long remained a private institution, criticizing and opposing the official Accademia Fiorentina. </p><p>The first institution inspired by the Crusca was the <a href="/wiki/Fruitbearing_Society" title="Fruitbearing Society">Fruitbearing Society</a> for German language, which existed from 1617 to 1680. </p><p>The Crusca inspired <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Richelieu</a> to found in 1634 the analogous <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a></span></span> with the task of acting as an official authority on the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>, charged with publishing the official dictionary of that language. The following year the Académie received letters patent from the king Louis XIII as the only recognized academy for French language. </p><p>In its turn the state established Académie was the model for the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a></i></span> (founded in 1713) and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> (1786), which are the ruling bodies of their respective languages and editors of major dictionaries. It also was the model for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy" title="Russian Academy">Russian Academy</a>, founded in 1783, which afterwards merged into the Russian Academy of Sciences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academies_of_sciences">Academies of sciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Academies of sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_sciences" title="Academy of sciences">Academy of sciences</a></div> <p>After the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Academia_Secretorum_Naturae" title="Academia Secretorum Naturae">Academia Secretorum Naturae</a> of Naples, the first academy exclusively devoted to sciences was the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia dei Lincei</a> founded in 1603 in Rome, particularly focused on natural sciences. In 1657 some students of <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_del_Cimento" title="Accademia del Cimento">Accademia del Cimento</a> (Academy of Experiment) in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, focused on physics and astronomy. The foundation of academy was funded by <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_de%27_Medici" title="Leopoldo de' Medici">Prince Leopoldo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Tuscany">Grand Duke</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_II_de%27_Medici" title="Ferdinando II de' Medici">Ferdinando II de' Medici</a>. This academy lasted after few decades. </p><p>In 1652 was founded the <a href="/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina" class="mw-redirect" title="German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina">Academia Naturae Curiosorum</a> by four physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1677, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, recognised the society and in 1687 he gave it the epithet <i>Leopoldina</i>, with which is internationally famous.<sup id="cite_ref-a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>, p. 7–8; </sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, it became the academy of sciences for the whole <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>On 28 November 1660, a group of scientists from and influenced by the Invisible College (gathering approximately since 1645) met at Gresham College and announced the formation of a "College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning", which would meet weekly to discuss science and run experiments. In 1662 <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a> which created the "Royal Society of London", then "Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge". </p><p>In 1666 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Colbert</a> gathered a small group of scholars to found a scientific society in Paris. The first 30 years of the academy's existence were relatively informal, since no statutes had as yet been laid down for the institution. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, the academy was founded as an organ of government. In 1699, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> gave the academy its first rules and named it <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des sciences">Académie royale des sciences</a>. </p><p>Although Prussia was a member of Holy Roman Empire, in 1700 <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> founded its own <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a> upon the advice of <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, who was appointed president. </p><p>During the 18th century many European kings followed and founded their own academy of sciences: in 1714 the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Institute_of_Bologna" title="Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna">Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna</a>, in 1724 the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>, in 1731 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society" title="Royal Dublin Society">Royal Dublin Society</a>, in 1735 in <a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, in 1739 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>, in 1742 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters">Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters</a>, in 1751 the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Göttingen Academy of Sciences">Göttingen Academy of Sciences</a>, in 1754 in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, in 1759 the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>, in 1763 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Theodoro-Palatina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Theodoro-Palatina (page does not exist)">Academia Theodoro-Palatina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, in 1779 the <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Academy_of_Lisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences Academy of Lisbon">Sciences Academy of Lisbon</a>, in 1783 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>, in 1782 the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Quaranta" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia dei Quaranta">Accademia dei Quaranta</a> in Rome, in 1784 in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>. </p><p>This kind of academy lost importance after the university reform begun with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>, when universities were provided with laboratories and clinics, and were charged with doing experimental research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_societies">Academic societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Academic societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></div> <p>Academic societies or <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned societies</a> began as groups of academics who worked together or presented their work to each other. These informal groups later became organized and in many cases state-approved. Membership was restricted, usually requiring approval of the current members and often total membership was limited to a specific number. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> founded in 1660 was the first such academy. In 1720, <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">King John V</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> approved the founding and gave royal patronage to the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Lisbon Academy of Sciences">Royal Academy of Portuguese History</a> which had been meeting informally, since 1717, under the sponsorship of the 4th <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Ericeira" title="Count of Ericeira">Count of Ericeira</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> was begun in 1780 by many of the same people prominent in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Academic societies served both as a forum to present and publish academic work, the role now served by academic publishing, and as a means to sponsor research and support academics, a role they still serve. Membership in academic societies is still a matter of prestige in modern academia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_academies">Military academies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military academies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At first such institutions only trained the <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Engineering">Military Engineering</a> officers, like the <i>Aula da Artilharia</i> (founded in 1641) and the <i>Aula de Fortificação</i> (1647) in Lisbon, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_of_Modena" title="Military Academy of Modena">Real Accademia di Savoia</a> in Turin (opened in 1678), the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_military_academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet military academies">Imperial Artillery Military Academy</a> of Saint Petersburg (1698), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Woolwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Military Academy Woolwich">Royal Military Academy Woolwich</a> (1741), the <i>Real Colegio de Artilleria</i> in Segovia (1764). </p><p>Starting at the end of the 16th century in the Holy Roman Empire, France, Poland and Denmark, many <a href="/wiki/Knight_academy" title="Knight academy">Knight academies</a> were established to prepare the aristocratic youth for state and military service. Many of them lately turned into <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasiums</a>, but some of them were transformed into true military academies. