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<span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B8" title="오픈리파인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈리파인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="OpenRefine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5583871#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/OpenRefine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:OpenRefine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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href="/w/index.php?title=OpenRefine&oldid=1280547572" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenRefine&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=OpenRefine&id=1280547572&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOpenRefine"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOpenRefine"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet 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Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-meta mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine" hreflang="en"><span>Meta-Wiki</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikidata mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Tools/OpenRefine" hreflang="en"><span>Wikidata</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5583871" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Application for data cleanup and data transformation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">OpenRefine</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenRefine_favicon_(2018-present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/OpenRefine_favicon_%282018-present%29.svg/200px-OpenRefine_favicon_%282018-present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/OpenRefine_favicon_%282018-present%29.svg/300px-OpenRefine_favicon_%282018-present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/OpenRefine_favicon_%282018-present%29.svg/400px-OpenRefine_favicon_%282018-present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Freebase_(database)" title="Freebase (database)">Freebase</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, now open source community</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">November 10, 2010<span class="noprint">; 14 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2010-11-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.9.0<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-4f171b9f323acca797b7e647de815d66cf65a5bb-v18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-4f171b9f323acca797b7e647de815d66cf65a5bb-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5583871?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> / 13 February 2025<span class="noprint">; 32 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">13 February 2025</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/OpenRefine<wbr />/OpenRefine</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5583871#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, French, German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openrefine.org/">openrefine<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5583871?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OpenRefine</a></b> is an <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> desktop application for data cleanup and transformation to other formats, an activity commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Data_wrangling" title="Data wrangling">data wrangling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is similar to <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> applications, and can handle spreadsheet file formats such as <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a>, but it behaves more like a database. </p><p>It operates on <i>rows</i> of data which have cells under <i>columns,</i> similar to the manner in which <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a> tables operate. OpenRefine projects consist of one table, whose rows can be filtered using <i>facets</i> that define criteria (for example, showing rows where a given column is not empty). </p><p>Unlike spreadsheets, most operations in OpenRefine are done on all visible rows, for example, the transformation of all cells in all rows under one column,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the creation of a new column based on existing data. Actions performed on a dataset are stored the project and can be 'replayed' on other datasets. Formulas are not stored in cells, but are used to transform the data. Transformation is done only once.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formula expressions can be written in <b>General Refine Expression Language (GREL)</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a> (i.e., Python), and in <a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The program operates as a local web app: it starts a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> and opens the default browser to <a href="/wiki/127.0.0.1" class="mw-redirect" title="127.0.0.1">127.0.0.1</a>:3333. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenRefine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Cleaning messy data</i>: for example if working with a text file with some semi-structured data, it can be edited using transformations, facets and clustering to make the data cleanly structured.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Transformation of data</i>: converting values to other formats, normalizing and denormalizing.</li> <li><i>Parsing data from web sites</i>: OpenRefine has a URL fetch feature and <a href="/wiki/Jsoup" title="Jsoup">jsoup</a> HTML parser and DOM engine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Adding data to dataset by fetching it from web services</i> (i.e. returning <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, can be used for <a href="/wiki/Geocoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocoding">geocoding</a> addresses to <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinates">geographic coordinates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Aligning to <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Freebase_(database)" title="Freebase (database)">Freebase</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): this involves <i>reconciliation</i> — mapping string values in cells to entities in Wikidata.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supported_formats">Supported formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenRefine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Supported formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Import</b> is supported from following formats:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tab-separated_values" title="Tab-separated values">TSV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a></li> <li>Text file with custom separators or columns split by fixed width</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triples (<a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a> serialization formats)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Spreadsheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Spreadsheets">Google Spreadsheets</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>If input data is in a non-standard text format, it can be imported as whole lines, without splitting into columns, and then columns extracted later with OpenRefine's tools. Archived and compressed files are supported (.zip, .tar.gz, .tgz, .tar.bz2, .gz, or .bz2) and Refine can download input files from a <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>. To use web pages as input, it is possible to import a list of URLs and then invoke a URL fetch function. </p><p><b>Export</b> is supported in following formats:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tab-separated_values" title="Tab-separated values">TSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_table" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML table">HTML table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Spreadsheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Spreadsheets">Google Spreadsheets</a></li> <li>Templating exporter: it is possible to define custom template for outputting data, for example as <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> table.