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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Карная псіхіятрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карная псіхіятрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politischer_Missbrauch_der_Psychiatrie" title="Politischer Missbrauch der Psychiatrie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politischer Missbrauch der Psychiatrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abus_politique_de_la_psychiatrie" title="Abus politique de la psychiatrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abus politique de la psychiatrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktnaud%C5%BEiavimas_psichiatrija" title="Piktnaudžiavimas psichiatrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piktnaudžiavimas psichiatrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuso_pol%C3%ADtico_da_psiquiatria" title="Abuso político da psiquiatria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abuso político da psiquiatria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85" title="Использование психиатрии в политических целях – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Использование психиатрии в политических целях" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_psykiatri" title="Politisk psykiatri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politisk psykiatri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การใช้จิตเวชศาสตร์โดยมิชอบทางการเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การใช้จิตเวชศาสตร์โดยมิชอบทางการเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Репресивна психіатрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Репресивна психіатрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#eedde9;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#eedde9;;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Involuntary treatment</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eedde9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> Restraint</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_restraint" title="Medical restraint">Physical restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_restraint" title="Chemical restraint">Chemical restraint</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eedde9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">Involuntary commitment</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">Involuntary commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpatient_commitment" title="Outpatient commitment">Outpatient commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_order" title="Court order">Court order</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eedde9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> Regulated by</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_law" title="Mental health law">Mental health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_tribunal" title="Mental health tribunal">Mental health tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)" title="Capacity (law)">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eedde9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> Alternatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_commitment" title="Voluntary commitment">Voluntary commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_coercion" title="Informal coercion">Informal coercion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eedde9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> Treatment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular injection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">Force-feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_medication" title="Covert medication">Covert medication</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Involuntary_treatment_sidebar" title="Template:Involuntary treatment sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Involuntary_treatment_sidebar" title="Template talk:Involuntary treatment sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Involuntary_treatment_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Involuntary treatment sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Political abuse of psychiatry, also known as punitive psychiatry, refers to the misuse of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> diagnosis, detention, and treatment to suppress individual or group <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> in society.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2010-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Helmchen-2">[2]</a>: 491  This abuse involves the deliberate psychiatric diagnosis of individuals who require neither psychiatric restraint nor treatment, often for political purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Глузман,_2010-3">[3]</a> Psychiatrists have been implicated in human rights abuses worldwide, particularly in states where diagnostic criteria for mental illness are expanded to include political disobedience.<a href="#cite_note-Semple-4">[4]</a>: 6  Scholars have long observed that government and medical institutions tend to label threats to authority as mentally ill during periods of political unrest.<a href="#cite_note-Metzl-5">[5]</a>: 14  In many countries, political prisoners are confined and abused in <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospitals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Noll-6">[6]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-Bonnie-7">[7]</a> Psychiatry is uniquely vulnerable to being used for abusive purposes compared to other specialties of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 65  The power to diagnose mental illness allows the state to detain individuals against their will and administer unnecessary treatments under the guise of serving both individual and societal interests.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 65  This can be exploited to circumvent standard legal procedures for determining guilt or innocence, effectively incarcerating political dissidents while avoiding public scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 65  The use of psychiatric hospitals instead of prisons also prevents the victims from receiving legal aid, makes indefinite incarceration possible, and discredits the individual and their ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Veenhoven-9">[9]</a>: 29  This allows authorities to avoid open trials when deemed undesirable.<a href="#cite_note-Veenhoven-9">[9]</a>: 29  The political abuse of medical power, particularly in psychiatry, has a long history, including notable examples during the Nazi era and Soviet rule, where religious and political dissenters were labeled "mentally ill" and subjected to inhumane "treatments".<a href="#cite_note-USS1984-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shah-11">[11]</a> From the 1960s to 1986, systematic psychiatric abuse for political and ideological purposes was reported in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, with occasional occurrences in other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> countries like <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stan2013-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 66  The practice of incarcerating religious and political dissidents in psychiatric hospitals in the Eastern Bloc and the former USSR severely damaged the credibility of psychiatric practice in these states and drew strong condemnation from the international community.<a href="#cite_note-USS1984-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Declan-13">[13]</a> Similar abuses have been reported in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2010-1">[1]</a> Psychiatric diagnoses, such as "<a href="/wiki/Sluggish_schizophrenia" title="Sluggish schizophrenia">sluggish schizophrenia</a>" in the USSR, were specifically developed and used for political purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Katona-14">[14]</a>: 77  In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, psychiatry was used to <a href="/wiki/Drapetomania" title="Drapetomania">control African-American slaves</a>, a practice that some argue continues to this day.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Duplessis_Orphans" title="Duplessis Orphans">Duplessis Orphans</a> were several thousand orphaned children that were falsely certified as mentally ill by the government of the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and confined to psychiatric institutions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ewen_Cameron" title="Donald Ewen Cameron">Donald Ewen Cameron</a>'s operation was running from what is today known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Memorial_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen Memorial Institute (page does not exist)">Allen Memorial Institute</a> (AMI), part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Montreal" title="Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal">Royal Victoria Hospital</a>, and not to be confused with the non-governmental organization based in Montreal, AMI-Québec Agir contre la maladie mentale. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> published the book Dangerous Minds: Political Psychiatry in China Today and its Origins in the Mao Era written by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Munro" title="Robin Munro">Robin Munro</a> and based on the documents obtained by him.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Munro_HTML-17">[17]</a> The British researcher Robin Munro, a <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">sinologist</a> who was writing his dissertation in London after a long sojourn in China, had traveled to China several times to survey libraries in provincial towns and while he was there, he had gathered a large amount of literature which bore the stamp 'secret' but at the same time, it was openly available.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 242  This literature even included historical analyses which were published during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and it concerned articles and reports on the number of people who were taken to mental hospitals because they complained about a series of issues.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 242  It was found, according to Munro, that the involuntary confinement of religious groups, political dissidents, and whistleblowers had a long history in China.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman-19">[19]</a> The abuses began in the 1950s and 1960s, and they became extremely widespread throughout the Cultural Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 242  During the period of the Cultural Revolution, from 1966 to 1976, the political abuse of psychiatry reached its apogee in China, which was then under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>, who established a very repressive and harsh regime.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman-19">[19]</a> No deviance or opposition was tolerated, either in thought or in practice.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman-19">[19]</a> The documents described the massive abuses of psychiatry that were committed for political purposes during the rule of Mao Zedong, when millions of people were declared mentally sick.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 242  In the 1980s, according to official documents, fifteen percent of all forensic psychiatric cases had political connotations.