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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_dam_and_reservoir_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_dam_and_reservoir_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The dam and reservoir today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_dam_and_reservoir_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The dam and reservoir today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_dam_and_reservoir_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_statistics_of_the_O'Shaughnessy_Dam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_statistics_of_the_O'Shaughnessy_Dam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structural statistics of the O'Shaughnessy Dam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_statistics_of_the_O'Shaughnessy_Dam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_Dam_Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_Dam_Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proposed Dam Removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_Dam_Removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dam in California, U.S.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_California_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="O'Shaughnessy Dam (California) is located in California"><img alt="O'Shaughnessy Dam (California) is located in California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/235px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/353px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/470px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1171" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.955%;left:45.478%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="O'Shaughnessy Dam (California)"><img alt="O'Shaughnessy Dam (California)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the O'Shaughnessy Dam in California</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_County,_California" title="Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne County, California</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-GNIS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)&params=37_56_51_N_119_47_18_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°56′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°47′18″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.94750°N 119.78833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.94750; -119.78833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Water supply<br />Hydroelectricity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction began</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1, 1919<span class="noprint">; 105 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1919-08-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 7, 1923<span class="noprint">; 101 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1923-07-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="San Francisco Public Utilities Commission">San Francisco PUC</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue;">Dam and spillways</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dam#Types" title="Dam">Type of dam</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Concrete arch gravity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Impounds</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_River" title="Tuolumne River">Tuolumne River</a><sup id="cite_ref-CAdams_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAdams-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">430 ft (130 m)<sup id="cite_ref-Bolin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">900 ft (270 m)<sup id="cite_ref-CAdams_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAdams-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation at crest</th><td class="infobox-data">3,812 ft (1,162 m)<sup id="cite_ref-CAdams_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAdams-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width (base)</th><td class="infobox-data">308 ft (94 m)<sup id="cite_ref-Bolin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue;">Reservoir</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetch Hetchy Reservoir">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">360,400 acre⋅ft (444,500,000 m<sup>3</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-CAdams_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAdams-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Catchment area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">459 sq mi (1,190 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-CAdams_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAdams-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">1,972 acres (798 ha)<sup id="cite_ref-CAdams_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAdams-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue;">Power Station</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">Turbines</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 x <a href="/wiki/Pelton_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelton turbine">Pelton turbines</a> at Kirkwood Powerhouse<br />2 x Pelton turbines at Moccasin Powerhouse<sup id="cite_ref-HTHPower_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTHPower-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Installed capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">234 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a><sup id="cite_ref-HTHPower_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTHPower-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Net_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Net generation">Annual generation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">976 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt hour">GWh</a><sup id="cite_ref-EDF_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>O'Shaughnessy Dam</b> is a 430-foot-high (131 m) concrete <a href="/wiki/Arch-gravity_dam" title="Arch-gravity dam">arch-gravity dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_County,_California" title="Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne County, California</a>, United States. It impounds the <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_River" title="Tuolumne River">Tuolumne River</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy" title="Hetch Hetchy"><b>Hetch Hetchy Reservoir</b></a> at the lower end of <a href="/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy" title="Hetch Hetchy">Hetch Hetchy Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>, about 160 miles (260 km) east of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACME_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dam and reservoir are the source for the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct, which