CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pun - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8a536f80-b0b5-4bc7-8925-9fea2d482ad3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pun","wgTitle":"Pun","wgCurRevisionId":1276011194,"wgRevisionId":1276011194,"wgArticleId":24145,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019","Puns","Ambiguity","Etymology","Humour","Lexicology","Satire","Semantics","Types of words","Word play","Words"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Pun", "wgRelevantArticleId":24145,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q263668","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Jamaica_her_own_idea.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1702"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jamaica_her_own_idea.png/800px-Jamaica_her_own_idea.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1135"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jamaica_her_own_idea.png/640px-Jamaica_her_own_idea.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="908"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pun - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pun rootpage-Pun skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pun" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pun" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pun" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pun" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_puns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_puns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types of puns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_puns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of puns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_puns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homophonic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homophonic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Homophonic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homophonic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homographic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homographic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Homographic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homographic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homonymic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homonymic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Homonymic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homonymic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Compounded</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recursive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recursive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Recursive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recursive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Visual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paronomastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paronomastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Paronomastic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paronomastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metonymic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metonymic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Metonymic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metonymic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sylleptic/heteronymic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sylleptic/heteronymic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Sylleptic/heteronymic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sylleptic/heteronymic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antanaclasistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antanaclasistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Antanaclasistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antanaclasistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comedy_and_jokes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedy_and_jokes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Comedy and jokes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedy_and_jokes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_never_written" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_never_written"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Books never written</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_never_written-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shakespeare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shakespeare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Shakespeare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shakespeare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhetoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhetoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rhetoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhetoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion_and_alternative_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion_and_alternative_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Confusion and alternative uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion_and_alternative_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_global_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_global_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History and global usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_global_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woordspeling" title="Woordspeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Woordspeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جناس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جناس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Յարաբառութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Յարաբառութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinas" title="Cinas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cinas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تجنیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تجنیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Каламбур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каламбур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Калямбур – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калямбур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Каламбур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каламбур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalauer" title="Kalauer – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kalauer" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calembour" title="Calembour – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calembour" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamb%C3%BAr" title="Kalambúr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalambúr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gair_mwys" title="Gair mwys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gair mwys" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordspil" title="Ordspil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ordspil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalauer" title="Kalauer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalauer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5nam%C3%A4ng" title="Sõnamäng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõnamäng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calambur" title="Calambur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calambur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vort%C5%9Derco" title="Vortŝerco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vortŝerco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calembour" title="Calembour – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Calembour" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جناس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جناس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calembour" title="Calembour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calembour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calembur" title="Calembur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calembur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%85%B8%EB%A7%88%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84" title="파로노마지아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파로노마지아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalambur" title="Kalambur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalambur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalemburo" title="Kalemburo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalemburo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paronomasia" title="Paronomasia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paronomasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calembour" title="Calembour – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calembour" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="לשון נופל על לשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לשון נופל על לשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კალამბური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალამბური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Каламбур – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каламбур" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Каламбур – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каламбур" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamb%C5%ABras" title="Kalambūras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalambūras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3j%C3%A1t%C3%A9k" title="Szójáték – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szójáték" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Каламбур – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каламбур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paronomasia" title="Paronomasia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paronomasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Каламбурсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Каламбурсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calembour" title="Calembour – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calembour" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A7%84%E6%B4%92%E8%90%BD" title="駄洒落 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="駄洒落" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordspel" title="Ordspel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ordspel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalambur" title="Kalambur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalambur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calembur" title="Calembur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calembur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calambur" title="Calambur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calambur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Каламбур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каламбур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun" title="Pun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تجنيس تام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تجنيس تام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamb%C3%BAr" title="Kalambúr – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalambúr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Парономазија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парономазија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vits" title="Vits – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vits" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="சிலேடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலேடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="శ్లేషాలంకారము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శ్లేషాలంకారము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinas" title="Cinas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cinas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Каламбур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каламбур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ذومعنویت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ذومعنویت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%97%9C%E8%A9%B1" title="雙關話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雙關話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%97%9C" title="雙關 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雙關" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q263668#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pun" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pun" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pun"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pun"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pun" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pun" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&oldid=1276011194" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pun&id=1276011194&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPun"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPun"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pun&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Puns" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q263668" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of word play</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pun (disambiguation)">Pun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Puns" redirects here. For the former Sahrawi political party, see <a href="/wiki/Partido_de_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_Saharaui" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido de Unión Nacional Saharaui">Partido de Unión Nacional Saharaui</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_her_own_idea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jamaica_her_own_idea.png/280px-Jamaica_her_own_idea.