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 242  In the early 1990s, the number of such cases had dropped to five percent, but with the beginning of the campaign against <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>, the percentage of such cases increased quite rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 242  Official Chinese psychiatric literature distinctly testifies that the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a>'s notion of 'political dangerousness' was institutionally engrafted as the main concept in the diagnostic armory of China's psychiatry for a long time and its most important tool for suppressing opposition was the concept of psychiatric dangerousness.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-16">[16]</a>: 4  Despite international criticism, China seems to be continuing its political abuse of psychiatry.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2010-1">[1]</a> Political abuse of psychiatry in China is high on the agenda and it has produced recurring disputes in the international psychiatric community.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2010-1">[1]</a> The abuses there appear to be even more widespread than they were in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s and they involve the incarceration of 'petitioners', human rights workers, trade union activists, members of the Falun Gong movement, and people who complain about injustices that have been committed against them by local authorities.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2010-1">[1]</a> It also seems that, China had no known high security forensic institutions until 1989.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  However, since then, the Chinese authorities have constructed an entire network of special forensic mental hospitals which are called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankang_(asylums)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankang (asylums) (page does not exist)">Ankang</a> which means 'Peace and Health' in Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  By that time, China had 20 Ankang institutions and their staff was employed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> (MSS).<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  The psychiatrists who worked there wore uniforms under their white coats.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  The political abuse of psychiatry in China only seems to take place in the institutions which are under the authority of the police and the MSS but it does not take place in those institutions which belong to other governmental sectors.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  Psychiatric care in China falls into four sectors which are hardly connected with each other.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  These are the Ankang institutions of the MSS; those which belong to the police; those which fall under the authority of the Ministry of Social Affairs; those which belong to the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Commission" title="National Health Commission">Ministry of Health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  The sectors which belong to the police and the MSS are all closed to the public, and, consequently, information about them hardly ever leaks out.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  In the hospitals which belong to the Ministry of Health, psychiatrists do not have any contact with the Ankang institutions, and they have no idea of what occurred there, which means they can sincerely state that they were not informed about the political abuse of psychiatry in China.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  In China, the structure of forensic psychiatry was to a great extent identical to that which existed in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  On its own, it is not so strange, since psychiatrists from the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Serbsky_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Serbsky Institute">Moscow Serbsky Institute</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 1957 in order to help their Chinese 'brethren', the same psychiatrists who promoted the system of political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 243  As a consequence, diagnostics in China were not much different than those which were made in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 244  The only difference was that the Soviet Union preferred "<a href="/wiki/Sluggish_schizophrenia" title="Sluggish schizophrenia">sluggish schizophrenia</a>" as a diagnosis, and that China generally cleaved to the diagnosis of "<a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Paranoid_schizophrenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranoid schizophrenia">paranoid schizophrenia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 244  However, the results were the same: long hospitalizations in mental hospitals, involuntary treatments with <a href="/wiki/Neuroleptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroleptics">neuroleptics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, abuse, all of which were aimed at breaking the victim's will.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 244  In accordance with Chinese law which contains the concept of "political harm to society" and the similar phrase dangerous mentally ill behavior, police take "political maniacs into mental hospitals, those who are defined as persons who write reactionary letters, make anti-government speeches, or "express opinions on important domestic and international affairs".<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20">[20]</a> Psychiatrists are frequently caught involved in such cases, unable and unwilling to challenge the police, according to psychiatry professor at the <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> Yu Xin.<a href="#cite_note-Demick-21">[21]</a> As Liu's database suggests, today's most frequent victims of psychiatric abuse are political dissidents, petitioners, and Falun Gong members.<a href="#cite_note-LaFraniere-22">[22]</a> In the beginning of the 2000s, Human Rights Watch accused China of locking up Falun Gong members and dissidents in a number of Chinese mental hospitals managed by the <a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Public Security Bureau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LaFraniere-22">[22]</a> Access to the hospitals was requested by the <a href="/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association" title="World Psychiatric Association">World Psychiatric Association</a> (WPA), but denied by China, and the controversy subsided.<a href="#cite_note-LaFraniere-22">[22]</a> The WPA attempted to confine the problem by presenting it as Falung Gong issue and, at the same time, make the impression that the members of the movement were likely not mentally sound, that it was a sect which likely brainwashed its members, etc.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 245  There was even a diagnosis of 'qigong syndrome' which was used reflecting on the exercises practiced by Falung Gong.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 245  It was the unfair game aiming to avoid the political abuse of psychiatry from dominating the WPA agenda.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 245  In August 2002, the General Assembly was to take place during the next WPA World Congress in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 247  The issue of Chinese political abuse of psychiatry had been placed as one of the final items on the agenda of the General Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 251  When the issue was broached during the General Assembly, the exact nature of compromise came to light.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 252  In order to investigate the political abuse of psychiatry, the WPA would send an investigative mission to China.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 252  The visit was projected for the spring of 2003 in order to assure that one could present a report during the annual meeting of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a> in June/July of that year and the Annual Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> in May of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 252  After the 2002 World Congress, the WPA Executive Committee's half-hearted attitude in Yokohama came to light: it was an omen of a longstanding policy of diversion and postponement.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 252  The 2003 investigative mission never took place, and when finally a visit to China did take place, this visit was more of scientific exchange.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 252  In the meantime, the political abuse of psychiatry persisted unabatedly, nevertheless the WPA did not seem to care.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 252  In August 2022, <a href="/wiki/Safeguard_Defenders" title="Safeguard Defenders">Safeguard Defenders</a> issued an 85-page report on forced hospitalization in psychiatric hospitals between 2015 and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a> Based on information from 144 cases, the report identifies 109 hospitals from 21 provinces in China, and documents repeated hospitalization of up to more than five times for victims. Some have spent around ten or more years inside.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a> According to the report, victims are mostly <a href="/wiki/Petitioning_(China)" title="Petitioning (China)">petitioners</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dissidents" title="List of Chinese dissidents">activists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Cuba">Political abuse of psychiatry in Cuba</a></div> Although Cuba has been politically connected to the Soviet Union since the United States broke off relations with Cuba shortly after <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> came to power in 1959, few considerable allegations regarding the political abuse of psychiatry in this country emerged before the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 74  <a href="/wiki/Americas_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Americas Watch">Americas Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> published reports alluding to cases of possible unwarranted hospitalization and ill-treatment of political prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 75  These reports concerned the Gustavo Machin hospital in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a> in the southeast of the country and the major mental hospital in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 75  In 1977, a report on alleged abuse of psychiatry in Cuba presenting cases of ill-treatment in mental hospitals going back to the 1970s came out in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 75  It presents grave allegations that prisoners end up in the forensic ward of mental hospitals in Santiago de Cuba and Havana where they undergo ill-treatment including <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a> without <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxants" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle relaxants">muscle relaxants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anaesthesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 75  The reported application of ECT in the forensic wards seems, at least in many of the cited cases, not to be an adequate clinical treatment for the diagnosed state of the prisoner—in some cases the prisoners seem not to have been diagnosed at all.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 75  Conditions in the forensic wards have been described in repulsive terms and apparently are in striking contrast to the other parts of the mental hospitals that are said to be well-kept and modern.