provides water for over two million people in San Francisco and other municipalities of the west <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">Bay Area</a>. The dam is named for engineer <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Shaughnessy" title="Michael O'Shaughnessy">Michael O'Shaughnessy</a>, who oversaw its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-debate_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hetch_Hetchy_Drainage_Basin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hetch_Hetchy_Drainage_Basin.jpg/220px-Hetch_Hetchy_Drainage_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hetch_Hetchy_Drainage_Basin.jpg/330px-Hetch_Hetchy_Drainage_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hetch_Hetchy_Drainage_Basin.jpg/440px-Hetch_Hetchy_Drainage_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Hetch Hetchy Reservoir watershed (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mghydro.com/watersheds/shared/5DCAF0.html">Interactive map</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although San Francisco had sought Tuolumne River water as early as the 1890s, this project did not move forward until the disastrous <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">earthquake and fire of 1906</a>, which underscored the insufficiency of the existing water supply. The Hetch Hetchy Valley – then compared to <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a> for its scenic beauty – was chosen for its water quality and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> potential, but the location within the <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> generated controversy. An act of Congress was required to circumvent federal protection of the Tuolumne River, with the reasoning that <a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_States#Early_American_conservation_movement" title="Conservation in the United States">public land should be developed for the public benefit</a>. </p><p>Construction of the dam started in 1919 and was finished in 1923,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the first water delivered in 1934 after numerous delays. From 1935 to 1938, the dam was raised to increase its capacity for water supply and power generation. The dam, aqueduct and appurtenant hydroelectric systems are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy#Hetch_Hetchy_Project" title="Hetch Hetchy">Hetch Hetchy Project</a>. Deriving from a largely wild and pristine area of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a>, the Hetch Hetchy supply is some of the cleanest municipal water in the US, requiring only primary filtration and disinfection.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. Preservationist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, the city of San Francisco was rapidly outgrowing its limited water supply, which depended on intermittent local springs and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHennessey20129_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessey20129-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city looked east to the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a>, where snowmelt fed the headwaters for many of California's largest rivers. In 1890, San Francisco mayor <a href="/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan">James D. Phelan</a> proposed to build a dam and aqueduct on the Tuolumne River, one of the largest southern Sierra rivers, as a way to increase and stabilize the city's water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-controversy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-controversy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) report also described the Tuolumne River as "the best source of sustainable water for San Francisco".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHennessey201217_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessey201217-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Phelan managed to secure <a href="/wiki/Water_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Water rights">water rights</a> for the Tuolumne River in 1901,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHennessey201223_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessey201223-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his appeals to the federal government for development of the Hetch Hetchy Valley were unsuccessful. But when the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a> and subsequent fire razed the city, the dangerous inadequacies of the city's water supply system were brought to national light.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hetch-Hetchy-dam-site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hetch-Hetchy-dam-site.jpg/220px-Hetch-Hetchy-dam-site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hetch-Hetchy-dam-site.jpg/330px-Hetch-Hetchy-dam-site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hetch-Hetchy-dam-site.jpg/440px-Hetch-Hetchy-dam-site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3964" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>The site of O'Shaughnessy Dam before construction began, c. 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Out of fourteen potential water sources considered by the city – which included <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eel_River_(California)" title="Eel River (California)">Eel River</a>, and tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin</a> Rivers – Hetch Hetchy was considered superior for its excellent dam site, abundant sediment-free water, lower cost and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> potential.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHennessey201217_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessey201217-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor192637–44_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor192637–44-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Hetch Hetchy was an isolated, seldom visited <a href="/wiki/Subalpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine">subalpine</a> valley, visited intermittently by gold seekers and sheepherders. However, since 1890, Hetch Hetchy Valley and the surrounding lands had been part of Yosemite National Park and thus off-limits to utility development, let alone at the grand scale proposed by the city.