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jamaica_her_own_idea.png/420px-Jamaica_her_own_idea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jamaica_her_own_idea.png/560px-Jamaica_her_own_idea.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i>, 25 February 1914. The cartoon is a pun on the word "Jamaica", which pronunciation [dʒəˈmeɪkə] is a homonym to the clipped form of "Did you make her?".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pun</b>, also known as a <b>paronomasia</b> in the context of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">word play</a> that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended <a href="/wiki/Humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor">humorous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorical</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use of <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonymic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Figurative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Figurative language">figurative language</a>. A pun differs from a <a href="/wiki/Malapropism" title="Malapropism">malapropism</a> in that a malapropism is an incorrect variation on a correct expression, while a pun involves expressions with multiple (correct or fairly reasonable) interpretations. Puns may be regarded as <a href="/wiki/In-joke" title="In-joke">in-jokes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiomatic</a> constructions, especially as their usage and meaning are usually specific to a particular language or its <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>. </p><p>Puns have a long history in writing. For example, the Roman playwright <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> was famous for his puns and word games.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollack2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollack2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_puns">Types of puns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of puns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homophonic">Homophonic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Homophonic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homophonic_puns_in_Standard_Chinese" title="Homophonic puns in Standard Chinese">Homophonic puns in Standard Chinese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAABAAA_black_Jeep_in_Oakland,_April_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BAABAAA_black_Jeep_in_Oakland%2C_April_2021.jpg/220px-BAABAAA_black_Jeep_in_Oakland%2C_April_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BAABAAA_black_Jeep_in_Oakland%2C_April_2021.jpg/330px-BAABAAA_black_Jeep_in_Oakland%2C_April_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BAABAAA_black_Jeep_in_Oakland%2C_April_2021.jpg/440px-BAABAAA_black_Jeep_in_Oakland%2C_April_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A black Jeep with license plate BAABAAA – a pun on "<a href="/wiki/Baa,_Baa,_Black_Sheep" title="Baa, Baa, Black Sheep">Baa, Baa, Black Sheep</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>A homophonic pun is one that uses word pairs which sound alike (<a href="/wiki/Homophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophones">homophones</a>) but are not synonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walter Redfern summarized this type with his statement, "To pun is to treat homonyms as <a href="/wiki/Synonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonyms">synonyms</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a>'s phrase "atheism is a non-prophet institution", the word <i><a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a></i> is put in place of its homophone <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/profit" class="extiw" title="wikt:profit">profit</a></i>, altering the common phrase "<a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit institution</a>". Similarly, the joke "Question: Why do we still <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe#Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Europe">have troops in Germany</a>? Answer: To keep the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Russians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czech</a>" relies on the aural ambiguity of the homophones <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/check" class="extiw" title="wikt:check">check</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Czech" class="extiw" title="wikt:Czech">Czech</a></i>. Often, puns are not strictly homophonic, but play on words of similar, not identical, sound as in the example from the <i><a href="/wiki/Pinky_and_the_Brain" title="Pinky and the Brain">Pinky and the Brain</a></i> cartoon film series: "I think so, Brain, but if we give peas a chance, won't the lima beans feel left out?" which plays with the similar—but not identical—sound of <i>peas</i> and <i>peace</i> in the anti-war slogan "<a href="/wiki/Give_Peace_a_Chance" title="Give Peace a Chance">Give Peace a Chance</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homographic">Homographic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Homographic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>homographic</i> pun exploits words that are spelled the same (<a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographs</a>) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their origin, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as <i>heteronymic puns</i>. Examples in which the punned words typically exist in two different <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts of speech">parts of speech</a> often rely on unusual sentence construction, as in the anecdote: "When asked to explain his large number of children, the pig answered simply: 'The wild oats of my sow gave us many piglets.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" An example that combines homophonic and homographic punning is <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a>'s line "You can tune a guitar, but you can't <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> fish. Unless of course, you play <a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">bass</a>." The phrase uses the homophonic qualities of <i>tune a</i> and <i>tuna</i>, as well as the homographic pun on <i>bass</i>, in which ambiguity is reached through the identical spellings of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> (a <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">string instrument</a>), and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> (a <a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">kind of fish</a>). Homographic puns do not necessarily need to follow grammatical rules and often do not make sense when interpreted outside the context of the pun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homonymic">Homonymic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Homonymic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Homonymic</i> puns, another common type, arise from the exploitation of words that are both homographs and homophones. The statement "Being in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> is just like playing <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>: you are trapped in one bad lie after another" puns on the two meanings of the word <i>lie</i> as "a deliberate untruth" and as "the position in which something rests". An adaptation of a joke repeated by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> gives us "Did you hear about the little moron who strained himself while running into the screen door?" playing on <i>strained</i> as "to give much effort" and "to filter".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A homonymic pun may also be <a href="/wiki/Polysemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemic">polysemic</a>, in which the words must be homonymic and also possess related meanings, a condition that is often subjective. However, lexicographers define <a href="/wiki/Polysemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemes">polysemes</a> as listed under a single dictionary <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemma</a> (a unique numbered meaning) while homonyms are treated in separate lemmata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounded">Compounded</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Compounded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns. In this case, the wordplay cannot go into effect by utilizing the separate words or phrases of the puns that make up the entire statement. For example, a complex statement by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whately" title="Richard Whately">Richard Whately</a> includes four puns: "Why can a man never starve in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Great Desert</a>? Because he can eat the sand which is there. But what brought the sandwiches there? Why, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred."<sup id="cite_ref-ages_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ages-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pun uses <i>sand which is there/sandwiches there</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a>/ham</i>, <i>mustered/mustard</i>, and <i>bred/bread</i>. Similarly, the phrase "piano is not my forte" links two meanings of the words <i>forte</i> and <i>piano</i>, one for the dynamic markings in music<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second for the literal meaning of the sentence, as well as alluding to "pianoforte", the older name of the instrument. Compound puns may also combine two phrases that share a word. For example, "Where do <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematicians</a> go on weekends? To a Möbius strip club!" puns on the terms <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip" title="Möbius strip">Möbius strip</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">strip club</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recursive">Recursive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recursive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first. For example, the statement "<a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">π</a> is only half a pie"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (π <a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radians</a> is 180 <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a>, or half a circle, and a <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pie</a> is a complete circle). Another example is "<a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">Infinity</a> is not in finity", which means infinity is not in <a href="/wiki/Finite_set" title="Finite set">finite</a> range. Another example is "a <a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a> is when you say one thing but mean <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">your mother</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recursive pun "Immanuel doesn't pun, he <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>" is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollack2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollack2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual">Visual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Visual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:148FS_USAF_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/148FS_USAF_emblem.png/220px-148FS_USAF_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/148FS_USAF_emblem.png 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/148th_Fighter_Squadron" title="148th Fighter Squadron">148th Fighter Squadron</a> emblem, a <a href="/wiki/Visual_pun" title="Visual pun">visual pun</a> in which the squadron's motto, "Kickin' Ass", is depicted literally as an <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">ass</a> in the act of kicking even though "kicking ass" is a colloquial expression for winning decisively or being impressive.