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 75  In August 1981, the Marxist historian Ariel Hidalgo was apprehended and accused of 'incitement against the social order, international solidarity and the Socialist State' and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 75  In September 1981, he was transported from State Security Headquarters to the Carbó-Serviá (forensic) ward of Havana Psychiatric Hospital where he stayed for several weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 76  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Action_T4" class="mw-redirect" title="Action T4">Action T4</a></div> By 1936, killing of the "physically and socially unfit" became accepted practice in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In the 1940s, the abuse of psychiatry involved the abuse of the "duty to care" on an enormous scale: 300,000 individuals were <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">involuntarily sterilized</a> and 77,000 murdered in Germany alone and many thousands further afield, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Birley-25">[25]</a> Psychiatrists were instrumental in establishing a system of identifying, notifying, transporting, and killing hundreds of thousands of "racially and cognitively compromised" persons and the mentally ill in settings that ranged from centralized mental-hospitals to jails and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">death camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Strous-26">[26]</a> Psychiatrists played a central and prominent role in <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilization</a> and '<a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>', constituting two categories of the <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Strous-26">[26]</a> The taking of thousands of brains from 'euthanasia' victims demonstrated the way medical research was connected to the psychiatric killings.<a href="#cite_note-Weindling-27">[27]</a> Germany operated six psychiatric extermination centers: <a href="/wiki/Bernburg_Killing_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernburg Killing Facility">Bernburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Killing_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg Killing Facility">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grafeneck_Killing_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Grafeneck Killing Facility">Grafeneck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadamar_Killing_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadamar Killing Facility">Hadamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartheim_Killing_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartheim Killing Facility">Hartheim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonnenstein_Killing_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonnenstein Killing Facility">Sonnenstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Breggin-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torrey-29">[29]</a> They played a crucial role in developments leading to the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Breggin-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> It was reported in June, 2012, that the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Government">Indian Government</a> has approached <a href="/wiki/NIMHANS" class="mw-redirect" title="NIMHANS">NIMHANS</a>, a well known mental health establishment in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, to assist in suppressing anti-nuclear protests regards to building of the <a href="/wiki/Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant">Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant</a>. The government was in talks with NIMHANS representatives to chalk up a plan to dispatch psychiatrists to <a href="/wiki/Kudankulam" title="Kudankulam">Kudankulam</a>, for counselling protesters opposed to the building of the plant. To fulfill this, <a href="/wiki/NIMHANS" class="mw-redirect" title="NIMHANS">NIMHANS</a> developed a team of six members, all of them, from the Department of Social Psychiatry. The psychiatrists were sent to get a "peek into the protesters' minds" and help them learn the importance of the plant according to one news source.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In July, 2013, the same institution, <a href="/wiki/NIMHANS" class="mw-redirect" title="NIMHANS">NIMHANS</a>, was involved in a controversy where it was alleged that it provided assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a> relating to some interrogation techniques. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> Japanese psychiatric hospitals during the country's imperial era reported an abnormally large number of patient deaths, peaking in 1945 after the surrender of Japan to Allied forces.<a href="#cite_note-Totsuka-35">[35]</a> The patients of these institutions were mistreated mainly because they were considered a hindrance to society. Under the Imperial Japanese government, citizens were expected to contribute in one way or another to the war effort, and the mentally ill were unable to do so, and as such were looked down upon and abused. The main cause of death for these patients was starvation, as caretakers did not supply the patients with adequate food, likely as a form of torture and a method of sedation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Because mentally ill patients were kept secluded from the outside world, the large number of deaths went unnoticed by the general public. After the end of Allied occupation, the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">National Diet of Japan</a> passed the Mental Hygiene Act (精神衛生法,, Seishin Eisei Hō) in 1950, which improved the status of the mentally ill and prohibited the domestic containment of mental patients in medical institutions. However, the Mental Hygiene Act had <a href="/wiki/Unforeseen_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Unforeseen consequence">unforeseen consequences</a>. Along with many other reforms, the law prevented the mentally ill from being charged with any sort of crime in Japanese courts. Anyone who was found to be mentally unstable by a qualified psychiatrist was required to be hospitalized rather than incarcerated, regardless of the severity of any crime that person may have committed. The Ministry of Justice tried several times to amend the law, but was met with opposition from those who believed the legal system should not interfere with medical science.<a href="#cite_note-Totsuka-35">[35]</a> After almost four decades, the Mental Health Act (精神保健法,, Seishin Hoken Hō) was finally passed in 1987. The new law corrected the flaws of the Mental Hygiene Act by allowing the Ministry of Health and Welfare to set regulations on the treatment of mental patients in both medical and legal settings. With the new law, the mentally ill have the right to voluntary hospitalization, the ability to be charged with a crime, and right to use the insanity defense in court, and the right to pursue legal action in the event of abuse or negligence on the part of medical professionals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> There have been a few accusations about abuse of psychiatry in Norway. See <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Jukler%C3%B8d" title="Arnold Juklerød">Arnold Juklerød</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti_Prison" title="Pitești Prison">Pitești Prison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania</a></div> In Romania, there have been allegations of some particular cases of psychiatric abuse during over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 73  In addition to particular cases, there is evidence that mental hospitals were utilized as short-term detainment centers.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 73  For instance, before the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiade">International University Sports 'Olympiad'</a>, over 600 dissidents were detained and kept out of public view in mental hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 73  Like in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, on the eve of Communist holidays, potential "troublemakers" were sent to mental hospitals by busloads and discharged when the holidays had passed.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2010-1">[1]</a> The People's Republic of Romania held to a doctrine of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stan2013-12">[12]</a> Many Christians, including those from the Baptist Church and <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Lord" title="Army of the Lord">Lord's Army</a> wing of the Orthodox Church, were forced into psychiatric hospitals where they died.<a href="#cite_note-Trade1978-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia</a></div> Reports on particular cases continue to come from Russia where the worsening political climate appears to create an atmosphere in which local authorities feel able, once again to use psychiatry as a means of intimidation.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2010-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">Soviet anti-religious legislation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union</a></div> In 1971 detailed reports about the inmates of Soviet psychiatric hospitals who had been detained for political reasons began to reach the West.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> These showed that the periodic use of incarceration in psychiatric institutions during the 1960s (see the biography of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a>) had started to become a systematic way of dealing with dissent, political or religious.<a href="#cite_note-Bonnie-7">[7]</a> In accordance with the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>, the USSR hospitalized individuals who were devout in their faith, such as many Baptist Christians.<a href="#cite_note-USS1984-10">[10]</a> In March 1971 Vladimir Bukovsky sent detailed diagnoses of six individuals (<a href="/wiki/Natalya_Gorbanevskaya" title="Natalya Gorbanevskaya">Natalya Gorbanevskaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Grigorenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a> among them) to psychiatrists in the West.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> They responded <a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and over the next 13 years activists inside the USSR and support groups in Britain, Europe and North America conducted a sustained campaign to expose psychiatric abuses.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 1977 the <a href="/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association" title="World Psychiatric Association">World Psychiatric Association</a> (WPA) condemned the USSR for this practice. Six years later, the Soviet All-Union Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists seceded from the WPA rather than face almost certain expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-Bonnie-7">[7]</a> During this period reports of continuous repression multiplied, but Soviet psychiatric officials refused to allow international bodies to see the hospitals and patients in question. They denied the charges of abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Bonnie-7">[7]</a> In February 1989, however, at the height of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> and over the opposition of the psychiatric establishment, the Soviet government permitted a delegation of psychiatrists from the United States, representing the U.S. government, to carry out extensive interviews of suspected victims of abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Bonnie-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 69  The delegation was able systematically to interview and assess present and past involuntarily admitted mental patients chosen by the visiting team, as well as to talk over procedures and methods of treatment with some of the patients, their friends, relatives and, sometimes, their treating psychiatrists.