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id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria-Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Austria-Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1914</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1914-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1914 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_empires_clash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_empires_clash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The empires clash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_empires_clash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1915</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1915-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1915 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Powers_victories,_retreat_of_the_Imperial_Russian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Powers_victories,_retreat_of_the_Imperial_Russian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Central Powers victories, retreat of the Imperial Russian Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Powers_victories,_retreat_of_the_Imperial_Russian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Turkish_offensive,_winter_1915–1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Turkish_offensive,_winter_1915–1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Russo-Turkish offensive, winter 1915–1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Turkish_offensive,_winter_1915–1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1916</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1916-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1916 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brusilov_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brusilov_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Brusilov offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brusilov_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_Russian_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_Russian_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Development of Russian industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_Russian_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania_enters_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania_enters_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Romania enters the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania_enters_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proclamation_to_win_over_the_Poles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclamation_to_win_over_the_Poles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Proclamation to win over the Poles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proclamation_to_win_over_the_Poles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Aftermath of 1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1917</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1917-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1917 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Russian_Army_in_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Russian_Army_in_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The Russian Army in 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Russian_Army_in_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_–_the_February_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_–_the_February_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Russia – the February Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_–_the_February_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania_–_the_Summer_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania_–_the_Summer_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Romania – the Summer Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania_–_the_Summer_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerensky_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerensky_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Kerensky offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerensky_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_–_the_October_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_–_the_October_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Russia – the October Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_–_the_October_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1918</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1918-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1918 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Red_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Red_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Formation of the Red Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Red_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(March_1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(March_1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(March_1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Bucharest_(May_1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Bucharest_(May_1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Treaty of Bucharest (May 1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Bucharest_(May_1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>End of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>New conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Role of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoners_of_war_in_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_of_war_in_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Prisoners of war in Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_of_war_in_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Casualties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Russian casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Powers_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Powers_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Central Powers casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Powers_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Territorial changes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Territorial_changes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Territorial changes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Territorial_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Czechoslovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.7</span> <span>Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Front (World War I)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89)" title="الجبهة الشرقية (الحرب العالمية الأولى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجبهة الشرقية (الحرب العالمية الأولى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_D%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99sind%C9%99_%C5%9F%C9%99rq_c%C9%99bh%C9%99si" title="Birinci Dünya müharibəsində şərq cəbhəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci Dünya müharibəsində şərq cəbhəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7)" title="পূর্ব রণাঙ্গন (প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পূর্ব রণাঙ্গন (প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Беренсе донъя һуғышының Көнсығыш фронты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Беренсе донъя һуғышының Көнсығыш фронты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Усходні фронт Першай сусветнай вайны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходні фронт Першай сусветнай вайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Усходні фронт (Першая сусьветная вайна) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Усходні фронт (Першая сусьветная вайна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Източен фронт (Първа световна война) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източен фронт (Първа световна война)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_oriental_(Primera_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Front oriental (Primera Guerra Mundial) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Front oriental (Primera Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_fronta_(prvn%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka)" title="Východní fronta (první světová válka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní fronta (první světová válka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfronten_under_1._verdenskrig" title="Østfronten under 1. verdenskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østfronten under 1. verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostfront_(Erster_Weltkrieg)" title="Ostfront (Erster Weltkrieg) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ostfront (Erster Weltkrieg)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idarinne_(Esimene_maailmas%C3%B5da)" title="Idarinne (Esimene maailmasõda) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Idarinne (Esimene maailmasõda)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF_(%CE%91%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Ανατολικό Μέτωπο (Α΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολικό Μέτωπο (Α΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_oriental_(Primera_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Frente oriental (Primera Guerra Mundial) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frente oriental (Primera Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienta_Fronto_(Unua_Mondmilito)" title="Orienta Fronto (Unua Mondmilito) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienta Fronto (Unua Mondmilito)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Frontea_Lehen_Mundu_Gerran" title="Ekialdeko Frontea Lehen Mundu Gerran – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Frontea Lehen Mundu Gerran" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_(%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84)" title="جبهه شرقی (جنگ جهانی اول) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جبهه شرقی (جنگ جهانی اول)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_de_l%27Est_(Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale)" title="Front de l'Est (Première Guerre mondiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Front de l'Est (Première Guerre mondiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%B6%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A0_(%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84)" title="동부 전선 (제1차 세계 대전) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동부 전선 (제1차 세계 대전)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF_(%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4)" title="Արևելյան ճակատ (Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևելյան ճակատ (Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dno_boji%C5%A1te_(Prvi_svjetski_rat)" title="Istočno bojište (Prvi svjetski rat) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočno bojište (Prvi svjetski rat)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Timur_(Perang_Dunia_I)" title="Front Timur (Perang Dunia I) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Front Timur (Perang Dunia I)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_orientale_(1914-1918)" title="Fronte orientale (1914-1918) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fronte orientale (1914-1918)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="החזית המזרחית במלחמת העולם הראשונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החזית המזרחית במלחמת העולם הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirm%C4%81_pasaules_kara_Austrumu_fronte" title="Pirmā pasaules kara Austrumu fronte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmā pasaules kara Austrumu fronte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_frontas_Pirmajame_pasauliniame_kare" title="Rytų frontas Pirmajame pasauliniame kare – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų frontas Pirmajame pasauliniame kare" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keleti_front_(els%C5%91_vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA)" title="Keleti front (első világháború) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keleti front (első világháború)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Источен фронт (Прва светска војна) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Источен фронт (Прва светска војна)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD)" title="Дорнод фронт (Дэлхийн нэгдүгээр дайн) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дорнод фронт (Дэлхийн нэгдүгээр дайн)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostfront_(Eerste_Wereldoorlog)" title="Oostfront (Eerste Wereldoorlog) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostfront (Eerste Wereldoorlog)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E6%88%A6%E7%B7%9A_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6)" title="東部戦線 (第一次世界大戦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東部戦線 (第一次世界大戦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfronten_(f%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig)" title="Østfronten (første verdenskrig) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Østfronten (første verdenskrig)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%81_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B0_(%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87)" title="ختيځ محاذ (لومړۍ نړيواله جګړه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ختيځ محاذ (لومړۍ نړيواله جګړه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_wschodni_(I_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa)" title="Front wschodni (I wojna światowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Front wschodni (I wojna światowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Oriental_(Primeira_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Frente Oriental (Primeira Guerra Mundial) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frente Oriental (Primeira Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontul_de_R%C4%83s%C4%83rit_(Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial)" title="Frontul de Răsărit (Primul Război Mondial) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frontul de Răsărit (Primul Război Mondial)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">East European theater of World War I</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:360px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Eastern Front</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European theatre of World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_(World_War_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_I%29.jpg/350px-Eastern_Front_%28World_War_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_I%29.jpg/525px-Eastern_Front_%28World_War_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_I%29.jpg/700px-Eastern_Front_%28World_War_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="3350" /></a></span><br />Clockwise from top left: soldiers stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, 1915; German soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a>, March 1918; the Russian ship <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Slava" title="Russian battleship Slava">Slava</a></i>, October 1917; Russian infantry, 1914; Romanian infantry</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 August 1914 – 3 March 1918</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Central Powers victory<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li><li><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span> (1916–1917)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (1916–1917)</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Powers_of_WWI" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Powers of WWI">Allied Powers</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1914–1917)</li><li><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span> (1916–1917)</li><li><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></span> (1916–1917)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_government_at_Sainte-Adresse" title="Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse">Belgium</a> (1915–1917)</li><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> (1916–1917)</span></li><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span> (1916–1917) <hr /></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Soviet Russia</a> (1917–1918)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Leopold of Bavaria">Leopold of Bavaria</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Hoffmann" title="Max Hoffmann">Max Hoffmann</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph I">Franz Joseph I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad von Hötzendorf">Conrad von Hötzendorf</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Arz_von_Strau%C3%9Fenburg" title="Arthur Arz von Straußenburg">A. A. von Straußenburg</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I of Bulgaria</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Zhekov" title="Nikola Zhekov">Nikola Zhekov</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Alekseyev" title="Mikhail Alekseyev">Mikhail Alekseyev</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov" title="Aleksei Brusilov">Aleksei Brusilov</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Prezan" title="Constantin Prezan">Constantin Prezan</a> <hr /></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1063" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Nikolai Krylenko</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Units</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b>East Prussia</b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="8th Army (German Empire)">8th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="10th Army (German Empire)">10th Army</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b>Poland</b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="9th Army (German Empire)">9th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(Austria-Hungary)" title="1st Army (Austria-Hungary)">1st Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legionnaires</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b>Galicia</b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(Austria-Hungary)" title="2nd Army (Austria-Hungary)">2nd Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_(Austria-Hungary)" title="3rd Army (Austria-Hungary)">3rd Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Austria-Hungary)" title="4th Army (Austria-Hungary)">4th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="11th Army (German Empire)">11th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XV Corps</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">Ukrainian People's Army</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b>Romania</b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="9th Army (German Empire)">9th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/52nd_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="52nd Corps (German Empire)">Danube Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(Austria-Hungary)" title="1st Army (Austria-Hungary)">1st Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Bulgaria)" title="Third Army (Bulgaria)">3rd Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="VI Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VI Corps</a></li></ul> <hr /><i>Naval units</i><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">German Navy</a> (Baltic Sea)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Flotilla" title="Constantinople Flotilla">Constantinople Flotilla</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Naval_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg/23px-Naval_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Naval_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg/35px-Naval_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Naval_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg/45px-Naval_standard_of_the_Ottoman_Sultan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> (Black Sea)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/23px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/35px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/45px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Danube_Flotilla" title="Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla">Danube Flotilla</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Units</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Front_(Russian_Empire)" title="Northern Front (Russian Empire)">Northern Front</a></b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="1st Army (Russian Empire)">1st Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/5th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="5th Army (Russian Empire)">5th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="6th Army (Russian Empire)">6th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="12th Army (Russian Empire)">12th Army</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(Russian_Empire)" title="Western Front (Russian Empire)">Western Front</a></b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="2nd Army (Russian Empire)">2nd Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="10th Army (Russian Empire)">10th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Special_Army" title="Special Army">Special Army</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Russian_Empire)" title="Southwestern Front (Russian Empire)">Southwestern Front</a></b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="3rd Army (Russian Empire)">3rd Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="4th Army (Russian Empire)">4th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="7th Army (Russian Empire)">7th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="11th Army (Russian Empire)">11th Army</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front_(Russian_Empire)" title="Romanian Front (Russian Empire)">Romanian Front</a></b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="4th Army (Russian Empire)">4th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="6th Army (Russian Empire)">6th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="8th Army (Russian Empire)">8th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="9th Army (Russian Empire)">9th Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Romania)" title="Second Army (Romania)">2nd Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Army (Romania)">1st Army</a></li></ul> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Army (Romania)">4th Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Romania)" title="Third Army (Romania)">3rd Army</a><hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia"><img alt="Bohemia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Legions">Czechoslovak Legions</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Volunteer_Division" title="First Serbian Volunteer Division">1st Serbian Division</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Expeditionary_Corps_in_Russia" title="Belgian Expeditionary