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the valley was not well known to the general public, organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> treasured it for its spectacular beauty, often compared to that of Yosemite Valley itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERighter200511_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERighter200511-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by naturalist and mountaineer <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a>, the Sierra Club adamantly opposed the city of San Francisco as it sought permission from the federal government to build a dam in the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-controversy_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-controversy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908 Secretary of the Interior <a href="/wiki/James_R._Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Garfield">James R. Garfield</a> responded to San Francisco's appeal, granting the city rights to development at Hetch Hetchy, stating that "Hetch Hetchy was not unique, a lake would be even more beautiful than its meadow floor and the hydroelectric power generated could eventually pay for the costs of construction."<sup id="cite_ref-Amero_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amero-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the strongest supporters of the Hetch Hetchy project was <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a>, Chief Forester of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>, who pushed a policy of "conservation through use", promoting the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> of natural resources in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Manetta_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manetta-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1926143_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1926143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 19, 1913, President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Raker_Act" title="Raker Act">Raker Act</a>, which permitted San Francisco's development of the Hetch Hetchy project on the terms that water and power derived from the project could only be used for public utilities, not private profit. Though highly controversial, the bill passed the Senate by a vote of 43 for and 25 against.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200626_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200626-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consensus was that since Hetch Hetchy lay on public land, it was reasonable for its natural resources to be developed for the public benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muir, the Sierra Club and other groups were outraged by the federal government's permission for development at Hetch Hetchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr1997279_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr1997279-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on December 24, 1914, with construction on the dam barely underway, Muir died, leaving his Sierra Club to fight a protracted battle against the Hetch Hetchy Project over the next ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-Manetta_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manetta-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Dam Hetch Hetchy!" Muir had said – "As well dam for water tanks the peoples' cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has been consecrated by the heart of man!"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sierra Club argued that it was not necessary for San Francisco to destroy the valley for its water supply, pointing out the availability of other sites with reasonable proximity<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – including the <a href="/wiki/Mokelumne_River" title="Mokelumne River">Mokelumne River</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> reported in 1913 as "a better and cheaper source than Hetch Hetchy".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Mokelumne was later dammed, in <a href="/wiki/Mokelumne_Aqueduct" title="Mokelumne Aqueduct">a similar scheme</a> to the Hetch Hetchy project, to provide water to the <a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">East Bay</a>.) By this point, however, San Francisco had become "obsessed" with developing Hetch Hetchy, and "dismissed or discarded other rivers and valleys that would have served them better ... as if it was created for their purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERighter20058_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERighter20058-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTHconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HTHconstruction.jpg/220px-HTHconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HTHconstruction.jpg/330px-HTHconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HTHconstruction.jpg/440px-HTHconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Construction work on the dam in August 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Work on the Hetch Hetchy project began in early 1914 shortly after the passage of the Raker Act. The city hired <a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John R. Freeman</a>, who had previously worked on the water supply systems of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, to plan the complex dam and <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200612_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200612-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr1997283_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr1997283-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil engineer <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Shaughnessy" title="Michael O'Shaughnessy">Michael O'Shaughnessy</a> would oversee the construction and design details of the Hetch Hetchy project.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley would subsequently be named in his honor. Before construction of O'Shaughnessy Dam could commence, the city completed a 70-foot (21 m) high dam at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Eleanor" title="Lake Eleanor">Lake Eleanor</a> to provide water for the Early Intake Powerhouse, which was necessary to provide electricity for the construction site of the larger dam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHennessey201234–35_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessey201234–35-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial construction of the dam cost $6,121,000 ($109 million in 2023 dollars),<sup id="cite_ref-construction_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-construction-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was largely financed by <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">revenue bonds</a> issued by the city of San Francisco. To transport workers and materials, the city hired Frederick Rolandi, a San Francisco engineer who had previous experience designing railways, to oversee construction the <a href="/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Railroad" title="Hetch Hetchy Railroad">Hetch Hetchy Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERighter2005142_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERighter2005142-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway would be a 68-mile (109 km) <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> line that followed the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River to the remote dam site. Built from 1915 to 1918 by a workforce of roughly 900, the railway allowed for supplies to be shipped directly from San Francisco along the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Railroad">Southern Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Railroad" title="Sierra Railroad">Sierra</a> lines which connected to the Hetch Hetchy line.