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 69  The delegation originally sought interviews with 48 persons, but saw only 15 hospitalized and 12 discharged patients.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 69  About half of the hospitalized patients were released in the two months between the submission of the initial list of names to the Soviet authorities and the departure from the Soviet Union of the US delegation.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 69  The delegation concluded that nine of the 15 hospitalized patients had disorders which would be classified in the United States as serious psychoses, diagnoses corresponding broadly with those used by the Soviet psychiatrists.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 69  One of the hospitalized patients had been diagnosed as having <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> although the US team saw no evidence of mental disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 70  Among the 12 discharged patients examined, the US delegation found that nine had no evidence of any current or past mental disorder; the remaining three had comparatively slight symptoms which would not usually warrant involuntary commitment in Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 70  According to medical records, all these patients had diagnoses of psychopathology or schizophrenia.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine_betrayed-8">[8]</a>: 70  The authorities had justified compulsory psychiatric treatment by slow and weak forms of schizophrenia – a so-called "latent schizophrenia" according to a concept of <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler" title="Eugen Bleuler">Eugen Bleuler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Such forms would allegedly make the sufferer prone to criminal acts. Returning home after a visit of more than two weeks, the delegation members wrote a report which was highly damaging to the Soviet authorities.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 125  The delegation established that there had been systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the past and that it had not yet come to an end. Victims continued to be held in mental hospitals, while the Soviet authorities and the Soviet Society of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists in particular still denied that psychiatry had been employed as a method of repression.<a href="#cite_note-van_Voren_2009-18">[18]</a>: 125  The American report and other pressures, domestic and external, led the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> to pass a resolution (15 November 1989) "On improvements in Soviet law concerning procedures for the treatment of psychiatric patients".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suriname">Suriname</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Suriname">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Doedel" title="Louis Doedel">Louis Doedel</a> (1905–1980) was a trade unionist. He was <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">involuntary committed</a> in psychiatric hospital <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_(institution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfenbüttel (institution) (page does not exist)">Wolfenbüttel</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_(instelling)" class="extiw" title="nl:Wolfenbüttel (instelling)">nl</a>] on 28 May 1937 by Governor <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Coenraad_Kielstra" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Coenraad Kielstra">Kielstra</a>. Doedel was forgotten and presumed dead. It was not until 1980, 43 years later, that he was released.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014 Thai coup d'état</a>, there were a few cases where the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order" title="National Council for Peace and Order">National Council for Peace and Order</a> (NCPO, the Thai military junta) alleged its opponents, including a protesting schoolchild, Nattanan Warintawaret,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> were mentally disturbed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> In addition, the military junta introduced a systematic process of 'attitude adjustment', whereby hundreds of dissidents were subjected to forcible detention and propaganda until they reformed their views of the junta; the majority did not and were subsequently charged with crimes. While psychiatrists were not employed, a team of psychologists was involved, implying <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> rather than political psychiatry.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a>:453 On 9 July 2020 <a href="/wiki/Tiwagorn_Withiton" title="Tiwagorn Withiton">Tiwagorn Withiton</a>, a Facebook user who went viral after posting a picture of himself wearing a t-shirt printed with the message "I lost faith in the monarchy" was forcibly detained by police officers and admitted to Rajanagarindra Psychiatric Hospital in Khon Kaen. Tiwagorn has stated that he does not wish the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thai monarchy</a> to be abolished but 'loss of faith' may imply <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">lèse-majesté</a>, a serious crime in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Tiwagorn is quoted as saying, "I well understand that it is political to have to make people think I'm insane. I won't hold it against the officials if there is a diagnosis that I'm insane, because I take it that they have to follow orders."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Subsequent to protests by civil rights groups<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and media stories,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Tiwagorn was released by Rajanagarindra Psychiatric Hospital, on July 22, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Drapetomania" title="Drapetomania">Drapetomania</a>" was a supposed <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a> described by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright" title="Samuel A. Cartwright">Samuel A. Cartwright</a> in 1851 that caused <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">black slaves</a> to flee captivity.<a href="#cite_note-White-53">[53]</a>: 41  In addition to inventing drapetomania, Cartwright prescribed a remedy. His feeling was that with "proper medical advice, strictly followed, this troublesome practice that many Negroes have of running away can be almost entirely prevented."<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-54">[54]</a> In the case of slaves "sulky and dissatisfied without cause"—a warning sign of imminent flight—Cartwright prescribed "<a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">whipping</a> the devil out of them" as a "preventative measure".<a href="#cite_note-Caplan-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> As a remedy for this disease, doctors also made running a physical impossibility by prescribing the removal of both big toes.<a href="#cite_note-White-53">[53]</a>: 42  Cartwright also proposed "<a href="/wiki/Dysaesthesia_aethiopica" title="Dysaesthesia aethiopica">dysaesthesia aethiopica</a>" as a mental illness that caused laziness among slaves.</li> <li>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">political dissenters</a> have been involuntarily committed. For example, in 1927 a <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">demonstrator</a> named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurora_D%27Angelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurora D'Angelo (page does not exist)">Aurora D'Angelo</a> was sent to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation after she participated in a rally in support of <a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>When <a href="/wiki/Clennon_Washington_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Clennon Washington King, Jr.">Clennon W. King, Jr.</a>, an African-American <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a> and activist of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, attempted to enroll at the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">all-white</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a> for summer <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate courses</a> in 1958, the Mississippi police arrested him on the grounds that "any [Black person] who tried to enter Ole Miss must be crazy."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Keeping King's whereabouts secret for 48 hours, the Mississippi authorities kept him confined to a mental hospital for twelve days before a panel of doctors established the activist's sanity.<a href="#cite_note-Negro_Pastor_Pronounced_Sane-60">[60]</a></li> <li>In the 1964 election, <a href="/wiki/Fact_(US_magazine)" title="Fact (US magazine)">Fact magazine</a> polled <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> members on whether <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> was fit to be president and published "The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater." This led to the adoption of an ethical rule against diagnosis of public figures by a clinician who has not performed an examination or been authorized to release information by the patient. This became the <a href="/wiki/Goldwater_rule" title="Goldwater rule">Goldwater rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tele-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Beall_Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Beall Mitchell">Martha Beall Mitchell</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John Mitchell</a>, was diagnosed with a <a href="/wiki/Paranoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranoid">paranoid</a> mental disorder for claiming that the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Richard M. Nixon</a> was engaged in illegal activities. Many of her claims were later proved correct, and the term "<a href="/wiki/Martha_Mitchell_effect" title="Martha Mitchell effect">Martha Mitchell effect</a>" was coined to describe mental health <a href="/wiki/Misdiagnoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Misdiagnoses">misdiagnoses</a> when accurate claims are dismissed as delusional.</li> <li>In 2010, the book <a href="/wiki/The_Protest_Psychosis:_How_Schizophrenia_Became_a_Black_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease">The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease</a> by <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Metzl" title="Jonathan Metzl">Jonathan Metzl</a> (who also has a Ph.D. in <a href="/wiki/American_studies" title="American studies">American studies</a>) was published.<a href="#cite_note-Metzl-5">[5]</a> The book covers the history of the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Ionia_State_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionia State Hospital">Ionia State Hospital</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan" title="Ionia, Michigan">Ionia, Michigan</a>, and now converted to a prison and focuses on exposing the trend of this hospital to diagnose <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> because of their <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Metzl-5">[5]</a> The book suggests that in part the sudden influx of such diagnoses could be traced to a change in wording in the <a href="/wiki/DSM-II" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-II">DSM-II</a>, which compared to the previous edition added "<a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">hostility</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>" as signs of the disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Metzl-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical psychologist">Clinical psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_E._Levine" title="Bruce E. Levine">Bruce E. Levine</a>, argues that <a href="/wiki/Oppositional_Defiant_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppositional Defiant Disorder">Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a>, which can be easily used to pathologize <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarianism</a>, is an abuse of psychiatry.