Corps in Russia">Expeditionary Corps</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Armoured_Car_Expeditionary_Force" title="British Armoured Car Expeditionary Force">Expeditionary Force</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_military_mission_to_Romania_(1916-1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="French military mission to Romania (1916-1918)">French Military Mission</a><hr /><i>Naval units</i><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg/23px-Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg/35px-Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg/45px-Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Black_Sea_Fleet_during_World_War_I" title="Romanian Black Sea Fleet during World War I">Black Sea Fleet</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg/23px-Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg/35px-Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg/45px-Romanian_Army_Flag_-_1872_official_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Danube_Flotilla" title="Romanian Danube Flotilla">Danube Flotilla</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_submarine_flotilla_in_the_Baltic" title="British submarine flotilla in the Baltic">Baltic Submarine Flotilla</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><i>October 1917</i> </p> <b>1,178,600</b> infantry <br /> <b>39,000</b> cavalry <br /><b>1,690</b> light guns <br /><b>2,230</b> heavy guns<br /></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><i>October 1917</i> </p> <b>2,166,700</b> infantry <br /> <b>110,600</b> cavalry <br /> <b>1,226</b> light guns <br /> <b>1,139</b> heavy guns</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b>1,612,089<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–2,000,000</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016261_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016261-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />317,118<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dead<br />1,151,153 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />143,818 captured<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <b>4,377,000–5,172,000:</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />726,000–1,150,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2,172,000 wounded<br />1,479,289–1,850,000 captured<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <b>45,000:</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />8,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-turkeyswar_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkeyswar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />22,000 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-turkeyswar_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkeyswar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />10,000 captured<sup id="cite_ref-Yanikdag_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanikdag-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b>30,250</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><hr /><b>Total:<br />5,952,000–6,452,000+ casualties<div><ul><li>1,038,000–1,458,000 dead</li></ul></div></b></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b>6,500,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016245_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016245-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–9,000,000</b><br />See <a href="#Casualties">casualities selection</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <b>535,700:</b><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />335,706 dead<br />120,000 wounded<br />80,000 captured<hr /><b>Total: <br />~7,035,700–8,054,569+ casualties<div><ul><li>1,110,706–2,590,100 dead</li></ul></div></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Civilian deaths:</b> <br /> <b>2,000,000+</b> <br /> <b>Russian Empire:</b><br />410,000 civilians died due to military action<br />730,000 civilians died of war-related causes<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Kingdom of Romania:</b><br />130,000 civilians died due to military action<br />200,000 civilians died of war-related causes<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Austria-Hungary:</b><br />120,000 civilians died due to military action<br />467,000 civilians died of war-related causes<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template:Campaignbox Eastern Front (World War I)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Eastern Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Eastern Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Front" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Front</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1914</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wierzbo%C5%82%C3%B3w_station" title="Battle of the Wierzbołów station">Wierzbołów</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">1st East Prussia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stallup%C3%B6nen" title="Battle of Stallupönen">Stallupönen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Orlau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Orlau (page does not exist)">Orlau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kaushen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kaushen (page does not exist)">Kaushen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-Bresau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gross-Bresau (page does not exist)">Gross-Bresau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gumbinnen" title="Battle of Gumbinnen">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abschwangen_massacre" title="Abschwangen massacre">Abschwangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">1st Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">East Prussia war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Galicia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kra%C5%9Bnik" title="Battle of Kraśnik">1st Kraśnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komar%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Komarów (1914)">Komarow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Zolota_Lypa" title="Battle of the Zolota Lypa">Zolota Lypa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gnila_Lipa" title="Battle of Gnila Lipa">Gnila Lipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rawa" title="Battle of Rawa">Rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gorodek_(1914)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gorodek (1914) (page does not exist)">Gorodek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halich-Lviv_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halich-Lviv offensive (page does not exist)">Halich-Lviv offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jaros%C5%82awice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jarosławice (page does not exist)">Jarosławice</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86" class="extiw" title="ru:Бой у Ярославиц">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Galicia war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_August%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Augustów (1914)">Augustów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osowiec_Fortress#First_German_Assault_(September_1914)" title="Osowiec Fortress">1st Osowiec</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Battle of the Vistula River">1st Vistula River</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laski_and_Anielin" title="Battle of Laski and Anielin"> Laski and Anielin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_San_river_(1914)" title="Battle of the San river (1914)">San River</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mo%C5%82otk%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Mołotków">Mołotków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Second Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">2nd East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(1914)" title="Battle of Łódź (1914)">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Kraków (1914)">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krzywop%C5%82oty" title="Battle of Krzywopłoty">Krzywopłoty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Limanowa" title="Battle of Limanowa">Limanowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81owcz%C3%B3wek" title="Battle of Łowczówek">Łowczówek</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Four_Rivers" title="Battle of the Four Rivers">Bzura-Rawka</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Lupovsky_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Lupovsky Pass (page does not exist)">Lupovsky Pass</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1915</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A2rlibaba" title="Battle of Cârlibaba">Cârlibaba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Front">Carpathians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafajlowa" title="Battle of Rafajlowa">Rafajlowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozevo_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozevo offensive (page does not exist)">Kozevo offensive</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Битва под Козево">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Height_958" title="Battle for Height 958">Makivka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humin-Bolim%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Humin-Bolimów">Humin-Bolimów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">2nd Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Przasnysz" title="First Battle of Przasnysz">1st Przasnysz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Łomża</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Memel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raid on Memel (page does not exist)">Memel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_battle_at_Kalvarija" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter battle at Kalvarija">Kalvarija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Second Battle of the Vistula River">2nd Vistula River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osowiec_Fortress#Second_Battle_(February-March_1915)" title="Osowiec Fortress">2nd Osowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry_battle_of_Courland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavalry battle of Courland (page does not exist)">1st Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bolim%C3%B3w" title="Second Battle of Bolimów">2nd Bolimów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pakos%C5%82aw" title="Battle of Pakosław">Pakosław</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice_breakthrough" title="Gorlice breakthrough">Gorlice breakthrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Syniava" title="Battle of Syniava">Syniava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konary" title="Battle of Konary">Konary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_Rokitna" title="Charge of Rokitna">Rokitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tar%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Tarłów">Tarłów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_of_the_Dead_Men" title="Attack of the Dead Men">3rd Osowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skoropadsky%27s_attack_under_Kraupishken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skoropadsky's attack under Kraupishken (page does not exist)">Kraupishken</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Przasnysz" title="Second battle of Przasnysz">2nd Przasnysz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narew_Offensive" title="Narew Offensive">Narew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Novogeorgievsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula-Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jastk%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Jastków">Jastków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga%E2%80%93Schaulen_offensive" title="Riga–Schaulen offensive">Riga-Schaulen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Riga_offensive" title="First Riga offensive">1st Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kovno" title="Siege of Kovno">Kovno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dniestr_and_Zolota_Lypa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dniestr and Zolota Lypa">Dniestr–Zolota Lypa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rasna" title="Battle of Rasna">Rasna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_on_Grubeshov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March on Grubeshov (page does not exist)">Grubeshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strypa_River" title="Battle of the Strypa River">Strypa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prut_operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prut operation (page does not exist)">Prut</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rovno_offensive" title="Rovno offensive">Rovno</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilno-Dvinsk_offensive" title="Vilno-Dvinsk offensive">Vilno</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Death_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Death Island (page does not exist)">Death Island</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/n%C4%81ves_sala" class="extiw" title="lv:nāves sala">lv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smorgon" title="Battle of Smorgon">Smorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zurvno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zurvno (page does not exist)">Zurnvo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Plakanciema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Plakanciema (page does not exist)">Plakanciema</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakanciema_kauja" class="extiw" title="lv:Plakanciema kauja">lv</a>]</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>1916</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Kekava" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Kekava">1st Kekava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_in_Stolovichy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle in Stolovichy (page does not exist)">Stolovichy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutsk" title="Battle of Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamorni%C8%9Ba_border_clash" title="Mamornița border clash">Mamornița</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kostiuchn%C3%B3wka" title="Battle of Kostiuchnówka">Kostiuchnówka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kowel" title="Battle of Kowel">Kowel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Kekava" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Kekava">2nd Kekava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Brusilov_offensive" title="Second Brusilov offensive">Second Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Misa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Misa (page does not exist)">Misa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asemasota_Missejoella" class="extiw" title="fi:Asemasota Missejoella">fi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Schmarden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Schmarden (page does not exist)">Schmarden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmardenin_taistelu" class="extiw" title="fi:Schmardenin taistelu">fi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lysonia_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lysonia Hill (page does not exist)">Lysonia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за гору Лисоня">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_campaign_(1916)" title="Romanian campaign (1916)">Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Battles" title="Christmas Battles">Christmas Battles</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1917</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zboriv_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zboriv (1917)">Zboriv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarnopol_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarnopol offensive (page does not exist)">Tarnopol offensive</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnopol-Offensive" class="extiw" title="de:Tarnopol-Offensive">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krechowce" title="Battle of Krechowce">Krechowce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_in_Krevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation in Krevo (page does not exist)">Krevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_campaign_(1917)" title="Romanian campaign (1917)">Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_offensive_(1917)" title="Riga offensive (1917)">2nd Riga</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Little_Jugla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Little Jugla (page does not exist)">Jugla</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauja_pie_Maz%C4%81s_Juglas" class="extiw" title="lv:Kauja pie Mazās Juglas">lv</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albion" title="Operation Albion"><i>Albion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zhmerynka" title="Battle of Zhmerynka">Zhmerynka</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>1918</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Battle of Galați">Battle of Galați</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia" title="Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bobruysk_(1918)" title="Battle of Bobruysk (1918)">Battle of Bobruysk (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rara%C5%84cza" title="Battle of Rarańcza">Rarańcza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag"><i>Faustschlag</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Keila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Keila (page does not exist)">Keila</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keila_lahing_(1918)" class="extiw" title="et:Keila lahing (1918)">et</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pskov_(1918)" title="Battle of Pskov (1918)">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berdychiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Berdychiv (page does not exist)">Battle of Berdychiv</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%96%D0%B2_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бій за Бердичів (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Kamianets-Podilskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi (page does not exist)">Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бій за Кам'янець-Подільський (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Battle_of_Irpin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Battle of Irpin (page does not exist)">The Battle of Irpin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Ірпінський бій (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clashes_outside_of_Narva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clashes outside of Narva (page does not exist)">Narva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmach" title="Battle of Bakhmach">Bakhmach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozova_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lozova station (page does not exist)">Lozova station</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8E_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(1918%E2%80%931919)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за станцію Лозова (1918–1919)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrebinkivskaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrebinkivskaya (page does not exist)">Hrebinkivskaya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9_1918_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" class="extiw" title="uk:Гребінківській бій 1918 року">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_for_the_Donbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles for the Donbas (page does not exist)">Donbas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за Донбас (1918)">uk</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barvinkovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barvinkovo (page does not exist)">Barvinkovo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за Барвінкове">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Izyum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Izyum (page does not exist)">Battle for Izyum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BC_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бій за Ізюм (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Rodakovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Rodakovo (page does not exist)">Rodakovo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Бои за Родаково">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Gorlovka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Gorlovka (page does not exist)">Gorlovka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Бой за Горловку">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_for_Horlivka_(1918)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles for Horlivka (1918) (page does not exist)">Battles for Horlivka (1918)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за Горлівку (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Operation_(1918)" title="Crimea Operation (1918)">Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assault_on_Chongar_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assault on Chongar Bridge (page does not exist)">Assault on Chongar Bridge</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Штурм Чонгарского моста">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sivash_breakthrough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sivash breakthrough (page does not exist)">Sivash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Salt_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Salt Lake (page does not exist)">Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sevastopol_(1918)" title="Battle of Sevastopol (1918)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatar Uprising (page does not exist)">Tatar Uprising</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Повстання кримських татар (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Conquest_of_Don_Host&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Conquest of Don Host (page does not exist)">Don Host</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_landing_(operation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red landing (operation) (page does not exist)">Red landing (operation)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Красный десант (операция)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Capture_of_Rostov-on-Don&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Capture of Rostov-on-Don (page does not exist)">Rostov-on-Don</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Ukrainian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1918 Ukrainian coup d'état">Hetman's coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kani%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Kaniów">Kaniów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibrivka" title="Battle of Dibrivka">Dibrivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Romanian Campaign (1918)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval warfare</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Baltic_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914–1918">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I">Black Sea</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Peace treaties</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_negotiations" title="1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations">1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(August_27,_1918)" title="Treaty of Berlin (August 27, 1918)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theaters_of_World_War_I" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theaters_of_World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Theaters of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle East</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai & Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia_during_World_War_I" title="South Arabia during World War I">South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi-Rashidi_War_(1915%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Saudi-Rashidi War (1915–1918)">Central Arabia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segale" title="Battle of Segale">Ethiopia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific theater</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Theatre_of_WWI" title="North-West Frontier Theatre of WWI">North-West Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval theater</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_North_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox North Sea 1914–1918">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Baltic_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914–1918">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Command_of_the_Oceans_1914%E2%80%931917" title="Template:Campaignbox Command of the Oceans 1914–1917"> Indian and Pacific Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Eastern Front</b> or <b>Eastern Theater</b> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <sup id="cite_ref-other_names_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-other_names-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theater of operations</a> that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> on one side and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> on the other. It ranged from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in the south, involved most of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and stretched deep into <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. The term contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, which was being fought in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>. Unlike the static warfare on the Western Front, the fighting on the geographically larger Eastern Front was <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">more dynamic</a>, often involving the flanking and encirclement of entire formations, and resulted in over 100,000 square miles of territory becoming occupied by a foreign power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20151_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20151-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2015312_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2015312-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the war Russia launched offensives against both Germany and Austria-Hungary that were meant to achieve a rapid victory. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">invasion of East Prussia</a> was completely defeated while the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">advance</a> into Austria-Hungary <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Campaign" title="Carpathian Campaign">stalled in the Carpathians</a>, and following successful offensives by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in 1915 its gains were reversed. Germany and Austria-Hungary defeated Russian forces <a href="/wiki/Gorlice-Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorlice-Tarnów offensive">in Galicia</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">and Poland</a>, causing Russia to <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">abandon</a> the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Polish salient</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReese202396–98_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese202396–98-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the campaigns of 1914–1915 also failed to achieve Germany's objective of taking Russia out of the war, and by 1916 Germany prioritized its resources for winning in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20156_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20156-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia went on the offensive to take pressure off of France at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a>: Russia's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">attack near Lake Naroch</a> in early 1916 was quickly defeated by Germany, but in the summer of 1916 the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a> became the largest <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> victory in the war. Russia inflicted over one million casualties on Austria-Hungary and forced Germany to redeploy divisions from the Western Front, at the cost of its own heavy losses. In August 1916 <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">Romania entered the war</a> but was <a href="/wiki/The_Romanian_Debacle" title="The Romanian Debacle">quickly overrun</a> by Germany, though Russia <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front_(Russian_Empire)" title="Romanian Front (Russian Empire)">helped prevent</a> a total Romanian collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReese202398–100_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese202398–100-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events of the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> February] 1917, caused by food shortages in Russian cities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201791–101_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201791–101-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began a decline in discipline among the troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReese2023101–102_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese2023101–102-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2017113_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2017113-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the abdication of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> chose to continue the war to fulfill its obligations to the Entente.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor202253–56_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor202253–56-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1917 Russia's <a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">last offensive of the war</a> ended in failure, and in September Germany <a href="/wiki/Riga_offensive_(1917)" title="Riga offensive (1917)">captured Riga</a>, bringing the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">German Army</a> closer to the Russian capital. This was followed by a <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">military coup attempt</a> that weakened the Provisional Government. The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> October] 1917. Despite the political instability, the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_(1917)" title="Russian Army (1917)">Russian Army</a> was still intact and stayed at the front line until early 1918,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the Bolsheviks began taking steps to dissolve it in December 1917 while maintaining some forces against the Central Powers as their negotiations were ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">new Soviet government</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> with the Central Powers in March 1918 after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a>, taking Russia out of the war; leading to a Central Powers victory. However, the Western Entente soon defeated the Central Powers, with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk being annulled by the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a>. Romania and the Central Powers signed a separate <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">peace treaty</a> on 7 May 1918, but it was canceled by Romania on 10 November 1918. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> eventually led to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>'s ultimatum to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> on 23 July 1914 with German backing, and after the Serbian response to it was rejected, Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia on 28 July. Russia had made a decision to support Serbia and defend its interests in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> before that, and on 29 July Russian emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> ordered a partial mobilization of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian Army</a> in the military districts that bordered Austria. The following day he was convinced by his advisors to order a full mobilization to follow the military's existing mobilization schedule. Nicholas hoped Germany would see this as a regional conflict between Russia and Austria, but because their war plans depended on taking advantage of Russia's slower mobilization speed, and due to the position of both countries, they felt pressure to go to war immediately. Austria-Hungary began full mobilization on 31 July, and Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201528–31_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201528–31-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russian entry into World War I</a></div> <p>Russia's plan at the outbreak of war was known as Schedule 19. Approved by Emperor Nicholas II in July 1910 and amended over the next two years, the plan concentrated Russia's armies on its western border with Germany and Austria-Hungary and was initially defensive. The original Schedule 19 would have had the Russian Army mobilize its troops to locations that were a significant distance away from its western border and leave the entire <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Polish salient</a> to be defended by local fortresses and the Warsaw garrison. Under this version Russia would not have taken any offensive action and would have waited to react to movements by Germany and Austria-Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201547–48_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201547–48-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defensive nature of Russian planning went back to the military reforms in the 1860s following the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201544_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201544-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was also influenced by the limited capability of Russia's railway network to facilitate the quick mobilization of troops, though that was gradually improving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201546–47_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201546–47-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian strategy remained this way until developments that took place starting in 1911. That was the year that the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> chief of staff visited Russia and asked the Russian high command to plan for an immediate offensive if war with Germany broke out to help prevent them from capturing Paris. This was also in accordance with Russia's 1892 promise to attack Germany if France was invaded in order to open a second front. In 1912 the Russian chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zhilinsky" title="Yakov Zhilinsky">Yakov Zhilinsky</a>, told the French that Russia would go on the offensive against Germany fifteen days after the start of its mobilization. By this point, the improvements in Russia's infrastructure made this a lot more feasible, and there was also domestic pressure for Russia to not abandon its borderlands to foreign occupation. In 1911 new proposals for modifying Schedule 19 were made by army officers, with the most notable among them being Quartermaster-General <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Danilov" title="Yuri Danilov">Yuri Danilov</a>'s argument for going on the offensive against both Germany and Austria-Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201548–49_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201548–49-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1912, the Russian high command decided on a variant of the plan known as Schedule 19A, in which two Russian armies would invade <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> while four armies would invade <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>. This did not give Russia the decisive advantage in either location, but it tried to balance the need for Russia to support France by attacking Germany while also acknowledging that the main interest of <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">Russian foreign policy was in the Balkans</a>. The plan also meant that Russia would begin its offensive before its army was fully mobilized, but it was believed that this was a necessary risk, because there would be a limited amount of time to attack Germany in support of France. The adoption of Schedule 19A in 1912 marked the first time in decades that Russian war planning was primarily offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201548–49_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201548–49-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">German entry into World War I</a></div> <p>Prior to the outbreak of war, German strategy was based on the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Agreement</a> in place from the early 1890s, Germany knew that war with either of these combatants would result in war with the other, which meant that there would be a <a href="/wiki/Two-front_war" title="Two-front war">two-front war</a> in both the west and the east. Therefore, the German General Staff, led by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Schlieffen" title="Alfred von Schlieffen">Alfred von Schlieffen</a> from 1891 to 1906, developed a plan that called for German armies to pass through <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and then turn south to quickly capture Paris, while a smaller German force would pin down the French defenders along the Franco-German border. With France being defeated before Russia could fully mobilize, Germany could then turn its focus on Russia, which Schlieffen believed would not be taken out of the war as quickly because of its much larger territory. The Schlieffen Plan was actually a change from his predecessor in the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth von Moltke the Elder</a>, who believed that Germany should first be on the defensive in the west and should coordinate with Austria to defeat Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201523–25_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201523–25-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schlieffen's successor at the General Staff, <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Younger" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Younger">Helmuth von Moltke the Younger</a>, maintained the basic plan that Schlieffen put forward in 1905 of quickly knocking out France in the west before turning to focus on Russia, thereby avoiding a two-front war. This strategy was fully adopted by the German government in 1913. But the plan did not take into account that the growing military capabilities of Russia in the years since the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> meant that the Russian mobilization would proceed faster than Schlieffen had originally thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201523–25_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201523–25-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another problem with the German strategy was the deliberate choice to not coordinate it with their allies in Austria-Hungary. Moltke the Younger wanted Austria to assist Germany by going on the offensive against Russia in the early stages of the war, and never told his Austrian counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf" title="Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf">Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf</a>, that Germany was not going have its own offensive in the east. Conrad, for his part, was also misleading the Germans by allowing them to think Austria would prioritize an attack against Russia, when he actually planned to focus the Austro-Hungarian offensive power against Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201525–26_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201525–26-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> believed it could be victorious over Britain with Russian neutrality, something which Moltke knew would not be possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Austria-Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_(1908).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/170px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/255px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/340px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="4965" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the French magazine Le Petit Journal on the Bosnian Crisis. Bulgaria declares its independence and its prince <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand</a> is named Tsar. Austria-Hungary, in the person of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph</a>, annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> looks on helplessly.</figcaption></figure> <p>Austria-Hungary's participation in the outbreak of World War I has been neglected by historians, as emphasis has traditionally been placed on Germany's role as the prime instigator.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_1991_1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson_1991_1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the "spark" that ignited the First World War is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> by Gavrilo Princip, which took place on 28 June 1914. Approximately a month later, on 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. This act led to a series of events that would quickly expand into the First World War; thus, the Habsburg government in Vienna initiated the pivotal decision that would begin the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_1991_1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson_1991_1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The causes of the Great War have generally been defined in diplomatic terms, but certain deep-seated issues in Austria-Hungary undoubtedly contributed to the beginnings of the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austro-Hungarian situation in the Balkans pre-1914 is a primary factor in its involvement in the war. The <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">movement towards South Slav unity</a> was a major problem for the Habsburg Empire, which was facing increasing nationalist pressure from its multinational populace. As Europe's third largest state, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was hardly homogeneous; comprising over fifty million people and eleven nationalities, the Empire was a conglomeration of a number of diverse cultures, languages, and peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specifically, the South Slavic people of Austria-Hungary desired to amalgamate with Serbia in an effort to officially solidify their shared cultural heritage. Over seven million South Slavs lived inside the Empire, while three million lived outside it.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the growing emergence of nationalism in the twentieth century, unity of all South Slavs looked promising. This tension is exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad von Hötzendorf">Conrad von Hötzendorf</a>'s letter to Franz Ferdinand: </p> <blockquote><p>The unification of the South Slav race is one of the powerful national movements which can neither be ignored nor kept down. The question can only be, whether unification will take place within the boundaries of the Monarchy – that is at the expense of Serbia's independence – or under Serbia's leadership at the expense of the Monarchy. The cost to the Monarchy would be the loss of its South Slav provinces and thus of almost its entire coastline. The loss of territory and prestige would relegate the Monarchy to the status of a small power.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> in 1908 by Austrian foreign minister Baron von Aehrenthal in an effort to assert domination over the Balkans inflamed Slavic nationalism and angered Serbia. Bosnia-Herzegovina became a "rallying cry" for South Slavs, with hostilities between Austria-Hungary and Serbia steadily increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation was ripe for conflict, and when the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated Austrian imperial heir, Franz Ferdinand, these longstanding hostilities culminated into an all-out war. </p><p>The Allied Powers wholeheartedly supported the Slavs' nationalistic fight. <a href="/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan">George Macaulay Trevelyan</a>, a British historian, saw Serbia's war against Austria-Hungary as a "war of liberation" that would "free South Slavs from tyranny."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his own words: "If ever there was a battle for freedom, there is such a battle now going on in Southeastern Europe against Austrian and Magyar. If this war ends in the overthrow of the Magyar tyranny, an immense step forward will have been taken toward racial liberty and European peace."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Rumania,_New_York_Times,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Greater_Rumania%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1919.jpg/240px-Greater_Rumania%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Greater_Rumania%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1919.jpg/360px-Greater_Rumania%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Greater_Rumania%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1919.jpg/480px-Greater_Rumania%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Border changes in favor of Romania as stipulated in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the immediate years preceding the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the Kingdom of Romania was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> on the side of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and the Ottoman Empire against Bulgaria. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a>, signed on 10 August 1913, ended the Balkan conflict and added 6,960 square kilometers to Romania's territory.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although militarized, Romania decided upon a policy of neutrality at the start of the First World War, mainly due to having territorial interests in both Austria-Hungary (<a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>) and in Russia (<a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>). Strong cultural influences also affected Romanian leanings, however. King <a href="/wiki/Carol_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol I">Carol I</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a>, favoured his Germanic roots, while the Romanian people, influenced by their Orthodox church and Latin-based language, were inclined to join France. Perhaps King Carol's attempts at joining the war on the side of the Central powers would have been fruitful had he not died in 1914, but Romanian disenchantment with Austria-Hungary had already influenced public and political opinion. French endorsement of Romanian action against Bulgaria, and support of the terms of the Treaty of Bucharest was particularly effective at inclining Romania towards the Entente. Furthermore, Russian courting of Romanian sympathies, exemplified by the visit of the Tsar to <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> on 14 June 1914, signaled in a new era of positive relations between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I of Romania</a> maintained a policy of neutrality, intending to gain the most for Romania by negotiating between competing powers. The result of the negotiations with the Entente was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest (1916)</a>, which stipulated the conditions under which Romania agreed to join the war on the side of the Entente, particularly territorial promises in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>: Transylvania, <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maramureș (historical region)">Maramureș</a>, the whole <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> and most of Bukovina. According to historian John Keegan, these enticements offered by the Allies were never concrete, for in secret, Russia and France agreed not to honor any conventions when the end of the war came.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1914">1914</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the years prior to 1914, Austro-Russian co-operation was both crucial for European peace and difficult to maintain. Old suspicions exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">Bosnian crisis</a> stood in the way of agreement between the two empires, as did ethnic sensitivities. </p><p>The Russian military was the largest in the world consisting of 1,400,000 men. They could also mobilize up to 5 million men, but only had 4.6 million rifles to give them. Russian troops were satisfactorily supplied at the beginning of the war, there was more light artillery than France, and no less than Germany. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEБорисюк202383_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEБорисюк202383-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2022448_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2022448-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_empires_clash">The empires clash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The empires clash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_103-121-018,_Tannenberg,_Hindenburg_auf_Schlachtfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_103-121-018%2C_Tannenberg%2C_Hindenburg_auf_Schlachtfeld.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_103-121-018%2C_Tannenberg%2C_Hindenburg_auf_Schlachtfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_103-121-018%2C_Tannenberg%2C_Hindenburg_auf_Schlachtfeld.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_103-121-018%2C_Tannenberg%2C_Hindenburg_auf_Schlachtfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_103-121-018%2C_Tannenberg%2C_Hindenburg_auf_Schlachtfeld.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_103-121-018%2C_Tannenberg%2C_Hindenburg_auf_Schlachtfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> at Tannenberg,<br /> by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Vogel_(painter)" title="Hugo Vogel (painter)">Hugo Vogel</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_engagement_in_Hungary_between_an_Austro-Hungarian_force_and_Russian_cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/An_engagement_in_Hungary_between_an_Austro-Hungarian_force_and_Russian_cavalry.jpg/220px-An_engagement_in_Hungary_between_an_Austro-Hungarian_force_and_Russian_cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/An_engagement_in_Hungary_between_an_Austro-Hungarian_force_and_Russian_cavalry.jpg/330px-An_engagement_in_Hungary_between_an_Austro-Hungarian_force_and_Russian_cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/An_engagement_in_Hungary_between_an_Austro-Hungarian_force_and_Russian_cavalry.jpg/440px-An_engagement_in_Hungary_between_an_Austro-Hungarian_force_and_Russian_cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>An engagement in Hungary</figcaption></figure> <p>The first events were the capture of Kalish and Chenhostov by the Germans without fighting, and the first real clash was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wierzbo%C5%82%C3%B3w_station" title="Battle of the Wierzbołów station">clashes at Wierzbołów</a>.<br />The first full-scale operation was <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">invasion of East Prussia</a> on 17 August 1914 and the Austro-Hungarian province of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian offensive in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stallup%C3%B6nen" title="Battle of Stallupönen">Battle of Stallupönen</a>, which was the opening battle of the Eastern Front,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quickly turned to a disastrous defeat following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a> in August 1914;<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the Russians were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gumbinnen" title="Battle of Gumbinnen">successfully defending at Gumbinnen</a> a while before Tannenberg. After the Russian disaster, German troops under the command of Hindenburg inflicted another crushing defeat on the numerically superior Russian army in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a>. A second Russian incursion into Galicia was more successful, with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> controlling almost all of that region by the end of 1914, routing four Austrian armies in the process. Under the command of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Judovich_Ivanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Judovich Ivanov">Nikolai Ivanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ruzsky" title="Nikolai Ruzsky">Nikolai Ruzsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov" title="Aleksei Brusilov">Aleksei Brusilov</a>, the Russians won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a> in September and began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a>, the next fortress on the road towards <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This early Russian success in 1914 on the Austro-Russian border was a reason for concern to the Central Powers and caused considerable <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> forces to be transferred to the East to take pressure off the Austrians, leading to the creation of the new <a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="9th Army (German Empire)">German Ninth Army</a>. The Austro-Hungarian government accepted the Polish proposal of establishing the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Committee" title="Supreme National Committee">Supreme National Committee</a> as the Polish central authority within the Empire, responsible for the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a>, an auxiliary military formation within the Austro-Hungarian army. At the end of 1914, the main focus of the fighting shifted to central part of <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Russian Poland</a>, west of the river <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuyOnacewicz196731_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyOnacewicz196731-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The October <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Battle of the Vistula River">Battle of the Vistula River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_August%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Augustów (1914)">Augustow operation</a>, and the November <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(1914)" title="Battle of Łódź (1914)">Battle of Łódź</a> they brought the Germans only huge losses, and the strengthening of the Russians in the region. Germans' initial plans to destroy the Russians in Poland ended in desperate attempts to prevent their invasion of Silesia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuyOnacewicz19673_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyOnacewicz19673-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Austria-Hungary was trying to regain the territories lost in the summer, they attacked the Russians on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_San_river_(1914)" title="Battle of the San river (1914)">San River</a>, and after a long period of fighting they were forced to retreat. The Russians went on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Kraków (1914)">offensive</a>, came close to Krakow and occupied Chernivtsi, but a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Limanowa" title="Battle of Limanowa">counterattack</a> by the Central Powers saved the situation. </p><p>The year ended with a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Four_Rivers" title="Battle of the Four Rivers">bloody battle</a> on the rivers Bzura, Ravka, Nida and Pilica, where the Central Powers planned to take Warsaw, but could not and were forced to withdraw from the battle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1915">1915</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Powers_victories,_retreat_of_the_Imperial_Russian_Army"><span id="Central_Powers_victories.2C_retreat_of_the_Imperial_Russian_Army"></span>Central Powers victories, retreat of the Imperial Russian Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Central Powers victories, retreat of the Imperial Russian Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Troops_NGM-v31-p372.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Russian_Troops_NGM-v31-p372.jpg/220px-Russian_Troops_NGM-v31-p372.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Russian_Troops_NGM-v31-p372.jpg/330px-Russian_Troops_NGM-v31-p372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Russian_Troops_NGM-v31-p372.jpg/440px-Russian_Troops_NGM-v31-p372.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption>Russian troops going to the front: Support for the imperial guard being hurried into the fighting line</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sieg_unfern_pereinigten_Waffen!_-_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sieg_unfern_pereinigten_Waffen%21_-_postcard.jpg/220px-Sieg_unfern_pereinigten_Waffen%21_-_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sieg_unfern_pereinigten_Waffen%21_-_postcard.jpg/330px-Sieg_unfern_pereinigten_Waffen%21_-_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sieg_unfern_pereinigten_Waffen%21_-_postcard.jpg/440px-Sieg_unfern_pereinigten_Waffen%21_-_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>Postcard depicting a German and Austro-Hungarian soldier fighting together against Russia. Translated caption: "Victory with our united weapons!"</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1915 the Chief of <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German Great General Staff</a>, General of Infantry <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a> decided to make its main effort on the Eastern Front, and accordingly transferred considerable forces there. The year began with a successful German offensive in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Masurian lakes</a>. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Przasnysz" title="First Battle of Przasnysz">a large battle for the city of Przasnysz</a> took place on the Polish front. The city changed hands several times but eventually remained in Russian hands. As a result of the battle, the Germans lost from 38,000 to 60,000 soldiers and Russian losses amounted to about 40,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016254_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016254-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March, the Germans tried to take Poland again, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Second Battle of the Vistula River">third Battle of Warsaw</a> began, and like the previous two, ended with the defeat of Germany. In May 1915, to eliminate the Russian threat the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> began the successful <a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive</a> in Galicia. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a>, the German and Austro-Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front functioned under a unified command. The offensive soon turned into a general advance and a <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Retreat (Russian)">corresponding strategic retreat</a> by the Russian Army. The cause of the reverses suffered by the Russian Army, despite a significant numerical superiority over the German enemy, was not so many errors in the tactical sphere, as the deficiency in technical equipment, particularly in artillery and ammunition as well as the corruption and incompetence of the Russian officers. Only by 1916 did the buildup of Russian war industries increase the production of war material and improve the supply situation. </p><p>By mid-1915, the Russians had been expelled from <a href="/wiki/Bug-Narew_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug-Narew Offensive">Russian Poland</a>, The whole campaign cost the Russians about 400,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov202422_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov202422-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the Germans and Austrians suffered setbacks, their attempt to break through to Lublin was repulsed with losses of 37,500 people, the Russians lost 9,524 people,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2024100-101_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2024100-101-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence pushed <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">hundreds of kilometers</a> away from the borders of the Central Powers, removing the threat of Russian invasion of Germany, although there was still slight Russian penetration into Austria-Hungary. At the end of 1915 the German-Austrian advance was stopped on the line <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>–<a href="/wiki/J%C4%93kabpils" title="Jēkabpils">Jakobstadt</a>–<a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnaburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dünaburg">Dünaburg</a>–<a href="/wiki/Baranovichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baranovichi">Baranovichi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dubno" title="Dubno">Dubno</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Tarnopol</a>. The general outline of this front line did not change until the Russian collapse in 1917. </p><p>During the campaign of 1915, the Russian Empire lost the entire line of western fortresses, and more than 4,000 guns. The causes of heavy defeats and losses of personnel, weapons, and as a result - vast territories (the entire Kingdom of Poland, part of the Baltic states, <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>, partly <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> provinces - up to 300,000 square kilometers) were to a large extent systemic shortcomings in the management of the armed forces and the defense industry. The multi-stage placement of military orders, their slow passage in the depths of the War Ministry, the disunity of the front and rear played a negative role. Thus, until the autumn of 1915, the Russian Supreme Commander-in-Chief only coordinated the actions of the commanders-in-chief of the armies of the fronts, distributed reinforcements, requesting them from the War Ministry. The Minister of War was responsible for organizing the production of weapons and ammunition, the implementation of the replenishment of troop personnel, military transportation outside the provinces declared a theater of military operations. The military districts in the theater of operations were subordinate to the commanders-in-chief of the armies of the fronts, but not to the Headquarters. Military production also lagged behind: until the end of autumn, the active army suffered from a shortage of rifles and ammunition, the consumption of which turned out to be incommensurable with the volume of production.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporaries also noted the isolation of the Russian commanding staff from the soldiers, the lack of practical warfare skills among the top-level commanders. "We did have courage to send people to mass slaughter, hiding behind the difficulty of tactical responsibility, to slaughter often without purpose. We sent them, being ourselves far away, not seeing either our own or the enemy, and therefore not conforming to reality. Instead of punishment, we reward such leaders, because as far as the leaders were far away, the same, but still more, the higher leaders kept even more distant. People ceased to be people, but turned into pawns. We went to the fight in a state of some kind of oblivion and stunnedness", wrote the representative of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Infantry General <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Palitzin" title="Fyodor Palitzin">Fyodor Palitzin</a>, in his diary.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Failures in the Russian system of command and control of troops and the organization of hostilities occurred at other levels. Thus, serious shortcomings in reconnaissance led to the absence of any analysis of the enemy's plans and actions. With a general superiority in forces, almost every Central Powers's operation in 1915 was "unexpected" for the command from the front to the regimental level. Passion for undercover intelligence in the highest Russian headquarters did not justify itself, and tactical intelligence was still based on barely reliable testimony of prisoners, in the absence of which the command up to the army, inclusive, was simply "blind". The separation of artillery from infantry with subordination to the inspectors of the corps and ammunition supply units (park brigades and divisions) created difficulties in the operational replenishment of ammunition and shells in the combat units. At the same time, huge stockpiles of ammunition were created in the fortresses, which were then delivered to the enemy during the retreat or destroyed due to the impossibility of evacuation. Special units were not created for the construction of fortifications in the rear of the troops. Most often, such work was hastily carried out by militia squads and the mobilized local population, sometimes including women, and then brought to the necessary defensive state by the combat units retreating on them, already exhausted by battles and night marches.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian strategic expanses allowed the army to take a break from failures and start active resistance, the Germans could no longer use the lack of artillery supplies from the Russians and the first setbacks began, the <a href="/wiki/Vilno-Dvinsk_offensive" title="Vilno-Dvinsk offensive">breakthrough to Minsk and the offensive on Dvinsk</a> completely failed with heavy losses for the Germans, the offensive in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smorgon" title="Battle of Smorgon">central Belarus</a> also turned out to be unsuccessful, the Russians began to behave more actively on the southern front, where Austria-Hungary suffered a <a href="/wiki/Rovno_offensive" title="Rovno offensive">heavy defeat</a> near Lutsk, the situation was saved by German reserves. The Russians also began to go on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strypa_River" title="Battle of the Strypa River">offensive</a> to ease the pressure on Serbia, although unsuccessfully, but there was a turning point in the war in favor of Russia, failing to finish the campaign in 1915, the Germans were deprived of the opportunity to win the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016129_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016129-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Turkish_offensive,_winter_1915–1916"><span id="Russo-Turkish_offensive.2C_winter_1915.E2.80.931916"></span>Russo-Turkish offensive, winter 1915–1916</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russo-Turkish offensive, winter 1915–1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a>, the Russo-Turkish front quickly turned in favor of Russian forces. The Turks were concerned with reorganizing their army and also fighting the massive Allied armada that landed in <a href="/wiki/Galipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Galipoli">Galipoli</a>. Meanwhile, Russia was preoccupied with other armies on the Eastern Front. However, the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a> as Viceroy and Commander in the Caucasus in September 1915 revived the situation of the Russo-Turkish front. </p><p>When the Allies withdrew from Gallipoli in December, the Caucasus Army's Chief of Staff General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a> believed Turkish forces would take action against his army. This concern was legitimate: Bulgaria's entry into the war as Germany's ally in October caused serious alarm, as a land route from Germany to Turkey was now open and would allow for an unrestricted flow of German weapons to the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Jukes,_Geoffrey_2002_38_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jukes,_Geoffrey_2002_38-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "window of opportunity" appeared that would allow the Russians to destroy the Turkish Third Army, as the British required assistance in Mesopotamia (now modern day Iraq). Britain's efforts to besiege Baghdad had been halted at Ctesiphon, and they were forced to retreat. This led to an increasing number of attacks by Turkish forces. The British requested the Russians to attack in an attempt to distract the Turks, and Yudenich agreed. <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum Offensive">The resulting offensive</a> began on 10 January 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-Jukes,_Geoffrey_2002_39_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jukes,_Geoffrey_2002_39-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This offensive was unanticipated by the Turks, as it was in the middle of winter. The Turkish situation was exacerbated by the absences of Third Army's commander Kamil Pasha and Chief of Staff Major Guse. Coupled with an imbalance of forces – the Russians had 325,000 troops while the Turks only 78,000 – the situation appeared grim for the Central Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Jukes,_Geoffrey_2002_39_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jukes,_Geoffrey_2002_39-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three months of fighting, the Russians captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a> on 18 April 1916.