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href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 West Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Central Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 East Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Horn of Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Southeast Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Southern Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_and_ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_and_ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Languages and ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_and_ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afroasiatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afroasiatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Afroasiatic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afroasiatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khoisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khoisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Khoisan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khoisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niger–Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger–Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Niger–Congo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niger–Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nilo-Saharan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nilo-Saharan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Nilo-Saharan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nilo-Saharan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Genetic history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Major cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_and_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Energy and power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Oil and minerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_progress_in_access_to_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_progress_in_access_to_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Major progress in access to education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_progress_in_access_to_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7 Film industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.8 Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_countries_and_regional_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_countries_and_regional_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 List of countries and regional organisation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_countries_and_regional_organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of countries and regional organisation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_countries_and_regional_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Central Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 East Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northeast_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1 Northeast Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeast_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.2 Southeast Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Southern Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 West Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sub-Saharan Africa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_suid_van_die_Sahara" title="Afrika suid van die Sahara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Afrika suid van die Sahara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="إفريقيا جنوب الصحراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إفريقيا جنوب الصحراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_desot-sahari%C3%A8na" title="Africa desot-saharièna – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Africa desot-saharièna" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_subsa%E1%B8%A5ariana" title="África subsaḥariana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="África subsaḥariana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Afrika" title="Qara Afrika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara Afrika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_woroduguyanfan_Afiriki" title="Sahara woroduguyanfan Afiriki – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Sahara woroduguyanfan Afiriki" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="সাহারা-নিম্ন আফ্রিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহারা-নিম্ন আফ্রিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ҡара Африка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара Африка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чорная Афрыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорная Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Субсахарска Африка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Субсахарска Африка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supsaharska_Afrika" title="Supsaharska Afrika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Supsaharska Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_issahara" title="Afrika issahara – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Afrika issahara" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_subsahariana" title="Àfrica subsahariana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àfrica subsahariana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsaharsk%C3%A1_Afrika" title="Subsaharská Afrika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Subsaharská Afrika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Zasi_kweSahara" title="Africa Zasi kweSahara – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Africa Zasi kweSahara" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsaharisk_Afrika" title="Subsaharisk Afrika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Subsaharisk Afrika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsahara-Afrika" title="Subsahara-Afrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Subsahara-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_Aafrika" title="Must Aafrika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must Aafrika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Υποσαχάρια Αφρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποσαχάρια Αφρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_subsahariana" title="África subsahariana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="África subsahariana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afriko_sude_de_Saharo" title="Afriko sude de Saharo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afriko sude de Saharo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharaz_hegoaldeko_Afrika" title="Saharaz hegoaldeko Afrika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saharaz hegoaldeko Afrika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آفریقای جنوب صحرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آفریقای جنوب صحرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique_subsaharienne" title="Afrique subsaharienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afrique subsaharienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_subsahariana" title="África subsahariana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="África subsahariana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%A8_%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="사하라 이남 아프리카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사하라 이남 아프리카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin_Saharar_Afirka" title="Yankin Saharar Afirka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yankin Saharar Afirka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Ենթասահարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենթասահարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="उप-सहारा अफ़्रीका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उप-सहारा अफ़्रीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supsaharska_Afrika" title="Supsaharska Afrika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Supsaharska Afrika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Sahara_nga_Aprika" title="Sub-Sahara nga Aprika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sub-Sahara nga Aprika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Sub-Sahara" title="Afrika Sub-Sahara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afrika Sub-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%ADka_sunnan_Sahara" title="Afríka sunnan Sahara – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afríka sunnan Sahara" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_subsahariana" title="Africa subsahariana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Africa subsahariana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אפריקה שמדרום לסהרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפריקה שמדרום לסהרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სუბსაჰარული აფრიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუბსაჰარული აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Суб-Сахаралық Африка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Суб-Сахаралық Африка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusini_kwa_Sahara" title="Kusini kwa Sahara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kusini kwa Sahara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Subsahariana" title="Africa Subsahariana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Africa Subsahariana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsah%C4%81ras_%C4%80frika" title="Subsahāras Āfrika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Subsahāras Āfrika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEsachario_Afrika" title="Užsachario Afrika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Užsachario Afrika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_susaharan" title="Africa susaharan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Africa susaharan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete-Afrika" title="Fekete-Afrika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Потсахарска Африка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Потсахарска Африка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_atsimon%27_i_Sahar%C3%A0" title="Afrika atsimon' i Saharà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Afrika atsimon' i Saharà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Sahara" title="Sub-Sahara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sub-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%96%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="サブサハラアフリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サブサハラアフリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_s%C3%B8r_for_Sahara" title="Afrika sør for Sahara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Afrika sør for Sahara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_s%C3%B8r_for_Sahara" title="Afrika sør for Sahara – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Afrika sør for Sahara" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_subsahariana" title="Africa subsahariana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Africa subsahariana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਉਪ-ਸਹਾਰਵੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਪ-ਸਹਾਰਵੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ذیلی صحارائی افریقا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ذیلی صحارائی افریقا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afryka_Subsaharyjska" title="Afryka Subsaharyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afryka Subsaharyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_subsariana" title="África subsariana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="África subsariana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Subsaharian%C4%83" title="Africa Subsahariană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Africa Subsahariană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чёрная Африка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная Африка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%BC%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_sub-sahariana" title="Àfrica sub-sahariana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àfrica sub-sahariana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sub-Saharan Africa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsaharsk%C3%A1_Afrika" title="Subsaharská Afrika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Subsaharská Afrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Подсахарска Африка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Подсахарска Африка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supsaharska_Afrika" title="Supsaharska Afrika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Supsaharska Afrika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Sub-Sahara" title="Afrika Sub-Sahara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Afrika Sub-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_etel%C3%A4puolinen_Afrikka" title="Saharan eteläpuolinen Afrikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saharan eteläpuolinen Afrikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsahariska_Afrika" title="Subsahariska Afrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Subsahariska Afrika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="சகாரா கீழமை ஆபிரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சகாரா கீழமை ஆபிரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="แอฟริกาใต้สะฮารา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอฟริกาใต้สะฮารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahra_Alt%C4%B1_Afrika" title="Sahra Altı Afrika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sahra Altı Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Субсахарська Африка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Субсахарська Африка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ذیلی صحارائی افریقا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ذیلی صحارائی افریقا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_subsahariana" title="Africa subsahariana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Africa subsahariana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_Phi_H%E1%BA%A1_Sahara" title="Châu Phi Hạ Sahara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Châu Phi Hạ Sahara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubos-ha-Sahara_nga_Aprik%C3%A1" title="Ubos-ha-Sahara nga Apriká – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ubos-ha-Sahara nga Apriká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrig_gu_b%C3%ABj-saalumu-Sahara" title="Afrig gu bëj-saalumu-Sahara – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Afrig gu bëj-saalumu-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="撒哈拉以南非洲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="撒哈拉以南非洲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A0_%C3%8Cs%C3%A0l%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-S%C3%A0h%C3%A1r%C3%A0" title="Áfríkà Ìsàlẹ̀-Sàhárà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Áfríkà Ìsàlẹ̀-Sàhárà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="撒哈拉以南非洲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="撒哈拉以南非洲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-saharan_Africa&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-saharan Africa">Sub-saharan Africa</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region south of the Sahara Desert</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahara_Sahel_sub-Saharan_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sahara_Sahel_sub-Saharan_Africa.svg/250px-Sahara_Sahel_sub-Saharan_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sahara_Sahel_sub-Saharan_Africa.svg/375px-Sahara_Sahel_sub-Saharan_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sahara_Sahel_sub-Saharan_Africa.svg/500px-Sahara_Sahel_sub-Saharan_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Geographical map of sub-Saharan Africa<div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  The Sahara</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  The Sahel</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Sub-Saharan Africa</div> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinja,_Uganda" title="Jinja, Uganda">Jinja</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,137,938,708</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religions (2020)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">62.0%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31.4%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional faiths</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.0%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Other</th><td class="infobox-data">0.4%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Over 1,000 languages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Internet <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.africa" title=".africa">.africa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Per <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR Global Trends</a> in 2019, the sub-Saharan population was 1.1 billion. </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sub-Saharan_Africa_definition_UN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sub-Saharan_Africa_definition_UN.png/220px-Sub-Saharan_Africa_definition_UN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sub-Saharan_Africa_definition_UN.png/330px-Sub-Saharan_Africa_definition_UN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Sub-Saharan_Africa_definition_UN.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Combined green: Definition of "sub-Saharan Africa" as used in the statistics of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> institutions Lighter green: The <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, classified as a part of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a>, though the organization states that "the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Africa_map.png/220px-Africa_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Africa_map.png/330px-Africa_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Africa_map.png/440px-Africa_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Red: <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab states</a> in Africa (<a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png/220px-East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png/330px-East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png/440px-East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Simplified climatic map of Africa: sub-Saharan Africa consists of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> in the north (yellow), the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">tropical savannas</a> (light green) and the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a> (dark green) of <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a>, and the arid <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Basin" title="Kalahari Basin">Kalahari Basin</a> (yellow) and the "<a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a>" south coast (olive) of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. The numbers shown correspond to the dates of all <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> artifacts associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sub-Saharan Africa or Subsahara is the area and regions of the continent of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> that lie south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. Geopolitically, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">African countries and territories</a> that are situated fully in that specified region, the term may also include polities that only have part of their territory located in that region, per the definition of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">United Nations</a> (UN).<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> This is considered a non-standardised geographical region with the number of countries included varying from 46 to 48 depending on the organisation describing the region (e.g. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, etc.). The <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">African Union</a> (AU) uses a different regional breakdown, recognising all 55 member states on the continent—grouping them into five distinct and standard regions. The term serves as a grouping counterpart to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, which is instead grouped with the definition of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">MENA</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and North Africa) as it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, and most North African states are likewise members of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>. However, while they are also <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">member states of the Arab League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>) are all geographically considered to be part of sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-definition-6">[5]</a> Overall, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UN Development Programme</a> applies the "sub-Saharan" classification to 46 of Africa's 55 countries, excluding Djibouti, <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a>, Somalia, and Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Since around <a href="/wiki/African_humid_period#End" title="African humid period">3900 BCE</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> the Saharan and sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara, forming an effective barrier that is interrupted only by the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> in Sudan, though navigation on the Nile was blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd">Sudd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">the river's cataracts</a>. There is also <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Africa" title="Genetic history of Africa">an evident genetic divide</a> between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa that dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sahara_pump_theory" title="Sahara pump theory">Sahara pump theory</a> explains how <a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Africa#Flora" title="Natural history of Africa">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Africa" title="Fauna of Africa">fauna</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Homo sapiens</a>) left Africa to penetrate <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and beyond. African <a href="/wiki/Pluvial" title="Pluvial">pluvial</a> periods are associated with a "<a href="/wiki/African_humid_period" title="African humid period">Wet Sahara</a>" phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers existed.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers-L2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyers-L2.jpg/330px-Meyers-L2.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyers-L2.jpg/495px-Meyers-L2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Meyers-L2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Ethnographic map of Africa, from Meyers Blitz-Lexikon (1932)</figcaption></figure> Geographers historically divided the region into several distinct <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> sections based on each area's respective inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Raunig-11">[10]</a> The concept has been criticised as a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">racist construction</a> intended to separate North Africa or "European/White Africa" and "Black Africa" or "Africa noire".<a href="#cite_note-Mohamed-12">[11]</a> Critics from various countries have provided arguments supporting the interconnectedness of continental Africa, pointing to historical and cultural connections, as well as <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trade between North, West, and East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merolla-13">[12]</a> Commentators in Arabic in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">medieval period</a> used the general term bilâd as-sûdân ("Land of the Blacks") for the vast <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan region</a> (an expression denoting <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>),<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> or sometimes extending from the coast of West Africa to <a href="/wiki/Western_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sudan">Western Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levtzion-15">[14]</a> Its equivalent in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a> was <a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a> ("Country of the Blacks"), which was situated in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Raunig-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levtzion-15">[14]</a> The geographers drew an explicit ethnographic distinction between the Sudan region and its analogue Zanj, from the area to their extreme east on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raunig-11">[10]</a> In modern-day Ethiopia and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> was <a href="/wiki/Al-Habash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Habash">Al-Habash</a> or Abyssinia,<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-16">[15]</a> which was inhabited by the Habash or Abyssinians, who were the forebears of the <a href="/wiki/Habesha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Habesha people">Habesha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blank-17">[16]</a> In northern Somalia was <a href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara (region)">Barbara</a> or the Bilad al-Barbar ("Land of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a>"), which was inhabited by the Eastern Baribah or Barbaroi, as the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a> were referred to by medieval Arab and ancient <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> geographers, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Raunig-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bagley-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ogot-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-20">[19]</a> In the 19th and 20th centuries, the populations south of the Sahara were divided into three broad ancestral groups: <a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semites</a> in the Horn of Africa and Sahel related to those in North Africa, who spoke languages belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> family; <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negroes</a> in most of the rest of the subcontinent (hence, the toponym Black Africa for Africa south of the Sahara<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a>), who spoke languages belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> families; and <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, who spoke languages belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a> family. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_zones_and_ecoregions">Climate zones and ecoregions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate zones and ecoregions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical realm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests_ecoregions" title="List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions">List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png/220px-Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png/330px-Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png/440px-Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Climate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate zone">Climate zones</a> of Africa, showing the ecological break between the <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> of North Africa and the Horn of Africa (red), the <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> of the Sahel and areas surrounding semi-deserts (orange) and the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> of Central and West Africa (blue). Southern Africa has a transition to <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a> (green and yellow), and more desert or semi-desert regions, centered on Namibia and Botswana.</figcaption></figure> Sub-Saharan Africa has a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Climate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate zone">climate zones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> in particular are considered <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a>. It has a dry winter season and a wet summer season. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> extends across all of Africa at a latitude of about 10° to 15° N. Countries that include parts of the Sahara Desert proper in their northern territories and parts of the Sahel in their southern region include <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. The Sahel has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a>.</li> <li>South of the Sahel, a belt of <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> (the <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savannas</a>) stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>. The more humid <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Guinean forest–savanna mosaic">Guinean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Congolian_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic">Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic</a> lie between the savannas and the equatorial forests.