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Military_Academy" title="Royal Danish Military Academy">Royal Danish Military Academy</a> began to educate all <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officers</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Army" title="Royal Danish Army">Royal Danish Army</a> by request of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">King Frederick IV</a> in 1713. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Militaire" class="mw-redirect" title="École Militaire">École Militaire</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a> in 1750 with the aim of creating an academic college for cadet officers from poor families. The construction began in 1752, but the school did not open until 1760. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Theresian_Military_Academy" title="Theresian Military Academy">Theresian Military Academy</a> was founded on 14 December 1751 by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a>. Per year the academy accepted 100 noblemen and 100 commoners to start their education there.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> These were the model for the subsequent military academies throughout Europe, like the <i>Reale Accademia Militare</i> of Naples in 1787 and the <a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_Karlberg" title="Military Academy Karlberg">Military Academy Karlberg</a> in 1792. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use_of_the_term_academy">Modern use of the term <i>academy</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern use of the term academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athens_academy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Athens_academy.jpg/260px-Athens_academy.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Athens_academy.jpg/390px-Athens_academy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Athens_academy.jpg/520px-Athens_academy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>The modern <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens</a>, next to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Athens">University of Athens</a> and the National Library forming 'the Trilogy', designed by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Schinkel's</a> Danish pupil <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Freiherr_von_Hansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophil Freiherr von Hansen">Theofil Hansen</a>, 1885, in <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Greek Ionic</a>, academically correct even to the polychrome sculpture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Univesidad_%C3%85bo_Akademi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Univesidad_%C3%85bo_Akademi.jpg/220px-Univesidad_%C3%85bo_Akademi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Univesidad_%C3%85bo_Akademi.jpg/330px-Univesidad_%C3%85bo_Akademi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Univesidad_%C3%85bo_Akademi.jpg/440px-Univesidad_%C3%85bo_Akademi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5056" data-file-height="3370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi" class="mw-redirect" title="Åbo Akademi">Åbo Akademi</a>, an academy building designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bassi" title="Charles Bassi">Charles Bassi</a>, was built on 1833 in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term is used widely today to refer to anything from schools to <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned societies</a> to <a href="/wiki/Funding_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Funding agency">funding agencies</a> to private industry associations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_academies" class="mw-redirect" title="National academies">National academies</a> are bodies for scientists, artists or writers that are usually state-funded and often are given the role of controlling much of the state funding for research into their areas, or other forms of funding. Some use different terms in their name – the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> for example. The membership typically comprises distinguished individuals in the relevant field, who may be elected by the other members, or appointed by the government. They are essentially not schools or colleges, though some may operate teaching arms. The <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a></span></span> was the most influential pattern for these. Finland even has two separate "academies": <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Finland">Academy of Finland</a> is a government-run funding agency, Suomalainen tiedeakatemia is a learned society. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a>, which presents the annual <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, is an example of a purely industry body using the name. College-type specialized academies include the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a> of the United Kingdom; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a>, New York; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">United States Air Force Academy</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force_Academy" title="Australian Defence Force Academy">Australian Defence Force Academy</a>. In emulation of the military academies, police in the United States are trained in <a href="/wiki/Police_academy" title="Police academy">police academies</a>. </p><p>Because of the tradition of intellectual brilliance associated with this institution, many groups have chosen to use the word "academy" in their name, especially specialized tertiary educational institutions. In the early 19th century "academy" took the connotations that "<a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a>" was acquiring in German-speaking lands, of school that was less advanced than a college (for which it might prepare students) but considerably more than elementary. Early American examples are the prestigious preparatory schools of <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Andover_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillips Andover Academy">Phillips Andover Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deerfield_Academy" title="Deerfield Academy">Deerfield Academy</a>. In England, "academy" had a specialized meaning for schools, but the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy" title="Edinburgh Academy">Edinburgh Academy</a> was more like the American examples. Academy was also used very loosely for various commercial training schools for dancing and the like. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> organized public subscription performances of his music in Vienna in the 1780s and 1790s, he called the <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concerts</a> "academies". This usage in musical terms survives in the concert orchestra <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_St_Martin_in_the_Fields" title="Academy of St Martin in the Fields">Academy of St Martin in the Fields</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Brixton_Academy" title="Brixton Academy">Brixton Academy</a>, a concert hall in Brixton, South London. </p><p>Academies proliferated in the 20th century until even a three-week series of lectures and discussions would be termed an "academy". In addition, the generic term "the academy" is sometimes used to refer to all of academia, which is sometimes considered a global successor to the academy of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_regional_academies_overseeing_education">French regional academies overseeing education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: French regional academies overseeing education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_academies_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/French_academies_map.svg/260px-French_academies_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/French_academies_map.svg/390px-French_academies_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/French_academies_map.svg/520px-French_academies_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>A map outlining the academies overseeing education in France</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, regional academic councils called academies are responsible for supervising all aspects of education in their region. The academy regions are similar to, but not identical to, the standard French administrative regions. The rector of each academy is a revocable nominee of the Ministry of Education. These academies' main responsibility is overseeing <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> and