</li></ul> <p>Whole OpenRefine projects in native format can be exported as a <a href="/wiki/Tar_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar (file format)">.tar.gz</a> archive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenRefine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OpenRefine started life as <b>Freebase Gridworks,</b> developed by <a href="/wiki/Metaweb" title="Metaweb">Metaweb</a> and has been available as open source since January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 July 2010, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> acquired Metaweb,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the creators of <a href="/wiki/Freebase_(database)" title="Freebase (database)">Freebase</a>, and on 10 November 2010 renamed Freebase Gridwords <b>Google Refine</b>, releasing version 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 October 2012, original author David Huynh announced that Google would soon stop its active support of Google Refine.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the codebase has been in transition to an open source project named OpenRefine.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenRefine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine/releases/tag/3.9.0">"Release 3.9.0"</a>. 13 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+3.9.0&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FOpenRefine%2FOpenRefine%2Freleases%2Ftag%2F3.9.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine">"OpenRefine/OpenRefine - GitHub"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=OpenRefine%2FOpenRefine+-+GitHub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FOpenRefine%2FOpenRefine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openrefine.org/">"openrefine.github.com"</a>. <i>openrefine.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openrefine.org&rft.atitle=openrefine.github.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenrefine.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/wiki/CellEditing#Editing_by_Transforming">"Editing by transforming: Cell Editing wiki page from Refine documentation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Editing+by+transforming%3A+Cell+Editing+wiki+page+from+Refine+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgoogle-refine%2Fwiki%2FCellEditing%23Editing_by_Transforming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/wiki/CellEditing#Comparison_with_Spreadsheets_Software">"Comparison with spreadsheet software: Cell Editing wiki page in Refine documentation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparison+with+spreadsheet+software%3A+Cell+Editing+wiki+page+in+Refine+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgoogle-refine%2Fwiki%2FCellEditing%23Comparison_with_Spreadsheets_Software&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine/wiki/General-Refine-Expression-Language">General Refine expression language OpenRefine/OpenRefine Wiki GitHub</a>. Github.com (2013-04-03). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/wiki/DocumentationForUsers#Expressions">"Expressions: Refine documentation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expressions%3A+Refine+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgoogle-refine%2Fwiki%2FDocumentationForUsers%23Expressions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B70J_H_zAWM">"Screencast: Google Refine 2.0 - Introduction (1 of 3) - editing government data"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Screencast%3A+Google+Refine+2.0+-+Introduction+%281+of+3%29+-+editing+government+data&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DB70J_H_zAWM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/wiki/StrippingHTML">"Stripping HTML: Refine documentation wiki page"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stripping+HTML%3A+Refine+documentation+wiki+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgoogle-refine%2Fwiki%2FStrippingHTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/wiki/FetchingURLsFromWebServices">"FetchingURLsFromWebServices wiki page: Refine documentation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FetchingURLsFromWebServices+wiki+page%3A+Refine+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgoogle-refine%2Fwiki%2FFetchingURLsFromWebServices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tsyz3ibYzk">"Screencast: Google Refine 2.0 - Data Augmentation (3 of 3) - using Openstreetmap Nominatim for geocoding and Freebase for augmentation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Screencast%3A+Google+Refine+2.0+-+Data+Augmentation+%283+of+3%29+-+using+Openstreetmap+Nominatim+for+geocoding+and+Freebase+for+augmentation&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D5tsyz3ibYzk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/wiki/SchemaAlignment">"Schema Alignment: Refine documentation wiki page"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schema+Alignment%3A+Refine+documentation+wiki+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgoogle-refine%2Fwiki%2FSchemaAlignment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine/wiki/Reconciliation">"OpenRefine documentation: Reconciliation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=OpenRefine+documentation%3A+Reconciliation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FOpenRefine%2FOpenRefine%2Fwiki%2FReconciliation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/wiki/Importers">"Importers: Refine documentation wiki page"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Importers%3A+Refine+documentation+wiki+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgoogle-refine%2Fwiki%2FImporters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/wiki/ChangesFor2p5">"Changelog for 2.5"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changelog+for+2.5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgoogle-refine%2Fwiki%2FChangesFor2p5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/wiki/Exporters">"Exporting: Refine documentation wiki page"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exporting%3A+Refine+documentation+wiki+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgoogle-refine%2Fwiki%2FExporters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/archive/p/google-refine/source">"Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting"</a>. <i>code.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=code.google.com&rft.atitle=Google+Code+Archive+-+Long-term+storage+for+Google+Code+Project+Hosting.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Farchive%2Fp%2Fgoogle-refine%2Fsource&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/07/deeper-understanding-with-metaweb.html">"Google Official Blog: Deeper understanding with Metaweb"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+Official+Blog%3A+Deeper+understanding+with+Metaweb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogleblog.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F07%2Fdeeper-understanding-with-metaweb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://google-opensource.blogspot.com/2010/11/announcing-google-refine-20-power-tool.html">"Google Opensource blog: Announcing Google Refine 2.0, a power tool for data wranglers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+Opensource+blog%3A+Announcing+Google+Refine+2.0%2C+a+power+tool+for+data+wranglers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogle-opensource.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F11%2Fannouncing-google-refine-20-power-tool.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/openrefine/a3R6afKb4-4">"Google Groups"</a>. <i>groups.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=groups.google.com&rft.atitle=Google+Groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fforum%2F%23%21topic%2Fopenrefine%2Fa3R6afKb4-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kb.refinepro.com/2012/10/from-freebase-gridworks-to-google.html">"From Freebase Gridworks to Google Refine and now OpenRefine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Freebase+Gridworks+to+Google+Refine+and+now+OpenRefine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkb.refinepro.com%2F2012%2F10%2Ffrom-freebase-gridworks-to-google.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenRefine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openrefine.org/OpenRefine/community">OpenRefine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925212518/http://openrefine.org/OpenRefine/community">Archived</a> 2016-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. OpenRefine. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/">google-refine - Google Refine, a power tool for working with messy data (formerly Freebase Gridworks) - Google Project Hosting</a>. Code.google.com. 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