</li> <li>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a> published a series of articles detailing questionable use of <a href="/wiki/Psychotropic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotropic drugs">psychotropic drugs</a> within <a href="/wiki/California%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="California's">California's</a> <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a> system where bad behavior is attributed to various mental conditions, and little care is provided besides drugs. Likewise, many experts questioned the long-term effects of high dosages on developing <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brains</a>, and some former patients reported permanent <a href="/wiki/Side_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Side effects">side effects</a> even after stopping the meds.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: California">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/5150_(involuntary_psychiatric_hold)" class="mw-redirect" title="5150 (involuntary psychiatric hold)">5150 (involuntary psychiatric hold)</a>" – There are many instances of usage of California law section 5150, which allows for involuntary psychiatric hold based on the opinion of a law enforcement official, psychological professional (or many other individuals who hold no qualification for making psychological assessment), which have been challenged as being unrelated to safety, and misused as an extension of political power.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York">New York</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New York">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblowers</a> who part ranks with their organizations have had their mental stability questioned, such as, for example, <a href="/wiki/NYPD" class="mw-redirect" title="NYPD">NYPD</a> veteran <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Schoolcraft" title="Adrian Schoolcraft">Adrian Schoolcraft</a> who was coerced to falsify crime statistics in his department and then became a whistleblower. In 2010 he was forcibly committed to a psychiatric hospital.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_psychiatry" title="Controversies about psychiatry">Controversies about psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_involuntary_commitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrongful involuntary commitment">Wrongful involuntary commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">Involuntary commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">Institutionalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_on_Psychiatry" title="Global Initiative on Psychiatry">Global Initiative on Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_torture" title="Medical torture">Medical torture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacological_torture" title="Pharmacological torture">Pharmacological torture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_abuse" title="Patient abuse">Patient abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medically_indigent_adult" title="Medically indigent adult">Medically indigent adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protest_Psychosis:_How_Schizophrenia_Became_a_Black_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease">The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation" title="Unethical human experimentation">Unethical human experimentation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-van_Voren_2010-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Voren_2010_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Voren_2010_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Voren_2010_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Voren_2010_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Voren_2010_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Voren_2010_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Voren_2010_1-6">g</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvan_Voren2010" class="citation journal cs1">van Voren, Robert (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800147">"Political Abuse of Psychiatry—An Historical Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_Bulletin" title="Schizophrenia Bulletin">Schizophrenia Bulletin</a>. 36 (1): 33–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbp119">10.1093/schbul/sbp119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800147">2800147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19892821">19892821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schizophrenia+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Political+Abuse+of+Psychiatry%E2%80%94An+Historical+Overview&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-35&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2800147%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19892821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbp119&rft.aulast=van+Voren&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2800147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helmchen-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Helmchen_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmchenSartorius2010" class="citation book cs1">Helmchen, Hanfried; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Sartorius" title="Norman Sartorius">Sartorius, Norman</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70h31egRm40C&pg=PA491">Ethics in Psychiatry: European Contributions</a>. Springer. p. 491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8720-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8720-1"><bdi>978-90-481-8720-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+in+Psychiatry%3A+European+Contributions&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-8720-1&rft.aulast=Helmchen&rft.aufirst=Hanfried&rft.au=Sartorius%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70h31egRm40C%26pg%3DPA491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Глузман,_2010-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Глузман,_2010_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГлузман2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Глузман, Семён (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022255/http://neuronews.com.ua/page/etiologiya-zloupotreblenij-v-psihiatrii-popytka-multidisciplinarnogo-analiza"><bdi lang="ru">Этиология злоупотреблений в психиатрии: попытка мультидисциплинарного анализа</bdi></a>. Нейроnews: Психоневрология и нейропсихиатрия (in Russian) (20). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neuronews.com.ua/page/etiologiya-zloupotreblenij-v-psihiatrii-popytka-multidisciplinarnogo-analiza">the original</a> on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2014-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BEnews%3A+%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0&rft.issue=20&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneuronews.com.ua%2Fpage%2Fetiologiya-zloupotreblenij-v-psihiatrii-popytka-multidisciplinarnogo-analiza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Semple-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Semple_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSempleSmythBurns2005" class="citation book cs1">Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MeRuoTs0loC&pg=PA6">Oxford handbook of psychiatry</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852783-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852783-1"><bdi>978-0-19-852783-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+handbook+of+psychiatry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852783-1&rft.aulast=Semple&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Roger&rft.au=Burns%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MeRuoTs0loC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzl-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metzl_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzl_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzl_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzl_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzl2010" class="citation book cs1">Metzl, Jonathan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1Bg9QEiCAMC&pg=PA14">The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease</a>. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8592-9"><bdi>978-0-8070-8592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protest+Psychosis%3A+How+Schizophrenia+Became+a+Black+Disease&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-8592-9&rft.aulast=Metzl&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1Bg9QEiCAMC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noll-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Noll_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2007" class="citation book cs1">Noll, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoJxps189IC&pg=PA3">The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders</a>. 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The Psychiatrist. 26 (12): 443–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fpb.26.12.443">10.1192/pb.26.12.443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychiatrist&rft.atitle=The+labelling+of+dissent+%E2%80%94+politics+and+psychiatry+behind+the+Great+Wall&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=443-444&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fpb.26.12.443&rft.aulast=Declan&rft.aufirst=Lyons&rft.au=Art%2C+O%27Malley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fpb.26.12.443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katona-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Katona_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatonaRobertson2005" class="citation book cs1">Katona, Cornelius; Robertson, Mary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSJRHpAtqPUC&pg=PA77">Psychiatry at a glance</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waynemorinjr.com/Germany%20Psychiatry%20Murder%20of%20Mental%20Patients.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Risk+%26+Safety+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=Psychiatry%27s+role+in+the+holocaust&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-148&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FJRS-1993-4204&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23511221&rft.aulast=Breggin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waynemorinjr.com%2FGermany%2520Psychiatry%2520Murder%2520of%2520Mental%2520Patients.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torrey-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Torrey_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller_TorreyYolken2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Fuller_Torrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Fuller Torrey">Fuller Torrey, Edwin</a>; Yolken, Robert (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800142">"Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_Bulletin" title="Schizophrenia Bulletin">Schizophrenia Bulletin</a>. 