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> along the coast but a <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> can be found much more in the interior, contrasting with savanna and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests_ecoregions" title="List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions">moist broadleaf forests</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</a> encompasses <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> stretching along the southern coast of West Africa and across most of Central Africa (the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>) west of the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a>.</li> <li>In East Africa, woodlands, savannas, and grasslands are found in the equatorial zone, including the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a> ecosystem in Tanzania and Kenya.</li> <li>Distinctive <a href="/wiki/Afromontane" title="Afromontane">Afromontane</a> forests, grasslands, and shrublands are found in the high mountains and mountain ranges of eastern Africa, from the Ethiopian Highlands to South Africa.</li> <li>South of the equatorial forests, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Congolian_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Western Congolian forest–savanna mosaic">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Congolian_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Southern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic">Southern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic</a> are transition zones between the tropical forests and the <a href="/wiki/Miombo_woodland" class="mw-redirect" title="Miombo woodland">miombo woodland</a> belt that spans the continent from <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Deserts</a> lie in Southern Africa, and are surrounded by semi-deserts including the <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Karoo</a> region of South Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a> grasslands lie to the east of the deserts.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a> is at Africa's southern tip, and is home to diverse subtropical and temperate forests, woodlands, grasslands, and shrublands.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">History of West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa" title="History of Central Africa">History of Central Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">History of East Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" title="History of Southern Africa">History of Southern Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa#List_of_African_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § List of African kingdoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African archaeology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Prehistory" title="History of Africa">History of Africa § Prehistory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_West_Africa" title="Prehistoric West Africa">Prehistoric West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Central_Africa" title="Prehistoric Central Africa">Prehistoric Central Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_East_Africa" title="Prehistoric East Africa">Prehistoric East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa#Prehistory" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa § Prehistory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Southern_Africa" title="Prehistoric Southern Africa">Prehistoric Southern Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African archaeology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg/220px-Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg/330px-Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg/440px-Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Stone chopping tool from <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a></figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>, early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins, the great African forest <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">apes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a>. However, they had adopted a <a href="/wiki/Biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Biped">bipedal</a> locomotion and freed hands, giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> at a time when Africa was drying up, with savanna encroaching on forested areas. This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-22">[21]</a> By 3 million years ago several <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">australopithecine</a> <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> species had developed throughout <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>. They were tool users rather than tool manufacturers. The next major evolutionary step occurred around 2.3 million BCE, when primitive <a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">stone tools</a> were used to scavenge the carcasses of animals killed by other predators, both for their meat and their marrow. In hunting, H. habilis was most likely not capable of competing with large predators and was more prey than hunter, although H. habilis likely did steal eggs from nests and may have been able to catch small <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a> and weakened larger prey such as cubs and older animals. The tools were classed as <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-3-23">[22]</a> Roughly 1.8 million years ago, <a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a> first appeared in the fossil record in Africa. From Homo ergaster, <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> (upright man) evolved 1.5 million years ago. Some of the earlier representatives of this species were small-brained and used primitive <a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">stone tools</a>, much like <a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a>. The brain later grew in size, and H. erectus eventually developed a more complex stone tool technology called the <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>. Potentially the first hominid to engage in hunting, H. erectus mastered the art of making fire. They were the first hominids to leave Africa, going on to colonise the entire <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>, and perhaps later on giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a>. Although some recent writers suggest that <a href="/wiki/H._georgicus" class="mw-redirect" title="H. georgicus">H. georgicus</a>, a H. habilis <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">descendant</a>, was the first and most primitive hominid to ever live outside Africa, many scientists consider H. georgicus to be an early and primitive member of the H. erectus species.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The fossil and genetic evidence shows <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> developed in Southern and East Africa by around 350,000 to 260,000 years ago<a href="#cite_note-Schlebusch350-260-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190910-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[26]</a> and gradually migrated across the continent in waves. Between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, their expansion <a href="/wiki/Single-origin_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-origin hypothesis">out of Africa</a> launched the colonisation of the planet by modern humans. By 10,000 BCE, Homo sapiens had spread to all corners of the world. This dispersal of the human species is suggested by linguistic, cultural and genetic evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-3-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> During the 11th millennium <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, pottery was independently invented in West Africa, with the earliest pottery there dating to about 9,400 BC from central Mali.<a href="#cite_note-swissinfo-29">[28]</a> It spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pottery-30">[29]</a> After the Sahara became a desert, it did not present a totally impenetrable barrier for travelers between north and south because of the application of animal husbandry towards carrying water, food, and supplies across the desert. Prior to the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> the use of oxen, mule, and horses for desert crossing was common, and trade routes followed chains of <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> that were strung across the desert. The <a href="/wiki/Trans-saharan_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-saharan trade">trans-saharan trade</a> was in full motion by 500 BCE with <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> being a major economic force for its establishment.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> It is thought that the camel was first brought to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> conquered Egypt in 525 BCE, although large herds did not become common enough in North Africa for camels to be the pack animal of choice for the trans-saharan trade.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: West Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">History of West Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songhay_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay Empire">Songhay Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/170px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/255px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/340px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok</a> sculpture, terracotta, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> is a major migration movement that originated in West Central Africa (possibly around Cameroon) around 2500 BCE, reaching East and Central Africa by 1000 BCE and Southern Africa by the early centuries CE. The <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9-Djenno" title="Djenné-Djenno">Djenné-Djenno</a> city-state flourished from 250 BCE to 900 CE and was influential to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok culture</a> of Nigeria (lasting from 1,500 BCE to 200 CE) is known from a type of <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> figure.<a href="#cite_note-PB_2014-36">[35]</a> There were a number of medieval empires of the southern Sahara and the Sahel, based on <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem Empire</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> They built stone structures like in <a href="/wiki/Tichit" title="Tichit">Tichit</a>, but mainly constructed in <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Djenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Djenne">Great Mosque of Djenne</a> is most reflective of Sahelian architecture and is the largest adobe building in the world. In the forest zone, several states and empires such as <a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Bono State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akwamu" title="Akwamu">Akwamu</a> and others emerged. The <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a> arose in the 18th century in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</a>, was established by the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> in the 11th century. Nri was famous for having a priest-king who wielded no military power. Nri was a rare African state which was a haven for freed slaves and outcasts who sought refuge in their territory. Other major states included the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ifẹ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a> in the western block of Nigeria which became prominent about 700–900 and 1400 respectively, and center of <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> culture. The Yoruba built massive mud walls around their cities, the most famous being <a href="/wiki/Sungbo%27s_Eredo" title="Sungbo's Eredo">Sungbo's Eredo</a>. Another prominent kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a>, whose power lasted between the 15th and 19th century. Their dominance reached as far as the well-known city of Eko which was named <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> by the Portuguese traders and other early European settlers. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Edo</a>-speaking people of Benin are known for their famous bronze casting and rich coral, wealth, ancient science and technology and the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Walls of Benin">Walls of Benin</a>, which is the largest man-made structure in the world. In the 18th century, the Oyo and the <a href="/wiki/Aro_confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aro confederacy">Aro confederacy</a> were responsible for most of the slaves exported from modern-day Nigeria, selling them to <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">European slave traders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the British expanded their influence into the Nigerian interior. In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition, and in the following year the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</a> was chartered under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/George_Taubman_Goldie" title="George Taubman Goldie">Sir George Goldie</a>. In 1900, the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">became</a> a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the foremost world power at the time. Nigeria was granted its <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> in 1960 during the period of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decoloniszation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Africa">Central Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa" title="History of Central Africa">History of Central Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ann_Zingha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ann_Zingha.jpg/220px-Ann_Zingha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ann_Zingha.jpg/330px-Ann_Zingha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ann_Zingha.jpg/440px-Ann_Zingha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Fictionalised portrait of <a href="/wiki/Nzinga_of_Ndongo_and_Matamba" title="Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba">Nzinga</a>, queen of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Ndongo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Matamba" title="Kingdom of Matamba">Matamba</a> kingdoms</figcaption></figure> Archeological finds in Central Africa provide evidence of human settlement that may date back over 10,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> According to Zangato and Holl, there is evidence of iron-smelting in the Central African Republic and Cameroon that may date back to 3,000 to 2,500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Extensive walled sites and settlements have recently been found in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Zilum" title="Archaeology of Zilum">Zilum</a>, Chad. The area is located approximately 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Lake Chad, and has been <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to the first millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Trade and improved agricultural techniques supported more sophisticated societies, leading to the early civilisations of <a href="/wiki/Sao_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao civilization">Sao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Baguirmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Baguirmi">Baguirmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wadai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadai Empire">Wadai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010254-44">[43]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu Migration">Bantu Migration</a> into Central Africa, during the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Luba_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Luba Kingdom">Luba Kingdom</a> in southeast Congo came about under a king whose political authority derived from religious, spiritual legitimacy. The kingdom controlled agriculture and regional trade of salt and iron from the north and copper from the Zambian/Congo copper belt.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142-45">[44]</a> Rival kingship factions which split from the Luba Kingdom later moved among the Lunda people, marrying into its elite and laying the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Lunda_Empire" title="Lunda Empire">Lunda Empire</a> in the 16th century. The ruling dynasty centralised authority among the Lunda under the Mwata Yamyo or Mwaant Yaav. The Mwata Yamyo's legitimacy, like that of the Luba king, came from being viewed as a spiritual religious guardian. This <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">imperial cult</a> or system of divine kings was spread to most of central Africa by rivals in kingship migrating and forming new states. Many new states received legitimacy by claiming descent from the Lunda dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142-45">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> existed from the Atlantic west to the Kwango river to the east. During the 15th century, the Bakongo farming community was united with its capital at <a href="/wiki/M%27banza-Kongo" title="M'banza-Kongo">M'banza-Kongo</a>, under the king title, <a href="/wiki/Manikongo" title="Manikongo">Manikongo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142-45">[44]</a> Other significant states and peoples included the <a href="/wiki/Kuba_Kingdom" title="Kuba Kingdom">Kuba Kingdom</a>, producers of the famous raffia cloth, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lunda" title="Eastern Lunda">Eastern Lunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">Bemba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Kingdom of Ndongo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: East Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">History of East Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sudan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">History of Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg/170px-SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg/255px-SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg/340px-SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a> of the Nubian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, covered by present-day northern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, was referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a>" ("land of the burnt face") by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Nubia in her greatest phase is considered sub-Saharan Africa's oldest urban civilisation. Nubia was a major source of gold for the ancient world. Nubians built famous structures and numerous pyramids. Sudan, the site of ancient Nubia, has more pyramids than anywhere else in the world.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa#History" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa § History</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History of Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History of Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">History of Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">History of Djibouti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopian historiography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondereshe2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gondereshe2008.jpg/220px-Gondereshe2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gondereshe2008.jpg/330px-Gondereshe2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gondereshe2008.jpg/440px-Gondereshe2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Somalia">Stone city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gondershe" title="Gondershe">Gondershe</a>, Somalia</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Axumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Axumite Empire">Axumite Empire</a> spanned the southern Sahara, south Arabia and the Sahel along the western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Located in northern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between India and the Mediterranean. Growing from the proto-Aksumite <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4th century BCE), it rose to prominence by the 1st century CE. The Aksumites constructed monolithic <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a> to cover the graves of their kings, such as <a href="/wiki/King_Ezana%27s_Stele" title="King Ezana's Stele">King Ezana's Stele</a>. The later <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a>, established in the 12th century, built churches out of solid rock. These rock-hewn structures include the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George,_Lalibela" title="Church of Saint George, Lalibela">Church of St. George at Lalibela</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ET_Gondar_asv2018-02_img03_Fasil_Ghebbi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ET_Gondar_asv2018-02_img03_Fasil_Ghebbi.jpg/220px-ET_Gondar_asv2018-02_img03_Fasil_Ghebbi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ET_Gondar_asv2018-02_img03_Fasil_Ghebbi.jpg/330px-ET_Gondar_asv2018-02_img03_Fasil_Ghebbi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ET_Gondar_asv2018-02_img03_Fasil_Ghebbi.jpg/440px-ET_Gondar_asv2018-02_img03_Fasil_Ghebbi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="4243" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi" title="Fasil Ghebbi">Fasilides Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/History_of_somalia#Ancient" class="mw-redirect" title="History of somalia">ancient Somalia</a>, city-states flourished such as <a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui" title="Cape Guardafui">Mosyllon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malao_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malao (ancient)">Malao</a> that competed with the <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Axumite Empire">Axumites</a> for the wealthy <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> trade.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In the Middle Ages several powerful Somali empires dominated the region's trade, including the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a>, which excelled in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and fortress building,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Adal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Adal">Sultanate of Adal</a>, whose General <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Gurey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Gurey">Ahmed Gurey</a> was the first African commander in history to use cannon warfare on the continent during <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian%E2%80%93Adal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian–Adal War">Adal's conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Geledi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geledi Sultanate">Geledi Sultanate</a>, whose military dominance forced governors of the <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Omani empire</a> north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Lamu" title="Lamu">Lamu</a> to pay tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yusuf_(Gobroon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Yusuf (Gobroon)">Ahmed Yusuf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dic_xxix-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Africa">Southeast Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southeast Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa#History" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Southeast_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa § Southeast Africa</a></div> According to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">recent African origin of modern humans</a>, the mainstream position held within the scientific community, all humans originate from either Southeast Africa or the Horn of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> During the first millennium CE, <a href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>-speaking peoples <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">moved into the region</a>, and the latter now account for three-quarters of Kenya's population. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongoni_Ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tongoni_Ruins.jpg/220px-Tongoni_Ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tongoni_Ruins.jpg/330px-Tongoni_Ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tongoni_Ruins.jpg/440px-Tongoni_Ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tongoni_Ruins" title="Tongoni Ruins">Tongoni Ruins</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Tanga,_Tanzania" title="Tanga, Tanzania">Tanga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></figcaption></figure> On the coastal section of Southeast Africa, a mixed Bantu community developed through contact with <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili City States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili culture</a> that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many <a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Afro-Arab</a> members of the Bantu <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili people</a>. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> – a seaboard referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a> – the Bantu <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a> contains many <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Loan-words" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan-words">loan-words</a> as a consequence of these interactions.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the Southeast coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of <a href="/wiki/Rhapta" title="Rhapta">Rhapta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menouthias" title="Menouthias">Menouthias</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach Southeast Africa during their migration.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzales2009-66">[65]</a> Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large medieval Southeast African kingdoms and states emerged, such as the <a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro">Bunyoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karagwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagwe">Karagwe</a><a href="#cite_note-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25-67">[66]</a> kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. During the early 1960s, the Southeast African nations achieved independence from colonial rule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Southern Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" title="History of Southern Africa">History of Southern Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg/220px-Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg/330px-Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg/440px-Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>: Tower in the Great Enclosure</figcaption></figure> Settlements of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>-speaking peoples, who were <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>-using agriculturists and herdsmen, were already present south of the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> by the 4th or 5th century displacing and absorbing the original <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a> speakers. They slowly moved south, and the earliest ironworks in modern-day <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal Province</a> are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa people</a>, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan inhabitants. They reached the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fish_River" title="Great Fish River">Fish River</a> in today's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape Province</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monomotapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomotapa">Monomotapa</a> was a medieval kingdom (c. 1250–1629), which existed between the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</a> rivers of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> in the territory of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. Its old capital was located at <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>. In 1487, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> became the first European to reach the southernmost tip of Africa. In 1652, a <a href="/wiki/Victualler" title="Victualler">victualling station</a> was established at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>. For most of the 17th and 18th centuries, the slowly expanding settlement was a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> possession. In 1795, the Dutch colony was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. The British intended to use <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> as a major port on the route to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>. It was later returned to the Dutch in 1803, but soon afterward the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy, and the Dutch (now under French control) and the British found themselves at war again. The British captured the Dutch possession yet again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Baird,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet">Sir David Blair</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> was a Southern African tribal state in what is now <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> in southeastern South Africa. The small kingdom gained world fame during and after their defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a>. During the 1950s and early 1960s, most sub-Saharan African nations achieved independence from colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics of Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">List of African countries by population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_population_density.