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1916">1916</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allied operations in 1916 were dictated by an urgent need to force Germany to transfer forces from its Western to Eastern fronts, to relieve the pressure on the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a>. This was to be accomplished by a series of Russian offensives which would force the Germans to deploy additional forces to counter them. The first such operation was the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Naroch Offensive">Lake Naroch Offensive</a> in March–April 1916, the Germans repulsed the attacks, but the offensive achieved its main goal - the Germans stopped the attack on Verdun, giving the French a break. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brusilov_offensive">Brusilov offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brusilov offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1916-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eastern_Front_1916-8.jpg/220px-Eastern_Front_1916-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eastern_Front_1916-8.jpg/330px-Eastern_Front_1916-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eastern_Front_1916-8.jpg/440px-Eastern_Front_1916-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Brusilov offensive</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian operations during 1916 had one extraordinary result: Austrian divisions were pulled away from the Russian southern front. This allowed the Russian forces to organize a counter-offensive. The Brusilov offensive was a large tactical assault carried out by Russian forces against Austro-Hungarian forces in Galicia. General <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov" title="Aleksei Brusilov">Aleksei Brusilov</a> believed victory against the Central Powers was possible if close attention was paid to preparation. Brusilov suggested that the Russians should attack on a wide front, and to position their trenches a mere 75 yards (69 m) away from Austrian trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brusilov's plan worked impeccably. The Russians outnumbered the Austrians 200,000 to 150,000, and held a considerable advantage in guns, with 904 large guns to 600. Most importantly innovative new tactics similar to those independently invented by <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> were used to perform quick and effective close-range surprise attacks that allowed a steady advance.<sup id="cite_ref-Keegan,_John_1998_304_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keegan,_John_1998_304-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian Eighth Army overwhelmed the Austrian Fourth and pushed on to Lutsk, advancing 40 miles (64 km) beyond the starting position. Over a million Austrians were lost, with over 500,000 men killed or taken prisoner by mid-June.<sup id="cite_ref-Keegan,_John_1998_304_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keegan,_John_1998_304-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Brusilov offensive was initially successful, it slowed down considerably. An inadequate number of troops and poorly maintained supply lines hindered Brusilov's ability to follow up on the initial victories in June. The Brusilov offensive is considered to be the greatest Russian victory of the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Tunstall2008_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tunstall2008-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> Although it cost the Russians half a million casualties during the first two months alone, the offensive successfully diverted substantial forces of the Central Powers from the Western front, and persuaded Romania to join the war, diverting even more Central Powers forces to the East.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_Russian_industry">Development of Russian industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Development of Russian industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A series of failures in 1915 gave the Russians time to reconfigure industry for wartime, and they did it successfully, Russian industry began to overtake Austrian in terms of growth rates and eventually increased the productivity of ammunition several times. Here is what information was announced at the Duma meeting: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The production of rifles doubled, the production of machine guns increased 6 times, the production of light guns increased 9 times, the production of artillery shells increased 40 times, the production of heavy artillery increased 4 times, and finally, the production of aircraft increased 4 times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2022592_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2022592-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania_enters_the_war">Romania enters the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Romania enters the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Campaign (World War I)">Romanian Campaign (World War I)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is no exaggeration to say that Roumania may be the turning-point of the campaign. If the Germans fail there it will be the greatest disaster inflicted upon them. Afterwards it will only be a question of time. But should Germany succeed I hesitate to think what the effect will be on the fortunes of the campaign. … and yet no one seems to have thought it his particular duty to prepare a plan...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, <i>War Memoirs</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWI_Poster_Rumania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WWI_Poster_Rumania.jpg/170px-WWI_Poster_Rumania.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WWI_Poster_Rumania.jpg/255px-WWI_Poster_Rumania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WWI_Poster_Rumania.jpg/340px-WWI_Poster_Rumania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> poster, welcoming Romania's decision to join the <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Up until 1916, the Romanians followed the tides of war with interest, while attempting to situate themselves in the most advantageous position. French and Russian diplomats had begun courting the Romanians early on, but persuasion tactics gradually intensified. For King Ferdinand to commit his force of half a million men, he expected the Allies to offer a substantial incentive.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Playing on Romanian anti-Hungarian sentiment the Allies promised the Austria-Hungarian territory of Ardeal (Transylvania) to Romania. Transylvanian <a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania#Demographics_and_historical_research" title="History of Transylvania">demographics</a> strongly favoured the Romanians. Romania succumbed to Allied enticement on 18 August 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine days later, on 27 August, Romanian troops marched into Transylvania. </p><p>Romania's entry into the war provoked major strategic changes for the Germans. In September 1916, German troops were mobilized to the Eastern Front. Additionally, the German Chief of the General Staff, General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Von_Falkenhayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Erich Von Falkenhayn">Erich Von Falkenhayn</a> was forced to resign from office though his successor appointed him to command the combined Central Powers forces against Romania, along with General <a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">August von Mackensen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm II">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> immediately replaced Falkenhayn with <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Hindenburg's deputy, the more adept <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>, was given effective control of the army and ordered to advance on Romania. On 3 September, the first troops of the Central Powers marched into Romanian territory. Simultaneously, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force" title="Bulgarian Air Force">Bulgarian Air Force</a> commenced an incessant bombing of <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to relieve some pressure, French and British forces launched a new offensive known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>, while the Brusilov offensive continued in the East. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is certain that so relatively small a state as Rumania had never before been given a role so important, and, indeed, so decisive for the history of the world at so favorable a moment. Never before had two Great Powers like Germany and Austria found themselves so much at the mercy of the military resources of a country which had scarcely one twentieth of the population of the two great states. Judging by the military situation, it was to be expected that Rumania had only to advance where she wished to decide the world war in favor of those Powers which had been hurling themselves at us in vain for years. Thus everything seemed to depend on whether Rumania was ready to make any sort of use of her momentary advantage.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Paul von Hindenburg, <i>Out of My Life</i><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The entrance of Romania into the war was disconcerting for von Hindenburg. On 15 September, <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> issued the following order, stating that: "The main task of the Armies is now to hold fast all positions on the Western, Eastern, Italian and Macedonian Fronts, and to employ all other available forces against Rumania."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortunately for the Central Powers, the quantity and quality of the Romanian Army was overestimated. Although numbering half a million men, the Romanian Army suffered from poor training and a lack of appropriate equipment. </p><p>The initial success of the Romanian Army in Austria-Hungarian territory was quickly undermined by the Central Powers. German and Austro-Hungarian troops advanced from the north, while Bulgarian-Turkish-German forces marched into Romania from the south. Although thought to be a tactical blunder by contemporaries, the Romanians opted to mount operations in both directions.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of November the German force passed through the Carpathians, suffering significant casualties due to determined Romanian resistance. By 5 December, Bulgarian troops had crossed the Danube and were approaching the capital, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. At the same time as the Austro-Hungarian troops moved east, and as the Bulgarians marched north, the Turks had sent in two army divisions by sea to the <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> from the east.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Romanian forces were pushed back behind the <a href="/wiki/Siret_(river)" title="Siret (river)">Siret</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>. They received help from the Allies, notably from France which sent a <a href="/wiki/French_military_mission_to_Romania_(1916-1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="French military mission to Romania (1916-1918)">military mission</a> of more than a thousand officers, health and support staff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proclamation_to_win_over_the_Poles">Proclamation to win over the Poles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Proclamation to win over the Poles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_5_November" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of 5 November">Act of 5 November</a> 1916 was proclaimed then to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> jointly by the Emperors <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Wilhelm II</a> of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph of Austria">Franz Joseph</a> of Austria-Hungary. This act promised the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1916-1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918)">Kingdom of Poland</a> out of territory of <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, envisioned by its authors as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. The origin of that document was the dire need to draft new recruits from German-occupied Poland for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(WWI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Front (WWI)">war with Russia</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a> ending the World War I, in spite of the previous initial total dependence of the kingdom on its sponsors, it ultimately served against their intentions as the cornerstone <a href="/wiki/Proto_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto state">proto state</a> of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, the latter composed also of territories never intended by the Central Powers to be ceded to Poland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_1916">Aftermath of 1916</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath of 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By January 1917, the ranks of the Romanian army had been significantly thinned. Roughly 150,000 Romanian soldiers had been taken prisoner, 200,000 men were dead or wounded, and lost two thirds of their country, including the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, the <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a> oilfields, the only significant source of oil in Europe west of the Black Sea, had been destroyed before they were abandoned to the Central Powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1917">1917</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_As_of_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Eastern_Front_As_of_1917.jpg/220px-Eastern_Front_As_of_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Eastern_Front_As_of_1917.jpg/330px-Eastern_Front_As_of_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Eastern_Front_As_of_1917.jpg/440px-Eastern_Front_As_of_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Eastern Front as of 1917</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Russian_Army_in_1917">The Russian Army in 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Russian Army in 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most modern people believe that the Russian army was destined to lose the war after 1916. However, Russian General <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov" title="Aleksei Brusilov">Aleksei Brusilov</a> held a different opinion and wrote in his memoirs: "People mistakenly believe that after the retreat of 1915, the Russian army could not fight, by the end of 1916 it was well trained and accomplished an incredible feat... She defeated the superior forces of the enemy, and in such numbers that no other army in the world could have won."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEБрусилов2023263_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEБрусилов2023263-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia's withdrawal from the war turned out to be a nightmare for the Western Allies. Even the entry of the United States into the war did not immediately help the Allies recover from the loss of strength and assistance that the Russian army had brought to the Allied war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> also confirms the strength of the Russian army: "History was not so merciless to any country as to Russia. Her ship was pulled when the harbor was already visible, the ship was wrecked when the storm passed. All the victims had already been transferred, the work was already over. Despair and change overcame the authorities when the task was already completed.”<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These words are also supported by Russian monogrophist <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sergeyevich_Oldenburg" title="Sergei Sergeyevich Oldenburg">Sergei Oldenburg</a>, who wrote one of the largest works about the time of Tsar Nicholas II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2022651-652_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2022651-652-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oldenburg believes that the Russian troops were in excellent condition by the beginning of 1917, he claims the army was well supplied and well fed, and there were 50 percent more Russians than Austro-Germans in terms of the number of armed men at the front, and the Russians had 10 percent more artillery in terms of the number of guns.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supply of new guns was also significant, allegedly almost as much as the total of Britain and France combined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEБорисюк2023102_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEБорисюк2023102-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the army of the Central Powers, due to the war, there were declines in industrial opportunities, except for Austria, but the growth rate of Russian industry was still higher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERady2023425_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady2023425-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEБорисюк202396_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEБорисюк202396-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even the armies of the Central Powers assessed the condition of the Russians and their combat strength, more than 72 percent of all infantry divisions were characterized by the information committee of the Austrian General Staff as: "outstanding units" and "first-class troops".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016215_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016215-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all these material successes came to naught after the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, which killed the moral composition of the army, causing an incredible wave of deserters. Also worth noting is the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Expeditionary_Force_in_France" title="Russian Expeditionary Force in France">Russian Expeditionary Force</a>, which continued to maintain a presence on both the Western Front and the Macedonian front, even after the October Revolution, remaining on those fronts until the Armistice on 11 November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the February Revolution, most of the Russian Army remained intact and the front, willing to fight defensively but ineffective on the offensive. The demands of the soldiers after the revolution were mainly about reducing certain powers that officers had, and many still supported fighting a defensive war. Units in the rear were most likely to demand immediate peace than front line units. Desertions on a significant scale only began after the October Revolution, and accelerated in February 1918 when peace negotiations between the Bolsheviks and Germans broke down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2017113_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2017113-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReese2023102_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese2023102-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_–_the_February_Revolution"><span id="Russia_.E2.80.93_the_February_Revolution"></span>Russia – the February Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russia – the February Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russian <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> aimed to topple the Russian monarchy and resulted in the creation of the Provisional Government. The revolution was a turning point in Russian history, and its significance and influence can still be felt in many countries today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197579_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197579-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many Russians wanted a revolution, no one had expected it to happen when it did – let alone how it did. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a>, Thursday, 23 February 1917/8 March 1917, as many as 90,000 female workers in the city of Petrograd left their factory jobs and marched through the streets, shouting "Bread", "Down with the autocracy!" and "Stop the War!" These women were tired, hungry, and angry,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197584_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197584-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after working long hours in miserable conditions to feed their families because their menfolk were fighting at the front. They were not alone in demanding change; more than 150,000 men and women took to the streets to protest the next day. </p><p>By Saturday, 25 February, the city of Petrograd was essentially shut down. No one was allowed to work or wanted to work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197587_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197587-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though there were a few incidents of police and soldiers firing into the crowds, those groups soon mutinied and joined the protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197586_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197586-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsar Nicholas II, who was not in Petrograd during the revolution, heard reports of the protests but chose not to take them seriously. By 1 March, it was obvious to everyone except the Tsar himself, that his rule was over. On 2 March it was made official.