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id="toc-Basic_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Basic operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macro_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macro_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Macro programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macro_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-VBA_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VBA_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>VBA programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VBA_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Python_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Python_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Python programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Python_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Charts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Add-ins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Add-ins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Add-ins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Add-ins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_storage_and_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_storage_and_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Data storage and communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_storage_and_communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Data storage and communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Data_storage_and_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_rows_and_columns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_rows_and_columns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Number of rows and columns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_rows_and_columns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>File formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Binary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XML_Spreadsheet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XML_Spreadsheet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>XML Spreadsheet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XML_Spreadsheet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_file_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_file_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Current file extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_file_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_file_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_file_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Old file extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_file_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_other_Windows_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_other_Windows_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Using other Windows applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_other_Windows_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_external_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_external_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Using external data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_external_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Export_and_migration_of_spreadsheets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export_and_migration_of_spreadsheets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Export and migration of spreadsheets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export_and_migration_of_spreadsheets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Password_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Password_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Password protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Password_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other platforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_platforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other platforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Excel_for_mobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_for_mobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Excel for mobile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_for_mobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_for_the_web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_for_the_web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Excel for the web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_for_the_web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microsoft_Excel_Viewer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft_Excel_Viewer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Microsoft Excel Viewer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft_Excel_Viewer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quirks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quirks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Quirks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quirks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Quirks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Quirks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numeric_precision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numeric_precision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Numeric precision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numeric_precision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistical_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistical_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Statistical functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistical_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_MOD_function_error" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_MOD_function_error"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Excel MOD function error</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_MOD_function_error-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_leap_day_in_the_year_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_leap_day_in_the_year_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Fictional leap day in the year 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_leap_day_in_the_year_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Date range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Conversion problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Errors_with_large_strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Errors_with_large_strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Errors with large strings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Errors_with_large_strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filenames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filenames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Filenames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filenames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Versions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Versions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Versions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microsoft_Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft_Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Microsoft Windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft_Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Excel_2.0_(1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_2.0_(1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Excel 2.0 (1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_2.0_(1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_3.0_(1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_3.0_(1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Excel 3.0 (1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_3.0_(1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_4.0_(1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_4.0_(1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Excel 4.0 (1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_4.0_(1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_5.0_(1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_5.0_(1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Excel 5.0 (1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_5.0_(1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_95_(v7.0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_95_(v7.0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.5</span> <span>Excel 95 (v7.0)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_95_(v7.0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_97_(v8.0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_97_(v8.0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.6</span> <span>Excel 97 (v8.0)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_97_(v8.0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_2000_(v9.0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_2000_(v9.0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.7</span> <span>Excel 2000 (v9.0)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_2000_(v9.0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_2002_(v10.0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_2002_(v10.0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.8</span> <span>Excel 2002 (v10.0)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_2002_(v10.0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_2003_(v11.0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_2003_(v11.0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.9</span> <span>Excel 2003 (v11.0)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_2003_(v11.0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_2007_(v12.0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_2007_(v12.0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.10</span> <span>Excel 2007 (v12.0)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_2007_(v12.0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_2010_(v14.0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_2010_(v14.0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.11</span> <span>Excel 2010 (v14.0)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_2010_(v14.0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_2013_(v15.0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_2013_(v15.0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.12</span> <span>Excel 2013 (v15.0)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_2013_(v15.0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_2016_(v16.0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_2016_(v16.0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.13</span> <span>Excel 2016 (v16.0)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_2016_(v16.0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excel_2019,_Excel_2021,_Office_365_and_subsequent_(v16.0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excel_2019,_Excel_2021,_Office_365_and_subsequent_(v16.0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.14</span> <span>Excel 2019, Excel 2021, Office 365 and subsequent (v16.0)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excel_2019,_Excel_2021,_Office_365_and_subsequent_(v16.0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apple_Macintosh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apple_Macintosh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Apple Macintosh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apple_Macintosh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>OS/2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Microsoft Excel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" 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Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84" title="مايكروسوفت إكسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكروسوفت إكسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="মাইক্রোসফট এক্সেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইক্রোসফট এক্সেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="مایکروسافت اکسل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکروسافت اکسل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excel" title="Excel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Excel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="માઇક્રોસોફ્ટ એક્સેલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માઇક્રોસોફ્ટ એક્સેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%97%91%EC%85%80" title="마이크로소프트 엑셀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이크로소프트 엑셀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2" title="माइक्रोसॉफ़्ट ऍक्सल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माइक्रोसॉफ़्ट ऍक्सल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%9C" title="מיקרוסופט אקסל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקרוסופט אקסל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/.xls" title=".xls – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title=".xls" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD" title="മൈക്രോസോഫ്റ്റ് എക്സെൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൈക്രോസോഫ്റ്റ് എക്സെൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="मायक्रोसॉफ्ट एक्सेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मायक्रोसॉफ्ट एक्सेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84" title="مايكروسوفت اكسل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكروسوفت اكسل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2" title="माइक्रोसफ्ट एक्सल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माइक्रोसफ्ट एक्सल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%9E%DF%99%DF%8F%DF%9B%DF%90%DF%9D%DF%95_%DF%8B%DF%9E%DF%91%DF%9B%DF%8D%DF%9F_%DF%A2%DF%8D%DF%A5%DF%9F%DF%8A" title="ߡߌߞߙߏߛߐߝߕ ߋߞߑߛߍߟ ߢߍߥߟߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߌߞߙߏߛߐߝߕ ߋߞߑߛߍߟ ߢߍߥߟߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Excel" title="Microsoft Office Excel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Microsoft Office Excel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2" title="ਮਾਈਕਰੋਸਾਫ਼ਟ ਐਕਸਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਈਕਰੋਸਾਫ਼ਟ ਐਕਸਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් එක්සෙල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් එක්සෙල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மைக்ரோசாப்ட் எக்செல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மைக்ரோசாப்ட் எக்செல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="మైక్రోసాఫ్ట్ ఎక్సెల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మైక్రోసాఫ్ట్ ఎక్సెల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5" title="ไมโครซอฟท์ เอกซ์เซล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไมโครซอฟท์ เอกซ์เซล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="مائیکروسافٹ ایکسل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مائیکروسافٹ ایکسل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Excel" title="Microsoft Office Excel – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Microsoft Office Excel" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="עקסעל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עקסעל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Microsoft Excel" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11272#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Excel" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Excel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Excel (disambiguation)">Excel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Microsoft Excel</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft_Office_Excel_(2019%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Microsoft_Office_Excel_%282019%E2%80%93present%29.svg/120px-Microsoft_Office_Excel_%282019%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Microsoft_Office_Excel_%282019%E2%80%93present%29.svg/180px-Microsoft_Office_Excel_%282019%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Microsoft_Office_Excel_%282019%E2%80%93present%29.svg/240px-Microsoft_Office_Excel_%282019%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft_Excel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Microsoft_Excel.png/220px-Microsoft_Excel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Microsoft_Excel.png/330px-Microsoft_Excel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Microsoft_Excel.png/440px-Microsoft_Excel.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A simple <a href="/wiki/Bar_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar graph">bar graph</a> being created in Excel, running on <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">November 19, 1987<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987-11-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release(s)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a> & Retail<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Windows)</th><td class="infobox-data">2410 (Build 18129.20158) / 12 November 2024<span class="noprint">; 12 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-12</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-office-2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-office-2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a> (Mac)</th><td class="infobox-data">16.91 (Build 24111020) / 12 November 2024<span class="noprint">; 12 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-12</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Office 2021 (LTSC)</th><td class="infobox-data">2108 (Build 14332.20812) / 12 November 2024<span class="noprint">; 12 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-12</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-office-2021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-office-2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Office 2019 (LTSC)</th><td class="infobox-data">1808 (Build 10416.20007) / 12 November 2024<span class="noprint">; 12 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-12</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-office-2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-office-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> (back-end)<sup id="cite_ref-C++_in_MS_Office_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C++_in_MS_Office-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trialware" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/excel">microsoft<wbr />.com<wbr />/en-us<wbr />/microsoft-365<wbr />/excel</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Microsoft Excel for Mac</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Excel_for_Mac_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/Excel_for_Mac_screenshot.png/220px-Excel_for_Mac_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/Excel_for_Mac_screenshot.png/330px-Excel_for_Mac_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ab/Excel_for_Mac_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="239" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Excel for Mac (version 16.67), running on <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS Big Sur</a> 11.5.2</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">September 30, 1985<span class="noprint">; 39 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985-09-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">16.70 (Build 23021201) / February 14, 2023<span class="noprint">; 21 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-02-14</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> (back-end), <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> (API/UI)<sup id="cite_ref-C++_in_MS_Office_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C++_in_MS_Office-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://products.office.com/mac">products<wbr />.office<wbr />.com<wbr />/mac</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Microsoft Excel for Android</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Excel_for_Android.