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Africa_population_density.PNG/170px-Africa_population_density.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Africa_population_density.PNG/255px-Africa_population_density.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Africa_population_density.PNG/340px-Africa_population_density.PNG 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> in Africa, 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png/170px-Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png/255px-Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png/340px-Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="2243" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Fertility rates and life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa</figcaption></figure> According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-70">[69]</a>, the population of sub-Saharan Africa was 1.1 billion in 2019. The current growth rate is 2.3%. The UN predicts for the region a population between 2 and 2.5 billion by 2050<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> with a population density of 80 per km2 compared to 170 for Western Europe, 140 for Asia and 30 for the Americas. Sub-Saharan African countries top the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by fertility rate">list of countries and territories by fertility rate</a> with 40 of the highest 50, all with <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">TFR</a> greater than 4 in 2008. All are above the world average except <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> More than 40% of the population in sub-Saharan countries is <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">younger</a> than 15 years old, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, with the exception of South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">Area (km2)</a></th> <th>Literacy (M/F)<a href="#cite_note-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28-74">[73]</a></th> <th>GDP per Capita (PPP)<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></th> <th>Trans (Rank/Score)<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></th> <th>Life (Exp.)<a href="#cite_note-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28-74">[73]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">HDI</a></th> <th><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/?direction=Asc&sort=2">EODBR/SAB</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></th> <th><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230930/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009%2C1001.html">PFI</a> (RANK/MARK) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td> <td>18,498,000</td> <td>1,246,700</td> <td>82.9%/54.2%</td> <td>6,800</td> <td>168/2</td> <td>42.4</td> <td>0.486</td> <td>172/171</td> <td>132/58,43 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></td> <td>8,988,091</td> <td>27,830</td> <td>67.3%/52.2%</td> <td>700</td> <td>168/1.8</td> <td>49</td> <td>0.316</td> <td>176/130</td> <td>103/29,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td> <td>68,692,542</td> <td>2,345,410</td> <td>80.9%/54.1%</td> <td>800</td> <td>162/11.9</td> <td>46.1</td> <td>0.286</td> <td>182/152</td> <td>146/53,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td>18,879,301</td> <td>475,440</td> <td>77%/59.8%</td> <td>3,700</td> <td>146/2.2</td> <td>50.3</td> <td>0.482</td> <td>171/174</td> <td>109/30,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></td> <td>4,511,488</td> <td>622,984</td> <td>64.8%/33.5%</td> <td>700</td> <td>158/2.8</td> <td>44.4</td> <td>0.343</td> <td>183/159</td> <td>80/17,75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></td> <td>10,329,208</td> <td>1,284,000</td> <td>40.8%/12.8%</td> <td>2,300</td> <td>175/1.6</td> <td>50.6</td> <td>0.328</td> <td>178/182</td> <td>132/44,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></td> <td>3,700,000</td> <td>342,000</td> <td>90.5%/79.0%</td> <td>800</td> <td>162/1.9</td> <td>54.8</td> <td>0.533</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>116/34,25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></td> <td>1,110,000</td> <td>28,051</td> <td>93.4%/80.3%</td> <td>37,400</td> <td>168/1.8</td> <td>51.1</td> <td>0.537</td> <td>170/178</td> <td>158/65,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></td> <td>1,514,993</td> <td>267,667</td> <td>88.5%/79.7%</td> <td>18,100</td> <td>106/2.9</td> <td>56.7</td> <td>0.674</td> <td>158/152</td> <td>129/43,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>39,002,772</td> <td>582,650</td> <td>77.7%/70.2%</td> <td>3,500</td> <td>146/2.2</td> <td>57.8</td> <td>0.519</td> <td>95/124</td> <td>96/25,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>174,507,539</td> <td>923,768</td> <td>84.4%/72.7%<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></td> <td>5,900</td> <td>136/2.7</td> <td>57</td> <td>0.504</td> <td>131/120</td> <td>112/34,24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td> <td>10,473,282</td> <td>26,338</td> <td>71.4%/59.8%</td> <td>2,100</td> <td>89/3.3</td> <td>46.8</td> <td>0.429</td> <td>67/11</td> <td>157/64,67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td> <td>212,679</td> <td>1,001</td> <td>92.2%/77.9%</td> <td>3,200</td> <td>111/2.8</td> <td>65.2</td> <td>0.509</td> <td>180/140</td> <td>NA </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td>44,928,923</td> <td>945,087</td> <td>77.5%/62.2%</td> <td>3,200</td> <td>126/2.6</td> <td>51.9</td> <td>0.466</td> <td>131/120</td> <td>NA/15,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td>32,369,558</td> <td>236,040</td> <td>76.8%/57.7%</td> <td>2,400</td> <td>130/2.5</td> <td>50.7</td> <td>0.446</td> <td>112/129</td> <td>86/21,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td>31,894,000</td> <td>1,886,068</td> <td>79.6%/60.8%</td> <td>4,300</td> <td>176/1.5</td> <td>62.57<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></td> <td>0.408</td> <td>154/118</td> <td>148/54,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></td> <td>8,260,490</td> <td>619,745</td> <td></td> <td>1,600</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></td> <td>516,055</td> <td>23,000</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>3,600</td> <td>111/2.8</td> <td>54.5</td> <td>0.430</td> <td>163/177</td> <td>110/31,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td> <td>5,647,168</td> <td>121,320</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1,600</td> <td>126/2.6</td> <td>57.3</td> <td>0.349</td> <td>175/181</td> <td>175/115,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td>85,237,338</td> <td>1,127,127</td> <td>50%/28.8%</td> <td>2,200</td> <td>120/2.7</td> <td>52.5</td> <td>0.363</td> <td>107/93</td> <td>140/49,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td>9,832,017</td> <td>637,657</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>180/1.1</td> <td>47.7</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>164/77,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></td> <td>1,990,876</td> <td>600,370</td> <td>80.4%/81.8%</td> <td>17,000</td> <td>37/5.6</td> <td>49.8</td> <td>0.633</td> <td>45/83</td> <td>62/15,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></td> <td>752,438</td> <td>2,170</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1,600</td> <td>143/2.3</td> <td>63.2</td> <td>0.433</td> <td>162/168</td> <td>82/19,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></td> <td>2,130,819</td> <td>30,355</td> <td>73.7%/90.3%</td> <td>3,300</td> <td>89/3.3</td> <td>42.9</td> <td>0.450</td> <td>130/131</td> <td>99/27,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></td> <td>19,625,000</td> <td>587,041</td> <td>76.5%/65.3%</td> <td>1,600</td> <td>99/3.0</td> <td>59</td> <td>0.480</td> <td>134/12</td> <td>134/45,83 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td> <td>14,268,711</td> <td>118,480</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1,200</td> <td>89/3.3</td> <td>47.6</td> <td>0.400</td> <td>132/128</td> <td>62/15,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></td> <td>1,284,264</td> <td>2,040</td> <td>88.2%/80.5%</td> <td>22,300</td> <td>42/5.4</td> <td>73.2</td> <td>0.728</td> <td>17/10</td> <td>51/14,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td>21,669,278</td> <td>801,590</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1,300</td> <td>130/2.5</td> <td>42.5</td> <td>0.322</td> <td>135/96</td> <td>82/19,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></td> <td>2,108,665</td> <td>825,418</td> <td>86.8%/83.6%</td> <td>11,200</td> <td>56/4.5</td> <td>52.5</td> <td>0.625</td> <td>66/123</td> <td>35/9,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></td> <td>87,476</td> <td>455</td> <td>91.4%/92.3%</td> <td>29,300</td> <td>54/4.8</td> <td>72.2</td> <td>0.773</td> <td>111/81</td> <td>72/16,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>59,899,991</td> <td>1,219,912</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>13,600</td> <td>55/4.7</td> <td>50.7</td> <td>0.619</td> <td>34/67</td> <td>33/8,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></td> <td>1,123,913</td> <td>17,363</td> <td>80.9%/78.3%</td> <td>11,089</td> <td>79/3.6</td> <td>40.8</td> <td>0.608</td> <td>115/158</td> <td>144/52,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td> <td>11,862,740</td> <td>752,614</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>99/3.0</td> <td>41.7</td> <td>0.430</td> <td>90/94</td> <td>97/26,75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td>11,392,629</td> <td>390,580</td> <td>92.7%/86.2%</td> <td>2,300</td> <td>146/2.2</td> <td>42.7</td> <td>0.376</td> <td>159/155</td> <td>136/46,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></td> <td>8,791,832</td> <td>112,620</td> <td>47.9%/42.3%</td> <td>2,300</td> <td>106/2.9</td> <td>56.2</td> <td>0.427</td> <td>172/155</td> <td>97/26,75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td> <td>12,666,987</td> <td>1,240,000</td> <td>32.7%/15.9%</td> <td>2,200</td> <td>111/2.8</td> <td>53.8</td> <td>0.359</td> <td>156/139</td> <td>38/8,00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></td> <td>15,730,977</td> <td>274,200</td> <td>25.3%</td> <td>1,900</td> <td>79/3.6</td> <td>51</td> <td>0.331</td> <td>150/116</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td> <td>499,000</td> <td>322,462</td> <td></td> <td>7,000 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></td> <td>20,617,068</td> <td>322,463</td> <td></td> <td>3,900 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></td> <td>1,782,893</td> <td>11,295</td> <td></td> <td>2,600 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>24,200,000</td> <td>238,535</td> <td></td> <td>4,700 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></td> <td>10,057,975</td> <td>245,857</td> <td></td> <td>2,200</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></td> <td>1,647,000</td> <td>36,125</td> <td></td> <td>1,900</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></td> <td>4,128,572</td> <td>111,369</td> <td></td> <td>1,300 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></td> <td>3,359,185</td> <td>1,030,700</td> <td></td> <td>4,500 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></td> <td>17,129,076</td> <td>1,267,000</td> <td></td> <td>1,200 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td>12,855,153</td> <td>196,712</td> <td></td> <td>3,500 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></td> <td>6,190,280</td> <td>71,740</td> <td></td> <td>1,600</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></td> <td>7,154,237</td> <td>56,785</td> <td></td> <td>1,700 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> GDP per Capita (PPP) (2016, 2017 (PPP, US$)), Life (Exp.) (Life Expectancy 2006), Literacy (Male/Female 2006), Trans (Transparency 2009), HDI (Human Development Index), EODBR (Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009), SAB (Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009), PFI (Press Freedom Index 2009) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages_and_ethnic_groups">Languages and ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Languages and ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Africa#Indigenous_writing_systems" title="Writing systems of Africa">Writing systems of Africa § Indigenous writing systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African ethnic groups">List of African ethnic groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_Africa_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Languages_of_Africa_map.svg/330px-Languages_of_Africa_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Languages_of_Africa_map.svg/495px-Languages_of_Africa_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Languages_of_Africa_map.svg/660px-Languages_of_Africa_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the traditional language families spoken in Africa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwarastatedrummers.jpg/120px-Kwarastatedrummers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwarastatedrummers.jpg/180px-Kwarastatedrummers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwarastatedrummers.jpg/240px-Kwarastatedrummers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> drummers (<a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_tribesman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/San_tribesman.jpg/120px-San_tribesman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/San_tribesman.jpg/180px-San_tribesman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/San_tribesman.jpg/240px-San_tribesman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="3222" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> man (<a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maasai_women_and_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Maasai_women_and_children.jpg/120px-Maasai_women_and_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Maasai_women_and_children.jpg/180px-Maasai_women_and_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Maasai_women_and_children.jpg/240px-Maasai_women_and_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> women and children (<a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrean_Women.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eritrean_Women.jpeg/120px-Eritrean_Women.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eritrean_Women.jpeg/180px-Eritrean_Women.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eritrean_Women.jpeg/240px-Eritrean_Women.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a> women (<a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boerfamily1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Boerfamily1886.jpg/120px-Boerfamily1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Boerfamily1886.jpg/180px-Boerfamily1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Boerfamily1886.jpg/240px-Boerfamily1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> <a href="/wiki/European_African" class="mw-redirect" title="European African">European African</a> family (<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>)</figcaption></figure> Sub-Saharan Africa contains over 1,500 languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afroasiatic">Afroasiatic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Afroasiatic">edit</a>]</div> With the exception of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, Afroasiatic has the oldest documented history of any language family in the world. Egyptian was recorded as early as 3200 BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> branch was recorded as early as 2900 BCE in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a> of Mesopotamia (<a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>) and circa 2500 BCE in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite language</a> of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a> within Africa is principally concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Languages belonging to the family's <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> branch are mainly spoken in the north, with its speech area extending into the Sahel (northern Mauritania, northern Mali, northern Niger).<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch of Afroasiatic is centered in the Horn, and is also spoken in the Nile Valley and parts of the African Great Lakes region. Additionally, the Semitic branch of the family, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, is widely spoken in the parts of Africa that are within the Arab world. <a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South Semitic languages</a> are also spoken in parts of the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea). The <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</a> branch is distributed in Central and West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, its most widely spoken language, serves as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in West Africa (Niger, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, and Chad).<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khoisan">Khoisan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Khoisan">edit</a>]</div> The several families lumped under the term <a href="/wiki/Khoi-San" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi-San">Khoi-San</a> include languages indigenous to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, though some, such as the <a href="/wiki/Khoi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi languages">Khoi languages</a>, appear to have moved to their current locations not long before the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GE-85">[84]</a> In Southern Africa, their speakers are the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> (Bushmen), in Southeast Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_people" title="Sandawe people">Sandawe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Niger–Congo">Niger–Congo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Niger–Congo">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> family is the largest in the world in terms of the number of languages (1,436) it contains.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The vast majority of languages of this family are <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>. However, others such as <a href="/wiki/Fulani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani language">Fulani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiswahili" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiswahili">Kiswahili</a> are not. A major branch of the Niger–Congo languages is <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>, which covers a greater geographic area than the rest of the family. Bantu speakers represent the majority of inhabitants in southern, central and southeastern Africa, though <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmy">Pygmy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</a> groups, respectively, can also be found in those regions. Bantu-speakers can also be found in parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, a Bantu language with many <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Persian</a> and other Middle Eastern and South Asian <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a>, developed as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for trade between the different peoples in southeastern Africa. In the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a> of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as Bushmen (also "San", closely related to, but distinct from "<a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Hottentots</a>") have long been present. The San evince unique physical traits, and are the indigenous people of southern Africa. Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of Central Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nilo-Saharan">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a> are concentrated in the upper parts of the <a href="/wiki/Chari_River" title="Chari River">Chari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> rivers of Central Africa and Southeast Africa. They are principally spoken by <a href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</a> peoples and are also spoken in Sudan among the <a href="/wiki/Fur_people" title="Fur people">Fur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masalit_people" title="Masalit people">Masalit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian people">Nubian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a> peoples and in West and Central Africa among the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian language</a> is also a member of this family. Major languages of Africa by region, family and number of <a href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</a> speakers in millions:<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-valign:top"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <dl><dt>Central Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_DRC-87">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>: 12<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Rwanda-88">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a>: 5+<a href="#cite_note-CIA_DRC-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Angola-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Congo-90">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshiluba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshiluba language">Tshiluba</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_DRC-87">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Burundi-91">[90]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian language">Nubian</a>: 5+<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_language" title="Fur language">Fur</a>: 5+<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_language" title="Zaghawa language">Zaghawa</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_language" title="Masalit language">Masalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuba">Nuba</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Sudan-95">[94]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt>Horn of Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: 20+</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>: 5</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: 10–15</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>: 30–35</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>: <1<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Eritrea-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumuz_language" title="Gumuz language">Gumuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuak_language" title="Anuak language">Anuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunama_language" title="Kunama language">Kunama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>: <1<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Somalia-99">[98]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigula_language" title="Zigula language">Zigula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bravanese_dialect" title="Bravanese dialect">Bravanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bajuni_dialect" title="Bajuni dialect">Bajuni</a> dialects)</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt>Southeast Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>: 5–10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Gikuyu</a>: 9<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Kenya-100">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganda language">Ganda</a>: 20<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Luhya languages">Luhya</a>: 6<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Kenya-100">[99]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>: 20+<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a>: 2<a href="#cite_note-CIA_CAR-103">[102]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_languages" title="Banda languages">Banda</a>: 1–2<a href="#cite_note-CIA_CAR-103">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_SSudan-104">[103]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a>: 10<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Chad-107">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo</a>: 5<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Kenya-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Uganda-108">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_languages" title="Sara languages">Sara</a>: 3–4<a href="#cite_note-CIA_CAR-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Chad-107">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalenjin language">Kalenjin</a>: 5<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Kenya-100">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_SSudan-104">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_SSudan-104">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_language" title="Shilluk language">Shilluk</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_SSudan-104">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a>: 1–2<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt>Southern Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>: 10<a href="#cite_note-CIA_SAfrica-111">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>: 8<a href="#cite_note-CIA_SAfrica-111">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>: 7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>: 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>: 4<a href="#cite_note-CIA_SAfrica-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Botswana-112">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbundu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbundu language">Umbundu</a>: 4<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Angola-89">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho</a>: 4<a href="#cite_note-CIA_SAfrica-111">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chichewa</a>: 8<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Malawi-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Zambia-114">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makua language">Makua</a>: 8<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Mozambique-115">[114]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>: 7–10</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: 14<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt>West Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Benue–Congo">Benue–Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a> (Nigeria): 7<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-105">[104]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta–Niger">Volta–Niger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a> (Nigeria): 30–35<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-105">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>: 40<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-105">[104]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> (Ghana, Ivory Coast): 20–25</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/More_language" class="mw-redirect" title="More language">More</a>: 5</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_languages" title="Senegambian languages">Senegambian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a> (West Africa): 40<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Senegal-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Gambia-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Cameroon-119">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>: 8<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Senegal-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Gambia-118">[117]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>: 50<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-106">[105]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_languages" title="Saharan languages">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a>: 10<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Chad-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Mali-120">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai language">Songhai</a>: 5<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Mali-120">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a>: 5<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Mali-120">[119]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genetic_history">Genetic history</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Genetic history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Africa" title="Genetic history of Africa">Genetic history of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">Genetic history of the African diaspora</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Major cities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lagos_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lagos_Island.jpg/220px-Lagos_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lagos_Island.jpg/330px-Lagos_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lagos_Island.jpg/440px-Lagos_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_Kinshasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vue_Kinshasa.jpg/220px-Vue_Kinshasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vue_Kinshasa.jpg/330px-Vue_Kinshasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vue_Kinshasa.jpg/440px-Vue_Kinshasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Kinshasa</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_Africa" title="Urbanization in Africa">Urbanization in Africa</a></div> Sub-Saharan Africa has several large cities. <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> is a city in the <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos</a>. The city, with its adjoining <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a>, is <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_cities_by_population" title="List of Nigerian cities by population">the most populous in Nigeria</a>, and the second-most populous in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> after <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world,<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-afropolis-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> and also one of the most populous <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomerations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Campbell-129">[128]</a> Lagos is a major <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> in Africa; this <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a> has the highest GDP,<a href="#cite_note-metropolitan_Lagos-130">[129]</a> and also houses <a href="/wiki/Apapa" title="Apapa">Apapa</a>, one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-global-133">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a> is the former capital of, as well as the most populous city in, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>; it is a regionally important economic centre.