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Visual_pun" title="Visual pun">Visual puns</a> are sometimes used in logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects is replaced by a picture. In European <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, this technique is called <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting arms</a>. Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch <a href="/wiki/Gable_stone" title="Gable stone">gable stones</a> as well as in some <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Consonants" title="Lost Consonants">Lost Consonants</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Far_Side" title="The Far Side">The Far Side</a></i>. Another type of visual pun exists in languages that use non-phonetic writing. For example, in Chinese, a pun may be based on a similarity in shape of the written character, despite a complete lack of phonetic similarity in the words punned upon.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Elvin" title="Mark Elvin">Mark Elvin</a> describes how this "peculiarly Chinese form of visual punning involved comparing written characters to objects."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visual puns on the bearer's name are used extensively as forms of heraldic expression, they are called <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting arms</a>. They have been used for centuries across Europe and have even been used recently by members of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a>, such as on the arms of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Beatrice of York">Princess Beatrice of York</a>. The arms of U.S. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> are also <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the context of non-phonetic texts, <a href="/wiki/4_Pics_1_Word" title="4 Pics 1 Word">4 Pics 1 Word</a>, is an example of visual paronomasia where the players are supposed to identify the word in common from the set of four images.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paronomastic">Paronomastic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paronomastic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paronomasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paronomasia">Paronomasia</a> is the formal term for <a class="mw-selflink selflink">punning</a>, playing with words to create humorous or rhetorical effect. Paronomastic puns often manipulate well-known <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>, or phrases to deliver a punned twist. The classic structure of a joke, with a setup leading to a punchline, is a common format for paronomastic puns, where the punchline alters the expected phrase in a way that plays on multiple meanings of a word. For instance, in the sentence, "I used to be a baker, but I couldn't make enough dough,"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word "dough" is used paronomastically to refer both to the substance used to make bread and to slang for money. </p><p>This type of pun is frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertisements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> to provide a clever and memorable message. One notable example comes from an advertising slogan for a moving company: "We don't charge an arm and a leg. We want your tows." Here, the familiar phrase "an arm and a leg" is paronomastically punned upon with "tows," playing on the phonetic similarity to "toes" while referring to the company's service of towing belongings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metonymic">Metonymic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metonymic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metonymic puns exploit the <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymic</a> relationship between words – where a word or phrase is used to represent something it's closely associated with. In such puns, one term is substituted for another term with which it's closely linked by a concept or idea. The humor or wit of the pun often comes from the unexpected yet apt connection made between the two concepts. </p><p>For instance, consider a hypothetical news headline: "The White House loses its balance." In this case, "The White House" is used metonymically to represent the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States">U.S. government</a>, and "balance" could be interpreted both as physical stability (as if the building itself is tipping over) or fiscal balance (as in the budget), thereby creating a pun. </p><p>While metonymic puns may not be as widely recognized as a specific category of pun, they represent a sophisticated linguistic tool that can bring an additional layer of nuance to wordplay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sylleptic/heteronymic"><span id="Sylleptic.2Fheteronymic"></span>Sylleptic/heteronymic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sylleptic/heteronymic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Syllepsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllepsis">Syllepsis</a>, or heteronymy, is a form of punning where a single word simultaneously affects the rest of the sentence, while it changes the meaning of the idiom it is used in. This form of punning uses the word in its literal and metaphorical senses at once, creating a surprising and often humorous effect. </p><p>An example of a sylleptic pun is in the sentence, "She lowered her standards by raising her glass, her courage, her eyes and his hopes." In this case, "raising" applies in different ways to each of the items listed, creating a series of linked puns. This type of punning can often be seen in literature, particularly in works that play extensively with language. (She razed his self-esteem in how she raised the children.) </p><p>Notable practitioners of the sylleptic pun include authors such as <a href="/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse" title="P. G. Wodehouse">P. G. Wodehouse</a>, who once wrote, "If not actually disgruntled, he was far from being gruntled," playing on the dichotomy of "disgruntled" and "gruntled," where the latter is not typically used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antanaclasistic">Antanaclasistic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antanaclasistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antanaclasis" title="Antanaclasis">Antanaclasis</a> is a type of pun where a single word or phrase is repeated, but the meaning changes each time. The humor or wit derives from the surprising shift in meaning of a familiar word or phrase. This form of punning often relies on homophones, homonyms, or simply the contextual flexibility of a word or phrase. </p><p>A classic example is <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s statement, "We must, indeed, all hang together or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this quote, the word "hang" is first used to mean "stay" or "work together," but then, it is repeated with the meaning "be executed." </p><p>This punning style is prevalent in both humorous and serious contexts, adding layers of complexity to the language by highlighting the multifaceted nature of words. Such puns are frequently used in literature, speeches, and advertising to deliver memorable and impactful lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard J. Alexander notes two additional forms that puns may take: graphological (sometimes called visual) puns, such as <a href="/wiki/Concrete_poetry" title="Concrete poetry">concrete poetry</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> puns, such as <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morphological puns may make use of <a href="/wiki/Rebracketing" title="Rebracketing">rebracketing</a>, where for instance <i>distressed</i> is parsed as <i>dis-tressed</i> (having hair cut off), <sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in the <a href="/wiki/Self-reference" title="Self-reference">self-referential</a> pun "I entered ten puns in a pun competition hoping one would win, but no pun in ten did" (parsed as "no pun intended"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comedy_and_jokes">Comedy and jokes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comedy and jokes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Puns are a common source of humour in jokes and <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">comedy shows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often used in the <a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">punch line</a> of a joke, where they typically give a humorous meaning to a rather perplexing story. These are also known as <a href="/wiki/Feghoot" title="Feghoot">feghoots</a>. The following example comes from the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Master_and_Commander:_The_Far_Side_of_the_World" title="Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World">Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World</a></i>, though the punchline stems from far older <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a> roots.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final line puns on the stock phrase "<a href="/wiki/Lesser_of_two_evils_principle" title="Lesser of two evils principle">the lesser of two evils</a>". After Aubrey offers his pun (to the enjoyment of many), Dr. Maturin shows a disdain for the craft with his reply, "One who would pun would pick-a-pocket." </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Captain Aubrey: "Do you see those two <a href="/wiki/Weevil" title="Weevil">weevils</a>, Doctor?...Which would you choose?" Dr. Maturin: "Neither. There's not a scrap of difference between them. They're the same species of <i><a href="/wiki/Curculio" title="Curculio">Curculio</a></i>." Captain Aubrey: "If you had to choose. If you were forced to make a choice. If there were no other option." Dr. Maturin: "Well, then, if you're going to push me. I would choose the right-hand weevil. It has significant advantage in both length and breadth." Captain Aubrey: "There, I have you!...Do you not know that in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">the Service</a>, one must always choose <i>the lesser of the two weevils.</i>" </p> </blockquote> <p>Not infrequently, puns are used in the titles of comedic <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodies</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. A parody of a popular song, movie, etc., may be given a title that hints at the title of the work being parodied, replacing some of the words with ones that sound or look similar. For example, <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_a_cappella" title="Collegiate a cappella">collegiate a cappella</a> groups are often named after musical puns to attract fans through attempts at humor.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a title can immediately communicate both that what follows is a parody and also that work is about to be parodied, making any further "setup" (introductory explanation) unnecessary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books_never_written">Books never written</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Books never written"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></div> <p>Sometimes called "books never written" or "world's greatest books", these are jokes that consist of fictitious book titles with authors' names that contain a pun relating to the title.