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railroad principally used geared <a href="/wiki/Shay_locomotive" title="Shay locomotive">Shay locomotives</a> to negotiate its dangerous winding curves and steep 4 percent grades.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actual groundbreaking on O'Shaughnessy Dam was on August 1, 1919, when Utah Construction Company of San Francisco began preparing the dam site for construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr1997287_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr1997287-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers began clearing the trees in Hetch Hetchy Valley to prepare it for receiving waters of the future reservoir.<sup id="cite_ref-construction_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-construction-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 20-foot (6.1 m) diameter tunnel, later expanded to 23-by-25-foot (7.0 m × 7.6 m), was dug around the south side of the O'Shaughnessy Dam site, and a <a href="/wiki/Dam#Timber_dams" title="Dam">timber crib</a> <a href="/wiki/Cofferdam" title="Cofferdam">cofferdam</a> diverted the waters of the Tuolumne River into the tunnel during construction.<sup id="cite_ref-construction_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-construction-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The riverbed on the site of the future dam was excavated over 100 ft (30 m) before hitting the granite bedrock.<sup id="cite_ref-Amero_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amero-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">retaining wall</a> was poured on the upstream side to prevent water seepage into the foundation hole, and the granite was scoured and artificially roughened to prepare for receiving concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-construction_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-construction-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oshaughnessy_dam_s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Oshaughnessy_dam_s.jpg/220px-Oshaughnessy_dam_s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Oshaughnessy_dam_s.jpg/330px-Oshaughnessy_dam_s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Oshaughnessy_dam_s.jpg/440px-Oshaughnessy_dam_s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>The dam as initially completed in May 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>The concrete for the dam was processed in a plant located shortly upstream from the construction site, with sand and rock excavated from abundant <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial deposits</a> in the Hetch Hetchy valley.<sup id="cite_ref-construction_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-construction-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was mixed with cement shipped in on the Hetch Hetchy Railroad and local boulders ranging from 1 ft (0.30 m) to several yards (metres) in diameter to produce a <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopean">cyclopean</a> construction material for the dam.<sup id="cite_ref-construction_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-construction-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in September 1921, the concrete was hoisted up a 375-foot (114 m) tower on the south side of the gorge, from which it could flow down movable chutes by gravity to the construction site. A total of 398,516 cu yd (304,687 m<sup>3</sup>) of concrete was poured to form a dam standing 226 feet (69 m) above the riverbed and 344 feet (105 m) above foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-construction_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-construction-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last concrete was placed in February 1922 and the dam was completed in May 1923. At the time, it was the second tallest dam in the United States, after <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arrowrock_Dam" title="Arrowrock Dam">Arrowrock Dam</a>. On May 24, 1923, the reservoir filled for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-construction_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-construction-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A peak labor force of five hundred worked on the project,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which claimed the lives of 67 men and one woman.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first hydropower was delivered in 1925 with the completion of the Moccasin Powerhouse, fed by Hetch Hetchy water through the Canyon and Mountain Tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHennessey201278–79_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessey201278–79-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first water deliveries did not reach San Francisco until 1934, eleven years after the completion of O'Shaughnessy Dam and twenty years after groundbreaking of the Hetch Hetchy project.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Shaughnessy Dam had been designed with adequate foundations and a unique stepped face in order to make possible a future increase in the dam height. This was done in anticipation of rapid growth in the demand for water and hydroelectricity. Indeed, between 1935 and 1938, the dam was raised by 85 feet (26 m); a new spillway and outlet channels were constructed to accommodate the increased height and storage capacity, which helped to increase summer generation at downstream powerhouses.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_dam_and_reservoir_today">The dam and reservoir today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The dam and reservoir today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View-looking-down-the-O%E2%80%99Shaughnessy_Dam-Hetch-Hetchy-California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/View-looking-down-the-O%E2%80%99Shaughnessy_Dam-Hetch-Hetchy-California.jpg/220px-View-looking-down-the-O%E2%80%99Shaughnessy_Dam-Hetch-Hetchy-California.