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197588_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197588-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point onwards Russia was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> until the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania_–_the_Summer_Campaign"><span id="Romania_.E2.80.93_the_Summer_Campaign"></span>Romania – the Summer Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Romania – the Summer Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early July 1917, on a relatively small area of the <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I#1917_campaign_and_armistice" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">Romanian front</a>, there began one of the largest concentrations of combat forces and means known during the conflagration: nine armies, 80 infantry divisions with 974 battalions, 19 cavalry divisions with 550 squadrons and 923 artillery batteries; in total they numbered some 800,000 men, with about one million in their immediate <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">reserve</a>. Between late July and early September, the Romanian Army fought the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Mărăști</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Mărășești</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Oituz</a>, managing to stop the German-Austro-Hungarian advance, inflicting heavy losses in the process and winning the most important Allied victories on the Eastern Front in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Romania834_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romania834-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these operations, the remaining Romanian territories remained unoccupied, tying down nearly 1,000,000 Central Powers troops and prompting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> to describe the Romanian front as "The only point of light in the East". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerensky_offensive">Kerensky offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kerensky offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></div> <p>On 29 June 1917, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>, the Minister of War in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>, launched the Kerensky offensive to end Austria-Hungary once and for all. The Russians made only 6 miles (9.7 km) of progress but the Austrians counterattacked and drove them almost entirely out of Austria-Hungary, and they retreated 150 miles (240 km), losing <a href="/wiki/Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Tarnopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Stanislau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Czernowitz</a>. This defeat was accompanied by 60,000 casualties and contributed greatly to the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_–_the_October_Revolution"><span id="Russia_.E2.80.93_the_October_Revolution"></span>Russia – the October Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Russia – the October Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></div> <p>Although the February Revolution had overthrown the Tsar, the Bolsheviks still were not satisfied. In their view, the new Provisional Government was merely a more deceptive continuation of the previous government; they still refused to withdraw from the war despite how badly it was going. The upper class still wielded considerable influence in Russian economics and politics, so by September 1917, Lenin began advocating for a second revolution - one that would allow the workers and peasants to gain total control over the country. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197589_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197589-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party convened on 10 October, and after much heated debate, agreed that it was time to begin planning for an armed insurrection. Troops who were loyal to the Bolsheviks took control of the telegraph stations, power stations, strategic bridges, post offices, train stations, and state banks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197592_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197592-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Petrograd was officially in the hands of the Bolsheviks, who greatly increased their organization in factory groups and in many barracks throughout Petrograd. They concentrated on devising a plan for overturning the Provisional Government, with a coup d'état.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197594_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197594-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 October, Lenin emerged from hiding in a suburb, entered the city, set up his headquarters at the Smolny Institute and worked to complete his three-phase plan. With the main bridges and the main railways secured, only the Winter Palace, and with it the Provisional Government, remained to be taken. On the evening of 7 November, the troops that were loyal to the Bolsheviks infiltrated the Winter Palace. After an almost bloodless coup, the Bolsheviks were the new leaders of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197594_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley197594-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin announced that the new Bolshevik government would immediately be seeking an end to the war, implementing a system of worker's democracy, and establishing collective ownership of all farms and factories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1918">1918</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg/220px-Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg/330px-Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg/440px-Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Territory lost by Russia under the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></div> <p>Lenin's new Bolshevik government tried to end the war, with a <a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">ceasefire being declared on 15 December 1917</a> along lines agreed in November. At the same time, the Bolsheviks launched a full-scale military offensive against its opponents: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukraine</a> and separatist governments in the Don region. During the peace negotiations between the Soviets and the Central Powers, the Germans demanded enormous concessions, eventually resulting in the failure of the long-drawn-out peace negotiations on 17 February 1918. At the same time, the Central Powers concluded a military treaty with Ukraine which was losing ground in the fight with invading Bolshevik forces. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKowalski1997115_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKowalski1997115-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, which started just after November 1917, would tear apart Russia for three years. As a result of the events in 1917, many groups opposed to Lenin's Bolsheviks had formed. With the fall of Nicholas II, many parts of the Russian Empire took the opportunity to declare their independence, one of which was Finland, which did so in December 1917; however, Finland too collapsed into a <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">civil war</a>. Finland declared itself independent on 6 December 1917, and this was accepted by Lenin a month later. The Finnish Parliament elected a German prince as King of Finland. However, the Socialists (The Reds) and the Whites in Finland fell into war with each other in January 1918. The Reds wanted Finland to be a Soviet republic and were aided by Russian forces still in Finland. The Whites of Finland were led by General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">C.G.E.Mannerheim</a>, a Finnish baron who had been in the Tsar's service since he was 15 years old. The Whites were also offered help by a German Expeditionary Corps led by German General Goltz. Though Mannerheim never accepted the offer, the German corps landed in Finland in April 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_Red_Army">Formation of the Red Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Formation of the Red Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the majority of the Russian army was still at the front lines in late 1917, the Council of People's Commissars headed by Leon Trotsky set about creating a new army controlled by the Bolsheviks. By a decree on 28 January 1918, the council created the Workers' and Peoples' Red Army; it began recruitment on a voluntary basis, but on 22 April, the Soviet government made serving in the army compulsory for anyone who did not employ hired labor. Several officers who had served in the Russian Imperial Army defected to the Red Army in support of the Bolshevik cause. Many of them were of an aristocratic background but became disillusioned with imperialism and monarchism, although the Red Army still mostly consisted of ordinary workers and peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(March_1918)"><span id="Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_.28March_1918.29"></span>Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the German Army just 85 miles (137 km) from the Russian capital <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> (St. Petersburg) on 3 March 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> was signed and the Eastern Front ceased to be a war zone. In the treaty, Soviet Russia ceded 34% of the former empire's population, 54% of its industrial land, 89% of its coalfields, and 26% of its railroads. The total losses in land amounted to 1 million square kilometers. Lenin bitterly called the settlement "that abyss of defeat, dismemberment, enslavement and humiliation."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year, it did provide some relief to the Bolsheviks, who were embroiled in a civil war, and affirmed the independence of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> were intended to become a <a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a> to be ruled by German princes and German nobility as fiefdoms under the German Kaiser. A <a href="/wiki/Regency_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency Kingdom">rump Polish state</a> was also foreseen on the formerly Russian territories. <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>'s sovereignty had already been declared in December 1917, and accepted by most nations, including France and Russia, but not by the United Kingdom and the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Bucharest_(May_1918)"><span id="Treaty_of_Bucharest_.28May_1918.29"></span>Treaty of Bucharest (May 1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Treaty of Bucharest (May 1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_troops_at_Marasesti_in_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Romanian_troops_at_Marasesti_in_1917.jpg/220px-Romanian_troops_at_Marasesti_in_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Romanian_troops_at_Marasesti_in_1917.jpg/330px-Romanian_troops_at_Marasesti_in_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Romanian_troops_at_Marasesti_in_1917.jpg/440px-Romanian_troops_at_Marasesti_in_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Romanian troops during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 May 1918 Romania signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a> with the Central Powers, which recognised Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia in return for ceding control of passes in the Carpathian Mountains to Austria-Hungary and granting oil concessions to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton199424–25_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton199424–25-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although approved by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a> refused to sign the treaty, hoping for an Allied victory; Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 on the side of the Allies and the Treaty of Bucharest was formally annulled by the Armistice of 11 November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBéla1998429_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBéla1998429-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1914 and 1918, an estimated 400,000 to 600,000 ethnic Romanians served with the Austro-Hungarian army, of whom up to 150,000 were killed in action; total military and civilian deaths within contemporary Romanian borders are estimated at 748,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlikman200451_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlikman200451-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans were able to repair the oil fields around <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a> and by the end of the war had pumped a million tons of oil. They also requisitioned two million tons of grain from Romanian farmers. These materials were vital in keeping Germany in the war to the end of 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_war">End of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: End of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Special:EditPage/Eastern Front (World War I)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the end of major combat on the Eastern Front, the Germans were able to transfer substantial forces to the west in order to mount an <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">offensive in France</a> in the spring of 1918. </p><p>This offensive on the Western Front failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, and the arrival of more and more <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="American Expeditionary Force">American units</a> in Europe was sufficient to offset the German advantage. Even after the Russian collapse, about a million German soldiers remained tied up in the east until the end of the war, attempting to run a short-lived addition to the German Empire in Europe. </p><p>In the end, the Central Powers had to relinquish all of their captured lands on the eastern front, with Germany even being forced to cede territory they held before the war, under various treaties (such as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>) signed after the armistice in 1918.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the Allied Powers' victory led to the Central Powers being forced to cancel the treaty signed with Russia, the victors were at the time intervening in the Russian Civil War, causing bad relations between Russia and the Allied Powers. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles Peace</a> Brest Peace was canceled, as well as reserved the rights of Russia to demand reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEБорисюк202398-99_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEБорисюк202398-99-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_conflicts">New conflicts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: New conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the central powers capitulated, the countries in the east took advantage of the situation: Soviet Russia immediately cancelled the peace treaty and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">launched an offensive</a> against the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine. Romania formally <a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">rejoined</a> the war a day before its end in the West, soon followed by <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">conflict</a> with newly independent Hungary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Role of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EcaterinaTeodoroiu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/EcaterinaTeodoroiu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>2nd Lt. <a href="/wiki/Ecaterina_Teodoroiu" title="Ecaterina Teodoroiu">Ecaterina Teodoroiu</a>, killed in action at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Mărășești</a> in 1917, regarded as a national heroine in Romania</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capture_and_escape_of_Ecaterina_Teodoroiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture and escape of Ecaterina Teodoroiu">Capture and escape of Ecaterina Teodoroiu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Talk:Eastern Front (World War I)">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In comparison to the attention directed to the role played by women on the Western Front during the First World War, the role of women in the east has garnered limited scholarly focus. It is estimated that 20 percent of the Russian industrial working class was conscripted into the army; therefore, women's share of industrial jobs increased dramatically. There were percentage increases in every industry, but the most noticeable increase happened in industrial labour, which increased from 31.4 percent in 1913 to 45 percent in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women also fought on the Eastern Front. In the later stages of Russia's participation in the war, Russia began forming all-woman combat units, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Battalion" title="Women's Battalion">Women's Battalions</a>, in part to fight plummeting morale among male soldiers by demonstrating Russian women's willingness to fight. In Romania, <a href="/wiki/Ecaterina_Teodoroiu" title="Ecaterina Teodoroiu">Ecaterina Teodoroiu</a> actively fought in the Romanian Army and is remembered today as a national hero. </p><p>British nursing efforts were not limited to the Western Front. Nicknamed the "Gray partridges" in reference to their dark gray overcoats, Scottish volunteer nurses arrived in Romania in 1916 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Inglis" title="Elsie Inglis">Elsie Inglis</a>. In addition to nursing injured personnel, Scottish nurses manned transport vehicles and acted as regimental cooks.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Gray Partridges" were well respected by Romanian, Serbian and Russian troops and as a result, the Romanian press went as far as to characterize them as "healthy, masculine, and tanned women." As a testament to her abilities, Elsie Inglis and her volunteers were entrusted to turn an abandoned building in the city of <a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a> into an operational hospital, which they did in a little more than a day.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yvonne Fitzroy's published journal, "With the Scottish Nurses in Roumania," provides an excellent first hand account of Scottish nursing activities in the Eastern Front.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propaganda">Propaganda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/170px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/255px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/340px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>World War I caricature from Russia depicting <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a>. Top: "If only we could get to the top – it would be ours!" Bottom: "Let me help you with that!"</figcaption></figure> <p>Propaganda was a key component of the culture of World War I. It was often shown through state-controlled media, and helped to bolster <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> within countries. On the Eastern Front, propaganda took many forms such as opera, film, spy fiction, theater, spectacle, war novels and graphic art. Across the Eastern Front the amount of propaganda used in each country varied from state to state. Propaganda took many forms within each country and was distributed by many different groups. Most commonly the state produced propaganda, but other groups, such as anti-war organizations, also generated propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order for the Russians to legitimize their war efforts, the government constructed an image of the enemy through state-instituted <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. Their main aim was to help overcome the legend of the "invincible" German war machine, in order to boost the morale of civilians and soldiers. Russian propaganda often took the form of showing the Germans as a civilized nation, with barbaric "inhuman" traits. Russian propaganda also exploited the image of the Russian <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> who were in the German camps, again in order to boost the morale of their troops, serving as encouragement to defeat the enemy and to get their fellow soldiers out of German POW camps that were perceived as inhumane.<sup id="cite_ref-oxana475_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxana475-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An element of the Russian propaganda was the Investigate Commission formed in April 1915. It was led by Aleksei Krivtsov, and the study was tasked with the job of studying the legal violations committed by of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> and then getting this information to the Russian public. This commission published photographs of letters that were allegedly found on fallen German soldiers. These letters document the German correspondents saying to "take no prisoners." A museum was also set up in Petrograd, which displayed pictures that showed how "inhumanly" the Germans were treating prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-oxana475_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxana475-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, the Russians chose to discard the name <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> to remove the German-sounding "Saint" and "-burg", favouring the more Russian-sounding Petrograd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoners_of_war_in_Russia">Prisoners of war in Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Prisoners of war in Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War I, approximately 200,000 German soldiers and 2.5 million soldiers from the Austro-Hungarian army entered Russian captivity. During the 1914 Russian campaign the Russians began taking thousands of Austrian prisoners. As a result, the Russian authorities made emergency facilities in Kiev, Penza, Kazan, and later Turkestan to hold the Austrian prisoners of war. As the war continued Russia began to detain soldiers from Germany as well as a growing number from the Austro-Hungarian army. The Tsarist state saw the large population of POWs as a workforce that could benefit the war economy in Russia. Many <a href="/wiki/POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="POWs">POWs</a> were employed as farm laborers and miners in Donbas and Krivoi Rog. However, the majority of POWs were employed as laborers constructing canals and building railroads. The living and working environments for these POWs was bleak. There was a shortage of food, clean drinking water and proper medical care. During the summer months <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> was a major problem, and the malnutrition among the POWs led to many cases of <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>. While working on the Murmansk rail building project over 25,000 POWs died. Information about the bleak conditions of the labor camps reached the German and Austro-Hungarian governments. They began to complain about the treatment of POWs. The Tsarist authorities initially refused to acknowledge the German and Habsburg governments. They rejected their claims because Russian POWs were working on railway construction in Serbia. However, they slowly agreed to stop using prison labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Project_Muse_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Muse-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life in the camps was extremely rough for the men who resided in them. The Tsarist government could not provide adequate supplies for the men living in their POW camps. The Russian government's inability to supply the POWs in their camps with supplies was due to inadequate resources and bureaucratic rivalries. However, the conditions in the POW camps varied; some were more bearable than others.