<sup id="cite_ref-Partington2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partington2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the best-known example is: "<i>Tragedy on the Cliff</i> by Eileen Dover", which according to one source was devised by humourist <a href="/wiki/Peter_De_Vries" title="Peter De Vries">Peter De Vries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common for these puns to refer to taboo subject matter, such as "<i>What Boys Love</i> by E. Norma Stitts".<sup id="cite_ref-Partington2006_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partington2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Pun competitions</b> </p><p>2014 saw the inaugural <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> Pun Championships, at the <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Comedy_Festival" title="Leicester Comedy Festival">Leicester Comedy Festival</a>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Brodkin" title="Simon Brodkin">Lee Nelson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winner was Darren Walsh. Walsh went on to take part in the <a href="/wiki/O._Henry_Pun-Off" title="O. Henry Pun-Off">O. Henry Pun-Off World Championships</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 the UK Pun Champion was Leo Kearse.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pun competitions include Minnesota’s Pundamonium, Orlando Punslingers, the Almost Annual Pun-Off in Eureka, and Brooklyn’s Punderdome,<sup id="cite_ref-s730_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s730-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b516_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b516-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r336_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r336-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by <a href="/wiki/Jo_Firestone" title="Jo Firestone">Jo Firestone</a> and her father, Fred Firestone.<sup id="cite_ref-Away_with_Words_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Away_with_Words-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Away with Words: An Irreverent Tour Through the World of Pun Competitions,</i><sup id="cite_ref-Away_with_Words_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Away_with_Words-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joe Berkowitz deems Austin's <a href="/wiki/O._Henry_Pun-Off" title="O. Henry Pun-Off">O. Henry Pun-Off</a> the "Olympics" of pun competitions, and Brooklyn's Punderdome the "X Games".<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a> described the crowd at Brooklyn's Punderdome as "passionate, to a level that feels dangerous".<sup id="cite_ref-b963_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b963-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-humorous puns were and are a standard poetic device in <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>. Puns and other forms of wordplay have been used by many famous writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nichol2015_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichol2015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MenandNewYorker2012_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MenandNewYorker2012-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HitchensAtlantic2005_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HitchensAtlantic2005-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bloch" title="Robert Bloch">Robert Bloch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ZinnaCasebook_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZinnaCasebook-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AppletonSmithsonian2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppletonSmithsonian2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KaveneyGuardian2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaveneyGuardian2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>. </p><p>In the poem <i>A Hymn to God the Father</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, whose wife's name was Anne More, puns repeatedly: "Son/sun" in the second quoted line, and two compound puns on "Done/done" and "More/more". All three are homophonic, with the puns on "more" being both homographic and <a href="/wiki/Capitonym" title="Capitonym">capitonymic</a>. The ambiguities introduce several possible meanings into the verses. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>"When Thou hast <i>done</i>, Thou hast not <i>done</i> / For I have <i>more</i>.<br /> that at my death Thy <i>Son</i> / Shall shine as he shines now, and heretofore<br /> And having <i>done</i> that, Thou hast <i>done</i>; / I fear no <i>more</i>." </p> </div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> stated, "Puns are the highest form of literature."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shakespeare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> is estimated to have used over 3,000 puns in <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">his plays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ColbyryEG_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColbyryEG-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though many of the puns were bawdy, <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan literature</a> considered puns and wordplay to be a "sign of literary refinement" more so than humor. This is evidenced by the deployment of puns in serious or "seemingly inappropriate" scenes, like when a dying <a href="/wiki/Mercutio" title="Mercutio">Mercutio</a> quips "Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man" in <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shakespeare was also noted for his frequent play with less serious puns, the "quibbles" of the sort that made <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> complain, "A quibble is to Shakespeare what luminous vapours are to the traveller! He follows it to all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, sure to engulf him in the mire. It has some malignant power over his mind, and its fascinations are irresistible."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, Johnson disparagingly referred to punning as the lowest form of humour.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rhetoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Puns can function as a <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">rhetorical device</a>, where the pun serves as a persuasive instrument for an author or speaker. Although puns are sometimes perceived as trite or silly, if used responsibly a pun "can be an effective communication tool in a variety of situations and forms".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major difficulty in using puns in this manner is that the meaning of a pun can be interpreted very differently according to the audience's background with the possibility of detracting from the intended message.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other forms of wordplay, paronomasia is occasionally used for its attention-getting or <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> qualities, making it common in titles and the names of places, characters, and organizations, and in advertising and slogans.<sup id="cite_ref-Adslogans_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adslogans-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiecoon_Tie_Shop_in_Penn_Station_NY_during_COVID_19_Pandemic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tiecoon_Tie_Shop_in_Penn_Station_NY_during_COVID_19_Pandemic.jpg/200px-Tiecoon_Tie_Shop_in_Penn_Station_NY_during_COVID_19_Pandemic.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tiecoon_Tie_Shop_in_Penn_Station_NY_during_COVID_19_Pandemic.jpg/300px-Tiecoon_Tie_Shop_in_Penn_Station_NY_during_COVID_19_Pandemic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tiecoon_Tie_Shop_in_Penn_Station_NY_during_COVID_19_Pandemic.jpg/400px-Tiecoon_Tie_Shop_in_Penn_Station_NY_during_COVID_19_Pandemic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>The Tiecoon Tie shop, in Penn Station NY, an example of a pun in a shop name</figcaption></figure> <p>Many restaurant and shop names use puns: <a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cane & Able</a> mobility healthcare, <a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Sam & Ella</a>'s Chicken Palace, <a href="/wiki/Tycoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycoon">Tiecoon</a> tie shop, <a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(novel)" title="Planet of the Apes (novel)">Planet of the Grapes</a> wine and spirits,<sup id="cite_ref-best_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curl Up and Dye hair salon, as do books such as <i><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Maconie" title="Stuart Maconie">Pies and Prejudice</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Webcomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcomics">webcomics</a> like (<i><a href="/wiki/YU%2BME:_dream" class="mw-redirect" title="YU+ME: dream">YU+ME: dream</a></i>) and feature films such as (<i><a href="/wiki/Good_Will_Hunting" title="Good Will Hunting">Good Will Hunting</a></i>). The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Speed_Racer" title="Speed Racer">Speed Racer</a>'s</i> original Japanese title, <i>Mach GoGoGo!</i> refers to the English word itself, the Japanese word for five (the <a href="/wiki/Mach_Five" title="Mach Five">Mach Five</a>'s car number), and the name of the show's main character, Go Mifune. This is also an example of a multilingual pun, full understanding of which requires knowledge of more than one language on the part of the listener. </p><p>Names of fictional characters also often carry puns, such as <a href="/wiki/Ash_Ketchum" title="Ash Ketchum">Ash Ketchum</a>, the protagonist of the anime series <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Goku" title="Goku">Goku</a> ("Kakarrot"), the protagonist of the <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball" title="Dragon Ball">Dragon Ball</a></i>. Both franchises are known for including second meanings in the names of characters. A recurring motif in the <i><a href="/wiki/Austin_Powers_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Powers (film series)">Austin Powers</a></i> films repeatedly puns on names that suggest male genitalia. In the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television series">television series</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/B-4_(Star_Trek)" class="mw-redirect" title="B-4 (Star Trek)">B-4</a>" is used as the name of one of four <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">androids</a> models constructed "before" the android <a href="/wiki/Data_(Star_Trek)" title="Data (Star Trek)">Data</a>, a main character. A librarian in another <i>Star Trek</i> episode was named "Mr. Atoz" (A to Z). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sequel#Paraquel" title="Sequel">parallel sequel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_1%C2%BD" title="The Lion King 1½">The Lion King 1½</a></i> advertised with the phrase "You haven't seen the 1/2 of it!". <a href="/wiki/Wyborowa" title="Wyborowa">Wyborowa Vodka</a> employed the slogan "Enjoyed for centuries straight", while <a href="/wiki/Northern_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Telecom">Northern Telecom</a> used "Technology the world calls on."<sup id="cite_ref-Adslogans_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adslogans-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 June 2015 the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> <i><a href="/wiki/You_and_Yours" title="You and Yours">You and Yours</a></i> included a feature on "Puntastic Shop Titles". Entries included a Chinese Takeaway in <a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a> town centre called "<a href="/wiki/Uluru" title="Uluru">Ayr's Wok</a>", a kebab shop in Ireland called "<a href="/wiki/Abracadabra" title="Abracadabra">Abra Kebabra</a>" and a tree-surgeon in Dudley called "<a href="/wiki/Special_Branch#United_Kingdom" title="Special Branch">Special Branch</a>". The winning entry, selected by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Brodkin" title="Simon Brodkin">Lee Nelson</a>, was a dry cleaner's in Fulham and Chelsea called "Starchy and Starchy", a pun on <a href="/wiki/Saatchi_%26_Saatchi" title="Saatchi & Saatchi">Saatchi & Saatchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paronomasia has found a strong foothold in the media. <a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">William Safire</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> suggests that "the root of this pace-growing [use of paronomasia] is often a headline-writer's need for quick catchiness, and has resulted in a new tolerance for a long-despised form of humor."