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-134">[133]</a> It is located on the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> is the largest city in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provincial</a> capital and largest city in <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> While Johannesburg is not one of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa#Politics_and_government" title="South Africa">South Africa's three capital cities</a>, it is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a>. The city is located in the mineral-rich <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> range of hills, and is the centre of a large-scale gold and diamond trade. <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> is the capital and the largest city of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. The name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a> phrase Enkare Nyrobi, which translates to "cool water", a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Nairobi_River" title="Nairobi River">Nairobi River</a> which flows through the city. The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Other major cities in sub-Saharan Africa include <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Sub Saharan Africa <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">worldpopulationreview.com 2022 City Population estimates.</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>Pop. </th></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,320,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yaounde" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaounde">Yaounde</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,336,670 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,071,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,219,209 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,061,878</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,926,645 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,952,496</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,756,445 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,404,689</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,669,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,160,327</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,652,029 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,515,794</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,651,919 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,227,794</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,630,326 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,118,844</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,326,001 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,800,954</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,324,694 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: The most recent data in this section seems to be from 2015. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy of Africa</a></div> In the mid-2010s, private capital flew to sub-Saharan Africa – primarily from the <a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRICs</a>, private-sector investment portfolios, and remittances – began to exceed official development assistance.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg_CBD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Johannesburg_CBD.jpg/220px-Johannesburg_CBD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Johannesburg_CBD.jpg/330px-Johannesburg_CBD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Johannesburg_CBD.jpg/440px-Johannesburg_CBD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2011, Africa is one of the fastest developing regions in the world. Six of the world's ten fastest-growing economies over the previous decade were situated below the Sahara, with the remaining four in East and Central Asia. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the economic growth rate in the region had risen to 4.7% in 2013. This continued rise was attributed to increasing investment in infrastructure and resources as well as steady expenditure per household.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> In 2019, 424 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were reportedly living in severe poverty. In 2022, 460 million people—an increase of 36 million in only three years—were anticipated to be living in extreme poverty as a result of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Sub-Saharan Africa's <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a> rose from 28% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> in 2012 to 50% of gross domestic product in 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic caused it to rise to 57% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Sub-Saharan Africa was severely harmed when government revenue declined from 22% of GDP in 2011 to 17% in 2021. 15 African nations were (or are) at significant risk of debt, and 7 were (2021) in financial crisis according to the IMF.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> The region went on to receive IMF <a href="/wiki/Special_Drawing_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Drawing Rights">Special Drawing Rights</a> of $23 billion in 2021 to assist critical public spending.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_power">Energy and power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Energy and power">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Africa" title="Mineral industry of Africa">Mineral industry of Africa</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:80%;"> <caption>Oil production by country (with other key actors of African or oil economy) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Area</th> <th>bb/day</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Like... </th></tr> <tr> <th>_</th> <th>W: World</th> <th>85,540,000</th> <th>2007 est.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>01</td> <td>E: Russia</td> <td>9,980,000</td> <td>2007 est.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>02</td> <td>Ar: Saudi Arb</td> <td>9,200,000</td> <td>2008 est.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>04</td> <td>As: Libya</td> <td>4,725,000</td> <td>2008 est.</td> <td>Iran </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Af: Nigeria</td> <td>2,352,000</td> <td>2011 est.</td> <td>Norway </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Af: Algeria</td> <td>2,173,000</td> <td>2007 est.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Af: Angola</td> <td>1,910,000</td> <td>2008 est.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Af: Egypt</td> <td>1,845,000</td> <td>2007 est.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>Af: Tunisia</td> <td>664,000</td> <td>2007 est.</td> <td>Australia </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>Af: Sudan</td> <td>466,100</td> <td>2007 est.</td> <td>Ecuador </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>Af: Eq.Guinea</td> <td>368,500</td> <td>2007 est.</td> <td>Vietnam </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td>Af: DR Congo</td> <td>261,000</td> <td>2008 est. </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>Af: Gabon</td> <td>243,900</td> <td>2007 est.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>Af: Sth Africa</td> <td>199,100</td> <td>2007 est.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>Af: Chad</td> <td>156,000</td> <td>2008 est.</td> <td>Germany </td></tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td>Af: Cameroon</td> <td>87,400</td> <td>2008 est.</td> <td>France </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>E: France</td> <td>71,400</td> <td>2007</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>Af: Ivory Coast</td> <td>54,400</td> <td>2008 est.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>_</th> <th>Af: Africa</th> <th>10,780,400</th> <th>2011</th> <th>Russia </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2173rank.html">CIA.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512233445/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2173rank.html">Archived</a> 12 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World Facts Book > Oil exporters. </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sub-Saharan_Africa_electricity_generation_mix_(2005-2015)_(30010633237).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sub-Saharan_Africa_electricity_generation_mix_%282005-2015%29_%2830010633237%29.png/220px-Sub-Saharan_Africa_electricity_generation_mix_%282005-2015%29_%2830010633237%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sub-Saharan_Africa_electricity_generation_mix_%282005-2015%29_%2830010633237%29.png/330px-Sub-Saharan_Africa_electricity_generation_mix_%282005-2015%29_%2830010633237%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sub-Saharan_Africa_electricity_generation_mix_%282005-2015%29_%2830010633237%29.png/440px-Sub-Saharan_Africa_electricity_generation_mix_%282005-2015%29_%2830010633237%29.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Energy sources in sub-Saharan Africa. Fossil fuels and hydroelectric power make up the largest share of sub-Saharan African electricity.</figcaption></figure> As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit">[update]</a>, 50% of Africa was rural with no access to electricity. In 2021, Africa generated 889 TWh of electricity, amounting to 3.13% of the global market share.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Many countries were (as of 2009) affected by power shortages.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The percentage of residences with access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa is the lowest in the world. In some remote regions, fewer than one in every 20 households has electricity.<a href="#cite_note-:172-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG/220px-Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG/330px-Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG/440px-Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Athlone_Power_Station" title="Athlone Power Station">Athlone Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa </figcaption></figure> Because of rising prices in commodities such as coal and oil, thermal sources of energy are proving to be too expensive for power generation. Sub-Saharan Africa has the potential to generate 1,750 TWh of energy, of which only 7% has been explored. The failure to exploit its full energy potential is largely due to significant underinvestment, as at least four times as much (approximately $23 billion a year) and what is currently spent is invested in operating high cost power systems and not on expanding the infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> African governments are taking advantage of the readily available water resources to broaden their energy mix. Hydro Turbine Markets in sub-Saharan Africa generated revenues of $120.0 million in 2007 and was estimated to reach $425.0 million.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] Asian countries, notably China, India, and Japan, are playing an active role in power projects across the African continent. The majority of these power projects are hydro-based because of China's vast experience in the construction of hydro-power projects and part of the Energy & Power Growth Partnership Services programme.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> With electrification numbers, sub-Saharan Africa with access to the Sahara and being in the tropical zones has massive potential for solar <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> electrical potential.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Six hundred million people could be served with electricity based on its photovoltaic potential.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] In 2003, China promised to train 10,000 technicians from Africa and other developing countries in the use of solar energy technologies over the next five years. Training African technicians to use solar power is part of the China-Africa science and technology cooperation agreement signed by Chinese science minister <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guanhua" title="Xu Guanhua">Xu Guanhua</a> and African counterparts during premier Wen Jiabao's visit to Ethiopia in December 2003.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</a> (NEPAD) is developing an integrated, continent-wide energy strategy. This has been funded by, amongst others, the <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a> (AfDB) and the EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund. These projects must be sustainable, involve a cross-border dimension and/or have a regional impact, involve public and private capital, contribute to poverty alleviation and economic development, and involve at least one country in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> Renewable Energy Performance Platform was established by the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> with a five-year goal of improving energy access for at least two million people in sub-Saharan Africa. It has so far invested around $45 million to renewable energy projects in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> are among the energy methods used in the projects.<a href="#cite_note-:172-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, Radio was the major source of information in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-gallup.com-160">[159]</a> Average coverage stands at more than a third of the population. Countries such as <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> boast almost 100% penetration. Only five countries—Burundi, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>—still have a penetration of less than 10%. <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband penetration</a> outside of South Africa has been limited where it is exorbitantly expensive.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Access to the internet via cell phones is on the rise.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Television is the second major source of information.<a href="#cite_note-gallup.com-160">[159]</a> Because of power shortages, the spread of television viewing has been limited. Eight per cent have television, a total of 62 million. Those in the television industry view the region as an untapped green market. Digital television and pay for service are on the rise.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_minerals">Oil and minerals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Oil and minerals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenakite-262068.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Phenakite-262068.jpg/220px-Phenakite-262068.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Phenakite-262068.jpg/330px-Phenakite-262068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Phenakite-262068.jpg/440px-Phenakite-262068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phenakite" title="Phenakite">Phenakite</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau State</a>, Nigeria </figcaption></figure> The region is a major exporter to the world of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>. South Africa, along with <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, collectively supplies over 60% of global <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, and is also a major exporter of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-166">[165]</a> A 2001 estimate is that 42% of the world's reserves of chromium may be found in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> South Africa is the largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, with 80% of the total world's annual mine production and 88% of the world's platinum reserve.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Sub-Saharan Africa produces 33% of the world's bauxite, with Guinea as the major supplier.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Zambia is a major producer of copper.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> The Democratic Republic of Congo is a major source of coltan. Production from DR Congo is very small, but the country has 80% of the proven reserves in Africa, which are 80% of those worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Sub-Saharan Africa is a major producer of gold, producing up to 30% of global production. Major suppliers are South Africa, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Guinea, and Mali. South Africa had been first in the world in terms of gold production since 1905, but in 2007 it moved to second place, according to GFMS, the precious metals consultancy.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Uranium is major commodity from the region. Significant suppliers are Niger, Namibia, and South Africa. Namibia was the number one supplier from sub-Saharan Africa in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> The region produces 49% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a>. Sub-Saharan Africa has been the focus of an intense race for oil by the West, China, India, and other emerging economies, even though it holds only 10% of proven oil reserves, less than the Middle East. This race has been referred to as the second <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>. All reasons for this global scramble come from the reserves' economic benefits. Transportation cost is low and no pipelines have to be laid as in Central Asia. Almost all reserves are offshore, so political turmoil within the host country will not directly interfere with operations. Sub-Saharan oil is viscous, with a very low sulfur content. This quickens the refining process and effectively reduces costs. New sources of oil are being located in sub-Saharan Africa more frequently than anywhere else. Of all new sources of oil, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄3 are in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Sub-Saharan Africa is a key player in the global <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> market, producing over 70%of the world's <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> and hosting about 50%of its reserves in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> (DRC). The region also harbors significant <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> deposits in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, the DRC, and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwanda_GV5_lo_(4108942310).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg/220px-Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg/330px-Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg/440px-Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Agricultural fields in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Eastern Province, Rwanda">Eastern Province</a> </figcaption></figure> Sub-Saharan Africa has more variety of grains than anywhere in the world. Between 13,000 and 11,000 BCE wild grains began to be collected as a source of food in the cataract region of the Nile, south of Egypt. The collecting of wild grains as source of food spread to Syria, parts of Turkey, and Iran by the eleventh millennium BCE. By the tenth and ninth millennia southwest Asians domesticated their wild grains, wheat, and barley after the notion of collecting wild grains spread from the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-The_Civilization_of_Africa-175">[174]</a> Numerous crops have been domesticated in the region and spread to other parts of the world. These crops included <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castor_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor beans">castor beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cotton_of_Kush-176">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-eyed peas">black-eyed peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourd</a>, and pearl <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>. Other domesticated crops included <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enset" class="mw-redirect" title="Enset">enset</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="African rice">African rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">kola nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">oil palm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">raffia palm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Civilization_of_Africa-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Domesticated animals include the <a href="/wiki/Guinea_fowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea fowl">guinea fowl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG/220px-2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG/330px-2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG/440px-2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The Naute Fruit Farm at the <a href="/wiki/Naute_Dam" title="Naute Dam">Naute Dam</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Keetmanshoop" title="Keetmanshoop">Keetmanshoop</a>, Namibia </figcaption></figure> Agriculture represents 20% to 30% of GDP and 50% of exports. In some cases, 60% to 90% of the labor force are employed in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Most agricultural activity is subsistence farming. This has made agricultural activity <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a> and global warming. As of right now Sub-Saharan Africa has degraded land covering one million square kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Biotechnology has been advocated to create high yield, pest and environmentally resistant crops in the hands of small farmers. The <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a> is a strong advocate and donor to this cause. Biotechnology and GM crops have met resistance both by natives and environmental groups. Cash crops include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, and tobacco.<a href="#cite_note-Africa_South_of_the_Sahara-180">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> says Africa has the potential to become an agricultural superbloc if it can unlock the wealth of the savannahs by allowing farmers to use their land as collateral for credit.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> There is such international interest in sub-Saharan agriculture, that the World Bank increased its financing of African agricultural programs to $1.3 billion in the 2011 fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Recently, there has been a trend to purchase large tracts of land in sub-Sahara for agricultural use by developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06-184">[183]</a> Early in 2009, <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a> highlighted a new farmland buying frenzy caused by growing population, scarce water supplies and climate change. Chinese interests bought up large swathes of Senegal to supply it with sesame. Aggressive moves by China, South Korea, and Gulf states to buy vast tracts of agricultural land in sub-Saharan Africa could soon be limited by a new global international protocol.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa">Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_de_mer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Front_de_mer.jpg/220px-Front_de_mer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Front_de_mer.jpg/330px-Front_de_mer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Front_de_mer.jpg/440px-Front_de_mer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a>, Gabon</figcaption></figure> According to researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a>, the lack of infrastructure in many <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> represents one of the most significant limitations to <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and achievement of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> (MDGs).<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06-184">[183]</a> Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such as areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> Infrastructure investments contributed to Africa's growth, and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06-184">[183]</a> The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average 30–40% returns for <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> (ICT) investments, over 40% for <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> generation and 80% for roads.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> In Africa, it is argued that in order to meet the MDGs, infrastructure investments would need to reach about 15% of GDP (around $93 billion a year).<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> Currently, the source of financing varies significantly across sectors.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> Some sectors are dominated by state spending, others by overseas <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</a> (ODA) and yet others by private investors.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> In sub-Saharan Africa, the state spends around $9.4 billion out of a total of $24.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, SSA states represent almost all spending; in transport and energy a majority of investment is state spending; in <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies">ICT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> Overall, aid, the private sector and non-OECD financiers between them exceed state spending.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure, though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> External financing increased from $7 billion (2002) to $27 billion (2009). China, in particular, has emerged as an important investor.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Africa" title="Category:Transport in Africa">Category:Transport in Africa</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roads-Rwanda-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Roads-Rwanda-1.jpg/220px-Roads-Rwanda-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Roads-Rwanda-1.jpg/330px-Roads-Rwanda-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Roads-Rwanda-1.jpg/440px-Roads-Rwanda-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Road in Rwanda</figcaption></figure>Less than 40% of rural Africans live within two kilometers of an all-season road, the lowest level of rural accessibility in the developing world. Spending on roads averages just below 2% of GDP with varying degree among countries. This compares with 1% of GDP that is typical in industrialised countries, and 2–3% of GDP found in fast-growing emerging economies. Although the level of expenditure is high relative to the size of Africa's economies, it remains small in absolute terms, with low-income countries spending an average of about US$7 per capita per year.