<sup id="cite_ref-Project_Muse_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Muse-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attitude towards Russian prisoners from the Central Powers was even worse, in some camps the mattress was for 4 people, and in others people were starved on purpose. At the beginning of 1915, a case was recorded of three prisoners being forced to run around the camp without stopping, in parallel they were stabbed with bayonets and beaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2023186–187_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2023186–187-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease">Disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disease played a critical role in the loss of life on the Eastern Front. In the East, disease accounted for approximately four times the number of deaths caused by direct combat, in contrast to the three to one ratio in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200022_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200022-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaria, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> contributed to the epidemiological crisis on the Eastern Front; however, <a href="/wiki/Typhus_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhus fever">typhus fever</a>, transmitted by pathogenic lice and previously unknown to German medical officers before the outbreak of the war, was the most deadly. There was a direct correlation between the environmental conditions of the East and the prevalence of disease. With cities excessively crowded by refugees fleeing their native countries, unsanitary medical conditions created a suitable environment for diseases to spread. Primitive hygienic conditions, along with general lack of knowledge about proper medical care was evident in the German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, a large scale sanitation program was put into effect. This program, named <i>Sanititätswesen</i> (Medical Affairs), was responsible for ensuring proper hygienic procedures were being carried out in Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. Quarantine centers were built, and diseased neighbourhoods were isolated from the rest of the population. Delousing stations were prevalent in the countryside and in cities to prevent the spread of typhus fever, with mass numbers of natives being forced to take part in this process at military bathhouses. A "sanitary police" was also introduced to confirm the cleanliness of homes, and any home deemed unfit would be boarded up with a warning sign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dogs and cats were also killed for fear of possible infection. </p><p>To avoid the spread of disease, prostitution became regulated. Prostitutes were required to register for a permit, and authorities demanded mandatory medical examinations for all prostitutes, estimating that seventy percent of prostitutes carried a venereal disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military brothels were introduced to combat disease; the city of <a href="/wiki/Kowno" class="mw-redirect" title="Kowno">Kowno</a> emphasized proper educational use of contraceptives such as condoms, encouraged proper cleansing of the genital area after intercourse, and gave instructions on treatment in the case of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081_128-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Russian losses: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties#endnote_Russia" title="World War I casualties">World War I casualties § endnote Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_casualties">Russian casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Russian casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russian casualties in the First World War are difficult to estimate, due to the poor quality of available statistics. </p><p>Cornish gives a total of 2,006,000 military dead (700,000 killed in action, 970,000 died of wounds, 155,000 died of disease and 181,000 died while POWs). This measure of Russian losses is similar to that of the British Empire, 5% of the male population in the 15 to 49 age group. He says civilian casualties were five to six hundred thousand in the first two years, and were then not kept, so a total of <i>over 1,500,000</i> is not unlikely. He has over five million men <i>passing into captivity</i>, the majority during 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these figures are very contradictory, since the extreme reports on prisoners issued by the official commission of the USSR called the figure at 3.3 million. Later, these data were criticized by Golovin, who conducted a study together with German veterans in the archives of the central powers, and named a figure of 2,410,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolovin2014187_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolovin2014187-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Russia withdrew from the war, ~2,500,000 Russian POWs were in German and Austrian hands. This by far exceeded the total number of prisoners of war (1,880,000) lost by the armies of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, France and Germany combined. Only the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a>, with 2,200,000 POWs, came even close.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to other data, the number of irretrievable losses in Russia ranges from 700,000<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 1,061,000<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golovin wrote a huge work dedicated to the losses of Russians in this war, he based on the documents of the headquarters and the documents of the German archive, working there together with German veterans, correlated the losses and came to the conclusion that the total losses are 7,917,000, including 1,300,000 dead, 4,200,000 wounded and 2,410,000 prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolovin2014178_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolovin2014178-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later estimates have adjusted this number to 2,420,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016243_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016243-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Oleynikov" title="Alexei Oleynikov">Alexei Oleynikov</a> total losses for the 1914–1917 campaigns look like this: </p> <ul><li><b>1914:</b> 1,000,000+</li> <li><b>1915:</b> 3,000,000</li> <li><b>1916:</b> 2,000,000</li> <li><b>1917:</b> 400,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016245_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016245-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The death toll of a maximum of ~1,000,000+ people is also shared by other authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEБорисюк2023100_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEБорисюк2023100-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also an estimate by Krivosheev, according to him, the Russians lost 2,254,000 dead, but this estimate does not at all match the number of wounded - 2,844,500.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Russian historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernosovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernosovsky (page does not exist)">Kernosovsky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Керсновский, Антон Антонович">ru</a>]</span>, Russia's losses amounted to 9,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKernosovsky1938560–561_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKernosovsky1938560–561-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Powers_casualties">Central Powers casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Central Powers casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At that time, the losses of the Austro-German troops were as great. As General <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Blumentritt" title="Günther Blumentritt">Günther Blumentritt</a> wrote in his memoirs: «I will cite a little-known but significant fact, our losses on the eastern front were much higher than on the western.»<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Oleynikov" title="Alexei Oleynikov">Oleynikov</a> estimated the total losses at 5,100,000 people,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016261_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016261-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum estimate was up to 6,000,000 casualties, this ratio is much better than on the western front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk2024349_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk2024349-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the losses of the central powers in the East in the period from 1914 to 1916 were greater than similar losses on all other fronts, the Russian army was able to inflict damage to the enemy, estimates range from 4,600,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016261_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016261-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 5,400,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk2024349_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk2024349-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people from a total loss of 8,090,000. The Russians also took the most prisoners, as many as 2,130,000,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016262_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016262-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to other data 1,961,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2022592_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2022592-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also an estimate of 2,200,000 prisoners, but the general trend remains to estimate about 2,000,000 people, which is six times more than all those prisoners who were captured by all the Entente countries combined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKernosovsky1938557_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKernosovsky1938557-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_changes">Territorial changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Territorial changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary#Territorial_legacy" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary § Territorial legacy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The empire of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> lost approximately 60% of its territory as a result of the war, and evolved into a smaller state with a small homogeneous population of 6.5 million people. With the loss, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> was now an imperial capital without an empire to support it. The states that were formed around Austria feared the return of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and put measures into place to prevent it from re-forming.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_1998_220–223_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_1998_220–223-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Czechoslovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> was created through the merging of the Czech provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, previously under Austrian rule, united with <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>, which were part of Hungary. Although these groups had many differences between them, they believed that together they would create a stronger state. The new country was a multi-ethnic state. The population consisted of Czechs (51%), Slovaks (16%), Germans (22%), Hungarians (5%) and <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> (4%), with other ethnic groups making up 2%.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and Poles<sup id="cite_ref-pp_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Slovaks, felt oppressed because the political elite did not generally allow political autonomy for minority ethnic groups. The state proclaimed the official ideology that there are no Czechs and Slovaks, but only one nation of Czechoslovaks (see <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakism</a>), to the disagreement of Slovaks and other ethnic groups. Once a unified Czechoslovakia was restored after World War II the conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> surfaced again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> was severely disrupted by the loss of 72% of its territory, 64% of its population and most of its natural resources. The loss of territory was similar to that of Austria after the breaking up the Austria-Hungary territory. They lost the territories of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_1998_220–223_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_1998_220–223-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> incorporated the regions of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> from Austria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creation of a free and Independent <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> was one of <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Wilson's fourteen points</a>. At the end of the 18th century, the state of Poland was broken apart by Prussia, Russia, and Austria. During the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference, 1919</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Polish_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Polish Affairs">Commission on Polish Affairs</a> was created which recommended there be a passageway across West Prussia and Posen, in order to give Poland access to the Baltic through the port of Danzig at the mouth of the Vistula River. The creation of the state of Poland would separate East Prussia from the rest of Germany, as it was before the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>. Poland also received Upper Silesia. British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Poland's eastern border with Russia</a>. Neither the Soviet Russians nor the Polish were happy with the demarcation of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_1998_220–223_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_1998_220–223-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania_2">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> was enlarged greatly after the war. As a result of the Paris peace conference Romania kept the <a href="/wiki/Dobrudja" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrudja">Dobrudja</a> and Transylvania. Between the states of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Romania an alliance named the <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a> was formed. They worked together on matters of foreign policy in order to prevent a Habsburg restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_1998_220–223_146-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_1998_220–223-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> began as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. The State secured its territory at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_peace_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris peace conference">Paris peace conference</a> after the end of the war. The state suffered from many internal problems because of the many diverse cultures and languages within the state. Yugoslavia was divided on national, linguistic, economic, and religious lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_1998_220–223_146-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_1998_220–223-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Expeditionary_Corps_in_Russia" title="Belgian Expeditionary Corps in Russia">Belgian Expeditionary Corps in Russia</a>, a Belgian armoured car unit that fought within the Russian military.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> during 1914–1917, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Republic</a> during 1917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The data varies too much</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-other_names-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-other_names_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other names: <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ostfront</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Frontul de răsărit</i>), for Russia <b>Second Patriotic War</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk20244_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk20244-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiltatuli20172_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiltatuli20172-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Вторая Отечественная Война</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bessarabia remained part of Romania until 1940, when it was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothschild1975314_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothschild1975314-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, it became the independent Republic of <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1,700,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2023717_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2023717-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPearson2014" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Raymond (2014). <i>The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789-1920</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317897774" title="Special:BookSources/9781317897774"><bdi>9781317897774</bdi></a>. <q>Cheered by the Central Powers' victory on, then dissolution of, the eastern front, Germany finds herself fighting on one front for the first time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longman+Companion+to+European+Nationalism+1789-1920&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317897774&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinhauerMcElligottHeinsohn2015" class="citation book cs1">Weinhauer, Klaus; McElligott, Anthony; Heinsohn, Kirsten (2015). <i>Germany 1916-23: A Revolution in Context</i>. transcript Verlag. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783839427347" title="Special:BookSources/9783839427347"><bdi>9783839427347</bdi></a>. <q>The defeat of Russia gave Ludendorff only a small window of opportunity in order to concentrate military forces in France prior to an inevitable flood of fresh American troops.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+1916-23%3A+A+Revolution+in+Context&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783839427347&rft.aulast=Weinhauer&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=McElligott%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Heinsohn%2C+Kirsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, W. S. (1923–1931). <i>The World Crisis</i> (Odhams 1938 ed.). London: Thornton Butterworth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6l6Fgnz8fXIC&q=1%2C493%2C000">Page 558.</a> Total German casualties for "Russia and all other fronts" (aside from the West) are given as 1,693,000 including 517,000 dead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016261-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016261_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016261_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016261_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOleynikov2016">Oleynikov 2016</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer (Deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer) im Weltkrieg 1914-1918</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodart, Gaston: "<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Erforschung der Menschenverluste Österreich-Ungarns im Weltkriege 1914–1918</span></span>", Austrian State Archive, War Archive Vienna, Manuscripts, History of the First World War, in general, A 91. Reports that 60% of Austro-Hungarian killed/wounded were incurred on the Eastern Front (including 312,531 out of 521,146 fatalities). While the casualty records are incomplete (Bodart on the same page estimates the missing war losses and gets a total figure of 1,213,368 deaths rather than 521,146), the proportions are accurate. 60% of casualties <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties#Austria-Hungary" title="World War I casualties">equates to</a> 726,000 dead and 2,172,000 wounded.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Россия в мировой войне 1914—1918 (в цифрах). — М.: ЦСУ, 1925. — Табл. 33. — С. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volgyes, Ivan. (1973). "Hungarian Prisoners of War in Russia 1916–1919". <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique</i></span>, 14(1/2). Page 54. Gives the figure of 1,479,289 prisoners captured in the East, from the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of Defence archives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most common data on Austrian prisoners vary from 1,800,000 to 1,950,000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson, Edward J. <i>Ordered to die : a history of the Ottoman army in the first World War</i>, p. 147. Total casualties of 20,000 are given for the VI Army Corps in Romania.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atlı, Altay (25 September 2008). "Campaigns, Galicia". turkesywar.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Total casualties of 25,000 are given for the XV Army Corps in Galicia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turkeyswar-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turkeyswar_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turkeyswar_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkeyswar.com/campaigns/europe.htm">"turkeyswar, Campaigns, Eastern Europe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720205558/http://www.turkeyswar.com/campaigns/europe.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=turkeyswar%2C+Campaigns%2C+Eastern+Europe.