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be argued that paronomasia is common in media headlines, to draw the reader's interest. The rhetoric is important because it connects people with the topic. A notable example is the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i> headline "Headless Body in Topless Bar".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i> headlines for sex scandal articles have included "Cloak and Shag Her" (General Petraeus), "Obama Beats Weiner" (Congressman Weiner),<sup id="cite_ref-Away_with_Words_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Away_with_Words-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Bezos</a> Exposes <a href="/wiki/David_Pecker" title="David Pecker">Pecker</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-w579_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w579-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paronomasia is prevalent orally as well. <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Attardo" title="Salvatore Attardo">Salvatore Attardo</a> believes that puns are verbal humor. He talks about Pepicello and Weisberg's linguistic theory of humor and believes the only form of linguistic humor is limited to puns.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because a pun is a play on the word itself. Attardo believes that only puns are able to maintain humor and this humor has significance. It is able to help soften a situation and make it less serious, it can help make something more memorable, and using a pun can make the speaker seem witty. </p><p>Paronomasia is strong in print media and oral conversation so it can be assumed that paronomasia is strong in broadcast media as well. Examples of paronomasia in media are sound bites. They could be memorable because of the humor and rhetoric associated with paronomasia, thus making the significance of the <a href="/wiki/Soundbite" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundbite">soundbite</a> stronger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confusion_and_alternative_uses">Confusion and alternative uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Confusion and alternative uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exist subtle differences between paronomasia and other literary techniques, such as the <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendre</a>. While puns are often simple wordplay for comedic or rhetorical effect, a double entendre alludes to a second meaning that is not contained within the statement or phrase itself, often one that purposefully disguises the second meaning. As both exploit the use of intentional double meanings, puns can sometimes be double entendres, and vice versa. Puns also bear similarities with <a href="/wiki/Paraprosdokian" title="Paraprosdokian">paraprosdokian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuegma#Syllepsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuegma">syllepsis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eggcorn" title="Eggcorn">eggcorns</a>. In addition, homographic puns are sometimes compared to the <a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">stylistic device</a> <a href="/wiki/Antanaclasis" title="Antanaclasis">antanaclasis</a>, and homophonic puns to <a href="/wiki/Polyptoton" title="Polyptoton">polyptoton</a>. Puns can be used as a type of <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> device to enhance comprehension in an educational setting. Used discreetly, puns can effectively reinforce content and aid in the retention of material. Some linguists have encouraged the creation of <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> to decrease the instances of confusion caused by puns.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_global_usage">History and global usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History and global usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_pun" title="Bilingual pun">Bilingual pun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rahm_Emanuel_Hankyu_Very_Much_tweet_May_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rahm_Emanuel_Hankyu_Very_Much_tweet_May_2022.png/220px-Rahm_Emanuel_Hankyu_Very_Much_tweet_May_2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rahm_Emanuel_Hankyu_Very_Much_tweet_May_2022.png/330px-Rahm_Emanuel_Hankyu_Very_Much_tweet_May_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rahm_Emanuel_Hankyu_Very_Much_tweet_May_2022.png/440px-Rahm_Emanuel_Hankyu_Very_Much_tweet_May_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Japan" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Japan">ambassador of the United States to Japan</a>, tweeted a bilingual pun in May 2022, combining the <a href="/wiki/Hankyu" title="Hankyu">Hankyu</a> railway company in Japan and the English "<a href="/wiki/Thank_you" title="Thank you">thank you</a>."</figcaption></figure> <p>Puns were found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, where they were heavily used in the development of myths and interpretation of dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Dao" title="Shen Dao">Shen Dao</a> (ca. 300 BC) used "shi", meaning "power", and "shi", meaning "position" to say that a king has power because of his position as king.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> around 2500 BC, punning was used by scribes to represent words in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> contains puns.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Maya</a> are known for having used puns in their <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic writing">hieroglyphic writing</a>, and for using them in their modern languages.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, "<a href="/wiki/Graphomania" title="Graphomania">graphomania</a>" was one type of pun.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More commonly, wordplay in modern Japan is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Dajare" title="Dajare">dajare</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, "Sledai" is the word used to mean pun in which a word with two different meanings. This is also classified as a poetry style in ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a>. Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, "Slesha" is the equivalent word and is one of several poetry styles in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu literature</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesopian_language" title="Aesopian language">Aesopian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albur" title="Albur">Albur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">Alliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-antonym">Auto-antonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dad_joke" title="Dad joke">Dad joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajare" title="Dajare">Dajare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">Double entendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">False etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondegreen" title="Mondegreen">Mondegreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">Phono-semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satiric_misspelling" title="Satiric misspelling">Satiric misspelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoonerism" title="Spoonerism">Spoonerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Swifty" title="Tom Swifty">Tom Swifty</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Zimmer" title="Ben Zimmer">Ben Zimmer</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=591">Jottings on the 'Jamaica' joke</a>", <i>Language Log</i>, 14 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although Zimmer was not able to trace it to its source, the Jamaica joke originated in American college boy humour: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yul.yg15_r_245_v40_i15&view=1up&seq=51">"(No headline)"</a>. <i>The Yale Record</i>. Vol. XL, no. 15. 2 June 1912. p. 447<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Record&rft.atitle=%28No+headline%29&rft.volume=XL&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=447&rft.date=1912-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dyul.yg15_r_245_v40_i15%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t9184h46r&view=1up&seq=159">"In Lighter Vein"</a>. <i>The Brown Alumni Monthly</i>. Vol. XIII, no. 4. November 1912. p. 111<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brown+Alumni+Monthly&rft.atitle=In+Lighter+Vein&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1912-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiuo.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft9184h46r%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31378008244504&view=1up&seq=98">"Commuting"</a>. <i>The Graduate/University of California Medical Center</i>. 1914. p. 88<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Graduate%2FUniversity+of+California+Medical+Center&rft.atitle=Commuting&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.31378008244504%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/P/paronomasia.htm">"paronomasia"</a>. <i>rhetoric.byu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rhetoric.byu.edu&rft.atitle=paronomasia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frhetoric.byu.edu%2FFigures%2FP%2Fparonomasia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollack2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollack2011_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollack2011_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2011" class="citation book cs1">Pollack, John (14 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XwMoG3zlYVwC"><i>The Pun Also Rises</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-51386-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-51386-6"><bdi>978-1-101-51386-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pun+Also+Rises&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft.isbn=978-1-101-51386-6&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXwMoG3zlYVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontaine2010" class="citation book cs1">Fontaine, Michael (2010). <i>Funny Words in Plautine Comedy</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funny+Words+in+Plautine+Comedy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Fontaine&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elc.edu/how-very-pun-ny-of-you/">"English Grammar Lesson – How very pun-ny of you! – ELC"</a>. <i>ELC – English Language Center</i>. 2 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELC+%E2%80%93+English+Language+Center&rft.atitle=English+Grammar+Lesson+%E2%80%93+How+very+pun-ny+of+you%21+%E2%80%93+ELC&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elc.edu%2Fhow-very-pun-ny-of-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Puns</i>, Blackwell, London, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pinky_and_the_Brain" class="extiw" title="q:Pinky and the Brain"><i>See the citation on Wikiquote</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asimov, Isaac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isaacasimovstrea00asim/page/174"><i>Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor</i></a>, p. 175, § 252. 1971. Houghton Mifflin. New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ages-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ages_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTartakovsky2009" class="citation news cs1">Tartakovsky, Joseph (28 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/opinion/28Tartakovsky.html">"Pun for the Ages"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pun+for+the+Ages&rft.date=2009-03-28&rft.aulast=Tartakovsky&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F28%2Fopinion%2F28Tartakovsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefunnypuns.com/music-puns/">Music Puns</a> That Hit the Right Note with Laughter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis2024" class="citation web cs1">Louis, Max (17 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punfinity.com/pie-puns/">"Pie Puns"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pie+Puns&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunfinity.com%2Fpie-puns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnellen.com/cybereng/lit_terms/puns.html">"PUNS"</a>. <i>Tnellen.