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/View-looking-down-the-O%E2%80%99Shaughnessy_Dam-Hetch-Hetchy-California.jpg/330px-View-looking-down-the-O%E2%80%99Shaughnessy_Dam-Hetch-Hetchy-California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/View-looking-down-the-O%E2%80%99Shaughnessy_Dam-Hetch-Hetchy-California.jpg/440px-View-looking-down-the-O%E2%80%99Shaughnessy_Dam-Hetch-Hetchy-California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>View looking down the O’Shaughnessy Dam at the Tuolumne River</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing-on-top-of-Hetch-Hetchy-dam-California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Standing-on-top-of-Hetch-Hetchy-dam-California.jpg/220px-Standing-on-top-of-Hetch-Hetchy-dam-California.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Standing-on-top-of-Hetch-Hetchy-dam-California.jpg/330px-Standing-on-top-of-Hetch-Hetchy-dam-California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Standing-on-top-of-Hetch-Hetchy-dam-California.jpg/440px-Standing-on-top-of-Hetch-Hetchy-dam-California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>On top of the O’Shaughnessy Dam at Hetch Hetchy reservoir in California</figcaption></figure> <p>Completed to its final dimensions in 1938, O'Shaughnessy Dam now stands 312 feet (95 m) above the riverbed and 430 feet (130 m) above bedrock. The crest spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide roadway crossing the top; the thickness of the dam wall reaches a maximum 308 feet (94 m) at the base. Altogether, the structure contains 662,605 cu yd (506,598 m<sup>3</sup>) of concrete and 700,000 pounds (320,000 kg) of steel.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolin_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAdams_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAdams-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASCE_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCE-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from normal water flows through the Canyon Tunnel to the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct, water is released from the reservoir through eleven jet-flow gates on the dam face and an unlined side spillway controlled by three 65 ft (20 m) wide steel drum gates. With gates lowered, the spillway has a capacity of 48,600 cubic feet per second (1,380 m<sup>3</sup>/s).<sup id="cite_ref-RestorationStudy_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RestorationStudy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behind the dam, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir stretches for 8 miles (13 km) along the Tuolumne River, submerging Hetch Hetchy Valley and the lowermost section of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_of_the_Tuolumne" title="Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne">Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne</a>. At maximum capacity, the reservoir stores 360,400 acre-feet (444,500,000 m<sup>3</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering 1,972 acres (798 ha). The dam and reservoir receive water from the upper 459 square miles (1,190 km<sup>2</sup>) of the Tuolumne River watershed, and are supplied with water by <a href="/wiki/Falls_Creek_(California)" title="Falls Creek (California)">Falls Creek</a>, Tiltill Creek, and <a href="/wiki/Rancheria_Creek_(Tuolumne_County,_California)" title="Rancheria Creek (Tuolumne County, California)">Rancheria Creek</a> in addition to the main stem of the Tuolumne.<sup id="cite_ref-ACME_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hetch Hetchy is accessed by the Evergreen/Hetch Hetchy Road, which runs 14 miles (23 km) from <a href="/wiki/Groveland-Big_Oak_Flat,_California" title="Groveland-Big Oak Flat, California">Big Oak Flat</a> along the Tuolumne River and terminates at the crest of the dam. The road is open seasonally as it is not plowed in the winter months.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTHspillway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/HTHspillway.jpg/220px-HTHspillway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/HTHspillway.jpg/330px-HTHspillway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/HTHspillway.jpg/440px-HTHspillway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spillway" title="Spillway">spillway</a> at O'Shaughnessy Dam</figcaption></figure> <p>Hetch Hetchy water drives turbines in the Kirkwood and <a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Dam" title="Moccasin Dam">Moccasin</a> Powerhouses located downstream along the Tuolumne River.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkwood Powerhouse came online in 1967 with two <a href="/wiki/Pelton_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelton turbine">Pelton</a> units, with a third added in 1987, bringing the total generating capacity to 124 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> (MW).<sup id="cite_ref-HTHPower_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTHPower-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkwood is serviced with a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_head" title="Hydraulic head">hydraulic head</a> of 1,450 feet (440 m) through the Canyon Tunnel, and produces an annual average of 549 million <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kilowatt hours</a> (KWh).<sup id="cite_ref-EDF_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new powerhouse was built to replace the old Moccasin Powerhouse in 1969. The new Moccasin Powerhouse, located near <a href="/wiki/Don_Pedro_Reservoir" title="Don Pedro Reservoir">Lake Don Pedro</a> lower on the Tuolumne River, has a capacity of 110 MW from two Pelton turbines. Moccasin generates 427 million KWh per year, and is fed by Hetch Hetchy water through the Mountain Tunnel,<sup id="cite_ref-EDF_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provides a maximum head of 1,300 feet (400 m).<sup id="cite_ref-HTHPower_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTHPower-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water diverted at O'Shaughnessy Dam feeds into the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct, which provides 85 percent of the municipal water for 2.4 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firm water yield is 265,000 acre-feet (0.327 km<sup>3</sup>) per year, or 237 million gallons (895,000 m<sup>3</sup>) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the unique geology of the Hetch Hetchy watershed, which consists of shallow soils underlain by solid granite bedrock, water that flows into the reservoir is exceptionally clear and of very high quality.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quality is further maintained by stringent protection of the watershed; boating and swimming are prohibited at Hetch Hetchy Reservoir (although fishing is permitted at the reservoir and in the rivers which feed it).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, San Francisco tap water is some of the cleanest in the United States, without even the need for filtration, and is said to be of better quality than most bottled water.