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education in Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education#Africa" title="History of education">History of education § Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG/220px-University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG/330px-University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG/440px-University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Botswana" title="University of Botswana">University of Botswana</a>'s Earth Science building in <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>, Botswana </figcaption></figure> Forty per cent of African scientists live in <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries, predominantly in Europe, the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-buanews.gov.za-187">[186]</a> This has been described as an African <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Naledi Pandor</a>, the South African Minister of Science and Technology, even with the drain enrollments in sub-Saharan African universities tripled between 1991 and 2005, expanding at an annual rate of 8.7%, which is one of the highest regional growth rates in the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the last 10 to 15 years interest in pursuing university-level degrees abroad has increased.<a href="#cite_note-buanews.gov.za-187">[186]</a> According to the CIA, low global literacy rates are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. However, literacy rates in sub-Saharan Africa vary significantly between countries. The highest registered literacy rate in the region is in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> (90.7%; 2003 est.), while the lowest literacy rate is in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> (27%).<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Research on <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> formation was able to determine, that the <a href="/wiki/Numeracy" title="Numeracy">numeracy</a> levels of sub-Saharan Africa and Africa, in general, were higher than numeracy levels in South Asia. In the 1940s more than 75% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa was numerate. The numeracy of the West African countries, Benin and Ghana, was even higher with more than 80% of the population being numerate. In contrast, numeracy in South Asia was only around 50%.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Higher diversity in Sub-Saharan African countries has been found to lead to a poorer economy. Researchers have argued that this is because of ethnic favouritism in their politics. Sub-Saharan leaders are more likely to provide better resources to their coethnic groups when in power. A study found that, on average, children of the favoured ethnic group are 2.25% more likely to attend primary school and 1.80% more likely to complete primary school. A 1% increase in GDP is associated with a 1.5% increase in the ethnic favouritism effect on primary school attendance.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Sub-Saharan African countries spent an average of 0.3% of their GDP on science and technology in 2007. This represents an increase from US$1.8 billion in 2002 to US$2.8 billion in 2007, a 50% increase in spending.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_progress_in_access_to_education">Major progress in access to education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Major progress in access to education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG/220px-University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG/330px-University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG/440px-University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Antananarivo" title="University of Antananarivo">University of Antananarivo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>, Madagascar </figcaption></figure> At the World Conference held in <a href="/wiki/Jomtien_Beach" title="Jomtien Beach">Jomtien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> in 1990, delegates from 155 countries and representatives of some 150 organisations gathered with the goal to promote <a href="/wiki/Universal_Primary_Education" title="Universal Primary Education">universal primary education</a> and the radical reduction of illiteracy before the end of the decade. The <a href="/wiki/World_Education_Forum" title="World Education Forum">World Education Forum</a>, held ten years later in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, provided the opportunity to reiterate and reinforce these goals. This initiative contributed to having education made a priority of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> in 2000, with the aim of achieving universal schooling (MDG2) and eliminating gender disparities, especially in primary and secondary education (MDG3).<a href="#cite_note-:2-195">[194]</a> Since the World Education Forum in Dakar, considerable efforts have been made to respond to these demographic challenges in terms of education. The amount of funds raised has been decisive. Between 1999 and 2010, public spending on education as a percentage of <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product (GNP)</a> increased by 5% per year in sub-Saharan Africa, with major variations between countries, with percentages varying from 1.8% in Cameroon to over 6% in Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-:02-196">[195]</a> As of 2015, governments in sub-Saharan Africa spend on average 18% of their total budget on education, against 15% in the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-:2-195">[194]</a> In the years immediately after the Dakar Forum, the efforts made by the African States towards achieving <a href="/wiki/Education_For_All" class="mw-redirect" title="Education For All">EFA</a> produced multiple results in sub-Saharan Africa. The greatest advance was in access to primary education, which governments had made their absolute priority. The number of children in a primary school in sub-Saharan Africa thus rose from 82 million in 1999 to 136.4 million in 2011. In Niger, for example, the number of children entering school increased by more than three-and-a-half times between 1999 and 2011.<a href="#cite_note-:02-196">[195]</a> In Ethiopia, over the same period, over 8.5 million more children were admitted to primary school. The net rate of first-year access in sub-Saharan Africa has thus risen by 19 points in 12 years, from 58% in 1999 to 77% in 2011. Despite the considerable efforts, the latest available data from the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics">UNESCO Institute for Statistics</a> estimates that, for 2012, there were still 57.8 million children who were not in school. Of these, 29.6 million were in sub-Saharan Africa alone, a figure which has not changed for several years.<a href="#cite_note-:2-195">[194]</a> Many sub-Saharan countries have notably included the first year of secondary school in basic education. In Rwanda, the first year of secondary school was attached to primary education in 2009, which significantly increased the number of pupils enrolled at this level of education.<a href="#cite_note-:02-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-195">[194]</a> In 2012, the primary completion rate (PCR) – which measures the proportion of children reaching the final year of primary school – was 70%, meaning that more than three out of ten children entering primary school do not reach the final primary year.<a href="#cite_note-:2-195">[194]</a> Literacy rates have gone up in sub-Saharan Africa, and internet access has improved considerably. At least 39 countries in sub-Saharan Africa have some large-scale school feeding programs, which can improve access to education. In aggregate, 16% of school-age children (and 25% of primary school-age children) in the region benefit from school meal programs, and about 82% of the funding for these programs is provided by governments.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Nonetheless, a lot must yet happen for this region to catch up. The statistics show that the literacy rate for sub-Saharan Africa was 65% in 2017. In other words, one-third of the people aged 15 and above were unable to read and write. The comparative figure for 1984 was an illiteracy rate of 49%. In 2017, only about 22% of Africans were internet users at all, according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">History of science and technology in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Africa" title="Internet in Africa">Internet in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_technology_in_Africa" title="Mobile technology in Africa">Mobile technology in Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Educational_technology_in_sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Educational technology in sub-Saharan Africa">Educational technology in sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS in Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics of Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital,_Kumasi,_Ghana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg/220px-Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg/330px-Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg/440px-Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Komfo Anokye Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a>, Ghana </figcaption></figure> Health challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa include <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">neglected tropical diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">onchocerciasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Bamako_Initiative" title="Bamako Initiative">Bamako Initiative</a> conference organized by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and helped reshape the health policy of sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare reform">healthcare reform</a>, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV_prevalence_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/HIV_prevalence_2022.png/220px-HIV_prevalence_2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/HIV_prevalence_2022.png/330px-HIV_prevalence_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/HIV_prevalence_2022.png/440px-HIV_prevalence_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A world map illustrating the proportion of population aged 15-49 infected with HIV in 2019. HIV is endemic especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 2011, sub-Saharan Africa was home to 69% of all people living with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> In response, a number of initiatives have been launched to educate the public on HIV/AIDS. Among these are combination prevention programmes, considered to be the most effective initiative, the <a href="/wiki/Abstinence,_be_faithful,_use_a_condom" title="Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom">abstinence, be faithful, use a condom</a> campaign, and the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation" title="Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation">Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation</a>'s outreach programs.<a href="#cite_note-DTHF-209">[208]</a> According to a 2013 special report issued by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS</a> (UNAIDS), the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving anti-retro viral treatment in 2012 was over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005, with an almost 1 million added in the last year alone.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Press_Release-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Special_Report-211">[210]</a>: 15  The number of AIDS-related deaths in sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 per cent less than the number in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-212">[211]</a> The number of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 25 per cent less than the number in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-212">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy at birth</a> in sub-Saharan Africa increased from 40 years in 1960 to 61 years in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> is an endemic illness in sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of malaria cases and deaths worldwide occur.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Routine immunisation has been introduced in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a> ("river blindness"), a common cause of <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>, is also endemic to parts of the region. More than 99% of people affected by the illness worldwide live in 31 countries therein.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-216">[215]</a> In response, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) was launched in 1995 with the aim of controlling the disease.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-216">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">Maternal mortality</a> is another challenge, with more than half of maternal deaths in the world occurring in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-217">[216]</a> However, there has generally been progress here as well, as a number of countries in the region have halved their levels of maternal mortality since 1990.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-217">[216]</a> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> in July 2003 ratified the <a href="/wiki/Maputo_Protocol" title="Maputo Protocol">Maputo Protocol</a>, which pledges to prohibit <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM).<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Somalia, Guinea, Djibouti, Sierra Leone and Mali have the highest prevalence of FGM in the world.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a>, the most extreme form of FGM, is concentrated primarily in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> National health systems vary between countries. In <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, most health care is provided by the government and largely administered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health, Ghana">Ministry of Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Health_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghana Health Services">Ghana Health Services</a>. The healthcare system has five levels of providers: health posts which are first-level primary care for rural areas, health centers and clinics, district hospitals, regional hospitals, and tertiary hospitals. These programs are funded by the government of Ghana, financial credits, Internally Generated Fund (IGF), and Donors-pooled Health Fund.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease</a>, which was first identified in 1976, occasionally occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> The 2013–2016 <a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Western African Ebola virus epidemic</a> originated in Guinea, later spreading to neighbouring Liberia and Sierra Leone.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Africa" title="Hinduism in Africa">Hinduism in Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">African traditional religion</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:DarkOrange; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:maroon"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 212.51081731572px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:68.454710592869px 72.896862742141px 0 0; border-top-color:Dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Dodgerblue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Sub Saharan Africa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (62%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (31%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">Traditional faiths</a> (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (4%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_By_Muslim_Pop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_By_Muslim_Pop.png/220px-Africa_By_Muslim_Pop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_By_Muslim_Pop.png/330px-Africa_By_Muslim_Pop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_By_Muslim_Pop.png/440px-Africa_By_Muslim_Pop.png 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="4795" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa</a> by country</figcaption></figure> African countries below the Sahara are largely <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, while those above the Sahara, in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a>. There are also Muslim majorities in parts of the Horn of Africa (<a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>) and in the Sahel and Sudan regions (<a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">the Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>), as well as significant Muslim communities in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, and on the Swahili Coast (<a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> <a href="#cite_note-auto1-226">[225]</a> West Africa is the only subregion of sub-Saharan Africa which has a Muslim majority population, and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-226">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> is the only country in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> to have a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> majority. In 2012, sub-Saharan Africa constituted in absolute terms the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">world's third largest Christian population</a>, after Europe and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Survey-227">[226]</a> In 2012, sub-Saharan Africa also constituted in absolute terms the <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">world's third largest Muslim population</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a> are also commonly practiced across sub-Saharan Africa, with these religions being especially common in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guinea_Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea Bissau">Guinea Bissau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>,<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> Traditional African religions can be broken down into linguistic cultural groups, with common themes. Among <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>-speakers is a belief in a creator god or higher deity, along with ancestor spirits, territorial spirits, evil caused by human ill will and neglecting ancestor spirits, and priests of territorial spirits.<a href="#cite_note-Ehret2002-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Okwu-235">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> New world religions such as <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Vodun">Vodun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a>, would be derived from this world. Among <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> speakers is the belief in Divinity; evil is caused by divine judgement and retribution; prophets as middlemen between Divinity and man. Among <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a>-speakers is <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>, the belief in one's own gods but accepting the existence of other gods; evil here is caused by malevolent spirits. The Semitic <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> is comparable to the latter world view.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehret2002-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San religion</a> is non-theistic but a belief in a Spirit or Power of existence which can be tapped in a trance-dance; trance-healers.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Generally, traditional African religions are united by an ancient complex <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> Traditional religions in sub-Saharan Africa often display complex ontology, cosmology and metaphysics. Mythologies, for example, demonstrated the difficulty fathers of creation had in bringing about order from chaos. Order is what is right and natural and any deviation is chaos. <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> is also neither simple or linear. It defines duality, the material and immaterial, male and female, heaven and earth. Common principles of being and becoming are widespread: Among the Dogon, the principle of Amma (being) and Nummo (becoming), and among the Bambara, Pemba (being) and Faro (becoming).<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ifedivination.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Ifedivination.JPG/220px-Ifedivination.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3f/Ifedivination.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a> divination and its four digit binary code</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>West Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akan mythology">Akan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti mythology">Ashanti mythology</a> (Ghana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahomey mythology">Dahomey (Fon) mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik mythology</a> (Nigeria, Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo mythology">Igbo mythology</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</a> (Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba mythology">Yoruba mythology</a> (Nigeria, Benin)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Central Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinka mythology">Dinka mythology</a> (South Sudan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko mythology</a> (South Sudan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo mythology</a> (Congo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambuti_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambuti mythology">Bambuti (Pygmy) mythology</a> (Congo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara mythology</a> (Congo)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Southeast Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akamba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamba mythology">Akamba mythology</a> (eastern Kenya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai mythology">Masai mythology</a> (Kenya, Tanzania)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Southern Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoisan religion">Khoisan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi mythology</a> (Zambia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka mythology</a> (Malawi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulu mythology">Zulu mythology</a> (South Africa)</li></ul> Sub-Saharan traditional divination systems display great sophistication. For example, the bamana sand divination uses well established symbolic codes that can be reproduced using four bits or marks. A binary system of one or two marks are combined. Random outcomes are generated using a <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> recursive process. It is analogous to a digital circuit but can be reproduced on any surface with one or two marks. This system is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa#Culture" title="West Africa">West Africa § Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa#Culture" title="Central Africa">Central Africa § Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa#Culture" title="East Africa">East Africa § Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa#Culture" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa § Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa#Culture" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa § Culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa#Culture" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa § Culture</a></div> Sub-Saharan Africa is diverse, with many communities, villages, and cities, each with their own beliefs and traditions. Traditional African Societies are communal, they believe that the needs of the many far outweigh an individual's needs and achievements. Essentially, an individual's keep must be shared with other extended family members. Extended families are made up of various individuals and families who have shared responsibilities within the community. This extended family is one of the core aspects of every African community. "An African will refer to an older person as auntie or uncle. Siblings of parents will be called father or mother rather than uncle and aunt. Cousins will be called brother or sister". This system can be very difficult for outsiders to understand; however, it is no less important. "Also reflecting their communal ethic, Africans are reluctant to stand out in a crowd or to appear different from their neighbours or colleagues, a result of social pressure to avoid offense to group standards and traditions." Women also have a very important role in African culture because they take care of the house and children. Traditionally, in many cultures "men do the heavy work of clearing and ploughing the land, women sow the seeds, tend the fields, harvest the crops, haul the water, and bear the major burden for growing the family's food". Despite their work in the fields, women are expected to be subservient to men in some African cultures. "When young women migrate to cities, this imbalance between the sexes, as well as financial need, often causes young women of lower economic status, who lack education and job training, to have sexual relationships with older men who are established in their work or profession and can afford to support a girlfriend or two".<a href="#cite_note-Intercultural_Press-243">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery#Africa" title="Pottery">Pottery § Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art#Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic art § Sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg/220px-Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg/330px-Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg/440px-Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiwara" title="Chiwara">Chiwara</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> late 19th / early 20th centuries. Female (left) and male Vertical styles.</figcaption></figure> The oldest <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a> in the world is a shell necklace, dated to 82,000 years, in the Cave of Pigeons in <a href="/wiki/Taforalt" title="Taforalt">Taforalt</a>, eastern Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> The second-oldest abstract form of art, and the oldest rock art, is found in the <a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a> at the Cape in South Africa, dated 77,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the oldest and most varied style of rock art in the world.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Although sub-Saharan African art is very diverse, there are some common themes. One is the use of the human figure. Second, there is a preference for <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>. Sub-Saharan African art is meant to be experienced in three dimensions, not two. A house is meant to be experienced from all angles. Third, art is meant to be performed. Sub-Saharan Africans have a specific name for masks. The name incorporates the sculpture, the dance, and the spirit that incorporates the mask. The name denotes all three elements. Fourth, art that serves a practical function. The artist and craftsman are not separate. A sculpture shaped like a hand can be used as a stool. Fifth, the use of <a href="/wiki/Fractals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractals">fractals</a> or non-linear scaling. The shape of the whole is the shape of the parts at different scales. Before the discovery of fractal geometry, Leopold Sedar Senghor, Senegal's first president, referred to this as "dynamic symmetry". <a href="/wiki/William_Buller_Fagg" title="William Buller Fagg">William Fagg</a>, a British art historian, has compared it to the logarithmic mapping of natural growth by biologist D'Arcy Thompson. Lastly, sub-Saharan African art is visually abstract, instead of naturalistic. Sub-Saharan African art represents spiritual notions, social norms, ideas, values, etc. An artist might exaggerate the head of a sculpture in relation to the body not because he does not know anatomy but because he wants to illustrate that the head is the seat of knowledge and wisdom. The visual abstraction of African art was very influential in the works of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist art">modernist artists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lipchitz" title="Jacques Lipchitz">Jacques Lipchitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Africa" title="History of architecture">History of architecture § Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megalith#African_megaliths" title="Megalith">Megalith § African megaliths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tumulus#Africa" title="Tumulus">Tumulus § Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_dance" title="African dance">African dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_popular_music" title="African popular music">African popular music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">Sub-Saharan African music traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa">Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_music#Africa" title="History of music">History of music § Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dance#Africa" title="Dance">Dance § Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrebleKalimba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/TrebleKalimba.jpg/220px-TrebleKalimba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/TrebleKalimba.