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Excel_for_Android.png/100px-Excel_for_Android.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Excel_for_Android.png/150px-Excel_for_Android.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Excel_for_Android.png/200px-Excel_for_Android.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="471" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Excel for Android running on <a href="/wiki/Android_13" title="Android 13">Android 13</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corporation">Microsoft Corporation</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">16.0.16501.20160 / May 26, 2023<span class="noprint">; 17 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-05-26</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Android_Pie" title="Android Pie">Android Pie</a> or later</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://products.office.com/en-us/excel">products<wbr />.office<wbr />.com<wbr />/en-us<wbr />/excel</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Microsoft Excel for iOS and iPadOS</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corporation">Microsoft Corporation</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2.73 / May 15, 2023<span class="noprint">; 18 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-05-15</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">iOS 15</a> or later <br /> <a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">iPadOS 15</a> or later</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://products.office.com/en-us/excel">products<wbr />.office<wbr />.com<wbr />/en-us<wbr />/excel</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Microsoft Excel</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> editor developed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>. It features <a href="/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">calculation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computation</a> capabilities, graphing tools, <a href="/wiki/Pivot_table" title="Pivot table">pivot tables</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> programming language called <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">Visual Basic for Applications</a> (VBA). Excel forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a> suite of software. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_operation">Basic operation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a></div> <p>Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a grid of <i>cells</i> arranged in numbered <i>rows</i> and letter-named <i>columns</i> to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using <i><a href="/wiki/Pivot_table" title="Pivot table">pivot tables</a></i> and the <i>scenario manager</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-G_Harvey_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_Harvey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/PivotTable" class="mw-redirect" title="PivotTable">PivotTable</a> is a tool for <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a>. It does this by simplifying large data sets via PivotTable fields. It has a programming aspect, <i>Visual Basic for Applications</i>, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,<sup id="cite_ref-deLevie_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deLevie-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bourg_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called <i>application</i>, or <i>decision support system</i> (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,<sup id="cite_ref-Holsapple_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holsapple-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Harshbarger_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harshbarger-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horrell_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horrell-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,<sup id="cite_ref-acquisition_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acquisition-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analyze the results, make a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Word</a> report or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint" title="Microsoft PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a> slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. </p><p>Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functions">Functions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Microsoft Power Fx</a></div> <p>Excel 2016 has 484 functions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, 360 existed prior to Excel 2010. Microsoft classifies these functions into 14 categories. Of the 484 current functions, 386 may be called from <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">VBA</a> as methods of the object "WorksheetFunction"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 44 have the same names as VBA functions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the introduction of LAMBDA, Excel became <a href="/wiki/Turing_complete" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing complete">Turing complete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macro_programming">Macro programming</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="VBA_programming">VBA programming</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">Visual Basic for Applications</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Functions_in_Excel.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Functions_in_Excel.PNG/300px-Functions_in_Excel.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Functions_in_Excel.PNG/450px-Functions_in_Excel.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Functions_in_Excel.PNG/600px-Functions_in_Excel.PNG 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Use of a user-defined function <i>sq(x)</i> in Microsoft Excel. The named variables <i>x</i> & <i>y</i> are identified in the <i>Name Manager</i>. The function <i>sq</i> is introduced using the <i>Visual Basic</i> editor supplied with Excel.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subroutine_in_Excel.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Subroutine_in_Excel.PNG/300px-Subroutine_in_Excel.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Subroutine_in_Excel.PNG/450px-Subroutine_in_Excel.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Subroutine_in_Excel.PNG/600px-Subroutine_in_Excel.PNG 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable <i>x</i> read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable <i>y</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA<sup id="cite_ref-Press_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet. </p><p>VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to <a href="/wiki/MacOS#Mac_OS_X" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a>. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the build lacks support for <a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a> objects, impacting some high level developer tools.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a> Recorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Walkenbach_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walkenbach-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompt by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed. </p><p>Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 cannot be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible. </p><p>VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel <i>Object Model</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Walkenbach2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walkenbach2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or <i>methods</i> that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or <i>command bars</i> and <i>message boxes</i>). User-created VBA <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a> execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4></div> <p>From its first version Excel supported end-user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user-defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel, these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special-purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2021, are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Python_programming">Python programming</h3></div> <p>In 2023 Microsoft announced Excel would support the <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> programming language directly.<sup id="cite_ref-Introducing_Python_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introducing_Python-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Announcing_Python_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Announcing_Python-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2024, Python in Excel is available in the Microsoft 365 Insider Program.<sup id="cite_ref-Introducing_Python_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introducing_Python-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charts">Charts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Excel_chart.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Excel_chart.PNG/300px-Excel_chart.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Excel_chart.PNG/450px-Excel_chart.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Excel_chart.PNG/600px-Excel_chart.PNG 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph</a> made using Microsoft Excel</figcaption></figure> <p>Excel supports <a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">graphs</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">histograms</a> generated from specified groups of cells. It also supports Pivot Charts that allow for a chart to be linked directly to a Pivot table. This allows the chart to be refreshed with the Pivot Table. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet or added as a separate object. </p><p>These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells changes. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Add-ins">Add-ins</h3></div> <p>Additional features are available using <a href="/wiki/Add-in" class="mw-redirect" title="Add-in">add-ins</a>. Several are provided with Excel, including: </p> <ul><li>Analysis ToolPak: Provides data analysis tools for statistical and engineering analysis (includes <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">analysis of variance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression analysis</a>)</li> <li>Analysis ToolPak VBA: VBA functions for Analysis ToolPak</li> <li>Euro Currency Tools: Conversion and formatting for euro currency</li> <li>Solver Add-In: Tools for optimization and equation solving</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_storage_and_communication">Data storage and communication</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_rows_and_columns">Number of rows and columns</h3></div> <p>Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (2<sup>14</sup> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004163840000000000♠"></span>16<span style="margin-left:.25em;">384</span></span>) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (2<sup>16</sup> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004655360000000000♠"></span>65<span style="margin-left:.25em;">536</span></span>) rows and 256 columns (2<sup>8</sup> as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 onwards, including the current Version 16.x, can handle over 1M (2<sup>20</sup> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006104857600000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">048</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">576</span></span>) rows, and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004163840000000000♠"></span>16<span style="margin-left:.25em;">384</span></span> (2<sup>14</sup>, labeled as column 'XFD') columns.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_formats">File formats</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Excel Spreadsheet</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .xls, (.xlsx, .xlsm, .xlsb – Excel 2007)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> application/vnd.ms-excel</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">com.microsoft.excel.xls</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Up until the 2007 version, Microsoft Excel used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excel 2007 uses <a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a> as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced in Excel 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-xml_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xml-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a>, <a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">DBF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_Link_(SYLK)" title="Symbolic Link (SYLK)">SYLK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_Interchange_Format" title="Data Interchange Format">DIF</a>, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Binary">Binary</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a> has created documentation of the Excel format. Two epochs of the format exist: the 97-2003 <a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">OLE</a> format, and the older stream format.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft has made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="XML_Spreadsheet">XML Spreadsheet</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XML_formats" title="Microsoft Office XML formats">Microsoft Office XML formats</a></div> <p>The <i>XML Spreadsheet</i> format introduced in Excel 2002<sup id="cite_ref-xml_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xml-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is <i>.xml</i>, the program also correctly handles XML files with <i>.xls</i> extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> Query Browser</i>) to offer "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as <i>Book1.xml</i> or <i>Book1.xls</i>: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0"?></span> <span class="nt"><Workbook</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns=</span><span class="s">"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:o=</span><span class="s">"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:x=</span><span class="s">"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:excel"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:ss=</span><span class="s">"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:html=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Worksheet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ss:Name=</span><span class="s">"Sheet1"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Table</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ss:ExpandedColumnCount=</span><span class="s">"2"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ss:ExpandedRowCount=</span><span class="s">"2"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">x:FullColumns=</span><span class="s">"1"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">x:FullRows=</span><span class="s">"1"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Row></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Cell><Data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ss:Type=</span><span class="s">"String"</span><span class="nt">></span>Name<span class="nt"></Data></Cell></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Cell><Data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ss:Type=</span><span class="s">"String"</span><span class="nt">></span>Example<span class="nt"></Data></Cell></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></Row></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Row></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Cell><Data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ss:Type=</span><span class="s">"String"</span><span class="nt">></span>Value<span class="nt"></Data></Cell></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><Cell><Data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ss:Type=</span><span class="s">"Number"</span><span class="nt">></span>123<span class="nt"></Data></Cell></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></Row></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></Table></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></Worksheet></span> <span class="nt"></Workbook></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_file_extensions">Current file extensions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a></div> <p>Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007" title="Microsoft Office 2007">Microsoft Office 2007</a> suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Excel 2007 formats </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Format </th> <th>Extension </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Excel Workbook </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xlsx</code> </td> <td>The default Excel 2007 and later workbook format. In reality, a <a href="/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" title="ZIP (file format)">ZIP</a> compressed archive with a directory structure of <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons. Saving as .xlsx offers file size reduction over .xls<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excel Macro-enabled Workbook </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xlsm</code> </td> <td>As Excel Workbook, but with macro support. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excel Binary Workbook </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xlsb</code> </td> <td>As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns. This format is very useful for shrinking large Excel files as is often the case when doing data analysis. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excel Macro-enabled Template </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xltm</code> </td> <td>A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excel Add-in </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xlam</code> </td> <td>Excel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro support because of the file purpose. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_file_extensions">Old file extensions</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Format </th> <th>Extension </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xls</code> </td> <td>Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and macros </td></tr> <tr> <td>Add-in (<a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">VBA</a>) </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xla</code> </td> <td>Adds custom functionality; written in <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">VBA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Toolbar </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xlb</code> </td> <td>The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chart </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xlc</code> </td> <td>A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as .XLS. XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dialog </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xld</code> </td> <td>Used in older versions of Excel. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Archive </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xlk</code> </td> <td>A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet </td></tr> <tr> <td>Add-in (DLL) </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xll</code> </td> <td>Adds custom functionality; written in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>/<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, etc. and compiled into a special <a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">dynamic-link library</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Macro </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xlm</code> </td> <td>A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Template </td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Xlt_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xlt (file format)">.xlt</a></code> </td> <td>A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Module </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xlv</code> </td> <td>A module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for Microsoft Excel </td></tr> <tr> <td>Library </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.DLL</code> </td> <td>Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is used to access the Windows API </td></tr> <tr> <td>Workspace </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.xlw</code> </td> <td>Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_other_Windows_applications">Using other Windows applications</h3></div> <p>Windows applications such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a> and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common is <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchange" title="Dynamic Data Exchange">Dynamic Data Exchange</a>: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell".<sup id="cite_ref-Newcomer_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newcomer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. </p><p>OLE Object Linking and Embedding allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a <a href="/wiki/PowerPoint" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a> presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmalz_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmalz-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeMarco2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMarco2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harts_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harts-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_external_data">Using external data</h3></div> <p>Excel users can access external <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">data sources</a> via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.odc</code> connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied <a href="/wiki/ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a> driver. </p><p>Excel can accept data in real-time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as <a href="/wiki/Power_Plus_Pro" title="Power Plus Pro">Power Plus Pro</a>). </p> <ul><li>DDE: "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell".<sup id="cite_ref-Newcomer_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newcomer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.</li> <li>Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Real Time Data: RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Query_by_Example" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Query by Example">Microsoft Query</a> provides <a href="/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity" title="Open Database Connectivity">ODBC-based</a> browsing within Microsoft Excel.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Export_and_migration_of_spreadsheets">Export and migration of spreadsheets</h3></div> <p>Programmers have produced <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash Player</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Apache_POI" title="Apache POI">Apache POI</a> <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> project provides <a href="/wiki/Java_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Java platform">Java</a> libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Password_protection">Password protection</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_password_protection" title="Microsoft Office password protection">Microsoft Office password protection</a></div> <p>Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords: </p> <ul><li>Password to open a document<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Password to modify a document<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Password to unprotect the worksheet</li> <li>Password to protect workbook</li> <li>Password to protect the sharing workbook<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>All passwords except <i>password to open a document</i> can be removed instantly regardless of the Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not <a href="/wiki/Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a>, and data sources from a set password are saved in a document's <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a>. <i>Password to protect workbook</i> is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password "VelvetSweatshop", but since it is known to the public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is the <i>password to open a document</i>. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document. </p><p>In <i>Microsoft Excel 95</i> and earlier versions, the password to open is converted to a 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">key</a> that can be instantly cracked. In <i>Excel 97/2000</i> the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services that use <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow tables">rainbow tables</a> (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can <a href="/wiki/Brute-force_attack" title="Brute-force attack">brute-force attack</a> passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document but also find the original password. </p><p>In <i>Excel 2003/XP</i> the encryption is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_Service_Provider" title="Cryptographic Service Provider">Cryptographic Service Provider</a>). Due to the CSP, an <i>Excel</i> file cannot be decrypted, and thus the <i>password to open</i> cannot be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older <i>Excel 97/2000</i> algorithm is set by the default. Therefore, users who do not change the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents. </p><p>The situation changed fundamentally in <i>Excel 2007</i>, where the modern <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a> algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function <a href="/wiki/SHA1" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA1">SHA1</a> reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In <i>Excel 2010</i>, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_platforms">Other platforms</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excel_for_mobile">Excel for mobile</h3></div> <p>Excel Mobile is a spreadsheet program that can edit XLSX files. It can edit and format text in cells, calculate formulas, search within the spreadsheet, sort rows and columns, freeze panes, filter the columns, add comments, and create charts. It cannot add columns or rows except at the edge of the document, rearrange columns or rows, delete rows or columns, or add spreadsheet tabs.<sup id="cite_ref-TechHive_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechHive-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Engadget_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_in_Excel_Mobile_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_in_Excel_Mobile-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2007 version has the ability to use a full-screen mode to deal with limited screen resolution, as well as split panes to view different parts of a worksheet at one time.<sup id="cite_ref-New_in_Excel_Mobile_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_in_Excel_Mobile-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protection settings, zoom settings, autofilter settings, certain chart formatting, hidden sheets, and other features are not supported on Excel Mobile, and will be modified upon opening and saving a workbook.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Excel Mobile became available for Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile on <a href="/wiki/Windows_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Store">Windows Store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excel_for_the_web">Excel for the web</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office#Office_on_the_web" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office § Office on the web</a></div> <p>Excel for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft Excel available as part of Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint. </p><p>Excel for the web can display most of the features available in the desktop versions of Excel, although it may not be able to insert or edit them. Certain data connections are not accessible on Excel for the web, including with charts that may use these external connections. Excel for the web also cannot display legacy features, such as Excel 4.0 macros or Excel 5.0 dialog sheets. There are also small differences between how some of the Excel functions work.<sup id="cite_ref-osupport-excel_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osupport-excel-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microsoft_Excel_Viewer">Microsoft Excel Viewer</h2></div> <p>Microsoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft retired the viewer in April 2018 with the last security update released in February 2019 for Excel Viewer 2007 (SP3).<sup id="cite_ref-ExcelviewerEOL_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExcelviewerEOL-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first version released by Microsoft was Excel 97 Viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excel 97 Viewer was supported in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Windows CE</a> for <a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PCs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2004, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2007, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3 (SP3).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2008, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 (featuring a non-collapsible <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_(computing)" title="Ribbon (computing)">Ribbon</a> interface).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2009, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2011, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft advises to view and print Excel files for free to use the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office#Office_for_Android,_iOS_and_Windows_10_Mobile" title="Microsoft Office">Excel Mobile</a> application for <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> to upload the file to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OneDrive" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft OneDrive">OneDrive</a> and use <a href="#Excel_for_the_web">Excel for the web</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_account" title="Microsoft account">Microsoft account</a> to open them in a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ExcelviewerEOL_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExcelviewerEOL-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quirks">Quirks</h2></div> <p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet#Shortcomings" title="Spreadsheet">issues with spreadsheets</a> in general, other problems specific to Excel include numeric precision, misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numeric_precision">Numeric precision</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Numeric_precision_in_Microsoft_Excel" title="Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel">Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Excel_fifteen_figure.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Excel_fifteen_figure.PNG/390px-Excel_fifteen_figure.PNG" decoding="async" width="390" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Excel_fifteen_figure.PNG/585px-Excel_fifteen_figure.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Excel_fifteen_figure.PNG/780px-Excel_fifteen_figure.PNG 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are <i>not</i> those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel <i>If</i> function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the figure, the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of <i>thirteen</i> 1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays. </p><p>Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 754-2008">IEEE 754 specification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-microsoft_spec_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microsoft_spec-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excel's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details. </p><p>Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.<sup id="cite_ref-Altman_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altman-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deLevie2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deLevie2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Walkenbach_0_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Walkenbach_0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistical_functions">Statistical functions</h3></div> <p>The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heiser_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiser-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as mishandling situations when data is missing, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced that some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-corrections_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corrections-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excel_MOD_function_error">Excel MOD function error</h3></div> <p>Excel has issues with <a href="/wiki/Modulo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulo operation">modulo operations</a>. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning <samp style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; color:var( --color-subtle, #666666);">#NUM!</samp> instead of an answer.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_leap_day_in_the_year_1900">Fictional leap day in the year 1900</h3></div> <p>Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap year</a>, even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a non-leap year.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bug originated from <a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a> (deliberately implemented to save computer memory), and was also purposely implemented in Excel, for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Bug_compatibility" title="Bug compatibility">bug compatibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Contradictory_Nature_of_OOXML_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Contradictory_Nature_of_OOXML-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus a (not necessarily whole) number greater than or equal to 61 interpreted as a date and time are the (real) number of days after December 30, 1899, 0:00, a non-negative number less than 60 is the number of days after December 31, 1899, 0:00, and numbers with whole part 60 represent the fictional day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_range">Date range</h3></div> <p>Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900–9999, except that December 31, 1899, can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900. </p><p>Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_problems">Conversion problems</h3></div> <p>If text is entered that happens to be in a form that Excel interprets as a date, the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format. A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating-point notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result. Formatting the cell as TEXT before entering ambiguous text prevents Excel from converting it. </p><p>This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, for example in <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>. As first reported in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-ExcelAteMyDNA_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExcelAteMyDNA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> genetic scientists found that Excel automatically and incorrectly converts certain <a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">gene names</a> into dates. A follow-up study in 2016 found many <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer reviewed</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journal</a> papers had been affected and that "Of the selected journals, the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19.6%."<sup id="cite_ref-ExcelAteMyDNAagain_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExcelAteMyDNAagain-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are. For example, <a href="/wiki/MARCH2" title="MARCH2">MARCH1 (Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1)</a> gets converted to the date March 1 (1-Mar) and <a href="/wiki/SEPT2" title="SEPT2">SEPT2 (Septin 2)</a> is converted into September 2 (2-Sep) etc.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnewsexcel_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnewsexcel-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some secondary news sources<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported this as a fault with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers misusing Excel.<sup id="cite_ref-ExcelAteMyDNAagain_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExcelAteMyDNAagain-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2020 the <a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)</a> published new guidelines in the journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> regarding gene naming in order to avoid issues with "symbols that affect data handling and retrieval." So far 27 genes have been renamed, including changing MARCH1 to MARCHF1 and SEPT1 to SEPTIN1 in order to avoid accidental conversion of the gene names into dates.