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_statistics_of_the_O'Shaughnessy_Dam"><span id="Structural_statistics_of_the_O.27Shaughnessy_Dam"></span>Structural statistics of the O'Shaughnessy Dam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structural statistics of the O'Shaughnessy Dam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statistical information of the first construction installment of the O'Shaughnessy Dam is available at the site of the O'Shaughnessy Dam itself.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the height increase installment (pre-1938) the statistical measurements were: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Foundation elevation </td> <td>3,386 ft<br />1,032 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bottom valves elevation </td> <td>3,508 ft<br />1,069 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Initial crest elevation </td> <td>3,726 ft<br />1,136 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Storage capacity </td> <td>66,000,000,000 U.S. gallons<br />2.5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>11</sup> liters; 5.5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> imperial gallons </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drainage area </td> <td>294,000 acres<br />119,000 hectares </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reservoir area </td> <td>1,590 acres<br />640 hectares </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the height increase of 86 feet which was implemented in 1938, the structural statistical information changed to: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Height above stream bed </td> <td>312 ft<br />95 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Height above foundation </td> <td>425 ft<br />130 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crest elevation </td> <td>3,812 ft<br />1,162 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crest length </td> <td>800 ft<br />240 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Storage capacity </td> <td>117,300,000,000 U.S. gallons<br />4.44<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>11</sup> liters; 9.77<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> imperial gallons </td></tr> <tr> <td>Watershed area </td> <td>458 sq mi<br />1,190 km<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reservoir area </td> <td>1,872 acres<br />758 hectares </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_Dam_Removal">Proposed Dam Removal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proposed Dam Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hetch_Hetchy_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley.jpg/220px-Hetch_Hetchy_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley.jpg/330px-Hetch_Hetchy_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley.jpg/440px-Hetch_Hetchy_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4035" data-file-height="2875" /></a><figcaption>Hetch Hetchy Valley before the damming, c. 1908</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy#Proposed_restoration" title="Hetch Hetchy">Proposed restoration of the Hetch Hetchy Valley</a></div> <p>O'Shaughnessy Dam has been controversial since its original construction both for its environmental impact and claims regarding violations of the <a href="/wiki/Raker_Act" title="Raker Act">Raker Act</a> by the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Raker Act explicitly stated that power and water from the Hetch Hetchy Project could be used only for public purposes, San Francisco has sold Hetch Hetchy power to <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Gas & Electric">Pacific Gas & Electric</a> (PG&E) since 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dam removal advocates have stated that San Francisco's utilization of Yosemite National Park for water and power is unfair because of the damage to tourism and the local environment caused by the dam and reservoir. By draining the reservoir, removing the dam and restoring the valley to its original state, visitors to the park would once again be able to enjoy the natural beauty of Hetch Hetchy – once compared to that of <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a>. There are other rivers and reservoirs available for San Francisco to replace the water supply, such as the city's currently unused share of water in <a href="/wiki/Don_Pedro_Reservoir" title="Don Pedro Reservoir">Lake Don Pedro</a>, the biggest reservoir on the Tuolumne River.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, a feasibility report was developed which identified alternatives to O'Shaughnessy Dam.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report provides a planning-level analysis for replacing the water and hydropower benefits that the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir and O’Shaughnessy Dam provide. The report strove to ensure that all solutions must be technologically feasible and affordable and must assure a dependable supply of water to both San Francisco and all affected California communities. The report was peer-reviewed by academic experts and information for the report was provided by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, the Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency, and the Turlock and Modesto Irrigation Districts to help ensure an accurate report. </p><p>In 2006, researchers from the University of California, Davis published an article in a peer-reviewed journal looking at the implications of removing O'Shaughnessy Dam. The study modeled water availability based on increased water demands and the effects of warmer/dryer hydrologic conditions to the year 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found that dam removal in combination with other water infrastructure changes had few effects on the Hetch Hetchy water delivery system and delivery of water to San Francisco. The study identified water filtration as one of the major cost factors in removal of the dam. </p><p>Opponents of dam removal state that the estimated demolition cost of $3–10 billion<sup id="cite_ref-RestorationStudy_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RestorationStudy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a poor investment,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in regards of the resulting loss of renewable hydroelectric power, which would have to be replaced by polluting fossil fuel generation.<sup id="cite_ref-HTHfaq_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTHfaq-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are several options available to replace San Francisco's water, none are of the purity currently supplied by Hetch Hetchy.