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkeyswar.com%2Fcampaigns%2Feurope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yanikdag-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yanikdag_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanikdag2013" class="citation book cs1">Yanikdag, Yucel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ApYNvVsjamEC&pg=PA3"><i>Healing the Nation: Prisoners of War, Medicine and Nationalism in Turkey, 1914–1939</i></a>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-6578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-6578-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-6578-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+the+Nation%3A+Prisoners+of+War%2C+Medicine+and+Nationalism+in+Turkey%2C+1914%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-6578-5&rft.aulast=Yanikdag&rft.aufirst=Yucel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DApYNvVsjamEC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg" style="font-style: normal;">Министерство на войната</span></span> (1939), p. 677 (in Bulgarian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg" style="font-style: normal;">Симеонов, Радослав, Величка Михайлова и Донка Василева. Добричката епопея. Историко-библиографски справочник, Добрич 2006, с. 181</span></span> (in Bulgarian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016245-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016245_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016245_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOleynikov2016">Oleynikov 2016</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, Michael; Ellis, John (2001). <i>The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the Combatants</i>. London: Aurum Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik</i></span>. Moscow. Page 18 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-107-1">978-5-93165-107-1</a>.(Civilians killed on Eastern Front)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik</i></span>. Moscow. Page 51 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-107-1">978-5-93165-107-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik</i></span>. Moscow. Page 49 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-107-1">978-5-93165-107-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20151-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20151_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2015">Stone 2015</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2015312-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2015312_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2015">Stone 2015</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese202396–98-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReese202396–98_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReese2023">Reese 2023</a>, pp. 96–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20156-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20156_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2015">Stone 2015</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese202398–100-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReese202398–100_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReese2023">Reese 2023</a>, pp. 98–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330195953/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/brusilov-offensive-begins">"Brusilov Offensive Begins"</a>. history.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika&rft.atitle=Prisoners+of+War+on+the+Eastern+Front+during+World+War+I&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=557-566&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2005.0036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159671450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gatrell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fkritika%2Fv006%2F6.3gatrell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2023186–187-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2023186–187_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2023">Gilbert 2023</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200022-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200022_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiulevicius2000">Liulevicius 2000</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiulevicius200081_128-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiulevicius2000">Liulevicius 2000</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornish2006" class="citation book cs1">Cornish, Nik (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BeVmAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Russian Army and the First World War</i></a>. 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С. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk2024349-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk2024349_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk2024349_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorisyuk2024">Borisyuk 2024</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016262-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOleynikov2016262_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOleynikov2016">Oleynikov 2016</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKernosovsky1938557-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKernosovsky1938557_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKernosovsky1938">Kernosovsky 1938</a>, p. 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker_1998_220–223-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_1998_220–223_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_1998_220–223_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_1998_220–223_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_1998_220–223_146-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_1998_220–223_146-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1998" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer .C (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatwar19141800tuck"><i>The Great War 1914–18</i></a></span>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatwar19141800tuck/page/220">220–223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=220-223&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+.C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatwar19141800tuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The War of the World", Niall Ferguson Allen Lane 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pp_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630084718/http://www.praguepost.com/articles/2005/07/06/playing-the-blame-game.php">"Playing the blame game"</a>. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 30 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Playing+the+blame+game&rft.date=2005-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.praguepost.com%2Farticles%2F2005%2F07%2F06%2Fplaying-the-blame-game.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prague_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Post">Prague Post</a></i>, 6 July 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk20244-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk20244_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorisyuk2024">Borisyuk 2024</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiltatuli20172-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiltatuli20172_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiltatuli2017">Miltatuli 2017</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2022). <i>Russia: Revolution and Civil War, 1917–1921</i>. Penguin. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-49388-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-49388-5"><bdi>978-0-593-49388-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+Revolution+and+Civil+War%2C+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-593-49388-5&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiltatuli2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miltatuli, Pyotr (2017). <bdi lang="ru">Россия в эпоху царствование Николая 2</bdi> [<i>Russia in the reign of Nicholas 2</i>] (in Russian). Volume 2. Moscow: Русский издательский центр имени святого Василия Великого.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F+2&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Miltatuli&rft.aufirst=Pyotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorisyuk2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borisyuk, Andrey (2024). <bdi lang="ru">Забытая война. Россия в 1914-1918</bdi> [<i>The forgotten war. Russia in 1914-1918</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Вече. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4484-5078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4484-5078-5"><bdi>978-5-4484-5078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0.+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+1914-1918&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-5-4484-5078-5&rft.aulast=Borisyuk&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernosovsky1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Kernosovsky, Anton (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.app/vAA9kLkHVWkeH9627"><bdi lang="ru">История русской армии</bdi></a> [<i>History of the Russian army</i>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Kernosovsky&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.app%2FvAA9kLkHVWkeH9627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2023). <i>The First World War: A complete History</i>. Moscow: Квадрига. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-389-08465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-389-08465-0"><bdi>978-5-389-08465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+A+complete+History&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-389-08465-0&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleynikov2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Oleynikov" title="Alexei Oleynikov">Oleynikov, Alexei</a> (2024). <bdi lang="ru">Великое отступление и стабилизация восточного фронта</bdi> [<i>The Great Retreat and stabilization of the Eastern Front</i>]. Moscow: Вече. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4484-4482-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4484-4482-1"><bdi>978-5-4484-4482-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-5-4484-4482-1&rft.aulast=Oleynikov&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolovin2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Golovin" title="Nikolai Golovin">Golovin, Nikolai</a> (2014). <bdi lang="ru">Россия в Первой мировой войне</bdi> [<i>Russia in First World War</i>]. Вече. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4444-1667-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4444-1667-9"><bdi>978-5-4444-1667-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-5-4444-1667-9&rft.aulast=Golovin&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldenburg2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sergeyevich_Oldenburg" title="Sergei Sergeyevich Oldenburg">Oldenburg, Sergey</a> (2022). <bdi lang="ru">Царствование императора Николая 2</bdi> [<i>The Reign of Emperor Nicholas 2</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: центрополиграф. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-227-09905-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-227-09905-1"><bdi>978-5-227-09905-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F+2&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-5-227-09905-1&rft.aulast=Oldenburg&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéla1998" class="citation book cs1">Béla, Köpeczi (1998). <i>History of Transylvania</i>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Watts" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Watts">Franklin Watts</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67010130">67010130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumphs+and+Tragedies+in+the+East%2C+1915%E2%80%931917&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Military+History+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67010130&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Trevor+Nevitt&rft.au=Onacewicz%2C+Wlodzimiez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Zaitsov1933" class="citation book cs1">A. Zaitsov (1933). "armed forces". 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New York: <a href="/wiki/William_Farquhar_Payson" title="William Farquhar Payson">William Farquhar Payson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598750518" title="Special:BookSources/9780598750518"><bdi>9780598750518</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2601821">2601821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=armed+forces&rft.btitle=Russia+U.S.S.R.+%3A+a+complete+handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Farquhar+Payson&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2601821%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780598750518&rft.au=A.+Zaitsov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52Gt4Bn0jj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukes2002" class="citation book cs1">Jukes, Geoffrey (2002). <i>Essential Histories: The First World War, The Eastern Front 1914–1918</i>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="St Martin's Press">St Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-69611-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-69611-5"><bdi>978-0-312-69611-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-312-69611-5&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaoriginsoff0000liev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiulevicius2000" class="citation book cs1">Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel (2000). <i>War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66157-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66157-9"><bdi>0-521-66157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Land+on+the+Eastern+Front%3A+Culture%2C+National+Identity%2C+and+German+Occupation+in+World+War+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-66157-9&rft.aulast=Liulevicius&rft.aufirst=Vejas+Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski1997" class="citation book cs1">Kowalski, Ronald (1997). <i>The Russian Revolution 1917–1921</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12437-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12437-9"><bdi>0-415-12437-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-12437-9&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRandleQuirk2006" class="citation journal cs1">McRandle, James; Quirk, James (July 2006). "The Blood Test Revisited: A New Look at German Casualty Counts in World War I". <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. <b>70</b> (3). 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Foreword by Nikolai Starikov. St.Petersburg: Piter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-496-01795-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-496-01795-4"><bdi>978-5-496-01795-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.place=St.Petersburg&rft.pub=Piter&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-5-496-01795-4&rft.aulast=Oleynikov&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRady2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rady, Martyn (2023). <bdi lang="ru">Габсбурги власть над миром</bdi> [<i>The Habsburgs: To Rule the World'<span></span></i>] (in Russian). Перевод с Английского–М., Альпина-Нон-Фикшн. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-00139-266-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-00139-266-8"><bdi>978-5-00139-266-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-00139-266-8&rft.aulast=Rady&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБрусилов2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Брусилов, Алексей (2023). <i>Мои воспоминания. Из царской армии в Красную</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Москва. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-04-176827-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-04-176827-0"><bdi>978-5-04-176827-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%98%D0%B7+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-04-176827-0&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-7470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyboski1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dyboski" title="Roman Dyboski">Dyboski, Roman</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siedemlatwrosjii00dybouoft"><i>Siedem lat w Rosji i na Syberji, 1915–1921</i></a> [<i>Seven Years in Russia and Siberia</i>] (in Polish) (Cherry Hill Books 1970 translation ed.). <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>: Gebethner i Wolff. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500586245">500586245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siedem+lat+w+Rosji+i+na+Syberji%2C+1915%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.edition=Cherry+Hill+Books+1970+translation&rft.pub=Gebethner+i+Wolff&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500586245&rft.aulast=Dyboski&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiedemlatwrosjii00dybouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow1933" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Edgar (1933). <i>Far Eastern Front</i>. New York: Harrison Smith & Robert Haas. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1318490">1318490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far+Eastern+Front&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harrison+Smith+%26+Robert+Haas&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1318490&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Stone, Norman</a> (2004) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easternfront191400norm"><i>The Eastern Front 1914–1917</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026725-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026725-5"><bdi>0-14-026725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Front+1914%E2%80%931917&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-14-026725-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasternfront191400norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallon2024" class="citation book cs1">Tallon, James N. (2024). "International Actors Intervening in a Local War: The Long World War I of the Eastern Mediterranean, 1911–23". In Brice, Lee L.; Roberts, Timothy M. (eds.). <i>The Boundaries of War: Local and Global Perspectives in Military History</i>. Quantico, VA: Marine Corps University Press. pp. 214–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.56686%2F9798987336144">10.56686/9798987336144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-9873361-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-9873361-4-4"><bdi>979-8-9873361-4-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=International+Actors+Intervening+in+a+Local+War%3A+The+Long+World+War+I+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%2C+1911%E2%80%9323&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+War%3A+Local+and+Global+Perspectives+in+Military+History&rft.place=Quantico%2C+VA&rft.pages=214-226&rft.pub=Marine+Corps+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.56686%2F9798987336144&rft.isbn=979-8-9873361-4-4&rft.aulast=Tallon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dowling, Timothy C.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/eastern_front">Eastern Front</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Sanborn, Joshua A.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/russian_empire">Russian Empire</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Steinberg, John W.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare_1914-1918_russian_empire">Warfare 1914–1918 (Russian Empire)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Szlanta, Piotr, Richter, Klaus: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare_1914-1918_east_central_europe">Warfare 1914–1918 (East Central Europe)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Zhvanko, Liubov: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/ukraine">Ukraine</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Sergeev, Evgenii Iur'evich: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/pre-war_military_planning_russian_empire">Pre-war Military Planning (Russian Empire)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Nachtigal, Reinhard, Radauer, Lena: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/prisoners_of_war_russian_empire">Prisoners of War (Russian Empire)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Szlanta, Piotr, Richter, Klaus: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/prisoners_of_war_east_central_europe">Prisoners of War (East Central Europe)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Shcherbinin, Pavel Petrovich: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/womens_mobilization_for_war_russian_empire">Women's Mobilization for War (Russian Empire)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/65817306@N00/sets/486575/">"WWI Eastern Front Foto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></i>. 18 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flickr&rft.atitle=WWI+Eastern+Front+Foto&rft.date=2005-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F65817306%40N00%2Fsets%2F486575%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/65817306@N00/sets/1219581/">"WWI Eastern Front Part II"</a>. <i>Flickr</i>. 26 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flickr&rft.atitle=WWI+Eastern+Front+Part+II&rft.date=2005-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F65817306%40N00%2Fsets%2F1219581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withrussianarmy101knoxuoft">With the Russian army, 1914–1917</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Knox" title="Alfred Knox">Alfred Knox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warandrevolution009671mbp">War And Revolution In Russia 1914–1917</a> by General Basil Gourko.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globus.tut.by/type_tno_graves_nem.htm">WWI German Military Cemeteries in Belarus</a> modern photos by Andrey Dybowski (rus).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/eaa/searchterm/Ag1982.0048x/mode/exact">Der Vormarsch der Flieger Abteilung 27 in der Ukraine</a> (The advance of Flight Squadron 27 in the Ukraine). This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/eaa/id/668">portfolio</a>, comprising 263 photographs mounted on 48 pages, is a photo-documentary of the German occupation and military advances through the southern Ukraine in the spring and summer of 1918.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154573#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85148246">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="východní fronta (1914-1918)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph826220&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsrwtx223xvwt">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565977305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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