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tnellen.com&rft.atitle=PUNS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnellen.com%2Fcybereng%2Flit_terms%2Fpuns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attardo, Salvatore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hE_ex4MZKIEC&dq=%22Chinese+puns%22&pg=PA109"><i>Linguistic Theories of Humor</i></a>, p.109. Walter de Gruyter, 1994. Alleton, V.: <i>L'écriture chinoise</i>. Paris, 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elvin, Mark, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-dQeGeuQNAC&pg=PA113">"The Spectrum of Accessibility: Types of Humor in <i>The Destinies of the Flowers in the Mirror</i>"</a>, p. 113. In: <a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Ames" title="Roger T. Ames">Roger T. Ames</a> (et al.): <i>Interpreting Culture through Translation: a Festschrift for D. C. Lau</i>. 1991, pp. 101–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://literarydevices.net/paronomasia/">"Paronomasia - Definition and Examples of Paronomasia"</a>. <i>Literary Devices</i>. 10 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Devices&rft.atitle=Paronomasia+-+Definition+and+Examples+of+Paronomasia&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliterarydevices.net%2Fparonomasia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punsteria.com/baker-puns/">"Baker Puns"</a>. Punsteria. 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baker+Puns&rft.pub=Punsteria&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunsteria.com%2Fbaker-puns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reportedly said on the eve of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the exact origins remain uncertain as it was first reported in print in 1840, long after Franklin's death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1997" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Richard J. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsofverbalh00alex"><i>Aspects of Verbal Humour in English</i></a></span>. Narr, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-823-34936-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-823-34936-5"><bdi>978-3-823-34936-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Verbal+Humour+in+English&rft.place=Narr%2C+T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Gunter+Narr+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-823-34936-5&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faspectsofverbalh00alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorth2008" class="citation news cs1">Worth, Dan (15 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2008/may/15/gluttonsforpunishment">"Gluttons for pun-ishment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gluttons+for+pun-ishment&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft.aulast=Worth&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2Ftheatreblog%2F2008%2Fmay%2F15%2Fgluttonsforpunishment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt,_Paul_M.2002" class="citation book cs1">Levitt, Paul M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoT1Cc1Ecb8C&q=lesser%20of%20two%20weevils%20joke&pg=PA20"><i>Vaudeville Humor: The Collected Jokes, Routines, and Skits of Ed Lowry</i></a>. Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2720-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2720-1"><bdi>978-0-8093-2720-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaudeville+Humor%3A+The+Collected+Jokes%2C+Routines%2C+and+Skits+of+Ed+Lowry&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2720-1&rft.au=Levitt%2C+Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBoT1Cc1Ecb8C%26q%3Dlesser%2520of%2520two%2520weevils%2520joke%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin2011" class="citation web cs1">Chin, Mike (18 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acappellablog.com/statistical-findings/how-many-a-cappella-group-names-are-puns/">"How Many A Cappella Group Names are Puns? | The A Cappella Blog"</a>. <i>acappellablog.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acappellablog.com&rft.atitle=How+Many+A+Cappella+Group+Names+are+Puns%3F+%7C+The+A+Cappella+Blog&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facappellablog.com%2Fstatistical-findings%2Fhow-many-a-cappella-group-names-are-puns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Partington2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Partington2006_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partington2006_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartington2006" class="citation book cs1">Partington, Alan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpz5OjqpwYUC&q=book+puns+eileen+dover&pg=PA127"><i>The Linguistics of Laughter: A Corpus-Assisted Study of Laughter-Talk</i></a>. Routledge. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41538166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41538166-6"><bdi>978-0-41538166-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistics+of+Laughter%3A+A+Corpus-Assisted+Study+of+Laughter-Talk&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-41538166-6&rft.aulast=Partington&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpz5OjqpwYUC%26q%3Dbook%2Bpuns%2Beileen%2Bdover%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth1990" class="citation book cs1">Booth, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8gJTvJMbYQC&q=%22Peter+DeVries%22+%22Eileen+Dover%22"><i>Writers on Writing: Guide to Writing and Illustrating Children's Books</i></a>. Grolier Limited. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0717223930" title="Special:BookSources/978-0717223930"><bdi>978-0717223930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writers+on+Writing%3A+Guide+to+Writing+and+Illustrating+Children%27s+Books&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Grolier+Limited&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0717223930&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8gJTvJMbYQC%26q%3D%2522Peter%2BDeVries%2522%2B%2522Eileen%2BDover%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Gemma (14 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150829022032/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Comedy-Festival-Review-UK-Pun-Championships-Just/story-20629488-detail/story.html">"Comedy Festival Review: The UK Pun Championships at Just The Tonic"</a>. <i>Leicester Mercury</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Comedy-Festival-Review-UK-Pun-Championships-Just/story-20629488-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leicester+Mercury&rft.atitle=Comedy+Festival+Review%3A+The+UK+Pun+Championships+at+Just+The+Tonic&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leicestermercury.co.uk%2FComedy-Festival-Review-UK-Pun-Championships-Just%2Fstory-20629488-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comedy-festival.co.uk/newact/index.phpnewact.php?nav_id=96&level=1">"Dave's Leicester Comedy Festival"</a>. <i>Comedy-festival.co.uk</i>. 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comedy-festival.co.uk&rft.atitle=Dave%27s+Leicester+Comedy+Festival&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comedy-festival.co.uk%2Fnewact%2Findex.phpnewact.php%3Fnav_id%3D96%26level%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leokearse.co.uk/">"Leo Kearse: Comedian and Writer"</a>. <i>leokearse.co.uk</i>. Leo Kearse<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leokearse.co.uk&rft.atitle=Leo+Kearse%3A+Comedian+and+Writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leokearse.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s730-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s730_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2011/10/27/welcome-punderdome/">"Welcome to the Punderdome"</a>. <i>Columbia Daily Spectator</i>. 27 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Daily+Spectator&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Punderdome&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbiaspectator.com%2Feye%2F2011%2F10%2F27%2Fwelcome-punderdome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b516-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b516_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2023" class="citation web cs1">Cutler, Sarah (8 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://columbianewsservice.com/2023/06/08/dispatch-from-the-punderdome-brooklyns-pun-contest-is-known-for-silliness-but-competition-prep-is-no-joke/">"Brooklyn's Pun Contest is Known for Silliness. But Competition Prep is No Joke"</a>. <i>Columbia News Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+News+Service&rft.atitle=Brooklyn%E2%80%99s+Pun+Contest+is+Known+for+Silliness.+But+Competition+Prep+is+No+Joke.&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolumbianewsservice.com%2F2023%2F06%2F08%2Fdispatch-from-the-punderdome-brooklyns-pun-contest-is-known-for-silliness-but-competition-prep-is-no-joke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r336-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r336_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2011" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Eileen (11 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/battle-of-wits-a-report-from-the-punderdome">"Battle of Wits: A Report From the Punderdome"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Wits%3A+A+Report+From+the+Punderdome&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbooks%2Fpage-turner%2Fbattle-of-wits-a-report-from-the-punderdome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Away_with_Words-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Away_with_Words_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Away_with_Words_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Away_with_Words_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz2017" class="citation book cs1">Berkowitz, Joe (13 June 2017). <i>Away with Words: An Irreverent Tour Through the World of Pun Competitions</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-249562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-249562-4"><bdi>978-0-06-249562-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Away+with+Words%3A+An+Irreverent+Tour+Through+the+World+of+Pun+Competitions&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft.isbn=978-0-06-249562-4&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkst2017" class="citation news cs1">Akst, Daniel (22 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/low-wit-in-its-highest-form-1498171136">"Low Wit in Its Highest Form"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Low+Wit+in+Its+Highest+Form&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.aulast=Akst&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Flow-wit-in-its-highest-form-1498171136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b963-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b963_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampion2015" class="citation web cs1">Campion, Freddie (23 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/story/funniest-comedy-nights-in-america">"The 5 Funniest Comedy Nights in America"</a>. <i>GQ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GQ&rft.atitle=The+5+Funniest+Comedy+Nights+in+America&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft.aulast=Campion&rft.aufirst=Freddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fstory%2Ffunniest-comedy-nights-in-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichol2015-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nichol2015_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichol2015" class="citation book cs1">Nichol, Donald W, ed. (30 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910094259/http://www.utppublishing.com/Anniversary-Essays-on-Alexander-Pope-s-The-Rape-of-the-Lock.html"><i>Anniversary Essays on Alexander Pope's 'The Rape of the Lock'<span></span></i></a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 21, 41, 81, 102, 136, 141, 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442647961" title="Special:BookSources/9781442647961"><bdi>9781442647961</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utppublishing.com/Anniversary-Essays-on-Alexander-Pope-s-The-Rape-of-the-Lock.