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also no guarantee that the valley can be successfully restored, as the original valley floor was actually the product of thousands of years of intensive controlled burning and management by the native <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Paiute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valley_and_Sierra_Miwok" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley and Sierra Miwok">Miwok</a> peoples that once lived in the area. Without this intervention, a forest would grow in the place of the valley's renowned meadows.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the increased pressure of new tourism could cause its own environmental damage, as has been demonstrated in the crowded Yosemite Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the hotly contested status of O'Shaughnessy Dam in the environmental field, and occasional federal money set aside for studying alternatives to Hetch Hetchy – such as $7 million provided by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2007 in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Park Service">National Park Service</a> budget<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlennon2009121_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlennon2009121-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – local support for its removal is relatively low. In 2012, San Francisco voters rejected <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_general_elections,_November_2012#Proposition_F" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco general elections, November 2012">Proposition F</a>, which would have ordered the city to study the removal of O'Shaughnessy Dam and draft a plan to replace Hetch Hetchy water, by a vote of 77 percent against.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposition F would have allocated $8 million to create a feasibility study by 2016; new water delivery and filtration systems would have to be in place by 2025 and Hetch Hetchy Reservoir would have to be drained by 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hetch_Hetchy_Valley_in_Yosemite_NP-1200px.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hetch Hetchy Reservoir as seen from the dam"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley_in_Yosemite_NP-1200px.jpg/750px-Hetch_Hetchy_Valley_in_Yosemite_NP-1200px.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley_in_Yosemite_NP-1200px.jpg/1125px-Hetch_Hetchy_Valley_in_Yosemite_NP-1200px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley_in_Yosemite_NP-1200px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hetch_Hetchy_Valley_in_Yosemite_NP-1200px.jpg" title="File:Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite NP-1200px.jpg"> </a></div>Hetch Hetchy Reservoir as seen from the dam</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnis-ld.org/lod/gnis/feature/1652853">"O'Shaughnessy Dam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>. 2000-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Water+Resources+Association&rft.atitle=Reassembling+Hetch+Hetchy%3A+Water+Supply+without+O%27Shaughnessy+Dam&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=April+2006&rft.pages=395-408&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4689117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1752-1688.2006.tb03846.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JAWRA..42..395N&rft.aulast=Null&rft.aufirst=Sarah+E.&rft.au=Lund%2C+Jay+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwatershed.ucdavis.edu%2Fshed%2Flund%2Fpapers%2FHetchHetchy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowe,_Rebecca2011" class="citation news cs1">Bowe, Rebecca (2011-08-09). "Ecological rewind: Environmentalists want to tear down O'Shaughnessy Dam and restore the Hetch Hetchy Valley, but does their plan hold water?". <i>San Francisco Bay Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Bay+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ecological+rewind%3A+Environmentalists+want+to+tear+down+O%27Shaughnessy+Dam+and+restore+the+Hetch+Hetchy+Valley%2C+but+does+their+plan+hold+water%3F&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.au=Bowe%2C+Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorain,_DanHouston,_Paul1987" class="citation news cs1">Morain, Dan; Houston, Paul (1987-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-07-mn-1121-story.html">"Hodel Would Tear Down Dam in Hetch Hetchy"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Hodel+Would+Tear+Down+Dam+in+Hetch+Hetchy&rft.date=1987-08-07&rft.au=Morain%2C+Dan&rft.au=Houston%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1987-08-07-mn-1121-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTHfaq-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTHfaq_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823002441/http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=518">"Frequently Asked Questions About Hetch Hetchy Reservoir and the Regional Water & Power System"</a>. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=518">the original</a> on 2013-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+Hetch+Hetchy+Reservoir+and+the+Regional+Water+%26+Power+System&rft.pub=San+Francisco+Public+Utilities+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfwater.org%2Findex.aspx%3Fpage%3D518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/worth_a_dam/">"Worth a Dam? Hetch Hetchy in Yosemite"</a>. Earth Island Journal. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worth+a+Dam%3F+Hetch+Hetchy+in+Yosemite&rft.pub=Earth+Island+Journal&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthisland.org%2Fjournal%2Findex.php%2Feij%2Farticle%2Fworth_a_dam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnishi,_Norimitsu2012" class="citation news cs1">Onishi, Norimitsu (2012-09-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/10/science/earth/hetch-hetchy-valley-measure-pits-bay-area-against-environmentalists.html?_r=0">"Putting Bay Area's Water Sources to a Vote"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Putting+Bay+Area%27s+Water+Sources+to+a+Vote&rft.date=2012-09-09&rft.au=Onishi%2C+Norimitsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F09%2F10%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fhetch-hetchy-valley-measure-pits-bay-area-against-environmentalists.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Carion,_Denis" class="citation web cs1">De Carion, Denis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174234/https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/tuolumne/includes/uploads/070511124225-66-DDC_HetchHetchy.pdf">"Three Square Miles of Open Space: Is It Enough?