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2023, Microsoft fixed the long-standing issue.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Errors_with_large_strings">Errors with large strings</h3></div> <p>The following functions return incorrect results when passed a string longer than 255 characters:<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">type()</code> incorrectly returns 16, meaning "Error value"</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IsText()</code>, when called as a method of the VBA object <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WorksheetFunction</code> (i.e., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WorksheetFunction.IsText()</code> in VBA), incorrectly returns "false".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filenames">Filenames</h3></div> <p>Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error: </p> <dl><dd>A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33</code>, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <p>Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called <a href="/wiki/Multiplan" title="Multiplan">Multiplan</a> in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> systems, but on <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> systems it lost popularity to <a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a>. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) on November 19, 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chan_TheH_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan_TheH-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus</a> was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by the early 1990s, Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> achieve its position as a leading PC software developer. This accomplishment solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future in developing <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> software. Microsoft maintained its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microsoft_Windows">Microsoft Windows</h3></div> <p>Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> platform. Versions prior to 2.0 were only available on the Apple Macintosh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_2.0_(1987)"><span id="Excel_2.0_.281987.29"></span>Excel 2.0 (1987)</h4></div> <p>The first Windows version was labeled "2" to correspond to the Mac version. It was announced on October 6, 1987, and released on November 19.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included a run-time version of Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-spreadsheetpage.com_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spreadsheetpage.com-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i> in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the "extraordinary" Macintosh version "shines", with a user interface as good as or better than the original. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_3.0_(1990)"><span id="Excel_3.0_.281990.29"></span>Excel 3.0 (1990)</h4></div> <p>Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new features.<sup id="cite_ref-spreadsheetpage.com_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spreadsheetpage.com-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_4.0_(1992)"><span id="Excel_4.0_.281992.29"></span>Excel 4.0 (1992)</h4></div> <p>Introduced <a href="#Impact">auto-fill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, an <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)" title="Easter egg (media)">easter egg</a> in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3, representing Lotus 1–2–3, which is then crushed by an Excel logo.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_5.0_(1993)"><span id="Excel_5.0_.281993.29"></span>Excel 5.0 (1993)</h4></div> <p>With version 5.0, Excel included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide <a href="/wiki/User-defined_function" title="User-defined function">user-defined functions</a> (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA includes a fully featured <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE). <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a> recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of <a href="/wiki/Component_object_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Component object model">ActiveX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Component_object_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Component object model">COM</a>) <a href="/wiki/Dynamic-Link_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic-Link Library">DLL</a>'s; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> techniques. </p><p>The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for <a href="/wiki/Macro_virus" title="Macro virus">macro viruses</a>. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate. </p><p>Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg_(virtual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter egg (virtual)">Easter eggs</a>, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", a <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)"><i>Doom</i></a>-like minigame, although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>5.0 was released in a 16-bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32-bit version for NT 3.51 (x86/Alpha/PowerPC) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_95_(v7.0)"><span id="Excel_95_.28v7.0.29"></span>Excel 95 (v7.0)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_95,_an_application_part_of_Microsoft_Office_system.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Screenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_95%2C_an_application_part_of_Microsoft_Office_system.png/220px-Screenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_95%2C_an_application_part_of_Microsoft_Office_system.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Screenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_95%2C_an_application_part_of_Microsoft_Office_system.png/330px-Screenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_95%2C_an_application_part_of_Microsoft_Office_system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Screenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_95%2C_an_application_part_of_Microsoft_Office_system.png/440px-Screenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_95%2C_an_application_part_of_Microsoft_Office_system.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Microsoft Excel 95</figcaption></figure> <p>Released in 1995 with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_for_Windows_95" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office for Windows 95">Microsoft Office for Windows 95</a>, this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number. </p><p>Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable. </p><p>Excel 95 contained a hidden <i>Doom</i>-like mini-game called "The Hall of Tortured Souls", a series of rooms featuring the names and faces of the developers as an Easter egg.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_97_(v8.0)"><span id="Excel_97_.28v8.0.29"></span>Excel 97 (v8.0)</h4></div> <p>Included in <a href="/wiki/Office_97" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 97">Office 97</a> (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels. </p><p>This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter egg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_2000_(v9.0)"><span id="Excel_2000_.28v9.0.29"></span>Excel 2000 (v9.0)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FileScreenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_2000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/FileScreenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_2000.png/220px-FileScreenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_2000.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/FileScreenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_2000.png/330px-FileScreenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_2000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/FileScreenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_2000.png/440px-FileScreenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_2000.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Microsoft Excel 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>Included in <a href="/wiki/Office_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2000">Office 2000</a>. This was a minor upgrade but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive. </p><p>A small 3-D game called "Dev Hunter" (inspired by <a href="/wiki/Spy_Hunter" title="Spy Hunter">Spy Hunter</a>) was included as an Easter egg.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_2002_(v10.0)"><span id="Excel_2002_.28v10.0.29"></span>Excel 2002 (v10.0)</h4></div> <p>Included in <a href="/wiki/Office_XP" class="mw-redirect" title="Office XP">Office XP</a>. Very minor enhancements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_2003_(v11.0)"><span id="Excel_2003_.28v11.0.29"></span>Excel 2003 (v11.0)</h4></div> <p>Included in <a href="/wiki/Office_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2003">Office 2003</a>. Minor enhancements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_2007_(v12.0)"><span id="Excel_2007_.28v12.0.29"></span>Excel 2007 (v12.0)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft_Office_Excel_2007.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Microsoft_Office_Excel_2007.png/220px-Microsoft_Office_Excel_2007.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Microsoft_Office_Excel_2007.png/330px-Microsoft_Office_Excel_2007.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Microsoft_Office_Excel_2007.png 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Microsoft Excel 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Included in <a href="/wiki/Office_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2007">Office 2007</a>. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except for highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical <a href="/wiki/WIMP_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="WIMP interface">WIMP interface</a>, but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organization.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being "somewhat more negative" than intermediate users, and users reporting a <a href="/wiki/Self-estimated" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-estimated">self-estimated</a> reduction in productivity. </p><p>Added functionality included Tables,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007#SmartArt" title="Microsoft Office 2007">SmartArt</a> set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved management of named variables through the <i>Name Manager</i>, and much-improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow (<i>x, y</i>) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced. </p><p>Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including <i>.xlsm</i> for a workbook with macros and <i>.xlsx</i> for a workbook without macros.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodge_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodge-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (2<sup>20</sup>) and the columns was 16,384 (2<sup>14</sup>; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid <i>A1</i> reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were <a href="/wiki/Thread_safety" title="Thread safety">thread-safe</a> and this was indicated at registration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_2010_(v14.0)"><span id="Excel_2010_.28v14.0.29"></span>Excel 2010 (v14.0)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Excel_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Excel_2010.png/220px-Excel_2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Excel_2010.png/330px-Excel_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Excel_2010.png/440px-Excel_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Microsoft Excel 2010 running on Windows 7</figcaption></figure> <p>Included in <a href="/wiki/Office_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2010">Office 2010</a>, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version <a href="/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia" title="Triskaidekaphobia">number 13 was skipped</a>. </p><p>Minor enhancements and 64-bit support,<sup id="cite_ref-whatsnew_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatsnew-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the following: </p> <ul><li>Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions</li> <li>Improved pivot tables</li> <li>More conditional formatting options</li> <li>Additional image editing capabilities</li> <li>In-cell charts called <i>sparklines</i></li> <li>Ability to preview before pasting</li> <li>Office 2010 <i>backstage</i> feature for document-related tasks</li> <li>Ability to customize the Ribbon</li> <li>Many new formulas, most highly specialized to improve accuracy<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_2013_(v15.0)"><span id="Excel_2013_.28v15.0.29"></span>Excel 2013 (v15.0)</h4></div> <p>Included in <a href="/wiki/Office_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2013">Office 2013</a>, along with a lot of new tools included in this release: </p> <ul><li>Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention</li> <li>FlashFill<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Power View<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Pivot" title="Power Pivot">Power Pivot</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Timeline Slicer</li> <li>Windows App</li> <li>Inquire<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>50 new functions<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_2016_(v16.0)"><span id="Excel_2016_.28v16.0.29"></span>Excel 2016 (v16.0)</h4></div> <p>Included in <a href="/wiki/Office_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2016">Office 2016</a>, along with a lot of new tools included in this release: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_Query" title="Power Query">Power Query</a> integration</li> <li>Read-only mode for Excel</li> <li>Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel</li> <li>New Chart Types</li> <li>Quick data linking in Visio</li> <li>Excel forecasting functions</li> <li>Support for multiselection of Slicer items using touch</li> <li>Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill Down</li> <li>Excel data cards<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excel_2019,_Excel_2021,_Office_365_and_subsequent_(v16.0)"><span id="Excel_2019.2C_Excel_2021.2C_Office_365_and_subsequent_.28v16.0.29"></span>Excel 2019, Excel 2021, Office 365 and subsequent (v16.0)</h4></div> <p>Microsoft no longer releases Office or Excel in discrete versions. Instead, features are introduced automatically over time using Windows Update. The version number remains 16.0. Thereafter only the approximate dates when features appear can now be given. </p> <ul><li>Dynamic Arrays. These are essentially Array Formulas but they "Spill" automatically into neighboring cells and do not need the ctrl-shift-enter to create them. Further, dynamic arrays are the default format, with new "@" and "#" operators to provide compatibility with previous versions. This is perhaps the biggest structural change since 2007, and is in response to a similar feature in <a href="/wiki/Google_Sheets" title="Google Sheets">Google Sheets</a>. Dynamic arrays started appearing in pre-releases about 2018, and as of March 2020 are available in published versions of Office 365 provided a user selected "Office Insiders".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apple_Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft_Excel_for_Mac_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Microsoft_Excel_for_Mac_2011.png/220px-Microsoft_Excel_for_Mac_2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Microsoft_Excel_for_Mac_2011.png/330px-Microsoft_Excel_for_Mac_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f9/Microsoft_Excel_for_Mac_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1985 Excel 1.0</li> <li>1988 Excel 1.5</li> <li>1989 Excel 2.2</li> <li>1990 Excel 3.0</li> <li>1992 Excel 4.0</li> <li>1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.x—Final Motorola 680x0 version<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first PowerPC version)</li> <li>1998 Excel 8.0 (part of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_98_Macintosh_Edition" title="Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition">Office 98</a>)</li> <li>2000 Excel 9.0 (part of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2001" title="Microsoft Office 2001">Office 2001</a>)</li> <li>2001 Excel 10.0 (part of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_v._X" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office v. X">Office v. X</a>)</li> <li>2004 Excel 11.0 (part of <a href="/wiki/Office_2004_for_Mac" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2004 for Mac">Office 2004</a>)</li> <li>2008 Excel 12.0 (part of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2008_for_Mac" title="Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac">Office 2008</a>)</li> <li>2010 Excel 14.0 (part of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_for_Mac_2011" title="Microsoft Office for Mac 2011">Office 2011</a>)</li> <li>2015 Excel 15.0 (part of <a href="/wiki/Office_2016_for_Mac" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2016 for Mac">Office 2016</a>—Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer to parity with its Windows cousin, harmonizing many of the reporting and high-level developer functions, while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC counterpart.)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS/2"><span id="OS.2F2"></span>OS/2</h3></div> <ul><li>1989 Excel 2.2</li> <li>1990 Excel 2.3</li> <li>1991 Excel 3.0</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3></div> <table class="templateVersion t wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="hintergrundfarbe5 t" style="padding: 0.5ex 0.75em; text-align: left;">Legend: </th> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB; padding: 0.5ex 0.75em;" title="Old version, no longer maintained">Old version, not maintained </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6; padding: 0.5ex 0.75em;" title="Old version, yet still maintained">Old version, still maintained </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4; padding: 0.5ex 0.75em;" title="Current stable version"><b>Current stable version</b> </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FED1A0; padding: 0.5ex 0.75em; display: none;" title="Latest preview version of a future release">Latest preview version </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #C1E6F5; padding: 0.5ex 0.75em; display: none;" title="Future release">Future release </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Microsoft Excel for Windows release history </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Version </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>Excel 2 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="2.