36 (1): 26–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbp097">10.1093/schbul/sbp097</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800142">2800142</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19759092">19759092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schizophrenia+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+Genocide%3A+Nazi+Attempts+to+Eradicate+Schizophrenia&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-32&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2800142%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19759092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbp097&rft.aulast=Fuller+Torrey&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Yolken%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2800142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeena_Joshi_Datta2012" class="citation web cs1">Veena Joshi Datta (2 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article525233.ece">"Centre to deal anti-nuke mind-set with NIMHANS"</a>. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Centre+to+deal+anti-nuke+mind-set+with+NIMHANS&rft.date=2012-06-02&rft.au=Veena+Joshi+Datta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fbengaluru%2Farticle525233.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraful_Bidwai2012" class="citation web cs1">Praful Bidwai (4 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107075059/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/ColumnsOthers/No-margin-for-error/Article1-865997.aspx">"No margin for error"</a>. Hindustantimes.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/ColumnsOthers/No-margin-for-error/Article1-865997.aspx">the original</a> on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustantimes.com&rft.atitle=No+margin+for+error&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft.au=Praful+Bidwai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FNews-Feed%2FColumnsOthers%2FNo-margin-for-error%2FArticle1-865997.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraful_Bidwai2012" class="citation web cs1">Praful Bidwai (15 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=238299">"Demonising anti-nuclear protests"</a>. The Daily Star. Retrieved 15 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Demonising+anti-nuclear+protests&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft.au=Praful+Bidwai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2FnewDesign%2Fnews-details.php%3Fnid%3D238299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeena_Joshi_Datta2012" class="citation web cs1">Veena Joshi Datta (20 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706041634/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article546418.ece">"Koodankulam counselling for protestors flayed"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article546418.ece">the original</a> on July 6, 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Koodankulam+counselling+for+protestors+flayed&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.au=Veena+Joshi+Datta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2Farticle546418.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeena_Joshi_Datta2012" class="citation web cs1">Veena Joshi Datta (20 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622075803/http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article546439.ece">"Plan to counsel anti-nuclear protesters draws flak"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article546439.ece">the original</a> on June 22, 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Plan+to+counsel+anti-nuclear+protesters+draws+flak&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.au=Veena+Joshi+Datta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fkarnataka%2Farticle546439.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totsuka-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Totsuka_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Totsuka_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotsuka1990" class="citation journal cs1">Totsuka, Etsuro (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fpb.14.4.193">"The history of Japanese psychiatry and the rights of mental patients"</a>. The Psychiatrist. 14 (4): 193–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fpb.14.4.193">10.1192/pb.14.4.193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychiatrist&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Japanese+psychiatry+and+the+rights+of+mental+patients&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=193-200&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fpb.14.4.193&rft.aulast=Totsuka&rft.aufirst=Etsuro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fpb.14.4.193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trade1978-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Trade1978_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means_Subcommittee_on_Trade1978" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Trade (1978). Emigration Waiver to the Socialist Republic of Romania and the Hungarian People's Republic and Nondiscriminatory Treatment of the Products of Romania: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, Second Session - June 15, 1978. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 335. <q>Another particularly repulsive Soviet practice is used in Romania against Christian believers: that of incarceration in mental hospitals. Father D'mitrie Zaminiscu, who had organized "unofficial" religious groups, was thus held; he got out of the hospital-prison early in 1974, but died shortly afterwards. Another priest, Father Ioan Bohoc, was similarly sentenced, and his mind genuinely gave way while he was shut up in the mental hospital. A Christian nun, Lidia Ababei, was also incarcerated in such a place, but released after a campaign of protest outside Romania, including a BBC programme which mentioned her case. Others, including Miss Genoveva Sfatcu, who is the conductor of the children's choir of the Baptist Church in Iasi, have been threatened with detention in mental hospitals. And harassment of those who wish to follow and teach Christianity is unrelenting; an Orthodox community called the Lord's Army, for instance, of an evangelical persuasion, remains altogether illegal, and its leaders, clerical and lay, are under continuous police surveillance. (One of them, Trajan Dors, was imprisoned for 17 years; released from prison in 1964, he has been confined to his village ever since; although now old and ill, he was not allowed to accept an invitation to go to Germany for treatment. His home is regularly raided and his writings--he produces hymns, poetry and Biblical commentaries--as regularly stolen.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emigration+Waiver+to+the+Socialist+Republic+of+Romania+and+the+Hungarian+People%27s+Republic+and+Nondiscriminatory+Treatment+of+the+Products+of+Romania%3A+Hearing+Before+the+Subcommittee+on+Trade+of+the+Committee+on+Ways+and+Means%2C+House+of+Representatives%2C+Ninety-fifth+Congress%2C+Second+Session+-+June+15%2C+1978&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1978&rft.au=United+States+Congress+House+Committee+on+Ways+and+Means+Subcommittee+on+Trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chronicle6883.wordpress.com/2015/09/22/18-1-political-prisoners-in-psychiatric-hospitals-a-survey-of-documents/">A Chronicle of Current Events 18.1, 5 March 1971, "Political prisoners in psychiatric hospitals".</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chronicle6883.wordpress.com/56-65-khts-1980-1982-r/1971-e-nos-18-22/commentary-19/">A Chronicle of Current Events 19, 30 April 1971, Commentary No 19, Notes on "The Arrest of Vladimir Bukovsky".</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chronicle6883.wordpress.com/2015/12/08/22-3-materials-concerning-the-forthcoming-international-congress-of-psychiatrists/">A Chronicle of Current Events 22.3, 10 December 1971, "Materials for the forthcoming international Congress of Psychiatrists".</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> See Sidney Bloch and Peter Reddaway, Russia's political hospitals, London, 1977. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngmann2022" class="citation journal cs1">Engmann, Birk (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957154X211035328">"On the origins of the concept of 'latent schizophrenia' in Russian psychiatry"</a>. 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Retrieved 2011-05-24. <q>Publisher Ralph Ginzburg, defendant in a libel suit for an article on a poll of psychiatrists on Barry Goldwater that he conducted in 1964 says ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=LBJ+Fit+to+Serve&rft.date=1968-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DD24hAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D882%2C4721408%26dq%3Dralph%2Bginzburg%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Sá" class="citation web cs1">De Sá, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extras.mercurynews.com/druggedkids/">"Drugging Our Kids"</a>. The Mercury News. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Drugging+Our+Kids&rft.aulast=De+S%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextras.mercurynews.com%2Fdruggedkids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.D._Morris2011" class="citation web cs1">J.D. Morris (13 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailycal.org/2011/12/11/silent-uc-berkeley-protester-detained-by-police/">"Silent UC Berkeley protester detained"</a>. The Daily Californian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Californian&rft.atitle=Silent+UC+Berkeley+protester+detained&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.au=J.D.+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailycal.org%2F2011%2F12%2F11%2Fsilent-uc-berkeley-protester-detained-by-police%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rawstory.com/2010/10/cop-nypd-psych-ward-whistleblowing/">"Cop hauled off to psych ward after alleging fake crime stats"</a>. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cop+hauled+off+to+psych+ward+after+alleging+fake+crime+stats&rft.date=2010-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rawstory.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fcop-nypd-psych-ward-whistleblowing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlerMuellerAyat1993" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Nanci; Mueller, Gerard; Ayat, Mohammed (1993). "Psychiatry under tyranny: a report on the political abuse of Romanian psychiatry during the Ceausescu years". Current Psychology. 12 (1): 3–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02737088">10.1007/BF02737088</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11652327">11652327</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39597688">39597688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Psychology&rft.atitle=Psychiatry+under+tyranny%3A+a+report+on+the+political+abuse+of+Romanian+psychiatry+during+the+Ceausescu+years&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39597688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11652327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02737088&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Nanci&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Ayat%2C+Mohammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Voren2002" class="citation journal cs1">van Voren, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726200722/http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/reprint/30/1/131.pdf">"Comparing Soviet and Chinese Political Psychiatry"</a> (PDF). The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 30 (1): 131–135. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11931361">11931361</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/reprint/30/1/131.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Psychiatry+and+the+Law&rft.atitle=Comparing+Soviet+and+Chinese+Political+Psychiatry&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=131-135&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11931361&rft.aulast=van+Voren&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaapl.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F30%2F1%2F131.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+abuse+of+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-psychiatry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-psychiatry" title="Template:Anti-psychiatry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-psychiatry" title="Template talk:Anti-psychiatry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-psychiatry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-psychiatry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-psychiatry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">Biopsychiatry controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_psychiatry" title="Controversies about psychiatry">Controversies about psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Psychiatry_Network" title="Critical Psychiatry Network">Critical psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_Voices_Movement" title="Hearing Voices Movement">Hearing Voices Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mental_disorders" title="History of mental disorders">History of mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">Involuntary commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Involuntary treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Mitchell_effect" title="Martha Mitchell effect">Martha Mitchell effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_ethics_cases" title="List of medical ethics cases">Medical ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicalization" title="Medicalization">Medicalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicalisation_of_sexuality" title="Medicalisation of sexuality">of sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model" title="Medical model">medical model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouthetic_counseling" title="Nouthetic counseling">Nouthetic counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement">Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_disintegration" title="Positive disintegration">Positive disintegration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_model" title="Recovery model">Recovery model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_therapy" title="Rhetoric of therapy">Rhetoric of therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenhan_experiment" title="Rosenhan experiment">Rosenhan experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help_groups_for_mental_health" title="Self-help groups for mental health">Self-help groups for mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_community" title="Therapeutic community">Therapeutic community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Abolition_of_Involuntary_Mental_Hospitalization" title="American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization">American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspies_For_Freedom" title="Aspies For Freedom">Aspies For Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Network_International" title="Autism Network International">Autism Network International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazelon_Center_for_Mental_Health_Law" title="Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law">Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Citizens Commission on Human Rights">Citizens Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Psychiatry_Network" title="Critical Psychiatry Network">Critical Psychiatry Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Rights_International" title="Disability Rights International">Disability Rights International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_Voices_Network" title="Hearing Voices Network">Hearing Voices Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarus_Project" title="Icarus Project">Icarus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Disability_Alliance" title="International Disability Alliance">International Disability Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_Disability_Coalition" title="Learning Disability Coalition">Learning Disability Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad Pride">Mad Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MindFreedom_International" title="MindFreedom International">MindFreedom International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Empowerment_Center" title="National Empowerment Center">National Empowerment Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Psychology_Network" title="Radical Psychology Network">Radical Psychology Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_International" title="Rehabilitation International">Rehabilitation International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Rights_UK" title="Disability Rights UK">Royal Association for Disability Rights</a></li> <li>Paranoia Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(psychiatric_treatment)" title="Soteria (psychiatric treatment)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Patients%27_Collective" title="Socialist Patients' Collective">Socialist Patients' Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Users_and_Survivors_of_Psychiatry" title="World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry">World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Andre" title="Linda Andre">Linda Andre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Antonucci" title="Giorgio Antonucci">Giorgio Antonucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Basaglia" title="Franco Basaglia">Franco Basaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Becker" title="Ernest Becker">Ernest Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauretta_Bender" title="Lauretta Bender">Lauretta Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bentall" title="Richard Bentall">Richard Bentall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Breggin" title="Peter Breggin">Peter Breggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Caplan" title="Paula Caplan">Paula Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Chabasinski" title="Ted Chabasinski">Ted Chabasinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Chamberlin" title="Judi Chamberlin">Judi Chamberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cooper_(psychiatrist)" title="David Cooper (psychiatrist)">David Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyn_Duff" title="Lyn Duff">Lyn Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Roy_Frank" title="Leonard Roy Frank">Leonard Roy Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gottstein" title="James Gottstein">James Gottstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._G%C3%B8tzsche" title="Peter C. Gøtzsche">Peter C. Gøtzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lehmann_(author)" title="Peter Lehmann (author)">Peter Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loren_Mosher" title="Loren Mosher">Loren Mosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Moncrieff" title="Joanna Moncrieff">Joanna Moncrieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Oaks" title="David Oaks">David Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Packard" title="Elizabeth Packard">Elizabeth Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sascha_Altman_DuBrul" title="Sascha Altman DuBrul">Sascha Scatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Smail_(psychologist)" title="David Smail (psychologist)">David Smail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Thomas Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ticktin" title="Stephen Ticktin">Stephen Ticktin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whitaker_(author)" title="Robert Whitaker (author)">Robert Whitaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Against_Therapy" title="Against Therapy">Against Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_an_Epidemic" title="Anatomy of an Epidemic">Anatomy of an Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylums_(book)" title="Asylums (book)">Asylums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Therapies" title="Crazy Therapies">Crazy Therapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctoring_the_Mind" title="Doctoring the Mind">Doctoring the Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_Schizophrenia" title="Interpretation of Schizophrenia">Interpretation of Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_by_Oppression" title="Liberation by Oppression">Liberation by Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_in_America" title="Mad in America">Mad in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Psychology_Network" title="Radical Psychology Network">Radical Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gene_Illusion" title="The Gene Illusion">The Gene Illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Mental_Illness" title="The Myth of Mental Illness">The Myth of Mental Illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Experience_and_The_Bird_of_Paradise" title="The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise">The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protest_Psychosis" title="The Protest Psychosis">The Protest Psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Radical_Therapist" title="The Radical Therapist">The Radical Therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We%27ve_Had_a_Hundred_Years_of_Psychotherapy_%E2%80%93_and_the_World%27s_Getting_Worse" title="We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse">We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychiatry" title="Portal:Psychiatry">Psychiatry portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unnecessary_health_care" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unnecessary_health_care" title="Template:Unnecessary health care"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unnecessary_health_care" title="Template talk:Unnecessary health care"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unnecessary_health_care" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unnecessary health care"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unnecessary_health_care" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_health_care" title="Unnecessary health care">Unnecessary health care</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-to-consumer_advertising" title="Direct-to-consumer advertising">Direct-to-consumer advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overscreening" title="Overscreening">Overscreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdiagnosis" title="Overdiagnosis">Overdiagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee-for-service" title="Fee-for-service">Fee-for-service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_medicine" title="Defensive medicine">Defensive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unwarranted_variation" title="Unwarranted variation">Unwarranted variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmedication" title="Overmedication">Overmedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmedicalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Overmedicalization">Overmedicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_cascade" title="Prescription cascade">Prescription cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_prevention" title="Quaternary prevention">Quaternary prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_mongering" title="Disease mongering">Disease mongering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overused health care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_delivery_on_maternal_request" title="Caesarean delivery on maternal request">Caesarean delivery on maternal request</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_misuse" title="Antibiotic