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anniversary+Essays+on+Alexander+Pope%27s+%27The+Rape+of+the+Lock%27&rft.pages=21%2C+41%2C+81%2C+102%2C+136%2C+141%2C+245&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft.isbn=9781442647961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utppublishing.com%2FAnniversary-Essays-on-Alexander-Pope-s-The-Rape-of-the-Lock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MenandNewYorker2012-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MenandNewYorker2012_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenand2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Menand, Louis (2 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031125748/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/07/02/silence-exile-punning">"Silence, Exile, Punning: James Joyce's chance encounters"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/07/02/silence-exile-punning">the original</a> on 31 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Silence%2C+Exile%2C+Punning%3A+James+Joyce%27s+chance+encounters&rft.date=2012-07-02&rft.aulast=Menand&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F07%2F02%2Fsilence-exile-punning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HitchensAtlantic2005-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HitchensAtlantic2005_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Hitchens, Christopher</a> (1 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/12/hurricane-lolita/304386/">"Hurricane Lolita"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Hurricane+Lolita&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2005%2F12%2Fhurricane-lolita%2F304386%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZinnaCasebook-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZinnaCasebook_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinna2013" class="citation web cs1">Zinna, Eduardo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/dst-bloch.html">"Yours Truly, Robert Bloch"</a>. <i>Casebook.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Casebook.org&rft.atitle=Yours+Truly%2C+Robert+Bloch&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Zinna&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fdissertations%2Fdst-bloch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AppletonSmithsonian2015-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AppletonSmithsonian2015_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleton2015" class="citation web cs1">Appleton, Andrea (23 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/mad-challenge-translating-alices-adventures-wonderland-180956017/?no-ist">"The Mad Challenge of Translating "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Mad+Challenge+of+Translating+%22Alice%27s+Adventures+in+Wonderland%22&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft.aulast=Appleton&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fmad-challenge-translating-alices-adventures-wonderland-180956017%2F%3Fno-ist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaveneyGuardian2012-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KaveneyGuardian2012_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaveney2012" class="citation news cs1">Kaveney, Roz (2 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502205902/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/02/john-donne-in-defiance-of-reason">"John Donne, priest and poet, part 7: puns in defiance of reason"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/02/john-donne-in-defiance-of-reason">the original</a> on 2 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=John+Donne%2C+priest+and+poet%2C+part+7%3A+puns+in+defiance+of+reason&rft.date=2012-07-02&rft.aulast=Kaveney&rft.aufirst=Roz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fjul%2F02%2Fjohn-donne-in-defiance-of-reason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>The Dick Cavett Show</i> (Television production). United States: American Broadcasting Company. Event occurs at 8 June 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dick+Cavett+Show&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=American+Broadcasting+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColbyryEG-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ColbyryEG_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbyry" class="citation web cs1">Colbyry, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150902223314/http://entertainmentguide.local.com/examples-puns-shakespeares-writings-5643.html">"Examples of Puns in Shakespeare's Writings"</a>. <i>Entertainment Guide</i>. Demand Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainmentguide.local.com/examples-puns-shakespeares-writings-5643.html">the original</a> on 2 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Guide&rft.atitle=Examples+of+Puns+in+Shakespeare%27s+Writings&rft.aulast=Colbyry&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainmentguide.local.com%2Fexamples-puns-shakespeares-writings-5643.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTartakovsky2009" class="citation news cs1">Tartakovsky, Joseph (28 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/opinion/28Tartakovsky.html">"Pun for the Ages"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pun+for+the+Ages&rft.date=2009-03-28&rft.aulast=Tartakovsky&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F28%2Fopinion%2F28Tartakovsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Johnson, <i>Preface to Shakespeare</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers,_Bruce1999" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Bruce (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mf-miymm-i8C"><i>You Can Say That Again!</i></a>. Dundurn. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781554880386" title="Special:BookSources/9781554880386"><bdi>9781554880386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Can+Say+That+Again%21&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781554880386&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmf-miymm-i8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunker2013" class="citation journal cs1">Junker, Dave (February 2013). "In Defense of Puns: How to Use them Effectively". <i>Public Relations Tactics</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Relations+Tactics&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Puns%3A+How+to+Use+them+Effectively&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2013-02&rft.aulast=Junker&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjafarova2008" class="citation journal cs1">Djafarova, Elmira (June 2008). "Why Do Advertisers Use Puns? A Linguistic Perspective". <i>Journal of Advertising Research</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2501%2Fs0021849908080306">10.2501/s0021849908080306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167457581">167457581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Advertising+Research&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Advertisers+Use+Puns%3F+A+Linguistic+Perspective&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2501%2Fs0021849908080306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167457581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Djafarova&rft.aufirst=Elmira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adslogans-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adslogans_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adslogans_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adslogans.co.uk/ans/creslo01.html">"The Art and Science of the Advertising Slogan"</a>. <i>Adslogans.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adslogans.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Art+and+Science+of+the+Advertising+Slogan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adslogans.co.uk%2Fans%2Fcreslo01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722071237/http://leo.aichi-u.ac.jp/~goken/bulletin/pdfs/No16/03AbassF.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leo.aichi-u.ac.jp/~goken/bulletin/pdfs/No16/03AbassF.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleo.aichi-u.ac.jp%2F~goken%2Fbulletin%2Fpdfs%2FNo16%2F03AbassF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-best-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-best_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Collins_(comedian)" title="Michelle Collins (comedian)">Collins, Michelle</a> (6 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621141847/http://www.bestweekever.tv/2008-06-06/the-50-best-pun-stores">"The 50 Best Pun Stores"</a>. <i>BestWeekEver.tv</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestweekever.tv/2008-06-06/the-50-best-pun-stores/">the original</a> on 21 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BestWeekEver.tv&rft.atitle=The+50+Best+Pun+Stores&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestweekever.tv%2F2008-06-06%2Fthe-50-best-pun-stores%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05wq1bq">"Financial Abuse, Ikea Complaints, Damart Marketing, You and Yours"</a>. <i>BBC Radio 4</i>. BBC. 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+4&rft.atitle=Financial+Abuse%2C+Ikea+Complaints%2C+Damart+Marketing%2C+You+and+Yours&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb05wq1bq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire1980" class="citation news cs1">Safire, W. (1980). "On Language: A Barrel of Puns". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. SM2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Language%3A+A+Barrel+of+Puns&rft.pages=SM2&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2015" class="citation news cs1">Vincent, Musetto (9 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/10/business/media/vincent-musetto-74-author-of-headless-headline-of-ageless-fame.html">"Vincent Musetto, 74, dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vincent+Musetto%2C+74%2C+dies&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Musetto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F10%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fvincent-musetto-74-author-of-headless-headline-of-ageless-fame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w579-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w579_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwisher2019" class="citation web cs1">Swisher, Kara (8 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/opinion/bezos-national-enquirer-blackmail.html">"Jeff Bezos Isn't Afraid of Total Exposure"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jeff+Bezos+Isn%E2%80%99t+Afraid+of+Total+Exposure&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft.aulast=Swisher&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F02%2F08%2Fopinion%2Fbezos-national-enquirer-blackmail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journal-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-journal_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_MulkenRenske_van_Enschot-van_DijkHans_Hoeken2005" class="citation journal cs1">van Mulken, Margot; Renske van Enschot-van Dijk; Hans Hoeken (May 2005). "Puns, relevance and appreciation in advertisements". <i>Journal of Pragmatics</i>. <b>37</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">707–</span>721. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.946.7625">10.1.1.946.7625</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2004.09.008">10.1016/j.pragma.2004.09.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=Puns%2C+relevance+and+appreciation+in+advertisements&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E707-%3C%2Fspan%3E721&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.946.7625%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2004.09.008&rft.aulast=van+Mulken&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Renske+van+Enschot-van+Dijk&rft.au=Hans+Hoeken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakespeare Survey – Volume 23 – Page 19, Kenneth Muir – 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinch, Geraldine Pinch (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Op3RD28z_4C&q=puns&pg=PA68"><i>Magic in ancient Egypt</i></a>, University of Texas Press, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waley, Arthur (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIjGVfU_sAgC&dq=%22ancient+china%22+puns+language&pg=PA181">Three ways of thought in ancient China</a> Stanford University Press, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robson, Eleanor (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-e6kfvoq5gC&q=punning&pg=PA31"><i>Mathematics in ancient Iraq: a social history</i></a>, Princeton University Press, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhedbee1998" class="citation book cs1">Whedbee, J. William (28 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThA8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22pun+forms+the+tie%22&pg=PA1"><i>The Bible and the Comic Vision</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521495073" title="Special:BookSources/9780521495073"><bdi>9780521495073</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+Comic+Vision&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-05-28&rft.isbn=9780521495073&rft.aulast=Whedbee&rft.aufirst=J.