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 2.0 </td> <td>Renumbered to 2 to correspond with contemporary Macintosh version. Supported macros (later known as Excel 4 macros). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>Excel 3 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="3.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 3.0 </td> <td>Added 3D graphing capabilities </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>Excel 4 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="4.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 4.0 </td> <td>Introduced auto-fill feature </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td>Excel 5 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="5.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 5.0 </td> <td>Included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and various object-oriented options </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>Excel 95 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="7.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 7.0 </td> <td>Renumbered for contemporary Word version. Both programs were packaged in Microsoft Office by this time. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>Excel 97 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="8.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 8.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>Excel 2000 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="9.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 9.0 </td> <td>Part of Microsoft Office 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>Excel 2002 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="10.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 10.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>Excel 2003 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="11.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 11.0 </td> <td>Released only 1 year later to correspond better with the rest of Microsoft Office (Word, PowerPoint, etc.). </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Excel 2007 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="12.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 12.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>Excel 2010 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="14.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 14.0 </td> <td>Due to <a href="/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia" title="Triskaidekaphobia">superstitions surrounding the number 13</a>, Excel 13 was skipped in version counting. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>Excel 2013 </td> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="15.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> 15.0 </td> <td>Introduced 50 more <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">mathematical functions</a> (available as pre-packaged commands, rather than typing the formula manually). </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>Excel 2016 </td> <td class="templateVersion c" style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4;" title="Current stable version" data-sort-value="16.0"><span style="display: none;">Current stable version:</span> <b>16.0</b> </td> <td>Part of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2016" title="Microsoft Office 2016">Microsoft Office 2016</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Version </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>Excel 1 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 1.0 </td> <td>Initial version of Excel. Supported macros (later known as Excel 4 macros). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td>Excel 1.5 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1.5"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 1.5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>Excel 2 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="2.2"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 2.2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>Excel 3 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="3.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 3.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>Excel 4 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="4.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 4.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td>Excel 5 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="5.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 5.0 </td> <td>Only available on PowerPC-based Macs. First PowerPC version. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>Excel 98 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="8.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 8.0 </td> <td>Excel 6 and Excel 7 were skipped to correspond with the rest of Microsoft Office at the time. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>Excel 2000 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="9.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 9.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>Excel 2001 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="10.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 10.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>Excel 2004 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="11.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 11.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>Excel 2008 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="12.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 12.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>Excel 2011 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="14.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 14.0 </td> <td>As with the Windows version, version 13 was skipped for superstitious reasons. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>Excel 2016 </td> <td class="templateVersion c" style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4;" title="Current stable version" data-sort-value="16.0"><span style="display: none;">Current stable version:</span> <b>16.0</b> </td> <td>As with the rest of Microsoft Office, so it is for Excel: Future release dates for the Macintosh version are intended to correspond better to those for the Windows version, from 2016 onward. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Microsoft Excel for OS/2 release history </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Version </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>Excel 2.2 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="2.2"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 2.2 </td> <td>Numbered in between Windows versions at the time </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>Excel 2.3 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="2.3"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 2.3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>Excel 3 </td> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="3.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> 3.0 </td> <td>Last OS/2 version. Discontinued subseries of Microsoft Excel, which is otherwise still an actively developed program. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div> <p>Excel offers many <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, <a href="/wiki/VisiCalc" title="VisiCalc">VisiCalc</a>: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells. </p><p>Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly expanded the installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Microsoft Word, there never was a DOS version of Excel. </p><p>Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes, and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell re-computation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel introduced auto-fill, the ability to drag and expand the selection box to automatically copy a cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div> <p>Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel, and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker can gain control of the victim's computer.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK's <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a> has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Games">Games</h2></div> <p>Besides the easter eggs, numerous games have been created or recreated in Excel, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tetris" title="Tetris">Tetris</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/2048_(video_game)" title="2048 (video game)"><i>2048</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scrabble" title="Scrabble">Scrabble</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yahtzee" title="Yahtzee">Yahtzee</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angry_Birds" title="Angry Birds">Angry Birds</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Civilization_(video_game)" title="Civilization (video game)"><i>Civilization</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_(game)" title="Monopoly (game)"><i>Monopoly</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Battleship_(game)" title="Battleship (game)"><i>Battleship</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackjack" title="Blackjack">Blackjack</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Excel became an <a href="/wiki/Esport" class="mw-redirect" title="Esport">esport</a> with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Modeling_World_Cup" title="Financial Modeling World Cup">Financial Modeling World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_spreadsheet_software" title="Comparison of spreadsheet software">Comparison of spreadsheet software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreadmart" title="Spreadmart">Spreadmart</a></li> <li>Financial Modeling World Cup, online esport <a href="/wiki/Financial_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial modelling">financial modelling</a> competition using Excel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including Office 2021, 2019 and 2016</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/officeupdates/current-channel">"Release notes for Current Channel"</a>. <i>Microsoft Learn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=Release+notes+for+Current+Channel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fofficeupdates%2Fcurrent-channel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-office-2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-office-2021_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-office-2021_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/officeupdates/update-history-office-2021">"Update history for Office LTSC 2021 and Office 2021"</a>. <i>Microsoft Learn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=Update+history+for+Office+LTSC+2021+and+Office+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fofficeupdates%2Fupdate-history-office-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/officeupdates/update-history-office-for-mac">"Update history for Office for Mac"</a>. <i>Microsoft Learn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=Update+history+for+Office+for+Mac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fofficeupdates%2Fupdate-history-office-for-mac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-office-2019-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-office-2019_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/officeupdates/update-history-office-2019">"Update history for Office 2016 C2R and Office 2019"</a>. <i>Microsoft Learn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=Update+history+for+Office+2016+C2R+and+Office+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fofficeupdates%2Fupdate-history-office-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C++_in_MS_Office-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C++_in_MS_Office_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C++_in_MS_Office_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cppcon.org/bonus-talk-cxx-in-ms-office-2014/">"C++ in MS Office"</a>. cppcon. July 17, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107064047/https://cppcon.org/bonus-talk-cxx-in-ms-office-2014/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+in+MS+Office&rft.pub=cppcon&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcppcon.org%2Fbonus-talk-cxx-in-ms-office-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/try/microsoft-365-free">"Microsoft Office Excel 365"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft.com">Microsoft.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112040541/https://www.microsoft.com/en-US/microsoft-365/try/microsoft-365-free">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Office+Excel+365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fmicrosoft-365%2Ftry%2Fmicrosoft-365-free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/officeupdates/update-history-office-for-mac">"Update history for Office for Mac"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Docs" title="Microsoft Docs">Microsoft Docs</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026215518/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/officeupdates/update-history-office-for-mac">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Docs&rft.atitle=Update+history+for+Office+for+Mac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-gb%2Fofficeupdates%2Fupdate-history-office-for-mac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/microsoft-corporation/excel/">"Microsoft Excel APKs"</a>. <i>APKMirror</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509062924/https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/microsoft-corporation/excel/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APKMirror&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Excel+APKs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apkmirror.com%2Fapk%2Fmicrosoft-corporation%2Fexcel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.apple.com/app/id586683407">"Microsoft Excel"</a>. <i>App Store</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911141953/https://apps.apple.com/app/id586683407">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=App+Store&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Excel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.apple.com%2Fapp%2Fid586683407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2006" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Greg (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5ffgL9KEg8C"><i>Excel 2007 For Dummies</i></a> (1st ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03737-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03737-9"><bdi>978-0-470-03737-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150303055116/http://books.google.com/books?id=i5ffgL9KEg8C">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excel+2007+For+Dummies&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-03737-9&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5ffgL9KEg8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G_Harvey-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-G_Harvey_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2007" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Greg (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PCz-uf-bjkC&pg=PA296"><i>Excel 2007 Workbook for Dummies</i></a> (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 296 <i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-16937-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-16937-7"><bdi>978-0-470-16937-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excel+2007+Workbook+for+Dummies&rft.pages=296+%27%27ff%27%27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-16937-7&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PCz-uf-bjkC%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deLevie-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deLevie_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Levie,_Robert2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Levie" title="Robert de Levie">de Levie, Robert</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAnO-2qVazsC"><i>Advanced Excel for scientific data analysis</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515275-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515275-3"><bdi>978-0-19-515275-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Excel+for+scientific+data+analysis&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515275-3&rft.au=de+Levie%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAnO-2qVazsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourg-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bourg_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourg,_David_M.2006" class="citation book cs1">Bourg, David M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQaGBMGaWI4C"><i>Excel scientific and engineering cookbook</i></a>. O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00879-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00879-6"><bdi>978-0-596-00879-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excel+scientific+and+engineering+cookbook&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-596-00879-6&rft.au=Bourg%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQaGBMGaWI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holsapple-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holsapple_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŞeref,_Michelle_M._H.Ahuja,_Ravindra_K.2008" class="citation book cs1">Şeref, Michelle M. H. & Ahuja, Ravindra K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_3sRkRKZQwC&pg=PA288">"§4.2 A portfolio management and optimization spreadsheet DSS"</a>. In Burstein, Frad & Holsapple, Clyde W. (eds.). <i>Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1: Basic Themes</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48712-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48712-8"><bdi>978-3-540-48712-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A74.2+A+portfolio+management+and+optimization+spreadsheet+DSS&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Decision+Support+Systems+1%3A+Basic+Themes&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-48712-8&rft.au=%C5%9Eeref%2C+Michelle+M.+H.&rft.au=Ahuja%2C+Ravindra+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_3sRkRKZQwC%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harshbarger-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harshbarger_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells,_EricHarshbarger,_Steve1997" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Eric & Harshbarger, Steve (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRZnWl-LvwsC"><i>Microsoft Excel 97 Developer's Handbook</i></a>. Microsoft Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57231-359-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57231-359-0"><bdi>978-1-57231-359-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Excel+97+Developer%27s+Handbook&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57231-359-0&rft.au=Wells%2C+Eric&rft.au=Harshbarger%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRZnWl-LvwsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span> Excellent examples are developed that show just how applications can be designed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horrell-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horrell_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnett,_Donald_L.Horrell,_James_F.1998" class="citation book cs1">Harnett, Donald L. & Horrell, James F. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0xiQgAACAAJ"><i>Data, statistics, and decision models with Excel</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-13398-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-13398-8"><bdi>978-0-471-13398-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data%2C+statistics%2C+and+decision+models+with+Excel&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-471-13398-8&rft.au=Harnett%2C+Donald+L.&rft.au=Horrell%2C+James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl0xiQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acquisition-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acquisition_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Some form of <a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">data acquisition</a> hardware is required. See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAusterlitz,_Howard2003" class="citation book cs1">Austerlitz, Howard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKKVOJYqi6YC&pg=PA281"><i>Data acquisition techniques using PCs</i></a> (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 281 <i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-068377-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-068377-2"><bdi>978-0-12-068377-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+acquisition+techniques+using+PCs&rft.pages=281+%27%27ff%27%27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-12-068377-2&rft.au=Austerlitz%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKKVOJYqi6YC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/291288">"Description of the startup switches for Excel"</a>. <i>Microsoft Help and Support</i>. Microsoft Support. May 7, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230015945/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/291288">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Microsoft Excel accepts a number of optional switches that you can use to control how the program starts. This article lists the switches and provides a description of each switch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Help+and+Support&rft.atitle=Description+of+the+startup+switches+for+Excel&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F291288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.office.com/en-us/article/excel-functions-alphabetical-b3944572-255d-4efb-bb96-c6d90033e188">"Excel functions (alphabetical)"</a>. <i>microsoft.com</i>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062357/https://support.office.com/en-us/article/excel-functions-alphabetical-b3944572-255d-4efb-bb96-c6d90033e188">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Excel+functions+%28alphabetical%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.office.com%2Fen-us%2Farticle%2Fexcel-functions-alphabetical-b3944572-255d-4efb-bb96-c6d90033e188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/excel.worksheetfunction">"WorksheetFunction Object (Excel)"</a>. <i>Office VBA Reference</i>. Microsoft. March 30, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062450/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/excel.worksheetfunction">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+VBA+Reference&rft.atitle=WorksheetFunction+Object+%28Excel%29&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Foffice%2Fvba%2Fapi%2Fexcel.worksheetfunction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/language/reference/functions-visual-basic-for-applications">"Functions (Visual Basic for Applications)"</a>. <i>Office VBA Reference</i>. Microsoft. September 13, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062438/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/language/reference/functions-visual-basic-for-applications">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+VBA+Reference&rft.atitle=Functions+%28Visual+Basic+for+Applications%29&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Foffice%2Fvba%2Flanguage%2Freference%2Ffunctions-visual-basic-for-applications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2021" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Andy (January 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/lambda-the-ultimatae-excel-worksheet-function/">"LAMBDA: The ultimate Excel worksheet function"</a>. <i>microsoft.com</i>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423120636/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/lambda-the-ultimatae-excel-worksheet-function/">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microsoft.com&rft.atitle=LAMBDA%3A+The+ultimate+Excel+worksheet+function&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fresearch%2Fblog%2Flambda-the-ultimatae-excel-worksheet-function%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Press_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example, by converting to Visual Basic the recipes in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress,_William_H._PressTeukolsky,_Saul_A.Vetterling,_William_T.Flannery,_Brian_P.2007" class="citation book cs1">Press, William H. Press; Teukolsky, Saul A.; Vetterling, William T. & Flannery, Brian P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1aAOdzK3FegC"><i>Numerical recipes: the art of scientific computing</i></a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88068-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88068-8"><bdi>978-0-521-88068-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numerical+recipes%3A+the+art+of+scientific+computing&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88068-8&rft.au=Press%2C+William+H.+Press&rft.au=Teukolsky%2C+Saul+A.&rft.au=Vetterling%2C+William+T.&rft.au=Flannery%2C+Brian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1aAOdzK3FegC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span> Code conversion to Basic from Fortran probably is easier than from C++, so the 2nd edition (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521437210" title="Special:BookSources/0521437210">0521437210</a>) may be easier to use, or the Basic code implementation of the first edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprott,_Julien_C.1991" class="citation book cs1">Sprott, Julien C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-BfpBw7AqQC"><i>Numerical recipes: routines and examples in BASIC</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40689-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40689-5"><bdi>978-0-521-40689-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numerical+recipes%3A+routines+and+examples+in+BASIC&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40689-5&rft.au=Sprott%2C+Julien+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-BfpBw7AqQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619131821/http://www.officeformachelp.com/excel/">"Excel"</a>. <i>Office for Mac</i>. OfficeforMacHelp.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officeformachelp.com/excel/">the original</a> on June 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+Mac&rft.atitle=Excel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officeformachelp.com%2Fexcel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160921074527/https://www.excellemon.com/view/100-using-excel-pc-or-mac">"Using Excel – PC or Mac? | Excel Lemon"</a>. <i>excellemon.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.excellemon.com/view/100-using-excel-pc-or-mac">the original</a> on September 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=excellemon.com&rft.atitle=Using+Excel+%E2%80%93+PC+or+Mac%3F+%7C+Excel+Lemon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.excellemon.com%2Fview%2F100-using-excel-pc-or-mac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walkenbach-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walkenbach_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However an increasing proportion of Excel functionality is not captured by the Macro Recorder leading to largely useless macros. Compatibility among multiple versions of Excel is also a downfall of this method. A macro recorder in Excel 2010 may not work in Excel 2003 or older. This is most common when changing colors and formatting of cells. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkenbach,_John2007" class="citation book cs1">Walkenbach, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2IBbPiP3wOIC&pg=PA79">"Chapter 6: Using the Excel macro recorder"</a>. <i>Excel 2007 VBA Programming for Dummies</i> (Revised by Jan Karel Pieterse ed.). Wiley. p. 79 <i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04674-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04674-6"><bdi>978-0-470-04674-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Using+the+Excel+macro+recorder&rft.btitle=Excel+2007+VBA+Programming+for+Dummies&rft.pages=79+%27%27ff%27%27&rft.edition=Revised+by+Jan+Karel+Pieterse&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-04674-6&rft.au=Walkenbach%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2IBbPiP3wOIC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walkenbach2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walkenbach2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkenbach,_John2007" class="citation book cs1">Walkenbach, John (February 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2IBbPiP3wOIC&pg=PA53">"Chapter 4: Introducing the Excel object model"</a>. <i>cited work</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 53 <i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04674-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04674-6"><bdi>978-0-470-04674-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Introducing+the+Excel+object+model&rft.btitle=cited+work&rft.pages=53+%27%27ff%27%27&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007-02-02&rft.isbn=978-0-470-04674-6&rft.au=Walkenbach%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2IBbPiP3wOIC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spreadsheetpage.com/index.php/site/tip/developer_faq_general_questions/">"The Spreadsheet Page for Excel Users and Developers"</a>. <i>spreadsheetpage.com</i>. J-Walk & Associates, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121061001/http://spreadsheetpage.com/index.php/site/tip/developer_faq_general_questions/">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spreadsheetpage.com&rft.atitle=The+Spreadsheet+Page+for+Excel+Users+and+Developers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspreadsheetpage.com%2Findex.php%2Fsite%2Ftip%2Fdeveloper_faq_general_questions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/working-with-excel-4-0-macros-HA010336614.aspx">"Working with Excel 4.0 macros"</a>. <i>microsoft.com</i>. Microsoft Office Support. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307194541/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/working-with-excel-4-0-macros-HA010336614.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Working+with+Excel+4.0+macros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foffice.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fexcel-help%2Fworking-with-excel-4-0-macros-HA010336614.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introducing_Python-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Introducing_Python_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introducing_Python_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-365-blog/introducing-python-in-excel-the-best-of-both-worlds-for-data/ba-p/3905482">"Introducing Python in Excel: The Best of Both Worlds for Data Analysis and Visualization"</a>. <i>TECHCOMMUNITY.MICROSOFT.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TECHCOMMUNITY.MICROSOFT.COM&rft.atitle=Introducing+Python+in+Excel%3A+The+Best+of+Both+Worlds+for+Data+Analysis+and+Visualization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcommunity.microsoft.com%2Ft5%2Fmicrosoft-365-blog%2Fintroducing-python-in-excel-the-best-of-both-worlds-for-data%2Fba-p%2F3905482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Announcing_Python-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Announcing_Python_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/excel-blog/announcing-python-in-excel-combining-the-power-of-python-and-the/ba-p/3893439">"Announcing Python in Excel: Combining the power of Python and the flexibility of Excel"</a>. <i>TECHCOMMUNITY.MICROSOFT.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TECHCOMMUNITY.MICROSOFT.COM&rft.atitle=Announcing+Python+in+Excel%3A+Combining+the+power+of+Python+and+the+flexibility+of+Excel.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcommunity.microsoft.com%2Ft5%2Fexcel-blog%2Fannouncing-python-in-excel-combining-the-power-of-python-and-the%2Fba-p%2F3893439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa730921.aspx">"The 'Big Grid' and Increased Limits in Excel 2007"</a>. <i>microsoft.com</i>. May 23, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207150655/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa730921.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microsoft.com&rft.atitle=The+%27Big+Grid%27+and+Increased+Limits+in+Excel+2007&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Faa730921.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/840817/">"How to extract information from Office files by using Office file formats and schemas"</a>. <i>microsoft.com</i>. Microsoft. February 26, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514083958/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/840817">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microsoft.com&rft.atitle=How+to+extract+information+from+Office+files+by+using+Office+file+formats+and+schemas&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F840817%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xml-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xml_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xml_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa140066(office.10).aspx">"XML Spreadsheet Reference"</a>. <i>Microsoft Excel 2002 Technical Articles</i>. MSDN. August 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002081358/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa140066(office.10).aspx">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Excel+2002+Technical+Articles&rft.atitle=XML+Spreadsheet+Reference&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Faa140066%28office.10%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.office.com/b/microsoft-excel/archive/2006/08/24/deprecated-features-for-excel-2007.aspx">"Deprecated features for Excel 2007"</a>. Microsoft—David Gainer. August 24, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717141312/http://blogs.office.com/b/microsoft-excel/archive/2006/08/24/deprecated-features-for-excel-2007.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deprecated+features+for+Excel+2007&rft.pub=Microsoft%E2%80%94David+Gainer&rft.date=2006-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.office.com%2Fb%2Fmicrosoft-excel%2Farchive%2F2006%2F08%2F24%2Fdeprecated-features-for-excel-2007.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sc.openoffice.org/excelfileformat.pdf">"OpenOffice.org's documentation of the Microsoft Excel File Format"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. August 2, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509063852/http://sc.openoffice.org/excelfileformat.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenOffice.org%27s+documentation+of+the+Microsoft+Excel+File+Format&rft.date=2008-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsc.openoffice.org%2Fexcelfileformat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.microsoft.com/download/0/B/E/0BE8BDD7-E5E8-422A-ABFD-4342ED7AD886/Excel97-2007BinaryFileFormat(xls)Specification.xps">"Microsoft Office Excel 97 – 2007 Binary File Format Specification (*.xls 97-2007 format)"</a>. Microsoft Corporation. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222093136/http://download.microsoft.com/download/0/B/E/0BE8BDD7-E5E8-422A-ABFD-4342ED7AD886/Excel97-2007BinaryFileFormat(xls)Specification.xps">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Office+Excel+97+%E2%80%93+2007+Binary+File+Format+Specification+%28%2A.xls+97-2007+format%29&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2F0%2FB%2FE%2F0BE8BDD7-E5E8-422A-ABFD-4342ED7AD886%2FExcel97-2007BinaryFileFormat%28xls%29Specification.xps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairhurst2015" class="citation book cs1">Fairhurst, Danielle Stein (March 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oSXWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA324"><i>Using Excel for Business Analysis: A Guide to Financial Modelling Fundamentals</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06245-5"><bdi>978-1-119-06245-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+Excel+for+Business+Analysis%3A+A+Guide+to+Financial+Modelling+Fundamentals&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-119-06245-5&rft.aulast=Fairhurst&rft.aufirst=Danielle+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoSXWBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newcomer-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newcomer_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newcomer_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewcomer" class="citation web cs1">Newcomer, Joseph M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/faking-dde-with-private-servers/184409151?pgno=3">"Faking DDE with Private Servers"</a>. <i>Dr. Dobb's</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225011410/https://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/faking-dde-with-private-servers/184409151?pgno=3">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s&rft.atitle=Faking+DDE+with+Private+Servers&rft.aulast=Newcomer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Farchitecture-and-design%2Ffaking-dde-with-private-servers%2F184409151%3Fpgno%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmalz-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmalz_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmalz,_Michael2006" class="citation book cs1">Schmalz, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGH10fniqmsC&pg=PT71">"Chapter 5: Using Access VBA to automate Excel"</a>. <i>Integrating Excel and Access</i>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00973-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00973-1"><bdi>978-0-596-00973-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Using+Access+VBA+to+automate+Excel&rft.btitle=Integrating+Excel+and+Access&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-596-00973-1&rft.au=Schmalz%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGH10fniqmsC%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmalz,_Michael2006" class="citation book cs1">Schmalz, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGH10fniqmsC&pg=PT71">"Chapter 5: Using Access VBA to automate Excel"</a>. <i>Integrating Excel and Access</i>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00973-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00973-1"><bdi>978-0-596-00973-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Using+Access+VBA+to+automate+Excel&rft.btitle=Integrating+Excel+and+Access&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-596-00973-1&rft.au=Schmalz%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGH10fniqmsC%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell,_Paul2007" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qjkglmBy_l4C&pg=PA117">"Chapter 5: Connect to other databases"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/excelasyourdatab0000corn/page/117"><i>Excel as Your Database</i></a>. Apress. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/excelasyourdatab0000corn/page/117">117 <i>ff</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-751-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-751-4"><bdi>978-1-59059-751-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Connect+to+other+databases&rft.btitle=Excel+as+Your+Database&rft.pages=117+%27%27ff%27%27&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-751-4&rft.au=Cornell%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqjkglmBy_l4C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeMarco2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeMarco2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMarco,_Jim2008" class="citation book cs1">DeMarco, Jim (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtPQMxO8XuoC&pg=PA43">"Excel's data import tools"</a>. <i>Pro Excel 2007 VBA</i>. Apress. p. 43 <i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-957-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-957-0"><bdi>978-1-59059-957-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Excel%27s+data+import+tools&rft.btitle=Pro+Excel+2007+VBA&rft.pages=43+%27%27ff%27%27&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-957-0&rft.au=DeMarco%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtPQMxO8XuoC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harts-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harts_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarts,_Doug2007" class="citation book cs1">Harts, Doug (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVFldXVKpj8C&pg=PA171">"Importing Access data into Excel 2007"</a>. <i>Microsoft Office 2007 Business Intelligence: Reporting, Analysis, and Measurement from the Desktop</i>. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-149424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-149424-3"><bdi>978-0-07-149424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Importing+Access+data+into+Excel+2007&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Office+2007+Business+Intelligence%3A+Reporting%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Measurement+from+the+Desktop&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-07-149424-3&rft.au=Harts%2C+Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVFldXVKpj8C%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/ipc/about-network-dde">"About Network DDE – Win32 apps"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i>. January 7, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217170348/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/ipc/about-network-dde">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=About+Network+DDE+%E2%80%93+Win32+apps&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows%2Fwin32%2Fipc%2Fabout-network-dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/troubleshoot/excel/set-up-realtimedata-function">"How to set up and use the RTD function in Excel – Office"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i>. May 5, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217170345/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/troubleshoot/excel/set-up-realtimedata-function">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=How+to+set+up+and+use+the+RTD+function+in+Excel+%E2%80%93+Office&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Foffice%2Ftroubleshoot%2Fexcel%2Fset-up-realtimedata-function&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMarco2008" class="citation book cs1">DeMarco, Jim (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtPQMxO8XuoC&pg=PA225"><i>Pro Excel 2007 VBA</i></a>. Berkeley, CA: Apress. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-957-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-957-0"><bdi>978-1-59059-957-0</bdi></a>. <q>External data is accessed through a connection file, such as an Office Data Connection (ODC) file (.odc)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pro+Excel+2007+VBA&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-957-0&rft.aulast=DeMarco&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtPQMxO8XuoC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullen,_StephenBovey,_RobGreen,_John2009" class="citation book cs1">Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob & Green, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VnegO0pMYlIC&pg=PA665"><i>Professional Excel Development</i></a> (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. p. 665. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-50879-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-50879-9"><bdi>978-0-321-50879-9</bdi></a>. <q>To create a robust solution, we always have to include some VBA code ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Excel+Development&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=665&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-321-50879-9&rft.au=Bullen%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Bovey%2C+Rob&rft.au=Green%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVnegO0pMYlIC%26pg%3DPA665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam2000" class="citation web cs1">William, Wehrs (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821074925/http://proc.isecon.org/2000/602/ISECON.2000.Wehrs.pdf">"An Applied DSS Course Using Excel and VBA: IS and/or MS?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Proceedings of ISECON (Information System Educator Conference)</i>. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proc.isecon.org/2000/602/ISECON.2000.Wehrs.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Microsoft Query is a data retrieval tool (i.e. ODBC browser) that can be employed within Excel 97. It allows a user to create and save queries on external relational databases for which an ODBC driver is available.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Proceedings+of+ISECON+%28Information+System+Educator+Conference%29&rft.atitle=An+Applied+DSS+Course+Using+Excel+and+VBA%3A+IS+and%2For+MS%3F&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=William&rft.aufirst=Wehrs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproc.isecon.org%2F2000%2F602%2FISECON.2000.Wehrs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/HA100996641033.aspx">Use Microsoft Query to retrieve external data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312111200/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/ha100996641033.aspx">Archived</a> March 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM1">"Password protect documents, workbooks, and presentations"</a>. Office.microsoft.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212134311/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM1">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Password+protect+documents%2C+workbooks%2C+and+presentations&rft.pub=Office.microsoft.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foffice.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fword-help%2Fpassword-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx%23BM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM3a">"Password protect documents, workbooks, and presentations"</a>. Office.microsoft.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212134311/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM3a">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 30, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311221519/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/ms919256(v=msdn.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Docs&rft.atitle=New+Features+in+Windows+CE+.NET+4.1&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fprevious-versions%2Fms919256%28v%3Dmsdn.10%29%3Fredirectedfrom%3DMSDN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050115054414/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=C8378BF4-996C-4569-B547-75EDBD03AAF0&displaylang=en">"Excel Viewer 2003"</a>. <i>Microsoft</i>. October 12, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=C8378BF4-996C-4569-B547-75EDBD03AAF0&displaylang=en">the original</a> on January 15, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Excel+Viewer+2003&rft.date=2004-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fdownloads%2Fdetails.aspx%3FFamilyId%3DC8378BF4-996C-4569-B547-75EDBD03AAF0%26displaylang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011003602/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=50A22D11-7CC6-4C3A-B3EC-A9EA4E39E28E&displaylang=en">"Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3 (SP3)"</a>. <i>Microsoft</i>. September 17, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=50A22D11-7CC6-4C3A-B3EC-A9EA4E39E28E&displaylang=en">the original</a> on October 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Excel+Viewer+2003+Service+Pack+3+%28SP3%29&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fdownloads%2Fdetails.aspx%3FFamilyId%3D50A22D11-7CC6-4C3A-B3EC-A9EA4E39E28E%26displaylang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926003423/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=1cd6acf9-ce06-4e1c-8dcf-f33f669dbc3a&displaylang=en">"Excel Viewer"</a>. <i>Microsoft</i>. January 14, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=1cd6acf9-ce06-4e1c-8dcf-f33f669dbc3a&displaylang=en">the original</a> on September 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Excel+Viewer&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fdownloads%2Fen%2Fdetails.aspx%3FFamilyID%3D1cd6acf9-ce06-4e1c-8dcf-f33f669dbc3a%26displaylang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428065656/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=17724">"Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2)"</a>. <i>Microsoft</i>. April 24, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=17724">the original</a> on April 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Excel+Viewer+2007+Service+Pack+2+%28SP2%29&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdownload%2Fdetails.aspx%3Fid%3D17724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229015742/http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=27833">"Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3)"</a>. <i>Microsoft</i>. October 25, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=27833">the original</a> on December 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Excel+Viewer+2007+Service+Pack+3+%28SP3%29&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2Fen%2Fdetails.aspx%3Fdisplaylang%3Den%26id%3D27833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-au/help/979860/supported-versions-of-the-office-viewers">"Supported versions of the Office viewers"</a>. <i>Microsoft</i>. April 16, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195923/https://support.microsoft.com/en-au/help/979860/supported-versions-of-the-office-viewers">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Supported+versions+of+the+Office+viewers&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fen-au%2Fhelp%2F979860%2Fsupported-versions-of-the-office-viewers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-microsoft_spec-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-microsoft_spec_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft's overview is found at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/78113/en-us">"Floating-point arithmetic may give inaccurate results in Excel"</a>. <i>Revision 8.2; article ID: 78113</i>. Microsoft support. June 30, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514172904/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/78113/EN-US">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revision+8.2%3B+article+ID%3A+78113&rft.atitle=Floating-point+arithmetic+may+give+inaccurate+results+in+Excel&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F78113%2Fen-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altman-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Altman_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltmanGillMcDonald2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Micah_Altman" title="Micah Altman">Altman, Micah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gill_(academic)" title="Jeff Gill (academic)">Gill, Jeff</a>; McDonald, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_KevqVO3zAC&pg=PA12">"§2.1.1 Revealing example: Computing the coefficient standard deviation"</a>. <i>Numerical issues in statistical computing for the social scientist</i>. Wiley-IEEE. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-23633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-23633-7"><bdi>978-0-471-23633-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A72.1.1+Revealing+example%3A+Computing+the+coefficient+standard+deviation&rft.btitle=Numerical+issues+in+statistical+computing+for+the+social+scientist&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-471-23633-7&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Micah&rft.au=Gill%2C+Jeff&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_KevqVO3zAC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deLevie2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deLevie2_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Levie2004" class="citation book cs1">de Levie, Robert (2004). <i><span></span></i>cited work<i><span></span></i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515275-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515275-3"><bdi>978-0-19-515275-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=cited+work&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515275-3&rft.aulast=de+Levie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Walkenbach_0-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Walkenbach_0_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkenbach2010" class="citation book cs1">Walkenbach, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dtSdrjjVXrwC&pg=PA198">"Defining data types"</a>. <i>Excel 2010 Power Programming with VBA</i>. Wiley. pp. 198 <i>ff</i> and Table 8–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-47535-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-47535-5"><bdi>978-0-470-47535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defining+data+types&rft.btitle=Excel+2010+Power+Programming+with+VBA&rft.pages=198+%27%27ff%27%27+and+Table+8-1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-47535-5&rft.aulast=Walkenbach&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdtSdrjjVXrwC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloughWilson,_Berry2002" class="citation journal cs1">McCullough, Bruce D.; Wilson, Berry (2002). "On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2000 and Excel XP". <i>Computational Statistics & Data Analysis</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 713–721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-9473%2802%2900095-6">10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00095-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computational+Statistics+%26+Data+Analysis&rft.atitle=On+the+accuracy+of+statistical+procedures+in+Microsoft+Excel+2000+and+Excel+XP&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=713-721&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-9473%2802%2900095-6&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=Bruce+D.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Berry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloughHeiser,_David_A.2008" class="citation journal cs1">McCullough, Bruce D.; Heiser, David A. (2008). "On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2007". <i>Computational Statistics & Data Analysis</i>. <b>52</b> (10): 4570–4578. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.455.5508">10.1.1.455.5508</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.csda.2008.03.004">10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computational+Statistics+%26+Data+Analysis&rft.atitle=On+the+accuracy+of+statistical+procedures+in+Microsoft+Excel+2007&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4570-4578&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.455.5508%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.csda.2008.03.004&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=Bruce+D.&rft.au=Heiser%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYalta2008" class="citation journal cs1">Yalta, A. Talha (2008). "The accuracy of statistical distributions in Microsoft Excel 2007". <i>Computational Statistics & Data Analysis</i>. <b>52</b> (10): 4579–4586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.csda.2008.03.005">10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computational+Statistics+%26+Data+Analysis&rft.atitle=The+accuracy+of+statistical+distributions+in+Microsoft+Excel+2007&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4579-4586&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.csda.2008.03.005&rft.aulast=Yalta&rft.aufirst=A.+Talha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldwater" class="citation web cs1">Goldwater, Eva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~evagold/excel.html">"Using Excel for Statistical Data Analysis—Caveats"</a>. University of Massachusetts School of Public Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516091435/http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/%7Eevagold/excel.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+Excel+for+Statistical+Data+Analysis%E2%80%94Caveats&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+School+of+Public+Health&rft.aulast=Goldwater&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-unix.oit.umass.edu%2F~evagold%2Fexcel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heiser-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heiser_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiser2008" class="citation web cs1">Heiser, David A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Excel+2000%2C+2003+and+2007+faults%2C+problems%2C+workarounds+and+fixes&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Heiser&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daheiser.info%2Fexcel%2Ffrontpage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corrections-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corrections_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/excel/archive/2009/09/10/function-improvements-in-excel-2010.aspx">Function improvements in Excel 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406191751/http://blogs.msdn.com/excel/archive/2009/09/10/function-improvements-in-excel-2010.aspx">Archived</a> April 6, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Comments are provided from readers that may illuminate some remaining problems.