misuse">Antibiotic misuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_use_disorder" title="Benzodiazepine use disorder">Benzodiazepine use disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid use disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypharmacy" title="Polypharmacy">Polypharmacy</a></li> <li>treatment of <a href="/wiki/Incidentaloma" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidentaloma">incidentaloma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and situations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deprescribing" title="Deprescribing">Deprescribing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choosing_Wisely" title="Choosing Wisely">Choosing Wisely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medication_discontinuation" title="Medication discontinuation">Medication discontinuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal syndrome">Withdrawal syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works about unnecessary health care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overtreated" title="Overtreated">Overtreated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Treatment_Trap" title="The Treatment Trap">The Treatment Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selling_Sickness" title="Selling Sickness">Selling Sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdosed_America" title="Overdosed America">Overdosed America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medical_harm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_harm" title="Template:Medical harm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_harm" title="Template talk:Medical harm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_harm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical harm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medical_harm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medical harm</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">Iatrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_malpractice" title="Medical malpractice">Medical malpractice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_error" title="Medical error">Medical error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_health_care" title="Unnecessary health care">Unnecessary health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">Adverse effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_abuse" title="Patient abuse">Patient abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_event" title="Never event">Never event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Economic and financial concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_debt" title="Medical debt">Medical debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_billing" title="Balance billing">Balance billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_toxicity" title="Financial toxicity">Financial toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Political abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drapetomania" title="Drapetomania">Drapetomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sluggish_schizophrenia" title="Sluggish schizophrenia">Sluggish schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_gag_law" title="Physician gag law">Physician gag law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protest_Psychosis" title="The Protest Psychosis">The Protest Psychosis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the United States">Political abuse of psychiatry in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_pneumonia" title="Hospital-acquired pneumonia">Hospital-acquired pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">Hospital-acquired infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrogenic_anemia" title="Iatrogenic anemia">Iatrogenic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Records and histories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_pollution" title="Drug pollution">Drug pollution</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_medicine_contamination_incidents" title="List of medicine contamination incidents">List</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adoption_and_foster_care" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightBlue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adopt" title="Template:Adopt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adopt" title="Template talk:Adopt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adopt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adopt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adoption_and_foster_care" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Adoption by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Australia" title="Adoption in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_France" title="Adoption in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Guatemala" title="Adoption in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Italy" title="Adoption in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_the_Philippines" title="Adoption in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Adoption in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_South_Korea" title="Adoption in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Foster care by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_Australia" title="Foster care in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_Canada" title="Foster care in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foster care in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_the_United_States" title="Foster care in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adopted_child_syndrome" title="Adopted child syndrome">Adopted child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_disclosure" title="Adoption disclosure">Adoption disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_home_study" title="Adoption home study">Adoption home study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_reunion_registry" title="Adoption reunion registry">Adoption reunion registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoptee_rights" title="Adoptee rights">Adoptee rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_tax_credit" title="Adoption tax credit">Adoption tax credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_out" title="Aging out">Aging out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_laundering" title="Child laundering">Child laundering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_adoption" title="Closed adoption">Closed adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_variations_in_adoption" title="Cultural variations in adoption">Cultural variations in adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruption_(adoption)" title="Disruption (adoption)">Disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_bewilderment" title="Genealogical bewilderment">Genealogical bewilderment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption" title="International adoption">International adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_adoption" title="Interracial adoption">Interracial adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_adoption" title="Language of adoption">Language of adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Same-sex adoption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption_and_parenting_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption and parenting in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_Brazil" title="Same-sex adoption in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_Europe" title="Same-sex adoption in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Same-sex adoption in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex adoption in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_adoption" title="Open adoption">Open adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealed_birth_records" title="Sealed birth records">Sealed birth records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">History of children in the military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Adoption_Records_Act" title="Access to Adoption Records Act">Access to Adoption Records Act</a> (Ontario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_Information_Disclosure_Act" title="Adoption Information Disclosure Act">Adoption Information Disclosure Act</a> (Ontario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_and_Safe_Families_Act" title="Adoption and Safe Families Act">Adoption and Safe Families Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law_of_adoption_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law of adoption in India">Christian law of adoption</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Care_Independence_Act" title="Foster Care Independence Act">Foster Care Independence Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Adoption_Convention" title="Hague Adoption Convention">Hague Adoption Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Adoptions_and_Maintenance_Act,_1956" title="Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956">Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Child_Welfare_Act" title="Indian Child Welfare Act">Indian Child Welfare Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Islamic adoptional jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putative_father_registry" title="Putative father registry">Putative father registry</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Adoption_Act" title="Uniform Adoption Act">Uniform Adoption Act</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosterage" title="Fosterage">Fosterage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Controversial violations of rights in adoption or child custody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_adoption_scandals" title="List of international adoption scandals">List of international adoption scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Indian_outing_programs" title="American Indian outing programs">American Indian outing programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Placement_Program" title="Indian Placement Program">Indian Placement Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Children%27s_Home_Society" title="Tennessee Children's Home Society">Tennessee Children's Home Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Scoop_Era" title="Baby Scoop Era">Baby Scoop Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Children" title="Home Children">Home Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Hess" title="Michael A. Hess">Michael A. Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption_in_Australia" title="Forced adoption in Australia">Forced adoption in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forced adoption in the United Kingdom">Forced adoption in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortara_case" title="Mortara case">Mortara case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postremo_mense" title="Postremo mense">Postremo mense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_orphans_controversy" title="Jewish orphans controversy">Jewish orphans controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical criticism of orphanages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duplessis_Orphans" title="Duplessis Orphans">Duplessis Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cashel_Orphanage" title="Mount Cashel Orphanage">Mount Cashel Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Norris" title="Mary Norris">Mary Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Orphanage" title="St. John's Orphanage">St. John's Orphanage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall 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