secondary education, but public universities are in some respects also answerable to the academy for their region. However, French private universities are independent of the state and therefore independent of the regional academies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_research_academies">Russian research academies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Russian research academies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> the term "academy", or <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a> was reserved to denote a state research establishment, see <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>. The latter one still exists in Russia, although other types of academies (study and honorary) appeared as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_school_types">English school types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: English school types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tertiary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_academies" title="Dissenting academies">Dissenting academies</a></div> <p>From the mid-seventeenth to the 19th centuries, educational institutions in England run by <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> groups that did not agree with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> teachings were collectively known as "<a href="/wiki/Dissenting_academies" title="Dissenting academies">the dissenting academies</a>". As a place at an English public school or university generally required <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> to the Church of England, these institutions provided an alternative for those with different religious views and formed a significant part of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">England's educational system</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL) was founded in 1826 as the first publicly funded English university to admit anyone regardless of religious adherence; and the <a href="/wiki/Test_and_Corporation_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Test and Corporation Acts">Test and Corporation Acts</a>, which had imposed a wide range of restrictions on citizens who were not in conformity to the Church of England, were abolished shortly afterwards, by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy (English school)</a></div> <p>In 2000, a form of "independent state schools", called "<a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">academies</a>", were introduced in England. They have been compared to US <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smithers_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithers-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are directly funded from central government rather than through local councils, and are partly privately sponsored. Often the sponsors are from business, but some are sponsored by universities and charities. These schools have greater autonomy than schools run by the local councils. They are usually a type of secondary school, but some are "all through" schools with an integral primary school. Some of the early ones were briefly known as "city academies"—the first such school opening on 10 September 2002 at the <a href="/wiki/Business_Academy_Bexley" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Academy Bexley">Business Academy Bexley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Queen's Speech, which followed the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 general election</a>, included proposals for a bill to allow the Secretary of State for Education to approve schools, both Primary and Secondary, that have been graded "outstanding" by <a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a>, to become academies. This was to be through a simplified streamlined process not requiring sponsors to provide capital funding.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the UK government began forcing some schools which had been graded satisfactory or lower into becoming academies, unilaterally removing existing governing bodies and head teachers in some cases. An example was Downhills Primary School in Haringey, where the head teacher refused to turn the school into an academy. OFSTED were called in to assess the school, failed it, and both the head and the governing body were removed and replaced with a Government-appointed board despite opposition from the school and parents.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Secondary education in the United States">Secondary education in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">History of higher education in the United States</a></div> <p>Prior to the twentieth century, education was not as carefully structured in the United States as it is in the twenty-first. There was not a rigid division between high school and colleges. The typical college at first included a preparatory unit, which it dropped by 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the nineteenth century an academy was what later became known as a high school; in most places in the U.S. there were no public schools above the primary level. Some older high schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Corning_Free_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning Free Academy">Corning Free Academy</a>, retained the term in their names (Corning Free Academy, demoted to a <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a>, closed in 2014). In 1753, Benjamin Franklin established the academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1755, it was renamed the college and Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia. Today, it is known as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> was formed in 1802 as a college. It never included a preparatory unit. </p><p>The academy movement in the US in the early 19th century arose from a public sense that education in the classic disciplines needed to be extended into the new territories and states that were being formed in the new western states. Thousands of academies were started using local funds and tuition; most closed after a few years and others were established. In 1860 there were 6,415 academies in operation. When the Civil War erupted in 1861 they generally closed down temporarily; most in the South never reopened.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Age of Enlightenment">the Age of Enlightenment</a> in 18th-century Europe, the academy started to change in Europe. In the beginning of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a> not only published his philosophical paper <i>On the Limits of State Action</i>, but also directed the educational system in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> for a short time. He introduced an academic system that was much more accessible to the lower classes. <a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_Ideal" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt's Ideal">Humboldt's Ideal</a> was an education based on individuality, creativity, wholeness, and versatility. Many continental European universities are still rooted in these ideas (or at least pay lip-service to them). They are, however, in contradiction to today's massive trend of specialization in academia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_personnel">Academic personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Academic personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_staff" title="Academic staff">Academic staff</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main listing: <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks" title="List of academic ranks">List of academic ranks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">Academic administration</a></div> <p>An <i>academic</i> is a person who works as a teacher or researcher at a <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> or other higher education institution. An academic usually holds an <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">advanced degree</a>. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholar</a></i> is sometimes used with equivalent meaning to that of <i>academic</i> and describes in general those who attain mastery in a research discipline. It has wider application, with it also being used to describe those whose occupation was research prior to organized higher education. </p><p>Academic administrators such as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)#University_president" title="Chancellor (education)">university presidents</a> are not typically included in this use of the term <i>academic</i>, although many administrators hold advanced degrees and pursue scholarly research and writing while also tending to their administrative duties. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States" title="Academic ranks in the United States">United States</a>, the term academic is approximately synonymous with that of the job title <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> although in recent decades a growing number of institutions include <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarians</a> in the category of "academic staff". In the <a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Academic ranks in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, various titles of <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks" title="List of academic ranks">academic rank</a> are used, typically <a href="/wiki/Research_associate" title="Research associate">research associate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research_fellow" title="Research fellow">research fellow</a> (also senior research fellow and principal research fellow), <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a> (also senior lecturer and principal lecturer), <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">reader</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a>. The colloquial term <a href="/wiki/University_don" class="mw-redirect" title="University don">don</a> is sometimes substituted for teaching staff at Oxford and Cambridge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (May 2018)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academia is usually conceived as divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">disciplines</a></i> or <i>fields</i> of study. These have their roots in the subjects of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">trivium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a>, which provided the model for scholastic thought in the first <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">universities in medieval Europe</a>. </p><p>The disciplines have been much revised, and many new disciplines have become more specialized, researching smaller and smaller areas. Because of this, <i><a href="/wiki/Inter-disciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-disciplinary">interdisciplinary</a></i> research is often prized in today's academy, though it can also be made difficult both by practical matters of administration and funding and by differing research methods of different disciplines. In fact, many new fields of study have initially been conceived as interdisciplinary, and later become specialized disciplines in their own right – a recent example is <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>. </p><p>Most academic institutions reflect the divide of the disciplines in their <a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">administrative</a> structure, being divided internally into <i>departments</i> or <i>programs</i> in various fields of study. Each department is typically administered and funded separately by the academic institution, though there may be some overlap and <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(teaching_staff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (teaching staff)">faculty</a> members, research and administrative staff may in some cases be shared among departments. In addition, academic institutions generally have an overall administrative structure (usually including a <a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">president</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">deans</a>) which is controlled by no single department, discipline, or field of thought. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenure</a> system, a major component of academic employment and research in the US, serves to ensure that academia is relatively protected from political and financial pressures on thought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic degree</a></div> <p>The degree awarded for completed study is the primary academic qualification. Typically these are, in order of completion, <a href="/wiki/Associate%27s_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate's degree">associate's degree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> (awarded for completion of <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> study), <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> (awarded after <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate">postgraduate</a> study). These are only currently being standardized in Europe as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a>, as many different degrees and standards of time to reach each are currently awarded in different countries in Europe. In most fields the majority of academic researchers and teachers have doctorates or other terminal degrees, though in some <a href="/wiki/Professional_studies" title="Professional studies">professional</a> and creative fields it is common for scholars and teachers to have only master's degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_conferences">Academic conferences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Academic conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">Academic conference</a></div> <p>Closely related to academic publishing is the practice of bringing a number of intellectuals in a field to give talks on their research at an academic conference, often allowing for a wider audience to be exposed to their ideas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicting_goals">Conflicting goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Conflicting goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within academia, diverse constituent groups have diverse, and sometimes conflicting, goals. In the contemporary academy several of these conflicts are widely distributed and common. A salient example of conflict is that between the goal to improve teaching quality and the goal to reduce costs. The conflicting goals of professional education programs and general education advocates currently are playing out in the negotiation over accreditation standards. For example, the goals of research for profit and for the sake of knowledge often conflict to some degree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practice_and_theory">Practice and theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Practice and theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Putting theory into practice can result in a gap between what is learned in academic settings and how that learning is manifested in practical settings. This is addressed in a number of professional schools such as <a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a>, which require students to participate in practica for credit. Students are taught to bridge the gap between theory and practice. </p><p>Not everyone agrees on the value of theory as opposed to practice. Academics are sometimes criticized as lacking practical experience and thus too insulated from the 'real world,' and some scholars avoid this criticism by labeling themselves as <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_scholar" title="Blue-collar scholar">blue-collar scholars</a> to showcase their past lived experience related to their teaching and research. Academic insularity is colloquially criticized as being "<a href="/wiki/Ivory_tower" title="Ivory tower">ivory tower</a>"; when used pejoratively, this term is criticized as <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a>. </p><p>To address this split, there is a growing body of <a href="/wiki/Practice_research" title="Practice research">practice research</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Practice-based_research_network" title="Practice-based research network">practice-based research network</a> (PBRN) within clinical <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> departments debate how to define this emerging research phenomenon. There are a variety of contested models of practice research (practice-as-research, practice-based and practice through research), for example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Screen_media_practice_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Screen media practice research (page does not exist)">screen media practice research</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepotism">Nepotism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Nepotism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nepotism is frequent in academia <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.impactio.com/blog/the-benefits-of-nepotism-policies-in-institutions-of-higher-learning">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/sounding-board/academic-nepotism-good-thing">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.diverseeducation.com/latest-news/article/15103475/nepotism-in-the-academy-raises-serious-questions">[3]</a> where it is frequent for professors to have their partners, and sometimes children, hired by the same faculty in which they work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Town_and_gown">Town and gown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Town and gown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Town_and_gown" title="Town and gown">Town and gown</a></div> <p>Universities are often culturally distinct from the towns or cities where they reside. In some cases this leads to discomfort or outright conflict between local residents and members of the university over political, economic, or other issues. Some localities in the Northeastern United States, for instance, have tried to block students from registering to vote as local residents—instead encouraging them to vote by absentee ballot at their primary residence—in order to retain control of local