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111114148/http://www.bygsoftware.com/issues/modbug.html">"The MOD bug"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excel+Games+%E2%80%93+Fun+Things+to+Do+With+Spreadsheets&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearnandexcel.com%2Fblog%2Fexcel-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/excel-blog/unusual-uses-of-excel/ba-p/3576867">"Unusual Uses of Excel"</a>. <i>techcommunity.microsoft.com</i>. August 5, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216002404/https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/excel-blog/unusual-uses-of-excel/ba-p/3576867">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=techcommunity.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Unusual+Uses+of+Excel&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcommunity.microsoft.com%2Ft5%2Fexcel-blog%2Funusual-uses-of-excel%2Fba-p%2F3576867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2019-09-09-civilization-microsoft-excel.html">"Someone made a version of 'Civilization' that runs in Microsoft Excel"</a>. <i>Engadget</i>. September 9, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216002403/https://www.engadget.com/2019-09-09-civilization-microsoft-excel.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Someone+made+a+version+of+%27Civilization%27+that+runs+in+Microsoft+Excel&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2019-09-09-civilization-microsoft-excel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalgleish" class="citation web cs1">Dalgleish, Debra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.contextures.com/excelgames.html">"Have Fun Playing Games in Excel"</a>. <i>Contextures Excel Tips</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209212421/https://www.contextures.com/excelgames.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contextures+Excel+Tips&rft.atitle=Have+Fun+Playing+Games+in+Excel&rft.aulast=Dalgleish&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.contextures.com%2Fexcelgames.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneesports.gg/gaming/microsoft-excel-esports-real-tournament/">"Microsoft Excel esports is real and it already has an international tournament"</a>. <i>ONE Esports</i>. June 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216002405/https://www.oneesports.gg/gaming/microsoft-excel-esports-real-tournament/">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ONE+Esports&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Excel+esports+is+real+and+it+already+has+an+international+tournament&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneesports.gg%2Fgaming%2Fmicrosoft-excel-esports-real-tournament%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullenBoveyGreen2009" class="citation book cs1">Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob; Green, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VnegO0pMYlIC"><i>Professional Excel Development: The Definitive Guide to Developing Applications Using Microsoft Excel and VBA</i></a> (2nd ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-50879-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-50879-9"><bdi>978-0-321-50879-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Excel+Development%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Developing+Applications+Using+Microsoft+Excel+and+VBA&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-321-50879-9&rft.aulast=Bullen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Bovey%2C+Rob&rft.au=Green%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVnegO0pMYlIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodgeStinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Dodge, Mark; Stinson, Craig (2007). <i>Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Inside Out</i>. Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-2321-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-2321-7"><bdi>978-0-7356-2321-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Office+Excel+2007+Inside+Out&rft.place=Redmond%2C+Wash.&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7356-2321-7&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Stinson%2C+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillo2011" class="citation book cs1">Billo, E. Joseph (2011). <i>Excel for Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide</i> (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38123-6"><bdi>978-0-470-38123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excel+for+Chemists%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-38123-6&rft.aulast=Billo&rft.aufirst=E.+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2021" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Andy (January 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/lambda-the-ultimatae-excel-worksheet-function/">"LAMBDA: The ultimate Excel worksheet function"</a>. <i>microsoft.com</i>. Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microsoft.com&rft.atitle=LAMBDA%3A+The+ultimate+Excel+worksheet+function&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fresearch%2Fblog%2Flambda-the-ultimatae-excel-worksheet-function%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Excel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microsoft_Excel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Apple Numbers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microsoft Excel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanMaker" title="PlanMaker">PlanMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattro_Pro" title="Quattro Pro">Quattro Pro</a></li> <li>Sourcetable<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet#History" title="Spreadsheet">Discontinued</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleWorks" title="AppleWorks">AppleWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Easy-As" title="As-Easy-As">As-Easy-As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Calc" title="Boeing Calc">Boeing Calc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claris_Resolve" title="Claris Resolve">Claris Resolve</a></li> <li>Calc <ul><li><a href="/wiki/StarOffice" title="StarOffice">StarOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-oo" title="Go-oo">Go-oo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeoOffice" title="NeoOffice">NeoOffice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Impact" title="Full Impact">Full Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobe_Productive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobe Productive">Gobe Productive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Oleo" title="GNU Oleo">GNU Oleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informix_Wingz" title="Informix Wingz">Informix Wingz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">IBM Lotus Symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCells" class="mw-redirect" title="KCells">KCells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Improv" title="Lotus Improv">Lotus Improv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucid_3-D" title="Lucid 3-D">Lucid 3-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Works" title="Microsoft Works">Microsoft Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplan" title="Multiplan">Multiplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sc_(spreadsheet_calculator)" title="Sc (spreadsheet calculator)">sc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siag_Office" title="Siag Office">Siag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperCalc" title="SuperCalc">SuperCalc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T/Maker" title="T/Maker">T/Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisiCalc" title="VisiCalc">VisiCalc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spreadsheet_software" title="Category:Spreadsheet software">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_na_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-article page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/16px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/23px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/31px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_spreadsheet_software" title="Comparison of spreadsheet software">Comparison</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_spreadsheet_software" title="List of spreadsheet software">List</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_spreadsheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Online spreadsheet">Online spreadsheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_365" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_365" title="Template:Microsoft 365"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_365" title="Template talk:Microsoft 365"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_365" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft 365"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_365" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Microsoft_Office" title="History of Microsoft Office">History</a></li> <li>A product of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1.x</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_3.0" title="Microsoft Office 3.0">3.0</a></li> <li>4.x</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_95" title="Microsoft Office 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_97" title="Microsoft Office 97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2000" title="Microsoft Office 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XP" title="Microsoft Office XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2003" title="Microsoft Office 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007" title="Microsoft Office 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2010" title="Microsoft Office 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2013" title="Microsoft Office 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2016" title="Microsoft Office 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2019" title="Microsoft Office 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2021" title="Microsoft Office 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2024" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office 2024">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_3.0" title="Microsoft Office 3.0">3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_4.2_for_Macintosh" title="Microsoft Office 4.2 for Macintosh">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_98_Macintosh_Edition" title="Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2001" title="Microsoft Office 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_v._X" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office v. X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2004_for_Mac" title="Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2008_for_Mac" title="Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_for_Mac_2011" title="Microsoft Office for Mac 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2016" title="Microsoft Office 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2019" title="Microsoft Office 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2021" title="Microsoft Office 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2024" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office 2024">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_365_applications_and_services" title="List of Microsoft 365 applications and services">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Access</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Excel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote" title="Microsoft OneNote">OneNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Outlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint" title="Microsoft PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Project" title="Microsoft Project">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Publisher" title="Microsoft Publisher">Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visio" title="Microsoft Visio">Visio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Word</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SharePoint" title="SharePoint">SharePoint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excel_Services" title="Excel Services">Excel Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Project_Server" title="Microsoft Project Server">Project Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Search_Server" title="Microsoft Search Server">Search Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_for_Business_Server" title="Skype for Business Server">Skype for Business Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Excel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Office Lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote" title="Microsoft OneNote">OneNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Outlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint" title="Microsoft PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Remote" class="mw-redirect" title="Office Remote">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Sway" title="Microsoft Sway">Sway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Word</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Web</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bookings" title="Microsoft Bookings">Bookings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Delve" class="mw-redirect" title="Office Delve">Delve</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Excel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Forms" title="Microsoft Forms">Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Loop" title="Microsoft Loop">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote" title="Microsoft OneNote">OneNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_on_the_web" title="Outlook on the web">Outlook on the web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Planner" title="Microsoft Planner">Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint" title="Microsoft PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Project" title="Microsoft Project">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharePoint" title="SharePoint">SharePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Stream" title="Microsoft Stream">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Sway" title="Microsoft Sway">Sway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_To_Do" title="Microsoft To Do">To Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_365_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 365 Video">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Engage" title="Viva Engage">Viva Engage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Word</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_shared_tools#Discontinued" title="Microsoft Office shared tools">Discontinued shared tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Accounting" title="Microsoft Office Accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Classroom" title="Microsoft Classroom">Classroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docs.com" title="Docs.com">Docs.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Entourage" title="Microsoft Entourage">Entourage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FrontPage" title="Microsoft FrontPage">FrontPage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_InfoPath" title="Microsoft InfoPath">InfoPath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_InterConnect" title="Microsoft InterConnect">InterConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Kaizala" title="Microsoft Kaizala">Kaizala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Liquid_Motion" title="Microsoft Liquid Motion">Liquid Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Live_Meeting" title="Microsoft Office Live Meeting">Live Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Lync" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Lync">Lync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mail" title="Microsoft Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Assistant" title="Office Assistant">Office Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Live" title="Microsoft Office Live">Office Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive_Groups" title="OneDrive Groups">OneDrive Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_PerformancePoint_Server" title="Microsoft Office PerformancePoint Server">PerformancePoint Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Photo_Editor" title="Microsoft Photo Editor">Photo Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PhotoDraw" title="Microsoft PhotoDraw">PhotoDraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Picture_Manager" title="Microsoft Office Picture Manager">Picture Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Project_Portfolio_Server" title="Microsoft Office Project Portfolio Server">Project Portfolio Server</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_Hero" title="Ribbon Hero">Ribbon Hero</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Schedule%2B" title="Microsoft Schedule+">Schedule+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Designer" title="Microsoft SharePoint Designer">SharePoint Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Workspace" title="Microsoft SharePoint Workspace">SharePoint Workspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_for_Business" title="Skype for Business">Skype for Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNP_file_format" title="SNP file format">Snapshot Viewer for Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Vizact" title="Microsoft Vizact">Vizact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word_Viewer" title="Microsoft Word Viewer">Word Viewer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Bridge_Framework" title="Information Bridge Framework">Information Bridge Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">Object Linking and Embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XML_formats" title="Microsoft Office XML formats">Office XML formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Pivot" title="Power Pivot">Power Pivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_tag_(Microsoft)" title="Smart tag (Microsoft)">Smart tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">Visual Basic for Applications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Office_filename_extensions" title="List of Microsoft Office filename extensions">Microsoft Office filename extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_password_protection" title="Microsoft Office password protection">Microsoft Office password protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Platform" title="Microsoft Power Platform">Microsoft Power Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Product_Activation" title="Microsoft Product Activation">Microsoft Product Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Genuine_Advantage" title="Office Genuine Advantage">Office Genuine Advantage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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