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A traditional polyrhythmic <a href="/wiki/Kalimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalimba">kalimba</a></figcaption></figure> Traditional sub-Saharan African music is as diverse as the region's various populations. The common perception of sub-Saharan African music is that it is rhythmic music centered around the drums. This is partially true. A large part of sub-Saharan music, mainly among speakers of <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Congo">Niger–Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> languages, is rhythmic and centered around the drum. Sub-Saharan music is polyrhythmic, usually consisting of multiple rhythms in one composition. Dance involves moving multiple body parts. These aspects of sub-Saharan music has been transferred to the new world by enslaved sub-Saharan Africans and can be seen in its influence on music forms as <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rap_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap music">rap music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-249">[248]</a> Some forms of sub-Saharan African music use strings, horns, and very little poly-rhythms. Music from the eastern Sahel and along the Nile, among the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a>, made extensive use of strings and horns in ancient times. Among the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic">Afro-Asiatics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Northeast Africa</a>, there is extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">string instruments</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scale</a>. Dancing involves swaying body movements and footwork. Among the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> is extensive use of string instruments with emphasis on footwork.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> Modern sub-Saharan African music has been influenced by music from the New World (Jazz, Salsa, Rhythm and Blues etc.) vice versa being influenced by enslaved sub-Saharan Africans. Popular styles are <a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a> in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoblazo" title="Zoblazo">Zoblazo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">Makossa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">Soukous</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">Kizomba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mbaqanga" title="Mbaqanga">Mbaqanga</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. New World styles like Salsa, R&B/Rap, Reggae, and Zouk also have widespread popularity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">List of African cuisines</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_breakfast#Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="History of breakfast">History of breakfast § Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_potato#Africa" title="History of the potato">History of the potato § Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fufu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fufu.jpg/220px-Fufu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fufu.jpg/330px-Fufu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fufu.jpg/440px-Fufu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A plate of <a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</a> accompanied with <a href="/wiki/Peanut_soup" title="Peanut soup">peanut soup</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">Sub-Saharan African cuisine</a> is very diverse. A lot of regional overlapping occurs, but there are dominant elements region by region.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> West African cuisine can be described as starchy, flavorfully spicey. Dishes include <a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenkey" title="Kenkey">kenkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garri" title="Garri">garri</a>, foutou, and <a href="/wiki/Banku_(dish)" title="Banku (dish)">banku</a>. Ingredients are of native starchy tubers, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddoe" title="Eddoe">cocoyams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>. Grains include <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, usually in the Sahel. Oils include <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">shea butter</a> (Sahel). One finds recipes that mix <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>. Beverages are <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a> (sweet or sour) and <a href="/wiki/Millet_beer" title="Millet beer">millet beer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">frying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashing" title="Mashing">mashing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicing">spicing</a> are all cooking techniques. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg/220px-Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg/330px-Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg/440px-Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a></figcaption></figure> Southeast African cuisine, especially those of the Swahili people, reflects its Islamic, geographical Indian Ocean cultural links. Dishes include <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">ugali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukuma_wiki" title="Sukuma wiki">sukuma wiki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halva</a>. Spices such as <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_juice" title="Pomegranate juice">pomegranate juice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardamon">cardamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">sage</a> are used, especially among Muslims. Meat includes <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, but is rarely eaten since meat is viewed as a luxury. In the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, pork and non-fish seafood are avoided by Christians and Muslims. Dairy products and all meats are avoided during lent by Ethiopians. <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> (corn) is a major staple. <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">Cornmeal</a> is used to make ugali, a popular dish with different names. <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a> is used to make <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a> or canjeero (Somali) bread. Other important foods include <a href="/wiki/Enset" class="mw-redirect" title="Enset">enset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noog" class="mw-redirect" title="Noog">noog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, rice, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leafy_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Leafy greens">leafy greens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>. Beverages are coffee (domesticated in Ethiopia), <a href="/wiki/Chai_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chai tea">chai tea</a>, fermented <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> from banana or millet. Cooking techniques include roasting and <a href="/wiki/Marinating" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinating">marinating</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alicha_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicha_1.jpg/220px-Alicha_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicha_1.jpg/330px-Alicha_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicha_1.jpg/440px-Alicha_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>This meal, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a> and several kinds of <a href="/wiki/Wat_(food)" title="Wat (food)">wat</a> (stew), is typical of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> cuisine.</figcaption></figure> Central African cuisine connects with all major regions of sub-Saharan Africa: Its cuisine reflects that. <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</a> and fufu are eaten in the region. Central African cuisine is very starchy and spicy hot. Dominant crops include <a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">plantains</a>, cassava, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, chillis, and okra. Meats include <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">chicken</a>, and sometimes exotic meats called <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warthog" title="Warthog">warthog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a>). Widespread spicy hot fish cuisine is one of the differentiating aspects. <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushroom</a> is sometimes used as a meat substitute. Traditional Southern African cuisine surrounds meat. Traditional society typically focused on raising sheep, goats, and especially cattle. Dishes include <a href="/wiki/Braai" class="mw-redirect" title="Braai">braai</a> (barbecue meat), <a href="/wiki/Sadza" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadza">sadza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogobe">bogobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pap_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pap (food)">pap</a> (fermented cornmeal), <a href="/wiki/Milk_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk product">milk products</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoghurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoghurt">yoghurt</a>). Crops utilised are sorghum, maize (corn), pumpkin beans, leafy greens, and <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>. Beverages include ting (fermented sorghum or maize), <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chibuku" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibuku">chibuku</a> (milky beer). Influences from the Indian and Malay communities can be seen in its use of curries, <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled fish">pickled fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_stew" title="Fish stew">fish stews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">samosa</a>. European influences can be seen in cuisines like <a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">biltong</a> (dried beef strips), <a href="/wiki/Potjie" class="mw-redirect" title="Potjie">potjies</a> (stews of maize, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>, tomatoes), <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French wines</a>, and crueler or <a href="/wiki/Koeksister" title="Koeksister">koeksister</a> (sugar syrup cookie). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa" title="Clothing in Africa">Clothing in Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume#Africa" title="Folk costume">Folk costume § Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kent_wove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kent_wove.jpg/170px-Kent_wove.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kent_wove.jpg/255px-Kent_wove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kent_wove.jpg/340px-Kent_wove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">The Akan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kente" class="mw-redirect" title="Kente">Kente</a> cloth patterns</figcaption></figure> Like most of the world, sub-Saharan Africans have adopted Western-style clothing. In some countries like Zambia, used Western clothing has flooded markets, causing great angst in the retail community. Sub-Saharan Africa boasts its own traditional <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamillgallery.com/SITE/Textiles.html">clothing style</a>. Cotton seems to be the dominant material. In East Africa, one finds extensive use of cotton clothing. Shemma, shama, and <a href="/wiki/Kuta_(clothing)" title="Kuta (clothing)">kuta</a> are types of Ethiopian clothing. <a href="/wiki/Kanga_(African_garment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanga (African garment)">Kanga</a> are <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a> cloth that comes in rectangular shapes, made of pure cotton, and put together to make clothing. <a href="/wiki/Kitenge" title="Kitenge">Kitenges</a> are similar to kangas and <a href="/wiki/Kikoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikoy">kikoy</a>, but are of a thicker cloth, and have an edging only on a long side. <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> are some of the African countries where kitenge is worn. In <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, kitenge is known as Chitenge. One of the unique materials, which is not a fiber and is used to make clothing is barkcloth,<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> an innovation of the Baganda people of Uganda. It came from the Mutuba tree (<a href="/wiki/Ficus_natalensis" title="Ficus natalensis">Ficus natalensis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> In Madagascar a type of draped cloth called <a href="/wiki/Lamba_(garment)" title="Lamba (garment)">lamba</a> is worn. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg/220px-Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg/330px-Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg/440px-Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanga_(African_garment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanga (African garment)">Kangas</a></figcaption></figure> In West Africa, again cotton is the material of choice. In the Sahel and other parts of West Africa the <a href="/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)" title="Boubou (clothing)">boubou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">kaftan</a> style of clothing are featured. <a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a> is created by the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan people</a> of Ghana and Ivory Coast, from silk of the various moth species in West Africa. Kente comes from the <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">twi</a> word kenten which means basket. It is sometimes used to make <a href="/wiki/Dashiki" title="Dashiki">dashiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">kufi</a>. Adire is a type of Yoruba cloth that is starch resistant. Raffia cloth<a href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-254">[253]</a> and barkcloth are also utilised in the region. In Central Africa, the Kuba people developed raffia cloth<a href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-254">[253]</a> from the raffia plant fibers. It was widely used in the region. Barkcloth was also extensively used. In Southern Africa one finds numerous uses of animal hide and skins for clothing. The Ndau in central Mozambique and the Shona mix hide with barkcloth and cotton cloth. Cotton cloth is referred to as machira. Xhosa, Tswana, Sotho, and Swazi also made extensive use of hides. Hides come from cattle, sheep, goat, and elephant. Leopard skins were coveted and were a symbol of kingship in Zulu society. Skins were tanned to form leather, dyed, and embedded with beads. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Theater">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre#African_theatre" title="History of theatre">History of theatre § African theatre</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_industry">Film industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Film industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_films" title="List of African films">List of African films</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_games#Africa" title="History of games">History of games § Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan men are its main patrons. Major competitions include the <a href="/wiki/CAF_Champions_League" title="CAF Champions League">African Champions League</a>, a competition for the best clubs on the continent and the <a href="/wiki/CAF_Confederation_Cup" title="CAF Confederation Cup">Confederation Cup</a>, a competition primarily for the national cup winner of each African country. The <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a> is a competition of 16 national teams from various African countries held every two years. South Africa hosted the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>, a first for a sub-Saharan country. In 2010, Cameroon played in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a> for the sixth time, which is the current record for a sub-Saharan team. In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Nigeria at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Nigeria won the Olympic gold for football</a>. In 2000 Cameroon maintained the continent's supremacy by winning the title too. Momentous achievements for sub-Saharan African football. Famous sub-Saharan football stars include <a href="/wiki/Abedi_Pele" title="Abedi Pele">Abedi Pele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Adebayor" title="Emmanuel Adebayor">Emmanuel Adebayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Weah" title="George Weah">George Weah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Essien" title="Michael Essien">Michael Essien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didier_Drogba" title="Didier Drogba">Didier Drogba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Milla" title="Roger Milla">Roger Milla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nwankwo_Kanu" title="Nwankwo Kanu">Nwankwo Kanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay-Jay_Okocha" title="Jay-Jay Okocha">Jay-Jay Okocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Grobbelaar" title="Bruce Grobbelaar">Bruce Grobbelaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eto%27o" title="Samuel Eto'o">Samuel Eto'o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolo_Tour%C3%A9" title="Kolo Touré">Kolo Touré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaya_Tour%C3%A9" title="Yaya Touré">Yaya Touré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadio_Man%C3%A9" title="Sadio Mané">Sadio Mané</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Emerick_Aubameyang" title="Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang">Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang</a>. The most talented sub-Saharan African football players find themselves courted and sought after by European leagues. There are currently more than 1000 Africans playing for European clubs. Sub-Saharan Africans have found themselves the target of racism by European fans. FIFA has been trying hard to crack down on racist outburst during games.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg/170px-Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg/255px-Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg/340px-Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Namibia_national_rugby_union_team" title="Namibia national rugby union team">Namibia rugby team</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby</a> is popular in sub-Saharan Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of African Rugby">Confederation of African Rugby</a> governs rugby games in the region. South Africa is a major force in the game and won the Rugby World Cup in <a href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1995 Rugby World Cup">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2019 Rugby World Cup">2019</a>. Africa is also allotted one guaranteed qualifying place in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>. Boxing is a popular sport. <a href="/wiki/Battling_Siki" title="Battling Siki">Battling Siki</a> is the first world champion to come out of sub-Saharan Africa. Countries such as Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa have produced numerous professional world champions such as <a href="/wiki/Dick_Tiger" title="Dick Tiger">Dick Tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hogan_Bassey" title="Hogan Bassey">Hogan Bassey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerrie_Coetzee" title="Gerrie Coetzee">Gerrie Coetzee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Peter" title="Samuel Peter">Samuel Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azumah_Nelson" title="Azumah Nelson">Azumah Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jake_Matlala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jake Matlala">Jake Matlala</a>. Cricket has a following. The <a href="/wiki/African_Cricket_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="African Cricket Association">African Cricket Association</a> is an international body which oversees cricket in African countries. South Africa and Zimbabwe have their own governing bodies. In 2003 the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a> was held in South Africa, first time it was held in sub-Saharan Africa. Over the years, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> have produced many notable long-distance athletes. Each country has federations that identify and cultivate top talent. Athletes from Ethiopia and Kenya hold, save for two exceptions, all the men's outdoor records for Olympic distance events from 800m to the <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Famous runners include <a href="/wiki/Haile_Gebrselassie" title="Haile Gebrselassie">Haile Gebrselassie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenenisa_Bekele" title="Kenenisa Bekele">Kenenisa Bekele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tergat" title="Paul Tergat">Paul Tergat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Cheruiyot_Korir" title="John Cheruiyot Korir">John Cheruiyot Korir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> The development of <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> in this region has been identified as having the ability to create jobs and improve the economy. South Africa, Namibia, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzania and Kenya have been identified as having well developed tourism industries.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and the surrounding area is very popular with tourists.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_countries_and_regional_organisation">List of countries and regional organisation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: List of countries and regional organisation">edit</a>]</div> Only six African countries are not geopolitically a part of sub-Saharan Africa: <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> (claimed by Morocco); they form the <a href="/wiki/UN_subregion" class="mw-redirect" title="UN subregion">UN subregion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a>, which also makes up the largest bloc of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a>. Nevertheless, some international organisations include Sudan as part of North Africa. Although a long-standing member of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, Sudan has around 30% non-Arab populations in the west (<a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masalit_people" title="Masalit people">Masalit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a>), far north (<a href="/wiki/Nubian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian people">Nubian</a>) and south (<a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuba">Nuba</a>),<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> and a largely Arabised native Nubian population that represents the majority at 70% hence its inclusion in North Africa, but geographically and culturally Sudan is part of Sub Saharan Africa. <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> only include a band of the Sahel along their southern borders. All other African countries have at least significant portions of their territory within sub-Saharan Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Africa_2">Central Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Central Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png/200px-LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png/300px-LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Central Africa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Middle Africa (<a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">UN subregion</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Federation">Central African Federation</a> (defunct)</div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_SSudan-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_pound" title="South Sudanese pound">South Sudanese pound</a> (£) lang. English</li></ul> <dl><dt>ECCAS (<a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States</a>)</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (also in SADC) cap. <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Angolan_kwanza" title="Angolan kwanza">Angolan kwanza</a> (Kz) lang. Portuguese</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> (also in EAC) cap. <a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a>) cur. <a href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Burundian franc</a> (FBu) lang. French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (also in SADC) cap. <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Congolese franc</a> (FC) lang. French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> (also in EAC) cap. <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</a> (RF) lang. <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>, French, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_dobra" title="São Tomé and Príncipe dobra">São Tomé and Príncipe dobra</a> (Db) lang. Portuguese</li></ul> <dl><dt>CEMAC (<a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</a>)</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (FCFA) lang. English, French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (FCFA) lang. <a href="/wiki/Sango_language" title="Sango language">Sango</a>, French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (FCFA) lang. French, Arabic</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (FCFA) lang. French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (FCFA) lang. Spanish, French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (FCFA) lang. French</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa_2">East Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: East Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationEasternAfrica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LocationEasternAfrica.png/200px-LocationEasternAfrica.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LocationEasternAfrica.png/300px-LocationEasternAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/LocationEasternAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Eastern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">UN subregion</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Central African Federation</a> (defunct)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Geographic East Africa, including the UN subregion and East African Community</div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Sudanese pound</a> (£S.) lang. Arabic (<a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese Arabic</a>) and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_pound" title="South Sudanese pound">South Sudanese pound</a> (£) lang. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and Arabic (<a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba Arabic</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Somali_shilling" title="Somali shilling">Somali shilling</a> (So.Sh /-) lang. <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (official)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">Kenyan shilling</a> (KSh /=) lang. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a>, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_shilling" title="Ugandan shilling">Ugandan shilling</a> (USh /=) lang. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a>, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> (also in ECCAS) cap. <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</a> (RF) lang. <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>, French, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (also in SADC) cap. <a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_shilling" title="Tanzanian shilling">Tanzanian shilling</a> (TSh /=) lang. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a>, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> (also in ECCAS) cap. <a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a>) cur. <a href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Burundian franc</a> (FBu) lang. <a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a>, French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nakfa" title="Eritrean nakfa">Eritrean nakfa</a> (Nfk) 'lang.' <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (unofficial, lingua franca)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_franc" title="Djiboutian franc">Djiboutian franc</a> (Fdj) lang. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (official)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northeast_Africa">Northeast Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Northeast Africa">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Horn of Africa <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_franc" title="Djiboutian franc">Djiboutian franc</a> (Fdj) lang. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (official)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nakfa" title="Eritrean nakfa">Eritrean nakfa</a> (Nfk) 'lang.' <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (unofficial, lingua franca)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr</a> (Br) lang. <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Somali_shilling" title="Somali shilling">Somali shilling</a> (So.Sh) lang. <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (official)</li></ul></li> <li>Sudan & South Sudan <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Sudanese pound</a> (£Sd.) lang. Arabic (<a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese Arabic</a>) and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_pound" title="South Sudanese pound">South Sudanese pound</a> (£) lang. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and Arabic (<a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba Arabic</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Africa_2">Southeast Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Southeast Africa">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>EAC</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> (also in ECCAS) cap. <a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a>) cur. <a href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Burundian franc</a> (FBu) lang. <a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a>, French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">Kenyan shilling</a> (KSh /=) lang. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a>, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> (also in ECCAS) cap. <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</a> (RF) lang. <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>, French, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (also in SADC) cap. <a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_shilling" title="Tanzanian shilling">Tanzanian shilling</a> (TSh. /=) lang. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a>, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_shilling" title="Ugandan shilling">Ugandan shilling</a> (USh /=) lang. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a>, English</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Africa_2">Southern Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Southern Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationSouthernAfrica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/LocationSouthernAfrica.png/200px-LocationSouthernAfrica.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/LocationSouthernAfrica.png/300px-LocationSouthernAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/LocationSouthernAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Southern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">UN subregion</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  geographic, including above</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC)</div></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>SADC (Southern African Development Community)</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (also in ECCAS) cap. <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Angolan_kwanza" title="Angolan kwanza">Angolan kwanza</a> (Kz) lang. Portuguese</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Botswana pula</a> (P) lang. <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Comorian_franc" title="Comorian franc">Comorian franc</a> (FC) lang. <a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorian</a>, Arabic, French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Swazi_lilangeni" title="Swazi lilangeni">Swazi lilangeni</a> (L)(E) lang. <a href="/wiki/SiSwati" class="mw-redirect" title="SiSwati">SiSwati</a>, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Lesotho_loti" title="Lesotho loti">Lesotho loti</a> (L)(M) lang. <a href="/wiki/Sesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho">Sesotho</a>, English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_ariary" title="Malagasy ariary">Malagasy ariary</a> (Ar.) lang. <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Malawian_kwacha" title="Malawian kwacha">Malawian kwacha</a> (MK) lang. English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_rupee" title="Mauritian rupee">Mauritian rupee</a> (Re/Rs /-) lang. English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_metical" title="Mozambican metical">Mozambican metical</a> (MTn) lang. Portuguese</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Namibian_dollar" title="Namibian dollar">Namibian dollar</a> (N$) lang. English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Seychellois_rupee" title="Seychellois rupee">Seychellois rupee</a> (Re/Rs /-) lang. <a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois Creole</a>, English, French</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a> (R) lang. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">11 official languages</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Zambian_kwacha" title="Zambian kwacha">Zambian kwacha</a> (ZK) lang. English</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">Zimbabwean dollar</a> ($) lang. English</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudan_2">Sudan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Sudan">edit</a>]</div> Depending on classification <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> is often not considered part of sub-Saharan Africa, as it is considered part of North Africa. <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Sudanese pound</a> (SDG) lang. Arabic and English</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa_2">West Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: West Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationWesternAfrica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LocationWesternAfrica.png/200px-LocationWesternAfrica.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LocationWesternAfrica.png/300px-LocationWesternAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/LocationWesternAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Western Africa (<a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">UN subregion</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></div></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>ECOWAS (<a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>)</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (CFA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Gambian_dalasi" title="Gambian dalasi">Gambian dalasi</a> (D)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Ghanaian cedi</a> (GH₵)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Guinean_franc" title="Guinean franc">Guinean franc</a> (FG)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Liberian_dollar" title="Liberian dollar">Liberian dollar</a> (L$)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_ouguiya" title="Mauritanian ouguiya">Mauritanian ouguiya</a> (UM) (sometimes, like <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, considered part of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Nigerian naira</a> (₦)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_leone" title="Sierra Leonean leone">Sierra Leonean leone</a> (Le)</li></ul> <dl><dt>UEMOA (<a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</a>)</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (CFA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (CFA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (CFA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (CFA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (CFA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (CFA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (CFA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> cap. <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a> cur. <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (CFA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220911205646/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/regions/sub-saharan-africa/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020">"Sub-Saharan Africa Demographics"</a>. Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/regions/sub-saharan-africa/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020">the original</a> on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sub-Saharan+Africa+Demographics&rft.pub=Pew-Templeton+Global+Religious+Futures+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fregions%2Fsub-saharan-africa%2Freligious_demography%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic other groupings"</a>. United Nations Statistics Division. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Composition+of+macro+geographical+%28continental%29+regions%2C+geographical+sub-regions%2C+and+selected+economic+other+groupings&rft.pub=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethods%2Fm49%2Fm49regin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa." </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFecosostenibile2023" class="citation web cs1">ecosostenibile (2 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antropocene.it/en/2023/02/02/afrotropical-ecozone/">"Afrotropical ecozone: boundaries, characteristics, biomes ..."</a> An Eco-sustainable World. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Eco-sustainable+World&rft.atitle=Afrotropical+ecozone%3A+boundaries%2C+characteristics%2C+biomes+...&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft.au=ecosostenibile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantropocene.it%2Fen%2F2023%2F02%2F02%2Fafrotropical-ecozone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420040243/http://esa.un.org/unpp/definition.html">"Political definition of 'Major regions', according to the UN"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpp/definition.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2010. 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UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119105146/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+States&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Funesco%2Fworldwide%2Farab-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInfosamak" class="citation web cs1">Infosamak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infosamak.org/english/countries.cfm">"Centre for Marketing, Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region"</a>. Infosamak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308230246/http://infosamak.org/english/countries.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+for+Marketing%2C+Information+and+Advisory+Services+for+Fishery+Products+in+the+Arab+Region&rft.pub=Infosamak&rft.au=Infosamak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infosamak.org%2Fenglish%2Fcountries.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarakat1993" class="citation book cs1">Barakat, Halim (14 October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabworldsociety00bara/mode/2up">The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-0790-76" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-0790-76"><bdi>978-0-520-0790-76</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+World%3A+Society%2C+Culture%2C+and+State&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993-10-14&rft.isbn=978-0-520-0790-76&rft.aulast=Barakat&rft.aufirst=Halim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabworldsociety00bara%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkakis1998" class="citation book cs1">Markakis, John (23 January 1998). Resource Conflict in the Horn of Africa. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-803-9884-77" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-803-9884-77"><bdi>978-0-803-9884-77</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resource+Conflict+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=1998-01-23&rft.isbn=978-0-803-9884-77&rft.aulast=Markakis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlikh1983" class="citation book cs1">Erlikh, Ḥagai (1983). The Struggle Over Eritrea, 1962-1978: War and Revolution in the Horn of Africa. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-817-9760-26" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-817-9760-26"><bdi>978-0-817-9760-26</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+Over+Eritrea%2C+1962-1978%3A+War+and+Revolution+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-817-9760-26&rft.aulast=Erlikh&rft.aufirst=%E1%B8%A4agai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFegley1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fegley, Randall (1995). "Eritrea". World Bibliographical Series. Vol. 181. <a href="/wiki/Clio_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clio Press">Clio Press</a>. p. mxxxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-0924-51" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-0924-51"><bdi>978-1-851-0924-51</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft.btitle=World+Bibliographical+Series&rft.pages=mxxxviii&rft.pub=Clio+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-851-0924-51&rft.aulast=Fegley&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrishkopf2010" class="citation book cs1">Frishkopf, Michael A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728170650/https://books.google.com/books?id=KANOAYzkhA8C">Music and Media in the Arab World</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo_Press" title="American University in Cairo Press">American University in Cairo Press</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-774-1629-30" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-774-1629-30"><bdi>978-9-774-1629-30</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KANOAYzkhA8C">the original</a> on 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Media+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9-774-1629-30&rft.aulast=Frishkopf&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKANOAYzkhA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/regioninfo.html">"About Africa"</a>. UNDP in Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411014537/https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/regioninfo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP+in+Africa&rft.atitle=About+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Frba%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fregioninfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307060153/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990712080500.htm">"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks"</a>. ScienceDaily. 12 July 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990712080500.htm">the original</a> on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Sahara%27s+Abrupt+Desertification+Started+by+Changes+in+Earth%27s+Orbit%2C+Accelerated+by+Atmospheric+and+Vegetation+Feedbacks&rft.date=1999-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F1999%2F07%2F990712080500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaussenKubatzkiBrovkinGanopolski1999" class="citation journal cs1">Claussen, Mark; Kubatzki, Claudia; Brovkin, Victor; Ganopolski, Andrey; Hoelzmann, Philipp; Pachur, Hans-Joachim (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1810390/component/escidoc:1810389/grl13300.pdf">"Simulation of an Abrupt Change in Saharan Vegetation in the Mid-Holocene"</a> (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (14): 2037–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GeoRL..26.2037C">1999GeoRL..26.2037C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999GL900494">10.1029/1999GL900494</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-FBE4-E">11858/00-001M-0000-0013-FBE4-E</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6463581">6463581</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808205835/http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1810390/component/escidoc:1810389/grl13300.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Simulation+of+an+Abrupt+Change+in+Saharan+Vegetation+in+the+Mid-Holocene&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2037-40&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-FBE4-E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6463581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999GL900494&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999GeoRL..26.2037C&rft.aulast=Claussen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Kubatzki%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Brovkin%2C+Victor&rft.au=Ganopolski%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Hoelzmann%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Pachur%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubman.mpdl.mpg.de%2Fpubman%2Fitem%2Fescidoc%3A1810390%2Fcomponent%2Fescidoc%3A1810389%2Fgrl13300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990712080500.htm">"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started By Changes In Earth's Orbit, Accelerated By Atmospheric And Vegetation Feedbacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Daily">Science Daily</a>. 12 July 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307060153/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990712080500.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Sahara%27s+Abrupt+Desertification+Started+By+Changes+In+Earth%27s+Orbit%2C+Accelerated+By+Atmospheric+And+Vegetation+Feedbacks&rft.date=1999-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F1999%2F07%2F990712080500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Zinderen-Bakker1962" class="citation journal cs1">van Zinderen-Bakker, E.M. (14 April 1962). "A Late-Glacial and Post-Glacial Climatic Correlation between East Africa and Europe". Nature. 194 (4824): 201–03. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962Natur.194..201V">1962Natur.194..201V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F194201a0">10.1038/194201a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186244151">186244151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Late-Glacial+and+Post-Glacial+Climatic+Correlation+between+East+Africa+and+Europe&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=4824&rft.pages=201-03&rft.date=1962-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186244151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F194201a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962Natur.194..201V&rft.aulast=van+Zinderen-Bakker&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raunig-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raunig_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raunig_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raunig_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raunig_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaunig2005" class="citation book cs1">Raunig, Walter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130">Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-05175-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-05175-2"><bdi>3-447-05175-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 June 2016. <q>ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) – al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) – al-Habasha (Abyssinia) – Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) – Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrikas+Horn%3A+Akten+der+Ersten+Internationalen+Littmann-Konferenz+2.+bis+5.+Mai+2002+in+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-447-05175-2&rft.aulast=Raunig&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpNY7VPn1WUC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohamed-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohamed_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mohamed, Mohamed Hassan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629387.2010.486573">"Africanists and Africans of the Maghrib: casualties of Analogy"</a>. The Journal of North African Studies. 15 (3): 349–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629387.2010.486573">10.1080/13629387.2010.486573</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145782335">145782335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Africanists+and+Africans+of+the+Maghrib%3A+casualties+of+Analogy&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-374&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2010.486573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145782335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2010.486573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merolla-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Merolla_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerolla" class="citation web cs1">Merolla, Daniela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2722003/view">"Beyond 'two Africas' in African and Berber literary studies"</a>. 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Countrystudies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623172414/http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnigeria%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Lavachery2012" class="citation book cs1">Philippe Lavachery; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3937248285">Komé-Kribi: Rescue Archaeology Along the Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kom%C3%A9-Kribi%3A+Rescue+Archaeology+Along+the+Chad-Cameroon+Oil+Pipeline&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Philippe+Lavachery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D3937248285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉ._ZangatoA.F.C._Holl2010" class="citation journal cs1">É. Zangato; A.F.C. Holl (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226002521/http://www.african-archaeology.de/index.php?page_id=154&journal_id=24&pdf_id=172">"On the Iron Front: New Evidence from North-Central Africa"</a>. Journal of African Archaeology. 8 (1): 7–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3213%2F1612-1651-10153">10.3213/1612-1651-10153</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.african-archaeology.de/index.php?page_id=154&journal_id=24&pdf_id=172">the original</a> on 26 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Archaeology&rft.atitle=On+the+Iron+Front%3A+New+Evidence+from+North-Central+Africa&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-23&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3213%2F1612-1651-10153&rft.au=%C3%89.+Zangato&rft.au=A.F.C.+Holl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.african-archaeology.de%2Findex.php%3Fpage_id%3D154%26journal_id%3D24%26pdf_id%3D172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Cameron_Monroe" class="citation book cs1">J. Cameron Monroe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1107009391">Akinwumi Ogundiran, Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archaeological Perspectives</a>. p. 316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akinwumi+Ogundiran%2C+Power+and+Landscape+in+Atlantic+West+Africa%3A+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.pages=316&rft.au=J.+Cameron+Monroe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1107009391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988">, citing Magnavita 2004; Magnavita et al. 2004, 2006; Magnavita and Schleifer 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Peter Mitchell et al., The Oxford Handbook of African Archeology (2013), p. 855: "The relatively recent discovery of extensive walled settlements at the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age in the Chad Basin (Magnavita et al., 2006) indicates what enormous sites and processes may still await recognition." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010254-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010254_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAppiahGates2010">Appiah & Gates 2010</a>, p. 254. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAppiahGates2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142_45-2">c</a> Shillington, Kevin(2005). 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Scarecrow Press. p. xxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810866041" title="Special:BookSources/9780810866041"><bdi>9780810866041</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216062140/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2019. 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The American Journal of Human Genetics. 79 (2): 230–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F505436">10.1086/505436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559480">1559480</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16826514">16826514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Geographically+Explicit+Genetic+Model+of+Worldwide+Human-Settlement+History&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=230-237&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1559480%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16826514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F505436&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Hua&rft.au=Prugnolle%2C+Franck&rft.au=Manica%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Balloux%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1559480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_De_Vere_Allen1993" class="citation book cs1">James De Vere Allen (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilioriginssw0000alle">Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swahili+Origins%3A+Swahili+Culture+%26+the+Shungwaya+Phenomenon&rft.date=1993&rft.au=James+De+Vere+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswahilioriginssw0000alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJens_Finke2010" class="citation book cs1">Jens Finke (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781848360754">The Rough Guide to Tanzania</a>. 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Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php">the original</a> on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.knbs.or.ke&rft.atitle=Population+and+Housing+Census&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knbs.or.ke%2Fcensusethnic.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelanguagejournal.com/2012/04/maasai-of-kenya-and-tanzania.html">"The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania"</a>. The Language Journal. 22 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905153616/http://www.thelanguagejournal.com/2012/04/maasai-of-kenya-and-tanzania.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Maasai+of+Kenya+and+Tanzania&rft.pub=The+Language+Journal&rft.date=2012-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelanguagejournal.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fmaasai-of-kenya-and-tanzania.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_SAfrica-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_111-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_111-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/">"South Africa"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa">Archived</a> 10 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_Botswana-112"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Botswana_112-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/">"Botswana"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana">Archived</a> 9 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 16 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_Zambia-114"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Zambia_114-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/">"Zambia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032804/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_Mozambique-115"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Mozambique_115-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique/">"Mozambique"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110035001/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique">Archived</a> 10 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502204211/http://www.bbportuguese.com/the-future-of-portuguese.html">"The Future of Portuguese"</a>. BB Portuguese. 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Retrieved 20 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_Cameroon-119"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Cameroon_119-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/">"Cameroon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120010000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/">Archived</a> 20 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_Mali-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Mali_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Mali_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Mali_120-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/">"Mali"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/">Archived</a> 30 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tk5TP7bsXnkC&pg=PA202">African Cities Driving the NEPAD Initiative</a>. UN-HABITAT. 2006. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789211318159" title="Special:BookSources/9789211318159"><bdi>9789211318159</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032031/https://books.google.com/books?id=tk5TP7bsXnkC&pg=PA202">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. 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SAGE. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-446-2028-90" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-446-2028-90"><bdi>978-1-446-2028-90</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032029/https://books.google.com/books?id=sMnj88kYVmcC&pg=PT60">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Concepts+in+Creative+Industries&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-446-2028-90&rft.au=John+Hartley&rft.au=Jason+Potts&rft.au=Terry+Flew&rft.au=Stuart+Cunningham&rft.au=Michael+Keane&rft.au=John+Banks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMnj88kYVmcC%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmut_K_AnheierYudhishthir_Raj_Isar2012" class="citation book cs1">Helmut K Anheier; Yudhishthir Raj Isar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQJb1QpZz_4C&pg=PA118">Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance</a>. SAGE. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446258507" title="Special:BookSources/9781446258507"><bdi>9781446258507</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214094159/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQJb1QpZz_4C&pg=PA118">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+and+Globalization%3A+Cities%2C+Cultural+Policy+and+Governance&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781446258507&rft.au=Helmut+K+Anheier&rft.au=Yudhishthir+Raj+Isar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQJb1QpZz_4C%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_Cunningham2013" class="citation book cs1">Stuart Cunningham (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oy-de29AtvYC&pg=PA163">Hidden Innovation: Policy, Industry and the Creative Sector (Creative Economy and Innovation Culture Se Series)</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland_Press" title="University of Queensland Press">University of Queensland Press</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-702-2509-89" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-702-2509-89"><bdi>978-0-702-2509-89</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108191709/https://books.google.com/books?id=oy-de29AtvYC&pg=PA163">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Innovation%3A+Policy%2C+Industry+and+the+Creative+Sector+%28Creative+Economy+and+Innovation+Culture+Se+Series%29&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-702-2509-89&rft.au=Stuart+Cunningham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doy-de29AtvYC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Benton-ShortJohn_Rennie_Short2013" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Benton-Short; <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_Short" title="John Rennie Short">John Rennie Short</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ_ZLuqZT54C&pg=PA71">Cities and Nature</a>. Routledge Critical Introductions to Urbanism and the City. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134252749" title="Special:BookSources/9781134252749"><bdi>9781134252749</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032013/https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ_ZLuqZT54C&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. 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Jacana Media. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-431-4032-57" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-431-4032-57"><bdi>978-1-431-4032-57</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032004/https://books.google.com/books?id=9lcn62brtGQC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afropolis%3A+City+Media+Art&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Jacana+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-431-4032-57&rft.au=Kerstin+Pinther&rft.au=Larissa+F%C3%B6rster&rft.au=Christian+Hanussek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lcn62brtGQC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalif_DiopJean-Paul_BarusseauCyr_Descamps2014" class="citation book cs1">Salif Diop; Jean-Paul Barusseau; Cyr Descamps (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JPIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa Estuaries of the World</a>. Springer. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-0638-81" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-0638-81"><bdi>978-3-319-0638-81</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032031/https://books.google.com/books?id=8JPIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. 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Retrieved 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Makes+Lagos+a+Model+City&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F08%2Fopinion%2Fwhat-makes-lagos-a-model-city.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Campbell-129"><a href="#cite_ref-John_Campbell_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Campbell2012" class="citation news cs1">John Campbell (10 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/this-is-africas-new-biggest-city-lagos-nigeria-population-25-million/259611/">"This Is Africa's New Biggest City: Lagos, Nigeria, Population 21 Million"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. 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South Africa accounts for about 80% of the world's identified manganese resources, and Ukraine accounts for 10%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manganese&rft.pub=Minerals.usgs.gov&rft.date=2009-01&rft.au=Lisa+A.+Corathers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fmanganese%2Fmcs-2009-manga.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenLawsValckx" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Wenjie; Laws, Athene; Valckx, Nico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/04/29/cf-harnessing-sub-saharan-africas-critical-mineral-wealth">"Harnessing Sub-Saharan Africa's Critical Mineral Wealth"</a>. IMF. 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World Bank Publication. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306151327/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/05/08/000094946_01042509523051/additional/109509322_20041117140518.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2014. 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The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (16): 1481–1495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1411100">10.1056/NEJMoa1411100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235004">4235004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25244186">25244186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ebola+Virus+Disease+in+West+Africa+%E2%80%94+The+First+9+Months+of+the+Epidemic+and+Forward+Projections&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=1481-1495&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4235004%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25244186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa1411100&rft.au=WHO+Ebola+Response+Team&rft.au=Aylward%2C+B.&rft.au=Barboza%2C+P.&rft.au=Bawo%2C+L.&rft.au=Bertherat%2C+E.&rft.au=Bilivogui%2C+P.&rft.au=Blake%2C+I.&rft.au=Brennan%2C+R.&rft.au=Briand%2C+S.&rft.au=Chakauya%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Chitala%2C+K.&rft.au=Conteh%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Cori%2C+A.&rft.au=Croisier%2C+A.&rft.au=Dangou%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Diallo%2C+B.&rft.au=Donnelly%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Dye%2C+C.&rft.au=Eckmanns%2C+T.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+N.+M.&rft.au=Formenty%2C+P.&rft.au=Fuhrer%2C+C.&rft.au=Fukuda%2C+K.&rft.au=Garske%2C+T.&rft.au=Gasasira%2C+A.&rft.au=Gbanyan%2C+S.&rft.au=Graaff%2C+P.&rft.au=Heleze%2C+E.&rft.au=Jambai%2C+A.&rft.au=Jombart%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4235004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-956-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-956-2">978-0-85229-956-2</a> p. 306 However, Southern Africa is predominantly Christian. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenwoodsvillage.com/gor/islam.htm">Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101112064308/http://www.greenwoodsvillage.com/gor/islam.htm">Archived</a> 12 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm">World Christian Encyclopedia, summarised here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305222924/http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835">The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125105653/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835">Archived</a> 25 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Foreign Policy, May 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa/">"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa"</a>. 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James Currey Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-475-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-475-3"><bdi>978-0-85255-475-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126131412/https://books.google.com/books?id=0K0p8wCNKTQC&q=Christopher+Ehret+Niger+Congo+religion">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. 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World Bank Publication: DC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-4195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-4195-7">978-0-8213-4195-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-249"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_249-0">^</a> Bowden, Rob(2007). Africa South of the Sahara. Coughlan Publishing: p. 40, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4034-9910-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4034-9910-1">1-4034-9910-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</a>, (2002). The Civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, p. 103, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X">0-8139-2085-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjoguNgetaWanjau2010" class="citation book cs1">Njogu, K.; Ngeta, K.; Wanjau, M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15V7_OFkh6QC&pg=PA78">Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Africa: Opportunities and Challenges</a>. Twaweza Communications. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-7244-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-7244-8-9"><bdi>978-9966-7244-8-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221115317/https://books.google.com/books?id=15V7_OFkh6QC&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Diversity+in+Eastern+Africa%3A+Opportunities+and+Challenges&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Twaweza+Communications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9966-7244-8-9&rft.aulast=Njogu&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Ngeta%2C+K.&rft.au=Wanjau%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15V7_OFkh6QC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?cp=UG&topic=mp">"Intangible Heritage Home –- intangible heritage – Culture Sector"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112105439/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?cp=UG&topic=mp">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intangible+Heritage+Home+%E2%80%93-+intangible+heritage+%E2%80%93+Culture+Sector&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Fcp%3DUG%26topic%3Dmp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112105439/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?cp=UG&topic=mp">"Proclamation 2005: La fabrication des tissus d'écorce en Ouganda"</a> [Proclamation 2005: Barcloth making in Uganda] (in French). <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?cp=UG&topic=mp">the original</a> on 12 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+2005%3A+La+fabrication+des+tissus+d%27%C3%A9corce+en+Ouganda&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Fcp%3DUG%26topic%3Dmp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metmuseum.org-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org_254-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217053531/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/11/sfc/ho_1999.522.15.htm">"Prestige Panel [Democratic Republic of Congo; Kuba peoples] (1999.522.15) | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | the Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/11/sfc/ho_1999.522.15.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prestige+Panel+%26%2391%3BDemocratic+Republic+of+Congo%3B+Kuba+peoples%26%2393%3B+%281999.522.15%29+%26%23124%3B+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History+%26%23124%3B+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fho%2F11%2Fsfc%2Fho_1999.522.15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goafrica.about.com/od/workinafrica/a/football.htm">"About.com"</a>. Goafrica.about.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520165528/http://goafrica.about.com/od/workinafrica/a/football.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About.com&rft.pub=Goafrica.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoafrica.about.com%2Fod%2Fworkinafrica%2Fa%2Ffootball.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200911161557.html">"AllAfrica.com"</a>. AllAfrica.com. 16 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091118154311/http://allafrica.com/stories/200911161557.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AllAfrica.com&rft.pub=AllAfrica.com&rft.date=2009-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200911161557.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1798795,00.html">"European Soccer's Racism Problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 2 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410041000/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1798795,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=European+Soccer%27s+Racism+Problem&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C2144%2C1798795%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/records/by-category/world-records#results-tab-sub=0&results-tab-sub-men=0">"Men's outdoor world records"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">iaaf.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808043103/http://www.iaaf.org/records/by-category/world-records#results-tab-sub=0&results-tab-sub-men=0">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Men%27s+outdoor+world+records&rft.pub=iaaf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaaf.org%2Frecords%2Fby-category%2Fworld-records%23results-tab-sub%3D0%26results-tab-sub-men%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> As can be seen: 800m is Kenya; 5000m is Ethiopia; 10000m is Ethiopia; marathon is Kenya. The two exceptions are the 1500m and 3000m steeplechase records, though the latter is held by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cherono" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Cherono">Stephen Cherono</a>, who was born and raised in Kenya. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Tucker, Ross and Dugas, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportsscientists.com/2008/07/kenya-vs-ethiopia.html">Sport's great rivalries: Kenya vs. Ethiopia, and a one-sided battle (at least on the track)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420161131/http://www.sportsscientists.com/2008/07/kenya-vs-ethiopia.html">Archived</a> 20 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Science of Sport, 14 July 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Report/africa-tourism-report-2013-overview.pdf">"Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+Political+Issues%3A+Constitution%3A+Provincial+Government&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscotland%2Feducation%2Fms%2Fsouthafrica%2Fpolitical%2Fconstitution%2Fprovincialgovt.shtml%3Fflashplugin%3Dfalse%26flashdetect%3Dtrue%26area%3D09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2009" class="citation news cs1">Malik, Nesrine (23 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/nov/23/nubian-monkey-arab-racism">"'Nubian monkey' song and Arab racism"</a>. The Guardian. 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Retrieved 15 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldbank.org&rft.pub=Web.worldbank.org&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FCOUNTRIES%2FAFRICAEXT%2FEXTPUBREP%2FEXTSTATINAFR%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21106218~menuPK%3A824080~pagePK%3A64168445~piPK%3A64168309~theSitePK%3A824043%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620035055/http://cdcdevelopmentsolutions.org/africa">"CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org"</a>. CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/sudan/">the original</a> on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+We+Work+%26%23124%3B+U.S.+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.pub=Usaid.gov&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Flocations%2Fsub-saharan_africa%2Fsudan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413084510/http://www.transparency.org/regional_pages/africa_middle_east/sub_saharan_africa">"Transparency International - The Global Anti-Corruption Coalition"</a>. www.transparency.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org/">the original</a> on 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.transparency.org&rft.atitle=Transparency+International+-+The+Global+Anti-Corruption+Coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2013/12/24/US-Marines-poised-to-enter-South-Sudan/UPI-73481387863000/">"U.N. doubles force in turbulent South Sudan [UPDATE 2"</a>. UPI.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930201711/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2013/12/24/US-Marines-poised-to-enter-South-Sudan/UPI-73481387863000/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.N.+doubles+force+in+turbulent+South+Sudan+%5BUPDATE+2&rft.pub=UPI.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FUS%2F2013%2F12%2F24%2FUS-Marines-poised-to-enter-South-Sudan%2FUPI-73481387863000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Taking Action to Reduce Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> Publications (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8213-3698-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8213-3698-3">0-8213-3698-3</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt></dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002318/231867e.pdf">Digital Services for Education in Africa</a>, Agence Française de Développement, Agence universitaire de la Francophonie, Orange & UNESCO, Agence Française de Développement & UNESCO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Chido, Diane E. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://permanent.fdlp.gov/gpo35755/pub1146%5b1%5d.pdf">From Chaos to Cohesion: A Regional Approach to Security, Stability, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa</a>". Carlisle, Pa.: <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Studies_Institute" title="Strategic Studies Institute">Strategic Studies Institute</a> and U.S. Army War College Press, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lopez" title="Cape Lopez">Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayombe" title="Mayombe">Mayombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbaise" title="Mbaise">Mbaise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Pool Malebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Highlands_forests" title="Cameroonian Highlands forests">Cameroonian Highlands forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolian_rainforests" title="Congolian rainforests">Congolian rainforests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift" title="Albertine Rift">Albertine Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Rift" title="Gregory Rift">Gregory Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes" title="Rift Valley lakes">Rift Valley lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavirondo" title="Kavirondo">Kavirondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_montane_forests" title="East African montane forests">East African montane forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arc_Mountains" title="Eastern Arc Mountains">Eastern Arc Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle">Afar Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Habash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Habash">Al-Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(East_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaria (East Africa)">Barbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Alps" title="Danakil Alps">Danakil Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoro_Islands" title="Comoro Islands">Comoro Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_Archipelago" title="Lamu Archipelago">Lamu Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Madagascar)" title="Central Highlands (Madagascar)">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Highlands" title="Northern Highlands">Northern Highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Archipelago" title="Zanzibar Archipelago">Zanzibar Archipelago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashmur" title="Bashmur">Bashmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Cataracts of the Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sudans" title="The Sudans">The Sudans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembuland" title="Thembuland">Thembuland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_Karoo" title="Nama Karoo">Nama Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland" title="Maputaland">Maputaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_coastal_belt" title="Indian Ocean coastal belt">Indian Ocean coastal belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_thickets" title="Albany thickets">Albany thickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_Coast" title="Skeleton Coast">Skeleton Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Coast" title="Pepper Coast">Pepper Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Palmas" title="Cape Palmas">Cape Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Mesurado" title="Cape Mesurado">Cape Mesurado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Forests_of_West_Africa" title="Guinean Forests of West Africa">Guinean Forests of West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Guinean_forests" title="Upper Guinean forests">Upper Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Guinean_forests" title="Lower Guinean forests">Lower Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Highlands" title="Guinea Highlands">Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey_Gap" title="Dahomey Gap">Dahomey Gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afromontane" title="Afromontane">Afromontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_region" title="Guineo-Congolian region">Guineo-Congolian region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Africa" title="Islands of Africa">Islands of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">List of countries where Arabic is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MENASA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENASA">MENASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miombo_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Miombo woodlands">Miombo woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroland" title="Negroland">Negroland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Portuguese-speaking African countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan (region)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezian_region" title="Zambezian region">Zambezian region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Angola" title="History of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Botswana" title="History of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burundi" title="History of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cameroon" title="History of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Verde" title="History of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="History of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Comoros" title="History of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="History of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eswatini" title="History of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gabon" title="History of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gambia" title="History of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ivory_Coast" title="History of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lesotho" title="History of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania" title="History of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritius" title="History of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique" title="History of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Namibia" title="History of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tanzania" title="History of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda" title="History of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Melilla">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Helena" title="History of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="History of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Angola" title="Geography of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon" title="Geography of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cape_Verde" title="Geography of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Geography of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Comoros" title="Geography of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti" title="Geography of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Geography of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea" title="Geography of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eswatini" title="Geography of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gabon" title="Geography of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Gambia" title="Geography of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea" title="Geography of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Geography of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Geography of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lesotho" title="Geography of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liberia" title="Geography of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malawi" title="Geography of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritania" title="Geography of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritius" title="Geography of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mozambique" title="Geography of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia" title="Geography of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger" title="Geography of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Seychelles" title="Geography of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan" title="Geography of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tanzania" title="Geography of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tunisia" title="Geography of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uganda" title="Geography of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zambia" title="Geography of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" title="Geography of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Melilla">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Madeira">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mayotte" title="Geography of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Geography of Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Helena" title="Geography of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Geography of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Angola" title="Languages of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Botswana" title="Languages of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Languages of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burundi" title="Languages of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Languages of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Comoros" title="Languages of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Djibouti" title="Languages of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eritrea" title="Languages of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eswatini" title="Languages of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gabon" title="Languages of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Gambia" title="Languages of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea" title="Languages of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Languages of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Languages of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lesotho" title="Languages of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liberia" title="Languages of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Libya" title="Languages of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Madagascar" title="Languages of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritania" title="Languages of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Languages of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Languages of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niger" title="Languages of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Senegal" title="Languages of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Seychelles" title="Languages of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Languages of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Sudan" title="Languages of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Languages of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Languages of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda" title="Languages of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zambia" title="Languages of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somaliland" title="Languages of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315124799">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRyGdQfgyj4QDCt8rTHC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4053770-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85001667">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128642&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292799005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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