politics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other issues can include deep cultural and class divisions between local residents and university students. The film <i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Away" title="Breaking Away">Breaking Away</a></i> dramatizes such a conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_publishing">Academic publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Academic publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_academic_journals">History of academic journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: History of academic journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the earliest <a href="/wiki/Research_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Research journal">research journals</a> were the Proceedings of Meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in the 17th century. At that time, the act of publishing academic inquiry was controversial, and widely ridiculed. It was not at all unusual for a new discovery to be announced as an <a href="/wiki/Anagram" title="Anagram">anagram</a>, reserving priority for the discoverer, but indecipherable for anyone not in on the secret: both <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a> used this approach. However, this method did not work well. <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a>, a sociologist, found that 92 percent of cases of simultaneous discovery in the 17th century ended in dispute. The number of disputes dropped to 72 percent in the 18th century, 59 percent by the latter half of the 19th century, and 33 percent by the first half of the 20th century. The decline in contested claims for priority in research discoveries can be credited to the increasing acceptance of the publication of papers in modern academic journals. </p><p>The Royal Society was steadfast in its unpopular belief that science could only move forward through a transparent and open exchange of ideas backed by experimental evidence. Many of the experiments were ones that we would not recognize as scientific today—nor were the questions they answered. For example, when the <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Duke of Buckingham</a> was admitted as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> on June 5, 1661, he presented the Society with a vial of powdered "<a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a> horn". It was a well-accepted 'fact' that a circle of unicorn's horn would act as an invisible cage for any <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, the chief experimenter of the Royal Society, emptied the Duke's vial into a circle on a table and dropped a spider in the centre of the circle. The spider promptly walked out of the circle and off the table. In its day, this was cutting-edge research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status_and_development">Current status and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Current status and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research journals have been so successful that the number of journals and of papers has proliferated over the past few decades, and the credo of the modern academic has become "<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">publish or perish</a>". Except for generalist journals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, the topics covered in any single journal have tended to be narrow, and readership and citation have declined. A variety of methods for reviewing submissions exist. The most common involves initial approval by the journal, <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> by two or three researchers working in similar or closely related subjects who recommend approval or rejection as well as request error correction, clarification or additions before publishing. Controversial topics may receive additional levels of review. Journals have developed a hierarchy, partly based on reputation but also on the strictness of the review policy. More prestigious journals are more likely to receive and publish more important work. Submitters try to submit their work to the most prestigious journal likely to publish it to bolster their reputation and <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">curriculum vitae</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Odlyzko" title="Andrew Odlyzko">Andrew Odlyzko</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Academician" title="Academician">academician</a> with a large number of published research papers, has argued that research journals will evolve into something akin to <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> forums over the coming decade,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by extending the interactivity of current Internet <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprints</a>. This change may open them up to a wider range of ideas, some more developed than others. Whether this will be a positive evolution remains to be seen. Some claim that forums, like markets, tend to thrive or fail based on their ability to attract talent. Some believe that highly restrictive and tightly monitored forums may be the least likely to thrive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_dress">Academic dress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Academic dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">Academic dress</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phdposing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phdposing.png/290px-Phdposing.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phdposing.png/435px-Phdposing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phdposing.png/580px-Phdposing.png 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>Professors and newly conferred doctors of philosophy posing at a <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Worcester Polytechnic Institute">Worcester Polytechnic Institute</a> graduation</figcaption></figure> <p>Gowns have been associated with academia since the birth of the university in the 14th and 15th centuries, perhaps because most early scholars were <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> or church officials. Over time, the gowns worn by degree-holders have become standardized to some extent, although traditions in individual countries and even institutions have established a diverse range of gown styles, and some have ended the custom entirely, even for graduation ceremonies. </p><p>At some universities, such as the Universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, undergraduates may be required to wear gowns on formal occasions and on graduation. Undergraduate gowns are usually a shortened version of a bachelor's gown. At other universities, for example, outside the UK or US, the custom is entirely absent. Students at the University of Trinity College at the University of Toronto wear gowns to formal dinner, debates, to student government, and to many other places. </p><p>In general, in the US and UK, recipients of a bachelor's degree are entitled to wear a simple full-length robe without adornment and a <a href="/wiki/Mortarboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortarboard">mortarboard</a> cap with a tassel. In addition, holders of a bachelor's degree may be entitled to wear a ceremonial hood at some schools. In the US, bachelor's hoods are rarely seen. Bachelor's hoods are generally smaller versions of those worn by recipients of master's and doctoral degrees. </p><p>Recipients of a master's degree in the US or UK wear a similar cap and gown but closed sleeves with slits, and usually receive a ceremonial hood that hangs down the back of the gown. In the US the hood is traditionally edged with a silk or velvet strip displaying the disciplinary color, and is lined with the university's colors. </p><p>According to The American Council on Education "six-year specialist degrees (<a href="/wiki/Educational_Specialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational Specialist">Ed.S.</a>, etc.) and other degrees that are intermediate between the master's and the doctor's degree may have hoods specially designed (1) intermediate in length between the master's and doctor's hood, (2) with a four-inch velvet border (also intermediate between the widths of the borders of master's and doctor's hoods), and (3) with color distributed in the usual fashion and according to the usual rules. Cap tassels should be uniformly black."<sup id="cite_ref-ACE_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recipients of a doctoral degree tend to have the most elaborate academic dress, and hence there is the greatest diversity at this level. In the US, doctoral gowns are similar to the gowns worn by master's graduates, with the addition of velvet stripes across the sleeves and running down the front of the gown which may be tinted with the disciplinary color for the degree received. Holders of a doctoral degree may be entitled or obliged to wear <i>scarlet</i> (a special gown in scarlet) on high days and special occasions. While some doctoral graduates wear the mortarboard cap traditional to the lower degree levels, most wear a cap or <i>Tudor bonnet</i> that resembles a <a href="/wiki/Tam_o%27shanter_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam o'shanter (hat)">tam o'shanter</a>, from which a colored tassel is suspended. </p><p>In modern times, in the US and UK, gowns are normally only worn at graduation ceremonies, although some colleges still demand the wearing of academic dress on formal occasions (official banquets and other similar affairs). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was more common to see the dress worn in the classroom, a practice which has now all but disappeared. Two notable exceptions are <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and a society at <a href="/wiki/Sewanee,_The_University_of_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewanee, The University of the South">Sewanee</a>, where students are required to wear formal academic dress in the examination room. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_management" title="Abstract management">Abstract management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_acceleration" title="Academic acceleration">Academic acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_careerism" title="Academic careerism">Academic careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">Academic conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dishonesty" title="Academic dishonesty">Academic dishonesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic elitism">Academic elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic inflation">Academic inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_inbreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic inbreeding">Academic inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_mobility" title="Academic mobility">Academic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_paper_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper mill">Academic paper mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_terminology" title="Category:Academic terminology">Category:Academic terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_writing" title="Academic writing">Academic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academician" title="Academician">Academician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullying in academia">Bullying in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">Byzantine university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="College rivalry">College rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_mathematical_seminars" title="French mathematical seminars">French mathematical seminars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic disciplines">List of academic disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fields_of_doctoral_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fields of doctoral studies">List of fields of doctoral studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_societies" title="List of honorary societies">List of honorary societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum (classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval university (Asia)">Medieval university (Asia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings">Proceedings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-scholarship" title="Pseudo-scholarship">Pseudo-scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly article">Scholarly article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">Scholarly method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">Scientific community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminar" title="Seminar">Seminar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophism">Sophism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/academia">"Academy"</a>. <i>Rae</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rae&rft.atitle=Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Facademia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-academe" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=academe">"academe"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=academe&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dacademe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> <i>Life of Cimon</i> 13.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> ii:34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed. (1996), s.v. "Philon of Larissa."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the table in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521250285">The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy</a> (Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1969" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cameron, Alan (1969). "The last days of the Academy at Athens". <i>Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society</i>. 195 (n.s. 15) (15 (195)): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1750270500030207">10.1017/S1750270500030207</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44696832">44696832</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163730386">163730386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=The+last+days+of+the+Academy+at+Athens&rft.volume=195+%28n.s.+15%29&rft.issue=15+%28195%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163730386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44696832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1750270500030207&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bechtle-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bechtle_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bechtle_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bechtle_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-04-19.html">Gerald Bechtle, Bryn Mawr Classical Review of Rainer Thiel, <i>Simplikios und das Ende der neuplatonischen Schule in Athen</i>. Stuttgart, 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20050313013529/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-04-19.html">Archived</a> 2005-03-13 at Wikiwix (in English).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sorabji11-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sorabji11_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sorabji11_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Sorabji, (2005), <i>The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200–600 AD: Psychology (with Ethics and Religion)</i>, page 11. Cornell University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-en.hnu.edu.cn/About_HNU/Introduction.htm">"Introduction of Hunan University"</a>. <i>Hunan University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hunan+University&rft.atitle=Introduction+of+Hunan+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-en.hnu.edu.cn%2FAbout_HNU%2FIntroduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmut Scharfe (2002): <i>Education in Ancient India</i>, Brill Academic Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12556-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12556-6">90-04-12556-6</a>, p. 141: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have to be extremely cautious in dealing with the literary evidence, because much of the information offered in the secondary literature on Taxila is derived from the Jataka prose that was only fixed in Ceylon several hundred years after the events that it purports to describe, probably some time after Buddhaghosa, i.e. around A.D. 500.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_Education-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Education_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"History of Education", <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmut Scharfe (2002): <i>Education in Ancient India</i>, Brill Academic Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12556-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12556-6">90-04-12556-6</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">Marshall, John</a> (1975) [1951]. <i>Taxila: Volume I</i>. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxila%3A+Volume+I&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britannica.com/eb/article-9044882">Kautilya</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110120535/http://britannica.com/eb/article-9044882">Archived</a> 2008-01-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radhakumud Mookerji (1941; 1960; reprint 1989). <i>Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</i> (p. 17). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0405-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0405-8">81-208-0405-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mookerji-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mookerji_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mookerji_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Radha Kumud Mookerji (2nd ed. 1951; reprint 1989). <i>Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist</i> (pp. 478–489). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0423-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0423-6">81-208-0423-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altekar1965-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Altekar1965_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altekar1965_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1965). <i>Education in Ancient India</i>, Sixth, Varanasi: Nand Kishore & Bros.