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThA8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522pun%2Bforms%2Bthe%2Btie%2522%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danien, Elin C.; Robert J. Sharer (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyHgy-xw2CgC&dq=maya+puns&pg=PA99"><i>New theories on the ancient Maya</i></a>, University of Pennsylvania. University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, UPenn Museum of Archaeology, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Delmer M.; John Whitney Hall (eds), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCJwEDzyxNgC&q=pun&pg=PA463"><i>The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiber2017" class="citation news cs1">Schreiber, Mark (23 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/10/23/language/dajare-101-japanese-pun/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Dajare' 101: Why should Japanese have all the pun?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Dajare%27+101%3A+Why+should+Japanese+have+all+the+pun%3F&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2017%2F10%2F23%2Flanguage%2Fdajare-101-japanese-pun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pun&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugarde1984" class="citation book cs1">Augarde, Tony (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordguidetowor00tony"><i>The Oxford Guide to Word Games</i></a></span>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214144-6"><bdi>978-0-19-214144-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Word+Games&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-214144-6&rft.aulast=Augarde&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordguidetowor00tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempelmann2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_F._Hempelmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian F. Hempelmann (page does not exist)">Hempelmann, Christian F.</a> (September 2004). "Script opposition and logical mechanism in punning". <i>Humor: International Journal of Humor Research</i>. <b>17</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">381–</span>392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fhumr.2004.17.4.381">10.1515/humr.2004.17.4.381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144409644">144409644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humor%3A+International+Journal+of+Humor+Research&rft.atitle=Script+opposition+and+logical+mechanism+in+punning&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E392&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fhumr.2004.17.4.381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144409644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hempelmann&rft.aufirst=Christian+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span> (access restricted)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz2017" class="citation book cs1">Berkowitz, Joe (13 June 2017). <i>Away with Words: An Irreverent Tour Through the World of Pun Competitions</i>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-249560-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-249560-0"><bdi>978-0-06-249560-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Away+with+Words%3A+An+Irreverent+Tour+Through+the+World+of+Pun+Competitions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft.isbn=978-0-06-249560-0&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2012" class="citation book cs1">Pollack, John (3 April 2012). <i>The Pun Also Rises</i>. Avery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-675-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-675-3"><bdi>978-1-59240-675-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pun+Also+Rises&rft.pub=Avery&rft.date=2012-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-59240-675-3&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Figures_of_speech96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Figures_of_speech" title="Template:Figures of speech"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Figures_of_speech" title="Template talk:Figures of speech"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Figures_of_speech" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Figures of speech"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Figures_of_speech96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figures of speech</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(rhetoric)" title="Scheme (rhetoric)">Schemes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">Alliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadiplosis" title="Anadiplosis">Anadiplosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(rhetoric)" title="Anaphora (rhetoric)">Anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabole" title="Antimetabole">Antimetabole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antithesis" title="Antithesis">Antithesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposiopesis" title="Aposiopesis">Aposiopesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">Assonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asyndeton" title="Asyndeton">Asyndeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiasmus" title="Chiasmus">Chiasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(rhetoric)" title="Climax (rhetoric)">Climax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(rhetoric)#Anticlimax" title="Climax (rhetoric)">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_consonance" title="Literary consonance">Consonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanalepsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Epanalepsis">Epanalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphrase" title="Epiphrase">Epiphrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistrophe" title="Epistrophe">Epistrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epizeuxis" title="Epizeuxis">Epizeuxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendiadys" title="Hendiadys">Hendiadys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeoteleuton" title="Homeoteleuton">Homeoteleuton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypallage" title="Hypallage">Hypallage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaton" title="Hyperbaton">Hyperbaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteron_proteron" title="Hysteron proteron">Hysteron proteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocolon" title="Isocolon">Isocolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(rhetoric)" title="Parallelism (rhetoric)">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyptoton" title="Polyptoton">Polyptoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysyndeton" title="Polysyndeton">Polysyndeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoonerism" title="Spoonerism">Spoonerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symploce" title="Symploce">Symploce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmesis" title="Tmesis">Tmesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_and_syllepsis" title="Zeugma and syllepsis">Zeugma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphrasis" title="Antiphrasis">Antiphrasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonomasia" title="Antonomasia">Antonomasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">Aphorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe_(figure_of_speech)" title="Apostrophe (figure of speech)">Apostrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catachresis" title="Catachresis">Catachresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecphonesis" title="Ecphonesis">Ecphonesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekphrasis" title="Ekphrasis">Ekphrasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanorthosis" title="Epanorthosis">Epanorthosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">Hyperbole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adynaton" title="Adynaton">Adynaton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphemism" title="Dysphemism">Dysphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis_(figure_of_speech)" title="Meiosis (figure of speech)">Meiosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuendo" title="Innuendo">Innuendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophasis" title="Apophasis">Apophasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litotes" title="Litotes">Litotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">Oxymoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleonasm" title="Pleonasm">Pleonasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procatalepsis" title="Procatalepsis">Procatalepsis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antanaclasis" title="Antanaclasis">Antanaclasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_question" title="Rhetorical question">Rhetorical question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">Simile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">Synecdoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautology_(language)" title="Tautology (language)">Tautology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263668#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4810721-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85109130">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550911205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pun&oldid=1276011194">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pun&oldid=1276011194</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Puns" title="Category:Puns">Puns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ambiguity" title="Category:Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Etymology" title="Category:Etymology">Etymology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humour" title="Category:Humour">Humour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lexicology" title="Category:Lexicology">Lexicology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satire" title="Category:Satire">Satire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semantics" title="Category:Semantics">Semantics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_words" title="Category:Types of words">Types of words</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Word_play" title="Category:Word play">Word play</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Words" title="Category:Words">Words</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2023">Use dmy dates from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 11:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pun&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pun</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>54 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-pt4wx","wgBackendResponseTime":127,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.564","walltime":"0.689","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3763,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":103674,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2926,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":200846,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 586.386 1 -total"," 47.31% 277.437 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.51% 73.328 21 Template:Cite_web"," 12.19% 71.483 4 Template:Cite_magazine"," 11.39% 66.772 1 Template:Figures_of_speech"," 11.08% 64.963 1 Template:Navbox"," 10.09% 59.164 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.08% 47.352 13 Template:Cite_book"," 6.85% 40.193 10 Template:Cite_news"," 6.24% 36.585 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.347","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7026884,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-w9q26","timestamp":"20250216110337","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pun","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pun","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q263668","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q263668","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-15T06:16:45Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T11:03:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/Jamaica_her_own_idea.png","headline":"form of word play"}</script> </body> </html>