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of California Davis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/tuolumne/includes/uploads/070511124225-66-DDC_HetchHetchy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Square+Miles+of+Open+Space%3A+Is+It+Enough%3F&rft.pub=University+of+California+Davis&rft.au=De+Carion%2C+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwatershed.ucdavis.edu%2Ftuolumne%2Fincludes%2Fuploads%2F070511124225-66-DDC_HetchHetchy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierraclub.org/ca/hetchhetchy/nps_hh_restoration.pdf">"Alternatives for Restoration of Hetch Hetchy Valley Following Removal of the Dam and Reservoir"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sierra Club<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternatives+for+Restoration+of+Hetch+Hetchy+Valley+Following+Removal+of+the+Dam+and+Reservoir&rft.pub=Sierra+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Fca%2Fhetchhetchy%2Fnps_hh_restoration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_Karin2012" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Karin (2012-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-xpm-2012-aug-15-la-ed-yosemite-hetch-hetchy-20120815-story.html">"On Hetch Hetchy, John Muir was wrong: California's revered naturalist wrote a poetic diatribe against the drowning of the great valley. But the reservoir has spared it some of the indignities of Yosemite Valley"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=On+Hetch+Hetchy%2C+John+Muir+was+wrong%3A+California%27s+revered+naturalist+wrote+a+poetic+diatribe+against+the+drowning+of+the+great+valley.+But+the+reservoir+has+spared+it+some+of+the+indignities+of+Yosemite+Valley.&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.au=Klein%2C+Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Fla-xpm-2012-aug-15-la-ed-yosemite-hetch-hetchy-20120815-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlennon2009121-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlennon2009121_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlennon2009">Glennon 2009</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers,_Paul2012" class="citation web cs1">Rogers, Paul (2012-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/elections/ci_21944305/san-francisco-vote-study-draining-hetch-hetchy-reservoir">"San Francisco vote to study draining Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is defeated"</a>. <i>Mercury News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercury+News&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+vote+to+study+draining+Hetch+Hetchy+Reservoir+is+defeated&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2Felections%2Fci_21944305%2Fsan-francisco-vote-study-draining-hetch-hetchy-reservoir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartvoter.org/2012/11/06/ca/sf/prop/F/">"Proposition F Water and Environment Plan, San Francisco County"</a>. SmartVoter. 2012-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposition+F+Water+and+Environment+Plan%2C+San+Francisco+County&rft.pub=SmartVoter&rft.date=2012-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartvoter.org%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Fca%2Fsf%2Fprop%2FF%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation web cs1">Davies, Leslie T. (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humboldt-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/2148/60/Davies.pdf?sequence=1">"San Francisco-Hetch Hetchy Valley Connection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Humboldt State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Francisco-Hetch+Hetchy+Valley+Connection&rft.pub=Humboldt+State+University&rft.date=2006-05&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Leslie+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumboldt-dspace.calstate.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2148%2F60%2FDavies.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlennon2009" class="citation book cs1">Glennon, Robert Jerome (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781597264365"><i>Unquenchable: America's Water Crisis and What To Do About It</i></a></span>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-639-0"><bdi>978-1-59726-639-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unquenchable%3A+America%27s+Water+Crisis+and+What+To+Do+About+It&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-639-0&rft.aulast=Glennon&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781597264365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessey2012" class="citation book cs1">Hennessey, Beverly (2012). <i>Hetch Hetchy</i>. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-9322-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-9322-7"><bdi>978-0-7385-9322-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hetch+Hetchy&rft.series=Images+of+America&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-9322-7&rft.aulast=Hennessey&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRighter2005" class="citation book cs1">Righter, Robert W. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleoverhetchh00righ"><i>The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514947-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514947-0"><bdi>978-0-19-514947-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+Over+Hetch+Hetchy%3A+America%27s+Most+Controversial+Dam+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Environmentalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514947-0&rft.aulast=Righter&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleoverhetchh00righ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1997" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Kevin (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195118025"><i>Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511802-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511802-5"><bdi>978-0-19-511802-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+Dreams%3A+The+Great+Depression+in+California&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511802-5&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195118025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1926" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Ray W. (1926). <i>Hetch Hetchy: the story of San Francisco's struggle to provide a water supply for her future needs</i>. R.J. Orozco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hetch+Hetchy%3A+the+story+of+San+Francisco%27s+struggle+to+provide+a+water+supply+for+her+future+needs&rft.pub=R.J.+Orozco&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ray+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%27Shaughnessy+Dam+%28California%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=HTH&d=&span=1month">Daily storage and release data for O'Shaughnessy Dam and Hetch Hetchy Reservoir</a> – California Department of Water Resources</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-29T05:04:49Z","dateModified":"2024-08-30T23:03:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/09\/O%27Shaughnessy_Dam.jpg","headline":"dam in Tuolumne County, California, USA"}</script> </body> </html>