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/opinion/09garten.html">Really Old School</a>", Garten, Jeffrey E. New York Times, 9 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nalanda-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nalanda_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316100842/http://nalanda.ind.in/index.html">"Official website of Nalanda University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nalanda.ind.in/index.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+Nalanda+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnalanda.ind.in%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lowe_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowe_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweYasuhara2016" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Roy; Yasuhara, Yoshihito (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9DolDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"><i>The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317543275" title="Special:BookSources/9781317543275"><bdi>9781317543275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Higher+Learning%3A+Knowledge+networks+and+the+early+development+of+universities&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317543275&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Yasuhara%2C+Yoshihito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9DolDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Storia d'Italia</i>. Vol. 4. Torino: UTET. 7 August 1981. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-02-03568-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-02-03568-7"><bdi>88-02-03568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+d%27Italia&rft.place=Torino&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=UTET&rft.date=1981-08-07&rft.isbn=88-02-03568-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelle_Donne2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Delle Donne, Fulvio (2010). <i>Storia dello Studium di Napoli in età sveva</i> (in Italian). Mario Adda Editore. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8880828419" title="Special:BookSources/978-8880828419"><bdi>978-8880828419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+dello+Studium+di+Napoli+in+et%C3%A0+sveva&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Mario+Adda+Editore&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8880828419&rft.aulast=Delle+Donne&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Pastor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Pastor">Ludwig Pastor</a>, <i>History of the Popes, ii, 2, gives an unsympathetic account.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As for instance in the monumental <i>A History of Magic and Experimental Science</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Thorndike" title="Lynn Thorndike">Lynn Thorndike</a> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0231087993/page/n47">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leopoldina-halle.de/broscheng.pdf">Self-produced overview of the Leopoldina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014914/http://www.leopoldina-halle.de/broscheng.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed May 27, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groschenheft.de/aus_leopoldina.htm">Groschenheft magazine on the Leopoldina's anniversary (German)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311200937/http://www.groschenheft.de/aus_leopoldina.htm">Archived</a> March 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed May 27, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmlv.gv.at/karriere/offizier/geschichte.shtml">"Theresian military academy timeline"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140806051814/http://www.bmlv.gv.at/karriere/offizier/geschichte.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theresian+military+academy+timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmlv.gv.at%2Fkarriere%2Foffizier%2Fgeschichte.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithers-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smithers_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Smithers, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, July 6, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,5500,1522109,00.html">"Hedge fund charity plans city academies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060202165655/http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0%2C5500%2C1522109%2C00.html">Archived</a> 2006-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlan2002" class="citation web cs1">Coughlan, Sean (10 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2249188.stm">"Academy opens doors to the future"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040628210928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2249188.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Academy+opens+doors+to+the+future&rft.date=2002-09-10&rft.aulast=Coughlan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Feducation%2F2249188.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/academieshl.html">"Academies Act 2010"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217031235/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/academieshl.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academies+Act+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservices.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F2010-11%2Facademieshl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-17385311">"BBC News – Academy row school governors sacked by Michael Gove"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813033727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-17385311">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Academy+row+school+governors+sacked+by+Michael+Gove&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation-17385311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Hardiman2012" class="citation web cs1">David Hardiman (15 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haringeyindependent.co.uk/news/9592486.Protesting_parents__disgusted__with_Downhills_governors__removal/">"Protesting parents 'disgusted' with Downhills governors' removal"</a>. <i>Haringey Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723074454/http://www.haringeyindependent.co.uk/news/9592486.Protesting_parents__disgusted__with_Downhills_governors__removal/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haringey+Independent&rft.atitle=Protesting+parents+%27disgusted%27+with+Downhills+governors%27+removal&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft.au=David+Hardiman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haringeyindependent.co.uk%2Fnews%2F9592486.Protesting_parents__disgusted__with_Downhills_governors__removal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Opal. “Exciting Emulation: Academies and the Transformation of the Rural North, 1780s-1820s.” <i>Journal of American History</i> 91#2 (2004), pp. 445–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3660707">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Burke, <i>American collegiate populations: A test of the traditional view</i> (NYU Press, 1982) table 1.20 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdlyzko1995" class="citation journal cs1">Odlyzko, Andrew M. (1995-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107158198571004X">"Tragic loss or good riddance? The impending demise of traditional scholarly journals"</a>. <i>International Journal of Human-Computer Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">71–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.97">10.1.1.50.97</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fijhc.1995.1004">10.1006/ijhc.1995.1004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1071-5819">1071-5819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Human-Computer+Studies&rft.atitle=Tragic+loss+or+good+riddance%3F+The+impending+demise+of+traditional+scholarly+journals&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.50.97%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=1071-5819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fijhc.1995.1004&rft.aulast=Odlyzko&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS107158198571004X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACE-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACE_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206113630/http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Search&template=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=10625">"Six-Year Specialist Degrees"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Search&template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=10625#6-year">the original</a> on 6 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six-Year+Specialist+Degrees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acenet.edu%2FAM%2FTemplate.cfm%3FSection%3DSearch%26template%3D%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm%26ContentID%3D10625%236-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A. Leight DeNeef and Craufurd D. Goodwin, eds. <i>The Academic's Handbook</i>. 2nd ed. Durham and London: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1995.</li> <li>Christopher J. Lucas and John W. Murry, Jr. <i>New Faculty A practical Guide for Academic Beginners</i>. New York: Modern Language Association, 1992.</li> <li>John A. Goldsmith, John Komlosk and Penny Schine Gold. <i>The Chicago Guide to Your Academic Career</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.</li> <li>William Germano. <i>Getting it Published: A Guide for Scholars (And Anyone Else)Serious about Serious Books</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.</li> <li>Kemp, Roger L. "Town and Gown Relations: A Handbook of Best Practices", McFarland and Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, US, and London, England, UK (2013). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6399-2">978-0-7864-6399-2</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Academies" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Academies">Academies</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Academy,_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Academy, Greek">Academy, Greek</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Alan Cameron, "The last days of the Academy at Athens", in <i>Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society</i> vol 195 (n.s. 15), 1969, pp 7–29.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-04-19.html">Gerald Bechtle, Bryn Mawr Classical Review of Rainer Thiel, <i>Simplikios und das Ende der neuplatonischen Schule in Athen</i>. Stuttgart, 1999</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span>.</li> <li>John Glucker, <i>Antiochus and the Late Academy</i>, Göttingen 1978.</li> <li>Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, 1981. <i>Taste and the Antique: The Lure of Classical Sculpture, 1500–1900</i> (New Haven: Yale University Press)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Academia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Academia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Academia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Academies" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Academies">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Academia" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Academia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Academia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Academia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Academia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Academia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Academia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Academia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Academia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Academia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu">Academia.edu</a> – Online community of academic scholars. Despite the .edu ending, it is a profit-making company, not a non-profit educational establishment. (The <a href="/wiki/.edu" title=".edu">.edu</a> has not been allowed to be used this way since 2001; academia.edu antedates that.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051108105420/http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Frequently_Asked_Questions3&Template=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=8086">An Academic costume code and an Academic ceremony guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eto.academy/">eto.academy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612071945/https://eto.academy/">Archived</a> 2020-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Online community web schools</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palinurus.english.ucsb.edu/BIBLIO-UNIVERSITY-history-of-university.html">Bibliography on the history of the university</a>, provided by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palinurus.english.ucsb.edu/">Palinurus: The Academy and the Corporation</a>, a web site from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiraj.com/">'IIRAJ' – International Institute of Research and Journals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703215016/http://www.iiraj.com/">Archived</a> 2022-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholares.net/">'Magistri et Scholares' – Academic News and Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2407">Plato's Academy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519222356/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2407">Archived</a> 2011-05-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the Hellenic Ministry of Culture</li> <li>Italian Academies Database (IAD): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/ItalianAcademies/">bl.uk/ItalianAcademies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210110319/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/ItalianAcademies/">Archived</a> 2009-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306084318/http://italianacademies.org/">Website of the Italian Academies 1525–1700 Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="School_types486" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools" title="Template:Schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools" title="Template talk:Schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="School_types486" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">School</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational stage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li> <li>Historical infant schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Great_Britain" title="History of infant schools in Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Ireland" title="History of infant schools in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:School_types" title="Category:School types">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Schools_by_type" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Schools by type">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162633#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata515" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162633#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata515" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162633#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4138124-5">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42847">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy&oldid=1274010044">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy&oldid=1274010044</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academies" title="Category:Academies">Academies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academia" title="Category:Academia">Academia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_terminology" title="Category:Academic terminology">Academic terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Platonism" title="Category:Platonism">Platonism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:School_types" title="Category:School types">School types</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_other_archives" title="Category:Webarchive template other archives">Webarchive template other archives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from May 2018">Articles that may contain original research from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2007" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 February 2025, at 01:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Academy</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>82 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6c87d47487-27n5t","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.795","walltime":"1.068","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5155,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":122657,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7895,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":35,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":108707,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 860.294 1 -total"," 28.72% 247.107 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.74% 109.559 7 Template:Navbox"," 11.63% 100.059 1 Template:Schools"," 11.41% 98.145 8 Template:Cite_web"," 11.16% 95.980 4 Template:Lang"," 8.79% 75.627 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 8.08% 69.530 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.78% 49.766 3 Template:Citation_needed"," 5.51% 47.412 4 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.453","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20985124,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-5nsj8","timestamp":"20250211200327","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Academy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Academy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q162633","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q162633","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-20T01:11:32Z","dateModified":"2025-02-05T01:26:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e7\/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg","headline":"institution of higher learning"}</script> </body> </html>